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DOCt MENT RE31-14£ EF 003 112 ED 032 718 - -T- :---:- - -- By-Shaw. Robert J. Ecl ------.._:.7 :-: :: " Libraries. Building for the Future.Proceedings of the Library Belding'- Institu e and theAmerican L'ai ary Trustee Association (ALTA) Workshop(Detroit. Michigan. July 1-3..1965). Kmerican'Library.Association. WC-ago. III. Sports Agency-American Library Association.Chicago. III. Library Admolistratioci Div.:American Library Trustee Association. Chicago. III. Pub Date 67 Hose -209p. Available from-American Library Association.50 E. Huron Street. Chicago. Illinois 60611 EDRS Price MF-S1.00 HC Not Availablefrom EDRS Descriptors -*Building Plans. College Libraries.t.ommunity Relations. *FacilityCase Studies. *Libraries. *Library Planning. School Improvement.School Libraries Included are the texts of allavailable papers given at theInstitute and Workshop. as well as the presentationsof the panelists and thediscussions that ensued between members ofthe audience and the programspeakers. Floor plans and similarly important illustrativematerials are reproduced. Thefollowing sessions were included - -(1) general session.(2) public library session. (3)college and university library sessions. (4) schoollibrary sessions. and (5) theAmerican Library Trus tee Association workshop. (RK) Nf,,

)'' LIBRARIES Building for the Future

Proceedings of the LIBRARY BUILDINGS INSTITUTE and the ALTA WORKSHOP Conducted at Detroit, Michigan, July 1-3, 1965

Sponsored by the LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION DIVISION and the AMERICAN LIBRARY TRUSTEE ASSOCIATION of the AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

Edited by ROBERT J. SHAW

U.S. DEPARTMENT Of BEAM. EDUCATION 8 WELFARE OffICE Of EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED fROM THE PERSON OR CROW/HON ORIGINATING IL POINTS Of VIEW OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY NPR/SENT OffICIAL OffICE Of EDUCATION 01 POSITION OR POLICY

0CO 0 AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION / Chicago, 1967 "PERMISSION TG REPRODUCE THIS COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL BY MICROFICHE ONLY HAS BEEN GRA D , 0, , By AMEN" iccur1/4 Libre Rssect 0, Giltelevt Cry TO ERIC AND ORGANIZATIONS OrtRAII NG UNDER R514S (thltisStottS AGREEMENTS WITH THE U. S. OFFICE OF EDUCATION. FURTHER REPRODUCTION OUTSIDE THE ERIC SYSTEM REQUIRES PERMISSION OF THE COPYRIGHT O? ER."

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 67-23001 Copyright 0 1967 by the American Library Association Manufactured in the United States of America FOREWORD

The role of the trustee in library planning was men, ALTA Workshop Committee, for assisting in the subject which linked the Library Buildings Insti- planning the Institute and Workshop. tute, sponsored by the Library Administration Divi- This report inelades the texts of all available sion and held July 1-3, 1965, at Detroit, Michigan, papers given at the Institute and Workshop, as well and the ALTA Workshop. sponsored by the American as the presentaticns of the panelists and the discus- Library Trustee Associatier. and held on July 3, 1965, sions that ensued between members of the audience at the same place. and the program speakers. In some instances the More than one thousand librarians, trustees, ar- speakers used slides to illustrate their talks. Floor- chitects, consultants, representatives of manufac- plans and similarly important illustrative materials turers supplying equipment to the profession, and are reproduced in the Proceedings, but it was not others attended and participated in the discussion that feasible to reproduce the many colored slides of followed nresentation of the formal papers. The at- buildings and other general subjects. tendance was the highest on record of the Building or Program coordination, registration, and general Equipment institutes held in the past fourteen years. arrangements were handled by the headquarters staff Grateful appreciation i.s due Howard Rowe, chair- of the Library Administration Division and the man, Section on Buildings and Equipmert, LAD; and American Library Trustee Association. Lowell A. Martin and Raymond E. Williams, cochair-

