Index 265

Index

A ASEAN Post-Ministerial Conference abang-adik relationship, 85 (PMC), 182 , 133 ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF), 182 Abdul Rahman, Tunku see Tunku Asia Europe Meeting (ASEM), 222 Abdul Rahman Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation Abdul Razak bin Hussein, 3, 44 (APEC), 182, 222 Abdullah Ahmad, 107 Asian Development Bank, 201 Abdullah Badawi, 4, 47 Asian Development Outlook, 201 cancellation of bridge project, 133 Asian economic crisis Abdullah Sungkar, 192 responses, 220, 221 Abu Bakar Basyir, 192 Asian financial crisis, 46, 143 Abu Bakar Association of Southeast Asian Nations son of Temenggung Ibrahim, 34 (ASEAN), 144 Abu Sayaff group, 193 avian flu, 48 Air Asia , 131 components of, 100 use of as hub, 135 B Al-Hazmi, Nawaf, 192 Baitulmal (Alms Collection Agency), Al-Midhar, Khalid, 192 188 Al-Mukmin Islamic School, 192 Bank Negara Al-Qaeda networks, 192 allowing foreign ownership in All-Malaya Council of Joint Action Islamic Banks, 202 (AMCJA), 40 Barisan Sosialis, 65, 141 Alliance Party, 6 fear of it assuming power in UMNO-led, 41 , 102 AMCJA-PUTERA alliance formation, 101 People’s Constitional Proposal for merger campaign, 56, 57 Malaya, 40 bilateral relationship anak raja, 31 effect of leadership, 143 Anderson, John, 95 major issues, 84, 85 Anglo-Dutch Treaty, 127 bilateral trade, 213, 214 Anglo-Malayan Defence Agreement Binnell, T., 135 (AMDA), 146, 164, 171, 180 Bourdillon, H.T., 13 ASEAN Community Brassey, Lord, 41 goal of creating, 89 bridge issue, 47 ASEAN Declaration on Joint Action bridge proposal Against Counter Terrorism, 196 replacement of Causeway, 130

265

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Britain Chinese arrival Labour Party, 21 as sinkheh, 29 promise of independence to Tunku Chinese businesses Abdul Rahman, 17 , in, 34 territories, 42 Chinese miners British colonial period, 29 hui, formation of, 32 life of Chinese community, 32, 33 Chinese towkays, 32 , 29 citizenship rights Singapore, 29 merger, 58 British India Company, 127 Clandestine Communist Organization acquisition of Singapore, 93 (CCO), 42 British policy Clementi, Cecil, 95 commitment to principle of self- Cold War determination, 13 fortress colonies, 14 grouping of dependencies, 13 Cold War geopolitics, 41 imperial disengagement strategy, Colonial Office 11–26 Singapore under control of, 94 making amends for, 11, 1942 view on merger, 16 plans after Japanese Occupation, 12 common currency reasons for, 15–19 no agreement on, 82 territorial consolidation, 19 Common Effective Preferential territorial merger, 11–26 Treatment (CEPT), 230 urgency, 19–22 common market British , 29 establishment for Malaysia, 66 British withdrawal, 22 Commonwealth Games, 86 Brooke, James, 155 communalism, 85–86 Brunei communism disinterest in merger, 20 prevention of, 20 bumiputeras, 2 Singapore’s perspective, 141 bunga mas, 37, 38 Conference of Rulers, 153, 161 Burney Treaty, 38 Confidence Building Measures (CBMs), 194 C Confrontation see Konfrontasi Cannon Air Force Base, 183 Cranborne (Lord) Causeway Secretary of State for the Colonies, Malaysia’s plan to replace with 12 bridge, 46 Crown Colony Central Provident Fund (CPF) Singapore, 36 controversy over, 45 Customs, Immigration and release of savings in, 130, 132 Quarantine Complex, 263, 264 , 116 move to Woodlands, 46 Changi Naval Base, 183 within Singapore perimeter, 45, 148 diplomatic recognition of, 147 Tanjung Puteri, 130, 134

