DOCSLIB.ORG

Ethnic Violence in Southern Thailand: the Anomaly of Satun

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ethnic Violence in Southern Thailand: the Anomaly of Satun Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 2012-06 Ethnic Violence in Southern Thailand: the Anomaly of Satun Conlon, Kevin T. Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/7323 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA THESIS ETHNIC VIOLENCE IN SOUTHERN THAILAND: THE ANOMALY OF SATUN by Kevin T. Conlon June 2012 Thesis Advisor: Michael Malley Second Reader: Sandra Leavitt Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMB No. 0704–0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202–4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704–0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED June 2012 Master’s Thesis 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Ethnic Violence in Southern Thailand: The Anomaly 5. FUNDING NUMBERS of Satun 6. AUTHOR(S) Kevin T. Conlon 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943–5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING N/A AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. IRB Protocol number ____N/A____________. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited A 13. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) This research uses a historical comparative analysis to investigate the differences between two specific Muslim- majority regions of Thailand: the province of Satun, along the western coast of southern Thailand, and provinces of Yala, Narathiwat, Pattani, and Songkhla, which border the Malaysian state of Kelantan and the Gulf of Thailand. The formation of ethnic identities in Satun and Patani has followed different paths over time, and these variations in development have produced dramatically divergent outcomes in relation to observable communal violence and terrorist attacks. Satun has virtually no problem with ethnic or religious conflict when compared to the four other southern provinces that have suffered from multiple rebellions against the state, numerous incidents of violence and terrorism, and a pervading sense of instability and fear. This pronounced difference in outcomes also reflects the degree to which various ethnic groups within the country have been able to integrate peacefully into the modern Thai state. Finally, an analysis of the Thai government’s effectiveness in managing this integration process in both regions will provide insight into providing effective governance throughout the contested regions of southern Thailand, and what the potential is for a future resolution of this conflict. 14. SUBJECT TERMS Satun, Patani, Thailand, Ethnic violence, Nationalism, Social inequality, 15. NUMBER OF Cultural identity, Institutional development, Rational choice frameworks, Southeast Asia, Terrorism, PAGES Insurgencies, Islam 131 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY 18. SECURITY 19. SECURITY 20. LIMITATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF CLASSIFICATION OF THIS CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT REPORT PAGE ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UU NSN 7540–01–280–5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2–89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239–18 i THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ii Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited ETHNIC VIOLENCE IN SOUTHERN THAILAND: THE ANOMALY OF SATUN Kevin T. Conlon Major, United States Marine Corps B.S., Humboldt State University, CA, 1998 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN SECURITY STUDIES (FAR EAST, SOUTHEAST ASIA, PACIFIC) from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL June 2012 Author: Kevin T. Conlon Approved by: Michael Malley Thesis Advisor Sandra Leavitt Second Reader Daniel Moran Chair, Department of National Security Affairs iii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iv ABSTRACT This research uses a historical comparative analysis to investigate the differences between two specific Muslim-majority regions of Thailand: the province of Satun, along the western coast of southern Thailand, and provinces of Yala, Narathiwat, Pattani, and Songkhla, which border the Malaysian state of Kelantan and the Gulf of Thailand. The formation of ethnic identities in Satun and Patani has followed different paths over time, and these variations in development have produced dramatically divergent outcomes in relation to observable communal violence and terrorist attacks. Satun has virtually no problem with ethnic or religious conflict when compared to the four other southern provinces that have suffered from multiple rebellions against the state, numerous incidents of violence and terrorism, and a pervading sense of instability and fear. This pronounced difference in outcomes also reflects the degree to which various ethnic groups within the country have been able to integrate peacefully into the modern Thai state. Finally, an analysis of the Thai government’s effectiveness in managing this integration process in both regions will provide insight into providing effective governance throughout the contested regions of southern Thailand, and what the potential is for a future resolution of this conflict. v THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK vi TABLE OF CONTENTS I. ETHNIC VIOLENCE IN SOUTHERN THAILAND: THE ANOMALY OF SATUN..........................................................................................................................1 A. