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Astronotes 24.Pdf Numéro 24 ­ Octobre 2012 ASTRONotes MMééttiieerr AASSTTRROONNAAUUTTEE Un héros La dernière balade pour des navettes l'éternité 2 ASTRONotes 24 Octobre 2012 SOMMAIRE ASTRONotes 24 (Octobre 2012) L'AstroNotes est une revue trimestrielle qui sort le 01/01, 01/04, 01/07 et 01/10 en complément d'informations au site Destination Orbite. Elle est téléchargeable au format PDF. A L A U N E 4 Destination Orbite, le site de l’exploration de l’espace. Vous pouvez le visiter à La dernière balade des navettes 4 l'adresse www.destination­orbite.net Retrouvez également A C T U A L I T E 8 Destination Orbite sur www.facebook.com/pages/DestinationOrbite/ Les news 8 L'espace au jour le jour 12 Rédaction Philippe VOLVERT E V E N E M E N T 1 8 Couverture Astronaute, un métier à part – Photos Un héros pour l'éternité 18 Nasa D O S S I E R 2 0 Du recrutement à l'entraînement 22 Centres d'entraînement et de contrôle 24 Le Corps des Astronautes Européens 29 Les astronautes en mission 30 La foire aux questions 31 A G E N D A 3 2 Ou découvrir l'espace 32 Octobre 2012 ASTRONotes 24 3 L A D E R N I E R E B A L A D E D E S N AV E T T E S Trente ans après avoir rendu de bons et loyaux services, les navettes ont rejoint définitivement leur résidence où elles couleront de jours paisibles. Le transfert des navettes vers leur musée respectif met un point final à l'une des plus grandes aventures technologiques. 4 ASTRONotes 24 Octobre 2012 17/04/2012 Après des mois de préparation, juchée sur le dos d'un Boeing 747, la navette Discovery décolle de la piste du Kennedy Space Center ­ Photo Nasa 17/04/2012 Discovery arrive à l'aéroport Dulles à Washington non sans avoir procédé à un tour d'honneur dans le ciel de la capitale ­ Photo Nasa ATLANTIS La navette Atlantis restera au Kennedy Space Center où un musée sur le programme de la navette devrait être construit et inauguré en 2013 ­ Photo Nasa/PGAV Destinations for Delaware North Parks & Resorts DISCOVERY La navette Discovery est installée au Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum près de Washington en lieu et place de la navette Enterprise. Elle est en place depuis le 19 avril 2012 ­ Photo Richard Rhee Octobre 2012 ASTRONotes 24 5 19/04/2012 Discovery arrive au Smithsonian's National Air and Space Museum pour prendre la place d'Enterprise ­ Photo Nasa 27/04/2012 Après avoir été installée sur le dos du 747 qui avait amené Discovery, Enterprise quitte Washington pour New­York qu'elle survolera ­ Photos Nasa Enterprise au Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum 16/06/2012, jour du lancement ­ Photos après avoir fait le voyage de l'aéroport JFK vers Associated Press/ Ng Han Guan le musée par barge sur l'Hudson ­ Photo Nasa 6 ASTRONotes 24 Octobre 2012 19/09/2012 20/09/2012 Endeavour quitte le Kennedy Space Center en route Après les deux escales au Texas, le 747 repart pour la pour une escale à Ellington Field et El Paso au Texas ­ base d'Edwards pour une dernière escale technique ­ Photo Nasa Photo Nasa 19/09/2012 Endeavour effectue un survol de San­Francisco avant de se poser au Los Angeles International Airport. Elle prendra ensuite la route pour rejoindre sa destination finale, le California Science Center ­ Photo Nasa Octobre 2012 ASTRONotes 24 7 LES NEWS L E S B R E V E S Une lune de plus pour Pluton E T L E S G A G N A N T S S O N T Le télescope spatial Hubble vient de déni­ cher une nouvelle lune autour de Pluton, portant à 5 le nombre de satellites natu­ rels orbitant autour de la planète naine. On apprend dans le communiqué que la lune, baptisée pour l’heure P5, est de forme irrégulière et mesure de 10 à 25 km de diamètre. Elle décrit une orbite circulaire autour de Pluton à 95 000 km de distance. Morpheus s'écrase Un prototype d’atterrisseur lunaire s’est écrasé au Kennedy Space Center lors d’un vol libre le 09 août dernier avant d’exploser. L’engin, propulsé par un mé­ lange d’oxygène et de méthane liquide, aurait rencontré un problème informatique empêchant sa stabilisation. Le pro­ gramme n’est pas remis en cause et d’autres engins devraient voir le jour dans un proche avenir selon la Nasa. Dragon opérationnel SpaceX a terminé toutes les étapes de Photo Sierra Nevada Corporation développement et de démonstration de son vaisseau Dragon en partenariat avec Le 3 août dernier, la Nasa annonçait