Alphonse F. Trezza, Executive Secretary Library Administration Division AMERICAN LIBRARY ASSOCIATION

LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION DIVISION

Section on Buildings and Equipment

Howard Rowe, Chairman Roger B. Francis, Vice-Chairman Librarian Director San Bernardino Public Library South Bend Public Library San Bernardino, California South Bend, Indiana Marylyn Davis, Secretary Librarian, Pennsbury High School Library Yardley, Eucks County Pennsylvania

COMMITTEES

Architecture Committee for Public Libraries Equipment Committee A. CHAPMAN PARSONS, Chairman FRAZER G. POOLE, Chairman Executive Director, Ohio Library Association Librarian, University of Illinois Library, Columbus, Ohio Chicago Circle, Chicago, Illinois

Buildings Committee for College and University Planning School Library Quarters Committee Libraries RICHARD L. DARLING, Chairman RICHARD A. FARLEY, Chairman Supervisor of Library Services Director of Libraries, Kansas State Teachers College Educational Services Center Emporia, Kansas Montgomery County Public Schools Rockville, Maryland Buildings Committee for Hospital and Institution Libraries WILLIAM BEATTY, Chairman ALPHONSE F. TREZZA, Executive Secretary Librarian, Northwestern University Medical Library ROBERT J. SHAW, Assistant to the Executive Chicago, Illinois Secretary AMERICAN LIBRARY TRUSTEEASSOCIATION

ALTA Workshop Committee

Lowell A. Martin, Cochairman Irene G,tomer Cherry Hill Free Public Library Grolier Publications Cherry Hill, New Jersey New York, New York

Raymond E. Williams,Cochairman George Hammond Director Hyattsville, Maryland McIntire Public Library Charlottesville, Virginia Robert Haverfield Columbia, Missouri C. K. Batschelet Guthrie Center, Iowa Mike B. Janowski Ville Platte, Louisiana Jack Chitwood Director of Libraries Leontyne B. King Rockford Public Library Los Angeles, California Rockford, Illinois Mrs. Abner Larson John Clouse, Jr. Fargo, North Dakota Griffin, Georgia Dorothy McAllister Keith Doms Grand Rapids, Michigan Associate Director Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh Harold Munger, Jr. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Toledo, Ohio

Donald C. Earnshaw Mrs. I. C. Oxner Lee's Summit, Missouri McGehee, Arkansas

Hoyt Galvin Harold Roth Library Director Director Orange Public Library Free Public Libraiy of East Charlotte, North Carolina East Orange, New Jersey

Mrs. J. R. Sweasy Edward G. Strable Red Wing, Minnesota Executive Secretary This document contains many architectural plans whica by their detailed nature may not be completely legible in reproduction. We feel the total document to be of sufficient importance to reproduce, taking this fact into consideration.

CONTENTS

1. General Session

The Use of Hindsight in Planning LibraryBuildings Keyes D. Metcalf 3 Mistakes That Have Been Made in RecentLibrary Buildings A Panel Discussion William H. Jesse 9 Edward Caswell Perry 11 Richard L. Darling- 16 Eugene W. Fickes 17 II. Public Library Sessions

GENERAL PAPERS Library and Community: Community Analysis, Population Characteristics, Community Growth, Governmental Relationships, Library Site Criteria Jack Clzitwood 23 The Planning Team: Make-up and Function Robert H. Rolilf 29 Programming and Financing Library Buildings Joseph H. Jenkin 34 Preliminary and Final Drawings, Bidding, and Construction William Lyman 39

TECHNICAL PROCESSING The Planning of a Technical Processing Area in a Large Public Library Raymond B. Collins 42 Layout in a New Public Library Willard Dennis 45 Advanced Planning Barbara Westby 50

BUILDING PLANS AND CRITIQUES

Palos Verdes Library District of Los Angeles County 55 Hammond, Indiana, Public Library 60 Davenport, Iowa, Public Library 66 x CONTENTS 111. College and University Library Sessions