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D trade links, 233–34 Daquila, Teofilo C., 4, 8 water issue, 257–61 movement economy , 192 output structure, 202 Daulah Islamiyah establishment of, 193 primary school enrolment, 203 de la Mare, Arthur (Sir), 11, 22 Emergency, 41, 99 Defence Science and Technology Emergency Order, 195 Agency (DSTA), 179 English East India Company, 35 Defence Science Organization (DSO), ethnic balancing, 168–69 179 ethnic communities, 28 Defence Technology Group (DTG), ethnic politics, 85 184 ethnic stereotyping, 85–86 ethno-religious extremism, 166 formation in Malaysia, 83 ethno-religious issues development strategies Singapore, 140 export oriented, 3 Evergreen Marine Corporation, 135 Exercise Flying Fish, 171 E exports East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth need to diversify, 226 and Public Policy, 200 structure of, 207 East India Company target markets, 206 search for strategic base, 154 Economic Development Board F (Singapore), 135 Federation of Malaysia, 54 economic interdependence, 86–88 Federal election, 1964 two-way trade, 86 PAP’s decision to contest, 106 economic relations, 200–27 Federal election, 1969 competition, 205–13 Alliance’s loss of seats, 85 complementarity, 213–27 Singapore state, 107 future cooperation, 246–48 federal services investments, 234, 238 payment for, 64 partnership, 243 federal-state conflicts, 159–61 policy action and responses, 217– , 38 27 British governors’ power struggle policy implications, 261–62 with, 95 rivalry, 231–48 , 40 second stage, 244–46 creation of, 81 Singapore and Malaysia, 30–35 formation of, 15, 154 Singapore’s perspective, 250–62 , replacement of, 98 singular economic neighbourhood, Federation of Malaya Agreement, 251–54 violation of, 157 state and business level, 242–43 Federation of Malaysia structure, 233 challenge in court, 157–58

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creation of, 155–57 I formation of, 103 indentured sinkheh, 32 Five Power Defence Arrangements Indian labourers (FPDA), 8, 22, 147, 171–73, arrival of, 29 180, 190, 194 Indonesia Foreign Correspondents Association, confrontation with, 20 114 expansionism during Sukarno’s foreign direct investments reign, 56 actual and approved, 209 infant mortality rates, 203 bilateral, 214, 215 Infaq Fisabilillah, 193 dependency on, 208 inflationary pressures industrial distribution, 210 responses, 218, 219 foreign equity investments Integrated Air Defence System, 171 returns, 216 Internal Security Act (ISA), 187, 195 returns in Singapore, 211 Internal Security Council, 101 foreign policy framework of operation, 63 Singapore, 146 pre-empting communist takeover, fortress colonies 62 Cold War, 14 International Court of Justice, 46 Four National Taps, 46 disputes referred to, 88 Free Trade Agreements referral of issues to, 148 Malaysia and Japan, 224 International Law of the Sea Tribunal, United States and Singapore, 22 46 international relations G Singapore’s perspective, 144 , 132 Iskandar Development Region (IDR), , 47, 111, 112, 115 134, 217 Goh Keng Swee, 107 Islamic banks Grundy-Warr, C., 135 foreign ownership, 202 Guillemard, Lawrence, 95 Ismail bin Abdul Rahman (Dr), 105 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 222 J Japanese Occupation, 39 H , 187 Hambali, 193 JETRO survey Healey, Dennis, 21 investment factors of Japanese Heath, Edward, 22 manufacturers, 212 Herzog, Chaim Johor, 125–36 visit to Singapore, 125, 147 Federal-State relations, 131–34 , 131 growth rate, 135 Hosburgh Lighthouse, 148 origin of UMNO, 127 hui, 32 politics controlled by UMNO, 131 , 44 Port of Tanjung Pelepas, 135