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................1 1. Major Research Question....................................................................1 2. Importance............................................................................................3 3. Problems and Hypotheses ...................................................................6 4. Literature Review ................................................................................8 5. Methods and Sources.........................................................................17 6. Thesis Overview .................................................................................18 B. SATUN’S DEMOGRAPHICS AND HISTORY.........................................20 1. Satun’s Historical Record .................................................................28 a. Early Satun History Prior to 1200 CE ...................................28 b. The Ayutthaya Dynasty, 1351–1767.......................................29 c. The Chakri Dynasty and the Bangkok Period, 1767–1902 ...31 d. Nationalism and the Modern Era 1902–Present ...................35 C. PATANI’S DEMOGRAPHICS AND HISTORY.......................................43 1. Patani’s Historical Record ................................................................45 a. Early Patani History Prior to 1200 CE ..................................47 b. The Ayutthaya Dynasty, 1351–1767.......................................49 c. Chakri Dynasty and the Bangkok Period, 1767–1902...........53 d. Nationalism and the Modern Era, 1902–Present ..................57 D. CONTRIBUTING FACTORS FOR PEACE IN SATUN..........................63 1. Satun’s Cultural Influences for Nonviolence ..................................63 a. Language.................................................................................63 b. Religion....................................................................................65 2. Satun’s Institutional Influences for Nonviolence............................67 a. Education ................................................................................67 b. Center-periphery Relations.....................................................68 c. Political Representation..........................................................70 d. Security Forces and Domestic Order .....................................70 3. Satun’s Rational Choice Causes of Nonviolence.............................72 a. The Futility of Fighting a Larger Power ...............................72 b. Smuggling and the Black Market...........................................73 c. Legitimate Economic Calculations ........................................74 d. Civil Society and the Pursuit of Peace ...................................75 E. CONTRIBUTING FACTORS FOR VIOLENCE IN PATANI ................77 1. Patani’s Cultural Influences of Violence .........................................77 a. Language.................................................................................77 b. Religion....................................................................................79 2. Patani’s Institutional Causes of Violence ........................................81 a. Education ................................................................................81 vii b. Center-Periphery Relations
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49128-0 — Democracy and Nationalism in Southeast Asia Jacques Bertrand Index More Information
    Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-49128-0 — Democracy and Nationalism in Southeast Asia Jacques Bertrand Index More Information Index 1995 Mining Law, 191 Authoritarianism, 4, 11–13, 47, 64, 230–31, 1996 Agreement (with MNLF), 21, 155–56, 232, 239–40, 245 157–59, 160, 162, 165–66 Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao, 142, 150, 153, 157, 158–61, 167–68 Abu Sayaff, 14, 163, 170 Autonomy, 4, 12, 25, 57, 240 Accelerated development unit for Papua and Aceh, 20, 72, 83, 95, 102–3, 107–9 West Papua provinces, 131 Cordillera, 21, 175, 182, 186, 197–98, 200 Accommodation. See Concessions federalism, 37 Aceh Peace Reintegration Agency, 99–100 fiscal resources, 37 Aceh Referendum Information Centre, 82, 84 fiscal resources, Aceh, 74, 85, 89, 95, 98, Aceh-Nias Rehabilitation and Reconstruction 101, 103, 105 Agency, 98 fiscal resources, Cordillera, 199 Act of Free Choice, 113, 117, 119–20, 137 fiscal resources, Mindanao, 150, 156, 160 Administrative Order Number 2 (Cordillera), fiscal resources, Papua, 111, 126, 128 189–90, See also Ancestral domain Indonesia, 88 Al Hamid, Thaha, 136 jurisdiction, 37 Al Qaeda, 14, 165, 171, 247 jurisdiction, Aceh, 101 Alua, Agus, 132, 134–36 jurisdiction, Cordillera, 186 Ancestral Domain, 166, 167–70, 182, 187, jurisdiction, Mindanao, 167, 169, 171 190, 201 jurisdiction, Papua, 126 Ancestral Land, 184–85, 189–94, 196 Malay-Muslims, 22, 203, 207, 219, 224 Aquino, Benigno Jr., 143, 162, 169, 172, Mindanao, 20, 146, 149, 151, 158, 166, 172 197, 199 Papua, 20, 122, 130 Aquino, Butz, 183 territorial, 27 Aquino, Corazon. See Aquino, Cory See also Self-determination Aquino, Cory, 17, 142–43, 148–51, 152, Azawad Popular Movement, Popular 180, 231 Liberation Front of Azawad (FPLA), 246 Armed Forces, 16–17, 49–50, 59, 67, 233, 236 Badan Reintegrasi Aceh.