BUILDING PLANS AND CRITIQUES

Witherill Learning Center, Cazenovia College 73 University of Minnesota, West Bank Library 7.9 C. Y. Thompson Library, University of Nebraska 89 Marshall University Library 99 Bemidji State College Library 113 University of Michigan Central Campus Library 122 IV. School Library Sessions

Team-planning the School LibraryA Panel Discussion 133 Remodeling To Provide Quarters for a Processing Center Louise Anthony 140 Opportunities and Challenges Inherent in Unusual Shapes for School Libraries Cora Paul Bomar 144 Library in the Round Margaret H. Grazier 153 The Perception Core, Valley Winds Elementary School James L. Lanman 155 Planning a New Instructional Materials Center in a School James W. Jacobs 160 Remodeling an Existing Library To Provide Quarters for a Materials Center Mary Ann Swanson 162 Remodeling a Knapp School Libraries Project Demonstration Center The Mount Royal Elementary School, Baltimore, Maryland Alice C. Rusk 164

V.American Library Trustee Association Workshop

MORNING SESSION

Opening Remarks Charles E. Reid 171 Introduction Lowell A. Martin 172 What Must LibrariesDo To Meet Eme.!;ing Needs? James E. Bryan 174 Panel Discussion Harvey Merker 182 Sidney Zwiren 184 Richard Ruddell 187 Audience Discussion 188

AFTERNOON SESSION

Opening Remarks Raymond E. Williams 192 Presentation Arthur Gould Odell, Jr. 193 Audience Discussion 194 I. General Session 4 GENERAL SESSION interested in the results that they are not realistic in inconvenient to use the books. Only time will tell their estimates. I shall not attempt, in all cases, to whether its success in both objectives, glamor and give recent examples, but many of you know of build- function, is assured. ings where one of the four following unfortunate con- At the other end of the scale we may have a poor sequences followed because costs were Lnderesti- institution that cannot possibly build anything but the mated: plainest factory type of building, because of lack of funds, and must obtain the largest possible useful 1. The whole project had to be postponed or given up square footage Or the money available. We all know entirely. of situations like this. Are you planning, or should 2. The size of the building had to be reduced at the you plan, a Beinecke Library or one for a struggling last minute, and as a result it was inadequate from denominational library? Keep this question in mind the day it was finished. constantly. The reduction in size may have been made in While it is desirable, and at times an important an old fixed-function building, by simply reducing requisite, for a building to be handsome, it is gener- the size of all the areas and perhaps lowering the ally even more important that it be functional, and the ceiling heights unduly. The Butler Library at Co- problems that result from overemphasis on monu- lumbia is an example of this. In more modern mentality and aesthetics, and underemphasis on func- buildings the required savings may have been tion in building, such as at the Widener Library at made by leaving out enough bays so that the budget Harvard, are considerable. That library has many could be balanced, without understanding what this good points but many unfunctional aspects as well. We might do to the spatial assignments. can all think of other buildings that have been handi- I know of a library in Australia where the ap- capped by monumentality taking precedence over propriation was cut in two at the last minute, and a function. Form should follow function, as Louis full floor of the building was left out. There was Sullivan stated many years ago. no time to rearrange assignments, and the build- One of the problems in connection with aesthetics ing was finished with a fine main floor set up with and monumentalitythe two do not necessarily go adequate areas for the central services. But when hand in handare their effect on the financial situa- it came to the stacks and the reading areas, there tion. This effect may come from the additional cost was room for only about a quarter of the seating due to the quality of the construction, but it is more accommodations and book capacity that the origi- likely to result from the undue proportion of nonas- nal plans called for, and the authorities could not sigr3.ble space found in too many of our handsome understand how it happened when the size of the buildings. A library may have only 55 percent of its building had been reduced by only one half. total area available for books, readers, and staff, 3. Sometimes the quality of construction was com- with as much as 45 percent used for architectural and promised, with unfortunate results and increased nonassignable space. Buildings like this are being maintenance costs. planned today. Another may have up to 72 or occa- 4. Sometimes considerable areas were left unfinished sionally even 75 percent of assignable space, which which meant that a large percentage or the con- gives as much as one third more usable area in a struction costs was involved with no corresponding given gross square footage. Keep this in mind, but space made available. with the full realization that there may be misunder- standings in regard to just how assigna"e space is It is important for all concerned to recognize the ob- figured. The State of California authortt.,..2s are now jectives of the library, and of the institution as a reconsidering the definition of assignable space. At whole if it is an academic library; the relative im- present different persons estimate it in different portance of the functional operation of the building ways, and figures of assignable space should always being planned; and the aesthetic requirements. be suspect. The Beinecke Library at Yale may be considered Examples of a closely related situation are at one end of the scale.It was planned to be one cf Yale's Sterling Library and Columbia's Butler Li- the most glamorous and exciting of library buildings. brary, both built at about the same time and with Those concerned want it to function as a library, of similar capacities for books and readers, but with course, but in this case the glamor is of much more one costing nearly twice as much as the other. Both importance, as its primary objective is to attract are fine buildings. Both are monumental, but one gifts of rare books to the University. This is not to cost much more in terms of expenditures per unit of say that Beinecke is not functiwial. Ellsworth Mason books and readers housed, as well as in gross square in the May, 1965, number of College and Research and cubic footage. Libraries reviews this library better than I can, and If you compare two libraries each of which has his article should be read by those interested in li- 100,000 gross square feet, costs 2 1/2 million dol- brary building planningit is a noteworthy critique. lars, and is equally well constructed, remember that But Beinecke's collections are important enough so it is not only the total square footage and the total that readers will come to it, even if it were cost in which you are interested, but also the mimber Keyes D. Metcalf Librarian Emeritus, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts