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role in current Malaysia-Singapore disagreement of grant to central relation issues, 129–30 government, 67 Singapore’s investments in, 133 dismay at devaluation of British success in plantation agriculture, 34 pound, 22 water supply to Singapore, 128 first meeting with Tunku after Johor-Riau Lingga kingdom, 126, 154 separation, 85 Johor-Singapore managing the leftists, 56 early relations, 126–29 Malaysia Day Speech, 104 Johor Straits, 45–47 memoirs, 85 Joint Defence Council, 165 remarks on becoming , 110 K plan to declare Singapore’s kangchu, 34 independence on Malaysia Day, 71 UMNO’s loss, 160 pressing for merger, 19 Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM) securing better terms for merger, land in Singapore, 45 61 Khaled Nordin, 131 seeking independence through Kinta Valley merger, 81 , 31 self-government for Singapore, 18 Konfrontasi, 62, 109, 166 Lennox-Boyd Indonesia’s declaration on, 103 voicing fears over Singapore’s kongsi, 32 situation, 17 Joint Communique of licensing the Special ASEAN Ministerial Malaysian products, on, 82 Meeting on Terrorism, 196 life expectancy, 203 Kumpulan Mujahiddin Malaysia Ligor, 37, 38 (KMM), 193 Lily Zubaidah, 127 Lim Koon Teck, 96 L Lim Yew Hock, 41, 101 Labour Party Low, James Britain, 21 fear of Ligor’s moves, 38 land reclamation Luke Air Force Base, 183 Singapore, 46 Luqmanal Hakiem, 192 , 47, 111, 115 in the Singapore Air Force, M 86 MacDonald, Malcolm, 15, 41 Singapore’s vulnerability, 84 MACHINDA, 43 , 3, 41, 42 Macleod, Iain, 18 assertive temperament, 1, 84 madrasahs assertiveness, 5 funding, 188 clash of personalities with Tunku, Singapore, 187 89 Maersk Shipping Company, 135

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Mahathir Mohamad, 3, 113 communal disturbances (1967 and comment on security, 191 1969), 167 Malaysia-Singapore relations, 45 core values, 189 water supply issue, 87 exports to Singapore, 235, 237 Malapura foreign equity investments in joint defence exercise, 181 Singapore, 215 Malay FTA with Japan, 224 definition of, 40 imports from Singapre, 236, 239 as national language, 82 influences on sense of security, 189, Malay hegemony 190 bumiputeras, 2 National Economic Action Council, Malay Malaysia, 105 263 Malay Peninsula Malaysia-Singapore Airlines “Golden Khersonese”, 28 dissolution of, 145 Malay ultras, 85 Malaysia-Singapore relations Lee Kuan Yew’s memoirs, 165 economic dependency, 3 Malaya issues of sovereignty and communist insurgency, 16 territoriality, 149 tin industry, 31 political divide, 35–44 Malaya-Singapore merger, 52 post-1965 developments, 44 basis of conflict relations, 52 problem over Johor Straits, 45–47 Malayan Communist Party (MCP), shared social and cultural heritage, 40, 100 28–30 plans for People’s Republic of symbiotic economic relations, Malaya, 41 30–35, 48 Malayan Democratic Union (MDU), 40 uneasiness, 44 Malayan House of Representatives unity in geography, 27–28 Tunku’s Abdul Rahman’s speech at, , 8 59 Association Malayan Indian Congress (MIC), 40 (MCA), 43, 116 Malayan Railway conflict with PAP, 66 land at Tanjong Pagar, 88 Malaysian Constitution Malayan Union, 39, 97 components of, 153 British plan, 12 methods of amending, 153 crisis over, 13 role of monarchy, 153 failure of, 154 Malaysian Infantry Brigade, 164 fears of antagonizing peninsular , 105 Malays, 15 Malaysian Solidarity Convention implementation of, 98 (MSC), 82, 43, 109 Malaysia rallying of non-Malays, 110 approved manufacturing projects, Maria Hertogh riots, 141 240 maritime boundaries, 88–89 becoming , 99–110 Pedra Branca issue, 88