    [Show full text]
  • Trends in Conflict and Stability in the Indo-Pacific
    Emerging Issues Report Trends in conflict and stability in the Indo-Pacific Iffat Idris GSDRC, University of Birmingham January 2021 About this report The K4D Emerging Issues report series highlights research and emerging evidence to policy-makers to help inform policies that are more resilient to the future. K4D staff researchers work with thematic experts and FCDO to identify where new or emerging research can inform and influence policy. This report is based on ten days of desk-based research carried out in December 2020. K4D services are provided by a consortium of leading organisations working in international development, led by the Institute of Development Studies (IDS), with the Education Development Trust, Itad, University of Leeds Nuffield Centre for International Health and Development, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), University of Birmingham International Development Department (IDD) and the University of Manchester Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute (HCRI). For any enquiries, please contact [email protected]. Suggested citation Idris, I. (2020). Trends in conflict and stability in the Indo-Pacific. K4D Emerging Issues Report 42. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies. DOI: 10.19088/K4D.2021.009 Copyright This report was prepared for the UK Government’s Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) and its partners in support of pro-poor programmes. Except where otherwise stated, it is licensed for non- commercial purposes under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0. K4D cannot be held responsible for errors or any consequences arising from the use of information contained in this report. Any views and opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of FCDO, K4D or any other contributing organisation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Technical Cooperation Project on Local Management Cooperation in Thailand
    TERMINAL EVALUATION REPORT ON THE TECHNICAL COOPERATION PROJECT ON LOCAL MANAGEMENT COOPERATION IN THAILAND FINAL REPORT MAIN REPORT SEPTEMBER 2004 JICA Thailand Office TIO JR 04-017 KOKUSAI KOGYO (THAILAND) CO., LTD. TERMINAL EVALUATION REPORT ON THE TECHNICAL COOPERATION PROJECT ON LOCAL MANAGEMENT COOPERATION IN THAILAND FINAL REPORT MAIN REPORT SEPTEMBER 2004 JICA Thailand Office TIO JR 04-017 KOKUSAI KOGYO (THAILAND) CO., LTD. Terminal Evaluation Study for JICA Technical DLA-JICA Thailand Office Cooperation Project on Local Management Cooperation Color Plates Buri Ram Ayutthaya Songkhla Map of Thailand and Provinces at Workshop Sites i Terminal Evaluation Study for JICA Technical DLA-JICA Thailand Office Cooperation Project on Local Management Cooperation Color Plates 1 Courtesy visit to Ayutthaya Governor. 2 Visiting Arunyik Village, the most famous place for sword maker, in Ayutthaya province. The local authorities planned to cooperate for tourism promotion. 3 General condition at disposal site of Nakhon Luang Sub-district Municipality. 4 Visiting Silk factory in Buri Ram. The local authority planned to promote tourism for local cooperation. 5 Visiting homestay tourism in Buri Ram. 6 Local cooperation activity, tree plantation, in Buri Ram. 7 Closing workshop for the project. ii CONTENTS OF EVALUATION REPORT Page Location Map i Color Plates ii Abbreviations vi Chapter 1 Outline of Evaluation Study Z1-1 1.1 Objectives of Evaluation Study Z1-1 1.2 Members of Evaluation Study Team Z1-1 1.3 Period of Evaluation Study Z1-1 1.4 Methodology of Evaluation Study Z1-1 Chapter 2 Outline of Evaluation Project Z2-1 2.1 Background of Project Z2-1 2.2 Summary of Initial Plan of Project Z2-1 Chapter 3 Achievement of Project Z3-1 3.1 Implementation Framework of Project Z3-1 3.1.1 Project Purpose Z3-1 3.1.2 Overall Goal Z3-1 3.2 Achievement in Terms of Output Z3-2 3.3 Achievement in Terms of Activity Z3-2 3.4 Achievement in Terms of Input Z3-3 3.4.1 Japanese side Z3-3 a.