avoir trouvé un nouvel accord avec la Nasa, autorisant du même coup la so­ trois compagnies chargées de concevoir et développer la prochaine généra­ ciété privée à commencer la livraison de tion de vaisseaux habités américains destinés à transporter un équipage fret régulier à bord de la station spatiale sur orbite basse d’ici les 5 prochaines années pour des missions gouverne­ internationale. La première des 12 mis­ mentales et commerciales. sions inscrites au manifeste d’ici 2015 de­ Le Space Act Agreements signé dans le cadre du Commercial Crew Inte­ vrait avoir lieu en octobre prochain. grated Capability comprend une période qui s’étend jusqu’à mai 2014 du­ rant laquelle les partenaires de la Nasa amélioreront la conception de La Pologne membre de l'ESA systèmes intégrées et réaliseront des essais de matériel. Il comprend éga­ Le 13 juillet dernier, les états membres de l’Agence Spatiale Européenne ont ap­ lement une étape optionnelle avec comme point d’orgue un vol de dé­ prouvé à l’unanimité l’accession de la Po­ monstration habité. logne à la Convention de l’ESA. Dans Sierra Nevada s’est vu attribuer une enveloppe de 212,5 millions de dollars les prochaines semaines, elle doit ratifier pour continuer le développement de son vaisseau Dream Chaser qui de­ les différents traités de l’ESA afin d’en de­ vrait être lancé par une fusée Atlas V. venir le 20ème état membre. Depuis La côte part pour SpaceX s’élève à 440 millions de dollars. La compagnie 2007, elle avait le statut d’état coopérant, s’en servira pour adapter son lanceur Falcon 9 et son cargo Dragon pour première étape ouvrant la voie à une les rendre aptes aux vols habités. adhésion. Quant à Boeing, il reçoit 460 millions de dollars pour poursuivre la mise au point de son vaisseau CTS­100. Ce dernier devrait, lui aussi, bénéficier La banquise au plus bas du lanceur Atlas V de la United Launch Alliance. Les données recueillies par le satellite japonais GCOM­W1 révèlent que la superficie de la banquise arctique aurait S AV I E Z ­ V O U S Q U E atteint son minimum historique le 24 août dernier. Au cours des 5 dernières an­ La première retransmission en direct d’une émission américaine sur une nées, elle est passée de 4,25 millions de télévision européenne remonte à juillet 1962 ? C’est le satellite Telstar 1, km² à 4,21 millions de km². Cette an­ née, la progression de la fonte était en lancé récemment, qui a réalisé cette grande première. avance de deux semaines par rapport à 2007. 8 ASTRONotes 24 Octobre 2012 P R E M I E R V O L S O Y U Z 2 . 1 V R E TA R D E Programmé pour octobre, le vol inaugural de la nou­ velle fusée Soyuz sera retardé de quelques mois après la découverte d’un bug informatique au cours d’un test sur le banc d’essai de Peresvet. Un exemplaire du pre­ mier étage équipé d’un moteur NK­33, hérité du pro­ gramme lunaire N­1 des années 60, et d’un moteur vernier RD­0110R devait être mis à feu. Au bout de 8 secondes, des capteurs ont mesuré une survitesse de la turbopompe du RD­0110R. Survitesse qui a engen­ dré un arrêt d’urgence provoquant un coup de bélier qui a déformé la tuyauterie. Une enquête a permis de déterminer qu’un bug informatique était à l’origine du problème. Un second test est annoncé pour février prochain et devra être déterminant pour fixer la date du premier vol. En attendant, les préparatifs se pour­ suivent avec l’arrivée du premier lanceur au cosmo­ drome de Plesetsk. Il a été érigé sur le pas de tir numéro 43/4 pour des essais de compatibilité avec les installations de lancement. La fusée Soyuz 2.1V possède un premier étage entière­ ment repensé avec la disparition des habituels propul­ seurs latéraux coniques. Elle est classée dans la catégorie des lanceurs légers et aura une capacité 3 Photo NITS RKP tonnes sur orbite basse. L ' E T U D E D E V E S TA A C H E V E E Le 5 septembre dernier sonde américaine Dawn ache­ vait sa prospection de l’astéroïde Vesta, l’un des vestiges du système solaire circulant entre les orbites de Mars et Jupiter. Après son arrivée dans le champ d’attraction de Vesta le 15 juillet 2011, la sonde a commencé à se positionner pour rejoindre une orbite à 2 750 km d’altitude. C’est à ce moment là qu’a réel­ lement débuté l’étude de l’astéroïde avec des change­ ments de paliers permettant de descendre jusqu’à 180 km de la surface.
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