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market-created East Asian region, 3 urgency for, 19–22 Marshall, David, 41 wishes of people of North Borneo, comment on solidarity after 70 separation, 110 World Bank report mission, 67 demand for Singapore’s full internal merger referendum self-government, 17 outcome, 62 leader of SLF government, 101 meritocracy Mauzy, Diane K., 54 importance to Singapore, 1 McCarran Internal Secuirty Act of, Middle Rocks, 46 195, 1947 Milne, R.S., 54 McConell Air Force Base, 183 Mindanao Islamic Liberation Front, 193 merchandise trade, 203 Mohamed Rouse bin Chee, 96 merger Muhyidin Yassin, 131 agreement on basic merger Muslim extremist, 85 proposals, 58 Muslim radicalism, 187–99 arguments against, 18 concept of threat and security, cooperative problem solving, 58, 59 188–92 dialogue and dispute, 62–64 divergent views, 194–97 difficulties raised by clashing JI in Malaysia and Singapore, personalities, 20 192–94 financial arrangements, 64 financial deadlock, 66 N financial terms for Singapore’s entry, 69 views on Lee Kuan Yew’s re-merger first crisis, 64–70 comments, 115 internal confrontation, 59–62 National Day celebrations, 166 join exploration of plan, 55–57 National Education Malayan Union, 16 introduction of, 111 PAP government’s diplomatic launch by Lee Hsien Loong, 112 campaign, 60 national language, 82 problem with Singapore, 60 National Malaysian Industrial problems with, 103 Development Authority (MIDA), reasons for, 15–19, 53 135 second crisis, 70–73 New Economic Policy (NEP), 44 Singapore’s proclamation of New Malayan Community sovereignty in foreign affairs desirability of creating, 96 and and defence, 71 New York Herald Tribune, 65 Singapore’s Referendum Campaign, 61 Newly Industrializing Economies state citizenship rights, 58 (NIEs), 208 Tunku’s insistence on Malaysian Ningkan, Stephen Kalong, 160 outlook, 61 North America Free Trade Agreement Tunku’s speech at the Malayan (NAFTA), 205 House of Representatives, 59 North Borneo Chartered Company, 41

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O issues in bilateral relationship, 84–85 Ong Pang Boon, 107 maritime boundaries, 88–89 (Dato’), 131 strategic vulnerability and contested Orang Asli sovereignty, 83–84 aboriginal people of Malaysia, 28 politics Orang Laut, 29 Singapore’s perspective, 139–43 , 106 Port of Singapore (PSA) competition with Tanjung Pelepas, P 135 Pacific War, 97 post-1965 developments, 44 PAP see People’s Action Party (PAP) Public Security Laws PAP-Alliance rivalry, 107, 108 arrests under, 63 Partai Kebangsaan Melayu Malaya Program Khidmat Negara (PKMM), 40 Malaysia, 190 Partai Kominis Indonesia (PKI), 56 Prophet Muhammad Birthday riots, 141 Pedra Branca, 46, 130 Pulau Batu Putih see Pedra Branca territorial claims over, 45 Pusat Tenaga Rakyat, 40 Penang, thriving port, 29 People, The, 55 Q People’s Action Party (PAP), 3, 5, 18 quasi-colonial relationship, 14 anti-colonial, 100 quota arrangement campaign for merger, 58 Malaysian products, 82 coming into power, 41 competition with MCA and R Socialist Front, 81 race riots (1969), 86 declared illegal in Malaysia, 83 racial issue, 105 elections (1959), 80 racial rioting fear of Malay ultras, 83 spillover to Singapore, 83 independence through merger, 103 Raffles, Thomas Stamford, 35 poor relationship with UMNO, 142 arrival in Singapore, 127 purge of leftist elements, 42 , 223 victories in Malay constituencies, Rajaratnam, S., 107, 145 106 Ramlah Adam, 113 People’s Progressive Party, 43 re-merger per capita income comments on, 114, 115 improvements, 201 Referendum Campaign, 61 policy shifts regional security responses, 221–27 external initiatives, 182–86 political divide internal initiatives, 176–82 Malaysia-Singapore relations, 35–44 Singapore’s perspective, 175–84 political relations, 80–90 Republic of Singapore Air Force communalism and ethnic intrusion over Malaysian airspace, stereotyping, 85–86 130