    [Show full text]
  • THAILAND Submission to the CERD Committee Coalition on Racial
    Shadow Report on Eliminating Racial Discrimination: THAILAND Submission to the CERD Committee 1 Coalition on Racial Discrimination Watch Preamble: 1. “ We have a distinct way of life, settlement and cultivation practices that are intricately linked with nature, forests and wild life. Our ways of life are sustainable and nature friendly and these traditions and practices have been taught and passed on from one generation to the next. But now because of State policies and waves of modernisation we are struggling to preserve and maintain our traditional ways of life” Mr. Joni Odochao, Intellectual, Karen ethnic, Opening Speech at the Indigenous Peoples Day Festival in Chiangmai, Northern Thailand 2007 Introduction on Indigenous peoples and ethnic groups in Thailand 1 The coalition was established as a loose network at the Workshop Programme on 5th July 2012 on the Shadow Report on the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) organised by the Ethnic Studies and Development Center, Sociology Faculty, Chiangmai University in cooperation with Cross Cultural Foundation and the Highland Peoples Taskforce 1 2. The Network of Indigenous Peoples in Thailand2, in the International Working Group for Indigenous Affairs (IWGIA) yearbook on 2008, explained the background of indigenous peoples in Thailand. The indigenous people of Thailand are most commonly referred to as “hill tribes”, sometimes as “ethnic minorities”, and the ten officially recognised ethnic groups are usually called “chao khao” (meaning “hill/mountain people” or “highlanders”). These and other indigenous people live in the North and North-western parts of the country. A few other indigenous groups live in the North-east and indigenous fishing communities and a small population of hunter-gatherers inhabit the South of Thailand.
    [Show full text]
  • Gaelic Scotland in the Colonial Imagination
    Gaelic Scotland in the Colonial Imagination Gaelic Scotland in the Colonial Imagination Anglophone Writing from 1600 to 1900 Silke Stroh northwestern university press evanston, illinois Northwestern University Press www .nupress.northwestern .edu Copyright © 2017 by Northwestern University Press. Published 2017. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data are available from the Library of Congress. Except where otherwise noted, this book is licensed under a Creative Commons At- tribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. In all cases attribution should include the following information: Stroh, Silke. Gaelic Scotland in the Colonial Imagination: Anglophone Writing from 1600 to 1900. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 2017. For permissions beyond the scope of this license, visit www.nupress.northwestern.edu An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high-quality books open access for the public good. More information about the initiative and links to the open-access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org Contents Acknowledgments vii Introduction 3 Chapter 1 The Modern Nation- State and Its Others: Civilizing Missions at Home and Abroad, ca. 1600 to 1800 33 Chapter 2 Anglophone Literature of Civilization and the Hybridized Gaelic Subject: Martin Martin’s Travel Writings 77 Chapter 3 The Reemergence of the Primitive Other? Noble Savagery and the Romantic Age 113 Chapter 4 From Flirtations with Romantic Otherness to a More Integrated National Synthesis: “Gentleman Savages” in Walter Scott’s Novel Waverley 141 Chapter 5 Of Celts and Teutons: Racial Biology and Anti- Gaelic Discourse, ca.
    [Show full text]
  • The Jacoona Assemblage of the Genus Dundubia Amyot & Serville
    Contributions to Zoology, 66 (3) 129-184 (1996) SPB Academic Publishing bv, Amsterdam The the jacoona assemblage of genus Dundubia Amyot & Serville of (Homoptera: Cicadidae): a taxonomic study of its species and a discussion its phylogenetic relationships Paul L.Th. Beuk Institutefor Systematics and Population Biology (Zoological Museum), University ofAmsterdam, Plantage Middenlaan 64, NL-1018 DH Amsterdam, The Netherlands Keywords: Cicadidae, Dundubia, Jacoona assemblage, taxonomy, new species, phylogeny Abstract (Distant, 1888), D. nigripes (Moulton, 1923), et D. Les trois transférées de oopaga (Distant, 1881). espèces sont D. hainanensis 1901), D. na- The species of Orientopsaltria with unicolorous opercula and Platylomia (Distant, three related of transferred the Distant, 1881, et D. Noualhier, 1896. species Platylomia are to genus garasingna spiculata Toutes ces sont redécrites. Quatre nouvelles Dundubia and allocated in the ‘Dundubia jacoona assemblage’ sept espèces décrites: laterocurvata, pending further investigation. The assemblage comprises espèces sont D. ayutthaya, D. D. et D. sont eleven species in total; all are found in the Indo-Malaysian myitkyinensis, sinbyudaw. Sept espèces syno- nymisées: O. andersoni (Distant, avec D. D. Archipelago, Indo-China, and the adjoining parts of China and 1883) oopaga, Liu, 1940 avec D. hainanensis,O. hastata (Moulton, India. The four species which were until now placed in Orient- bifasciata O.1923) et D. siamensis Haupt, 1918 avec D. spiculata, opsaltria are D. feae (Distant, 1892), D. jacoona (Distant, D. and D. (Distant, 1912) et D. helena Distant, 1912 avec D. 1888), nigripes (Moulton, 1923), oopaga (Distant, fratercula et D. Distant, 1917 avec D. Des 1881). The three species transferred from Platylomia are D.