THE USE OF HINDSIGHTIN PLANNING LIBRA RY BUILDINGS

gill talk chiefly abort academic libraries be- program on which I was working or of theneeds of causr. most of my experience = asbeen in that line. the library. I expect the same is true of other librar- Much of what I have to say, how,-..Lr, applies to any ians, building consultants, and architects. Misunder- typa of library. In discussing thi- topic we aregiven standing awl lack of full knowledge of all of the an opportunity to make ...orne verycutting remarks. factors involved are generally primary factors in For my part I shall try to avoid being undulycritical poor planning. or unpleasant; I have rare.4 roundthis worthwhile. No two institutions are alike. Planning is an art, Occasionally a conclusion that is significant enough not an exact science. What may be good for onein- to make an impression and to be remembvred may stitution would be bad for another. It is easy to crit- have a place, particularly if an arciitect or a librar- icize without knowing all the local circumstances, ian has failed to take account of afunctional defi- and some of my criticisms today may stem from a ciency that has been called tohis attention earlier. lac:- of knowledge about the libraries that I am criti- These remarks may be in terms of dollars that are ciziag. lost or of decreased capacity for boolx or readers. My comments will deal primarily with a few of If, for instance, we say that a plan which re- the basin types of problems to watch for, with exam- quires unn=cessary servicedesks means, directly or ples, in some cases, of mistakes which I thh.k have indirectly, tireduction of one in the number of pro- been made. My list will be very far from complete, fessors on the institution's staff, those concerned bil;. I hope it will stimulate discussion and help bri-lg may sit up and take notice. If we saythat an unnec- ou -alditi-)nal "boners." essarily large lobby means a loss of25,000 volumes let me repeatit is well to remember that mis- bcoistack capacity, or accommodations for sixty - takes re often due to the failure of those who make five fewer ieadern, that can be more useful than say- thei7illons to know jus: what is wanted, perhaps as ing, "What kind of a fool are you?" a result nZ n:-. incomplete orunsatisfactory program. We all make mistakes. I do not want to boast, A good program, understood by those concerned, is but I probably have made more of them in library almost always a prerequisite for a good building. building planning than anyone else in this room, iffor Then there are always the problems that go back no oiler reason than that Ihave had more opiiortunity to the amount of money available. The Bible says to do to. I have been told by an authority onthe sub- that the love of money is the root of all evil, but the ject that one of the buildings onwhich I worked as a lack of it also presents problems, as we well knew. consultant was the worst-planned library building Too many serious mistakes result from the fact that constructed r, recent years! tha. architect and the liorarian and those who control I hat reaiized that there were someunfortunate the funds do not completely understand one another aspects about the building tinder consideration,bat, and the financial limitations involved. taken as a whei.e, I thought and still believethat it Librarians and presidents of governing boards was and is one of ourbetter library buildings, and are often wishful thinkers and do notrealize that that in some way:1, it is a landmark inlibrary building construction tends to cost more year by year. Archi- planning. So I was nc-4, too upset by thecriticism. I tects, too, often have found from past experience that meant well, at any rate. Some of themistakes that I if they run short of finds b^,:ause they `save under- have made have been caused by ignorance, someby estimated costs, the required money is made avail- carelessness, some by lack of understandingof the able in some way, and they are quite naturally so