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Restricted Detention Order, 195 Siam Riduan Isamuddin, 193 expansionist designs over Malay Rohingyas, 194 states, 37 Royal Malay Regiment Sidaway, J.D., 135 based in Singapore, 146 SIJORI, 134–36 Royal Johor Malay Force (JMF), 131 growth triangle, 126 Rusk, Dean, 22 Singapore Rustam Sani, 113 becoming Singaporeans, 110–18 brief hisotry of, 154–55 S capacity for national mobilization, Sandia National Laboratories, 183 172 Sandys, Duncan, 20, 55 Chinese predominance, 95, 98 separate merger consultations with, constitutional perspective on 69 admission and separation, Sarawak 152–61 pro-native policy of Brooke, 31 countries with foreign equity Tunku’s dealing with, 161 investments in, 253 Sarawak United People’s Party (SUPP), Crown Colony, 36 43 defence expenditure, 176 Scott, Rober (Sir), 18 defence policy, 172 Second World War, 41 demands on inclusion of common secret societies market terms in Malayan headed by Straits towkays, 32 constitution, 67 security relations, 163–73 destinations of investments abroad, developing Singapore’s Armed 253 Forces, 165–67 elections, 105 ethnic balancing, 168 exclusion from Malayan Union external security issues, 169–70 plan, 39 Five Power Defence Arrangements, expelled from Federation, 82 171–72 external security, 169–70 merger and separation, 164–65 fear of a Chinese Communist unravelling of separation agreement, Singapore, 54 167–68 fear over it being outpost for PRC, Sekolah Agama Rakyat, 187 14 Selkirk (Lord) foreign policy output, 146 crash programme for territorial government-linked companies consolidation, 19 (GLCs), 177 Separation Agreement (1965) integrated weapon systems, 177 unravelling of, 167–68 internal self-government, 18 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome introduction of own currency, 145 (SARS), 48 leftist-communist threat, 56 Shaaban, R., 190 Malay Johor-Riau empire, as part Shahril Abdul Samad, 132 of, 35

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medium range air-to-air missiles, Singapore Labour Front (SLF) 178 anti-communist crackdown, 101 metropolis of , 14 seeking of merger with Malaya, 99 National Education, launch of, 92 Singapore Legislative Assembly, 58 National Service Ordinance, 166 Singapore People’s Alliance Party, 101 nationally conscripted citizen army, Singapore Press Club, 113 176 Singapore Progressive Party, 100 outlet for commodities for Singapore state election (1963) surrounding region, 34 Alliance Party participation, 107 payment for Federation services, 63 Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan policy of Total Defence, 179 Yew, The, 46, 92 reclamation projects, 129 Singapore Story: Overcoming the Odds, returns on foreign equity The, 111 investments in, 211, 216 Singapore Volunteer Rifle Corps, 163 role as administrative capital in Singapore-Federation merger, 102 British Malaya, 94 Singapore-Federation reconciliation sense of strategic vulnerability, 84 hopes of, 99 separation from Malaysia, 103, Singapore-Johor-Riau growth triangle, 158–59 86, 126 Singapore UMNO, 106 Singaporeans spectacular progress as entrepot becoming one, 110–18 port-of-call, 36 Sino-Malay riots, 44 total trade with Malaysia and social development indicators, 204 United States, 252 social security spending, 203 training of troops in Taiwan, 183 South Ledge, 46 under control of Colonial Office, 94 Southeast Asian Treaty Organization utilization of Israeli doctrine, 177 (SEATO), 164 Singapore Air Force sovereignty intrusion into Malaysian air space, contested, 83–84 45 Sparke, M., 135 Singapore Alliance (SA), 105 Palembang, 28 (SAF) Straits of Johor defence doctrine of “poison demarcation, 88 shrimp”, 178 Straits of ethnically Chinese, 7 guarding against terrorist attacks in, formation of, 163 196, 197 Israeli training instructors, 166 Straits Settlements, 36 Singapore Chartered Industries, 178 Singapore as member of, 93 Singapore Command and Staff Straits Settlements Royal Naval College, 181 Volunteer Reserve, 164 Singapore Infantry Brigade, 166 strategic vulnereability, 83–84 Singapore Infantry Regiment (SIR), Submarine Project Office 164 Sweden, 183