    [Show full text]
  • Transnational Peoples in the Thai-Lao Border of Ubon Ratchathani Province*
    Veridian E-Journal, SU Vol.5 No. 2 May - August 2012 กลุ่มมนุษยศาสตร์และสังคมศาสตร์ Nationality discourse of the Thai state: transnational peoples in the Thai-Lao border of Ubon Ratchathani province* : Thanachate Wisaijorn** Abstract By weaving the concepts of power, people, and space, this paper analyzes the ways in which nationality discourse is produced. The Acts of Nationality of 1961, 1966, 1992/1, 1992/2, and 2008, and the Revolutionary Council Announcement of 1972 will be approached by discourse analysis. The language used in the five Acts and the Revolutionary Council Announcement of 1972 will be analyzed to detect how significance and identity are produced and reproduced. By reviewing literature, this article further examines the ways in which the nationality discourse constitutes the lives of transnational peoples in the Thai-Lao border of Ubon Ratchathani province. Keywords: Nationality; Discourse Analysis; Border; Transnationalism 2504 2509 2535/1 2535/2 2551 2515 : ; ; ; * This paper was written during the author’s graduate years in 2009 at Thammasat University The course is titled as ‘Transnational Issues in Southeast Asia’ by Dr Decha Tangseefa. ** Thanachate Wisaijorn got a B.A. in English from the Faculty of Arts, Chulalongkorn University. He also received his second M.A. in Political Science (International Relations) from Thammasat University. Now, he is a lecturer in International Relations at the Faculty of Political Science, Ubon Ratchathani University. E-mail: [email protected] 71 กลุ่มมนุษยศาสตร์และสังคมศาสตร์ Veridian E-Journal, SU Vol.5 No. 2 May - August 2012 Introduction In a state-centric paradigm, a state is composed of four elements -- territory, population, government and sovereignty (Evans and Newnham 1998 and Cord, Jones, Medeiros and Roskin 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Disproportional Complex States: Scotland and England in the United Kingdom and Slovenia and Serbia Within Yugoslavia
    IJournals: International Journal of Social Relevance & Concern ISSN-2347-9698 Volume 6 Issue 5 May 2018 Disproportional Complex States: Scotland and England in the United Kingdom and Slovenia and Serbia within Yugoslavia Author: Neven Andjelic Affiliation: Regent's University London E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT 1. INTRODUCTION This paper provides comparative study in the field of nationalism, political representation and identity politics. It provides comparative analysis of two cases; one in the This paper is reflecting academic curiosity and research United Kingdom during early 21st century and the other in into the field of nationalism, comparative politics, divided Yugoslavia during late 1980s and early 1990s. The paper societies and European integrations in contemporary looks into issues of Scottish nationalism and the Scottish Europe. Referendums in Scotland in 2014 and in National Party in relation to an English Tory government Catalonia in 2017 show that the idea of nation state is in London and the Tory concept of "One Nation". The very strong in Europe despite the unprecedented processes other case study is concerned with the situation in the of integration that undermined traditional understandings former Yugoslavia where Slovenian separatism and their of nation-state, sovereignty and independence. These reformed communists took stand against tendencies examples provide case-studies for study of nation, coming from Serbia to dominate other members of the nationalism and liberal democracy. Exercise of popular federation. The role of state is studied in relation to political will in Scotland invited no violent reactions and federal system and devolved unitary state. There is also proved the case for liberal democracies to solve its issues insight into communist political system and liberal without violence.
