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The Role of Village Headmen in Conflict Resolution: a Case Study

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The Role of Village Headmen in Conflict Resolution: a Case Study The Role of Village Headmen in Conflict Resolution: A Case Study of Thepha District, Songkhla Province Kumpee Thongpoon Faculty of Liberal Art and Education, Hatyai University,Thailand [email protected] Abstract The roles of village headmen are very important factor in solving conflict in the village. They stop problems and also change conflicts into positive ways through their authority. They could alleviate the conflict issues before sending them to the court. They perform their roles based on their potential, skills, and feature of disputes as well as conflict situations. Since unrest in southernmost has reached to Tepha district which once has long been calm area in Songkhla province. It is viewed as violent area due to the separatist movement. This violent evidence has emphasized how important the village headmen are. Key words: Village headmen, Conflict resolution, Role, Songkhla province 1. Introduction Thailand is a society that has social relationship with family and share 2. Literature review with generosity. The societies are not too 2.1 Concept of roles large. They have commitment to follow Adiwatanasit (2532: 45) states that the traditions of their ancestors and the role of the status, coupled with the their implementation. If the conflicts or social status of a conceptual framework for controversies happen in the community, a common understanding of society. The people will go to see someone who role is considered from behavioral acting is respected or superior in of a person and status of their existence. solving problems. Later, it was appointed Khengkun (2537) studied the role of the head of the village. This role was village headmen in the era of globalization transferred to the village chief and village and found that there are several important headmen for resolve conflicts in the factors resulting in the existence of village community. Solving the conflict in the headmen. Firstly, village headmen are district and village, there has been naturally born. They possess charisma much altered. It depends on the leadership and are respected by people in characteristics of the village to resolve the the village. Secondly, the amendment of conflict with a major role in the village as Local Government Act 2457 is also a key the local government to resolve factor in changing of the role of the village disputes without going to the court. It headmen in order to meet the changing shows how the role of the village needs of modern society. Thirdly, the headmen depends on the nature of the election of village headmen is to support conflict. It includes the severity situation of the democratic system. It opens to the the problem and to manage conflicts. public in the district to directly elect In this study, author focused on the officer. If people are not satisfied with the role of the village headmen in the conflict selected person, he/she can be changed. resolution: a case study of the Thepa Fourthly, authority of the village Headmen district, Songkhla province. can support central government. It also Thepa is one of the contributes to the governance of all forms. four districts of Songkhla province For example, local governments in which unrest has been happening. It relates Bangkok, there are headmen in each to the three southern border provinces’ district. They can support the central situations. The government also government to be more effective. has declared that Thepa is considered as Moreover, Champamon (2539) studied the violent area. The purposes of this study are role of village headmen in the conservation (1) to study the conflict in Thepa district of of Environment and natural resources. He Songkhla province, (2) to study the role of conducted the case study of Banpai district the village headmen in the resolution of in Khonkhaen province. His results conflicts in Theph district of Songkhla reported that most village headmen have a province, (3) to study how to greater role in the implementation of the resolve conflicts in Thepa policy of the Department of Conservation district of Songkhla province. and Natural Resources. It indicated that The reason why Thepa district is Ministry of the Interior and related the case study are (1) this area is a agencies should have a clear policy and combination of multicultural areas between practice. They should be trained to expect Buddhism and Malayu Muslim, and (2) village headmen in playing a role in this area is related to unrest situation in the forming policy. three southernmost provinces. 2.2 Role theory Sengpracha (2541: 136) discussed Since then, the village headman is firstly the role that the concept is elected at Bang Pa-in, Ayutthaya province, the status of compliance behaviors. The on August 10, 2435. This is considered as role of social behavior and people with the beginning of a democratic government their homework as a teacher to teach in the country. The rules also appear more students, the police have to escort people, pronounced. Central government the armies have to fence the country, promulgates the local government children obey their parents and so on. Act 2457. The public administration has to Suratnakawigul (2542: 65-66) has follow new administration system. All ideas about the role that it is as the provinces are divided into districts and abstract. They consist of three aspects. The villages respectively. Also, Ministry ideal role is expectations of individuals in of Interior announced that ten of August of the society for guiding practices. The each year is the village Headmen day. person who has the status of ideal role should conduct his/her life based on ideal 2.4 Conflict role. However, he/she may not follow this There are several scholars have role is also acceptable. The perceived role provided the meaning of conflict. is a role that people consider themselves Accordint to the Royal Institute of Thailand how he/she should be. It depends on dictionary BE 2542 (2546: 78), conflict is attitude, values, individual personality and simply defined as a disagreement. Other experience. The actual role is the role that scholars have given more details of people are acting. It depends on actual conflict which related to behaviors of situation, resulting in different action in individuals. each context. Santiwong and Santiwong (2535: 124) have given the meaning that conflict 2.3 Village Headmen refers to behavior between groups. It Reconstruction of the central derives from expected values and government purposed by department of incentives which related to each other. Provincial Administration (2553: 39-79) Santiwong (2537: 284) also highlighted mentions that King Rama V that the conflict as a hatred condition. graciously announced a new series of 12 People compete for a better position. ministries which apply from Western Oppression is occurred between groups, countries. The distribution of resulting in the separation of subgroups. power and responsibility are put to Consequently, it deems that there is no particular expertise. King has absolute collaboration. It does not affect only the power to command and control the disagreement of thoughts, but it leads to lords. Reformation of provincial the intervention and disturbance from the government which includes the cities along opposite sides destroy intention to work of the border is called “Monthon”. The one side. objective of policy is to protect the country Kesukpun (2538: 161) defines from colonial threats which called as conflict as misunderstanding among “Thesapiban system”. In collaboration of individuals or groups. They may be not Thesapiban has shown the relationship satisfied to continue their work due to the among country, district, and limited management position and village. Commissioner is responsible for unfairness. Meanwhile, Sengmani (2544: implementing policies and orders of 128) has provided that disagreement can be the central government. The reforms in happened from individual differences of the provincial government are established attitudes between people, leading to the with Thesapiban. In do so, the King impeding of task related goals. Refer to Rama V graciously start by making a small Wongvnutara (2544: 158), conflict is project. Then it is gradually expanded. defined as disagreement between two people or more. It is caused by limited successful approach. Conflict between resources that people have to allocate. groups will be transformed to joint Moreover, conflict is the impact of solution. The two dispute parties will differences of individual values and figure out the way to overcome conflict. perception. They all together attempt to stop conflict Sanyawiwat (2546: 38) defines through their consensus. conflict as an incompatibility, resulting in dispute, fighting, intimidating, forcing, and 3. Methodology taking advantages in order to win in the 3.1 Sample situation. Purposively selected sample of the Finally, Watanasup (2547: 10) population in the Thepa district, Songkhla notes that conflicts and disputes over the province which plays a major role in the terms used interchangeably, but in some functioning of district and village chiefs cases there is a sense that it is specific. The are (1) All seven Kamnans of sub-districts conflict is a matter of opinion or belief in Thepa district, Songkhla province, differently. However, the parties can work (2) the village Headmen in the Thepa together. For example, spouses may have district, Songkhla province were selected, conflict; however, they are still happy with resulting in a total of 14 persons from each living together. sub-district. They were purposed by Kamnan of each sub-districs, who hade 2.5 Conflict Resolution appropriate role of guardian in an Silapiyodom (2540: 44-45) interview with the conflicts resolution in suggests that conflict can be solved the community. Therefore, the total through three means, power and samples used in this study were 21 persons suspension, compromise, and integrative (seven Kamnans and 14 headmen). problem solving. Power and suspension The following processes are consist of four ways.
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