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Sukarno Treaty of Federation, 95 Indonesian expansionism, 56 Treaty of London, 36 Sultan of Brunei, 20 Tun Abdul Razak, 3, 44 Sultan Abdul Rahman Muazam Shah, , 3, 4, 41 154 clash of personalities with Lee Kuan Sultan Husain Syah, 35 Yew, 89 Sultan Mahmud, 126 commitment to merger, 54 SUMNO, 108 fear of Chinese demographic supply of water see water supply dominance, 42 Supreme Government in India giving into British plans for merger, non-intervention policy, 36 12 surat sungai (river document), 34 imposing will on Singapore, 4 Swedish Defence Research proposal breaking impasse regarding Establishment, 183 merger, 55 Swettenham, Frank, 95 proposal for merger within a , 47, 131 “Greater Malaysia” framework, Malaysian version of Singapore’s 19 expulsion, 113 relationship with Sultan of Brunei, , 69, 81, 108 20 Syonan-to, 39 separation announcement, 73 Singapore-Malaya merger question T volte-face, 102 Tan Cheng Lock, 40 Tan Siew Sin, 65, 60, 67 U Tan, T. H., 66 UMNO Tanjung Pelepas, 135 anti-PAP campaign, 108 Temasek calls to reject PAP, 81 territory of Srivijayan Palembang, 28 loss of Kelantan and Trengganu, , 178 160 Temenggong Abdul Rahman, 127, 154 political hostility wiht PAP, 82 Temenggung Ibrahim supremacy within Alliance Party, rule of Johore, 34 105 Teo Chee Hean, 111 UMNO Ultras territorial merger water supply issue, 87 British policy, 11–26 , 39 Thalweg principle United Nations demarcation of Straits of Johor, 88 anti money-laundering law, 196 tin industry, 31 wishes of people of North Borneo tin mining activities, 32 and Sarawak regarding merger, Toh Chin Chye, 57, 58, 107 70 Trade and Investment Framework United Democratic Party (UDP), 43 Agreement United Malays Nationalist Malaysia-U.S., 205 Organization (UMNO), 40, 98

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United Nations Security Council price of, 148 water supply threats, 87 Singapore perspective, 257, 258 United States-Singapore Free Trade water supply agreements, 128 Agreement, 205 Whitehall’s Long-Term Study Group, United States 21 alignment with, 3 Wilson, Harold, 21 U.S. Defence Threat Reduction World Bank, 200 Agency, 183 Y W Yang di-Pertuan Agong Wang Gungwu amendment of powers, 161 remarks regarding Malaysia- , 193 Singapore relationship, 92 Yeo, George, 116 Water Authorities of Singapore, 128 water supply Z dependence on Malaysia, 87 Zone of Peace, Freedom and issues regarding, 263 Neutrality (ZOPFAN), 171 Johor’s agreement with Singapore, 128 Zulkifli Abdul Hir, 193

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