    [Show full text]
  • CBD Sixth National Report
    SIXTH NATIONAL REPORT OF MALAYSIA to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) December 2019 i Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ vi List of Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................... vi Foreword ..................................................................................................................................................... vii Preamble ....................................................................................................................................................... 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER 1: UPDATED COUNTRY BIODIVERSITY PROFILE AND COUNTRY CONTEXT ................................... 1 1.1 Malaysia as a Megadiverse Country .................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Major pressures and factors to biodiversity loss ................................................................................. 3 1.3 Implementation of the National Policy on Biological Diversity 2016-2025 ........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Malaysia's Security Practice in Relation to Conflicts in Southern
    LONDON SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS AND POLITICAL SCIENCE Malaysia’s Security Practice in Relation to Conflicts in Southern Thailand, Aceh and the Moro Region: The Ethnic Dimension Jafri Abdul Jalil A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in International Relations 2008 UMI Number: U615917 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U615917 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Libra British U to 'v o> F-o in andEconor- I I ^ C - 5 3 AUTHOR DECLARATION I certify that all material in this thesis which is not my own has been identified and that no material has previously been submitted and approved for the award of a degree by this or any other University. Jafri Abdul Jalil The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted provided that full acknowledgment is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without prior consent of the author. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party.
    [Show full text]
  • Genetic Characterization of Chikungunya Virus in Field-Caught Aedes Aegypti Mosquitoes Collected During the Recent Outbreaks in 2019, Thailand
    pathogens Article Genetic Characterization of Chikungunya Virus in Field-Caught Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes Collected during the Recent Outbreaks in 2019, Thailand Proawpilart Intayot 1, Atchara Phumee 2,3 , Rungfar Boonserm 3, Sriwatapron Sor-suwan 3, Rome Buathong 4, Supaporn Wacharapluesadee 2, Narisa Brownell 3, Yong Poovorawan 5 and Padet Siriyasatien 3,* 1 Medical Science Program, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 2 Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases-Health Science Centre, World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, Chulalongkorn Hospital, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 3 Vector Biology and Vector Borne Disease Research Unit, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand 4 Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand 5 Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +66-2256-4387 Received: 30 June 2019; Accepted: 1 August 2019; Published: 2 August 2019 Abstract: Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus belonging to the genus Alphavirus. The virus is transmitted to humans by the bite of infected female Aedes mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti. CHIKV infection is spreading worldwide, and it periodically sparks new outbreaks. There are no specific drugs or effective vaccines against CHIKV. The interruption of pathogen transmission by mosquito control provides the only effective approach to the control of CHIKV infection. Many studies have shown that CHIKV can be transmitted among the Ae. aegypti through vertical transmission. The previous chikungunya fever outbreaks in Thailand during 2008–2009 were caused by CHIKV, the East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype.
    [Show full text]
  • U. Tadmor Dialect Endangerment; the Case of Nonthaburi Malay In
    U. Tadmor Dialect endangerment; The case of Nonthaburi Malay In: Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 160 (2004), no: 4, Leiden, 511-531 This PDF-file was downloaded from http://www.kitlv-journals.nl Downloaded from Brill.com09/23/2021 06:04:14PM via free access URI TADMOR Dialect endangerment The case of Nonthaburi Malay Introduction Language endangerment and death is the salient issue in linguistics at the dawn of the twenty-first century.1 And for a very good reason: of the estimated 6,000 to 7,000 languages now spoken in the world, at least half are expected to become extinct before the end of the century (Nettle and Romaine 2000:27; Janse 2003:ix; Newman 2003:1). While language endanger- ment has been the subject of numerous books and articles published in recent years, the endangerment and death of dialects is not often addressed. This is despite the fact that, as Crystal (2000:38) points out, 'dialects are just as com- plex as languages in their sounds, grammar, vocabulary, and other features', so '[d]ialect death is language death, albeit on a more localized scale'. This article presents one case study of dialect endangerment, and spells out the historical reasons that have led to the situation.2 Tucked among the rice fields and orchards of Nonthaburi province in central Thailand are about a dozen villages inhabited by Muslims. Although Thai is now the dominant language in these villages, speakers of Malay can still be found in the more isolated ones. Together with Malay speakers in nearby provinces, they form a speech island, or rather a 'speech archipelago', comprising tiny specks in an ocean of Thai speakers.
    [Show full text]