3 4 GENERAL SESSION interested in the results that they are not realistic in inconvenient to use the books_ Only time will tell their estimates. I shall not attempt, in all cases, to whether its success in both objectives, glamor and give recent examples, but many of you know of build- function, is assured. ings where one of the four following unfortui-x : on- At the other end of the scale we may have a poor sequences followed because costs were underesti- institution that cz_nnot possibly build anything but the mated: plainest factory type of building, because of lack of funds, and must obtain the largest possible useful 1. The whole project had to be postponed or given up square footage for the money available_ We all know entirely. of situations like this. Are you planning, or should 2. The size of the building had to be reduced at the you plan, a Beinecke Library or one for a struggling last minute, and as a result it was inadequate from denominational library? Keep this question in mind the day it was finished. constantly. The reduction in size may have been made in While it is desirable, and at times an important an old fixed-function building, by simply reducing requisite, for a building to be handsome, it is gener- the size of all the areas and perhaps lowering the ally even more important that it be functional, and the ceiling heights unduly. The Butler Library at Co- problems that result from overemphasis on monu- lumbia is an example of this. In mure modern mentality and aesthetics, and undei emphasis on func- buildings the required savings may have been tion in building, such as at the Widener Library at made by leaving out enough bays so that the budget Harvard, are considerable_ That library has many could be balanced, without understanding what this good points but many anfunctional aspects as well. We might do to the spatial assignments. can all think of other buildings that have been handi- I 'mow of a library in Australia where the ap- capped by monumentality taking precedence over propriation was cut in two at the last minute, and a function. Form should follow function, as Louis full floor of the building was left out. There was Sullivan stated many years ago. no time to rearrange assignments, and the build- One of the problems in connection with aesthetics ing was finished with a fine main floor set up with and monumentalitythe two do not necessarily go adequate areas for the central services. But when hand in handare their effect on the financial situa- it came to the stacks and the reading areas, there tion. This effect may come from the additional cost was room for only about a quarter of the seating due to the quality of the construction, but it is more accommodations and book capacity that the origi- likely to result from the undue proportion of nonas- nal plans called for, and the authorities could not signable space found in too many of our handsome understand how it happened when the size of the buildings. A library may have only 55 percent of its building had been reduced by only one half. total area available for books, readers, and staff, 3. Sometimes the quality of construction was com- with as much as 45 percent used for architectural and promised, with unfortunate results and increased nonassignable space. Buildings like this are being maintenance costs. planned today. Another may have up to 72 or occa- 4. Sometimes considerable areas were left unfinished sionally even 75 percent of assignable space, which which meant that a large percentage of the con- gives as much as one third more mable area in a struction costs was involved with no corresponding given gross square footage. Keep this in mind, but space made available. with the full realization that there may b. misunder- standings in regard to just how assignable space is It is important for all concerned to recognize the ob- figured. The State of California authorities are now jectives of the library, and of the institution as a reconsidering the definition of assignable space. At whole if it is an academic library; the relative im- present different persons estimate it in different portance of the functional operation of the building ways, and figures of assignable space should always being planned; and the aesthetic requirements. be suspect. The Beinecke Library at Yaie may be zonsidered Examples of a closely related situation are at one end of the scale. It was planned to be one of Yale's Sterling Library and Columbia's Butler Li- the most glamorous and exciting of library buildings_ brary, both built at about the same time and with Those concerned want it to function as a library, of similar capacities for books and readers, but with course, but in this case the glamor is of much more one costing nearly twice as much as the other. Both importance, as its primary objective is to attract are fine buildings. Both are monumental, but one gifts of rare books to the University. This is not to cost much more in terms of expenditures per unit of say that Beinecke is not functional. Ellsworth Mason books and readers housed, as well as in gross square in the May, 1965, number College and Research and :rabic footage. Ltbrarzcs reviews this library better than I can, and If you compare two libraries each of which has his article should be read by those interested in li- 100,000 gross square feet, costs 2 1,12 million dol- brary building planningit is a noteworthy critique. lars, and is equally well constructed, remember that But Beinecke's collections are important enough so it is not only the total square footage and the total that readers will come to it, even if it were cost in which you are interested, but also the number Hindsight in Planning Libra)))HilittlingS 5 reducing the of readers and volumes comfortablyhoused without construction cost or congestion or surprised by the re- working-surface areas. undue crowding. You may be small tables sur- sults. If you decide to use alcoves or perhaps 10 percent rounded on three sides by shelving,make sure that The Lamont Library cost the alcove are such that more per square foot thanother buildings of similar the cleat dimensions within but it had 15-25 the space can be used toadvantage. The thirty-six quality built at about the same time, confess I was re- percent more usable space outof its gross area than Lamont alcoves for which I have to without crowding or cut- sponsible, have 9 feet by 12 feetinside measurements the others did, and it got it only two readers each. If ting down on quality of constructionand, therefore, and will seat comfortably What many of us should be they were one third larger,that is 12 by 12 or even was more economical. the seating capacity interested in primarily, then, is notthe cost per 11 1/2 by 11 1/2 in dimensions, floor space, not the cost of the would have been doubled. gross square foot of pinwheel form would net assignable space, but thecost per volume and Four individual carrels in a building that is well have been possible, and theywould have been eco- reader satisfactorily housed in a the 9 by 12 would constructed and acceptable aesthetically. nomical in space utilization. Even the modular have been possible if the fourth or openside could Most libraries today are built on depth in the other di- plan. Some librarians who havestudied the problem have been 12 feet wide and the size will fit for all purposes, rection 9 feet. But rememberthat the alcove must say that no one module 25 1/2- or 27-foot and so are inclined to let thearchitect pick a module fit the column spacing, and that disagree on this point. module size will do very welland 22 1/2 feet will not size out of the air. I strongly There are, of course, Most academic libraries use aconsiderable percent- be so satisfactory for alcoves. bookstacks, and the column other ways of making other baysizes fit for alcove age of their space for complicated a problem to discuss spacing, at least in any library withlarge collections, use, but this is too at this time. is of the first importance. libraries. The The Albany Branch of the StateUniversity of Ceiling heights vary greatly in which is built with a 20- Widener stack has only 7 feet2 inches in the clear, New York has a new campus shelves, 12 inches on cen- foot column spacing throughout.The library will and as a result only six The stack ranges ters, are possible with a4-inch base. The capacity eventually house large collections. sixth with from 2 must fit the 20-foot column spacing,which means would have been increased by one There are no to 4 inches in clear heightadded. This would have they must be 5 or 4 feet on centers. 300,000 volumes in other possibilities, unless ranges areto be unneces- made a difference of well over to interfere with the total building capacity andwould have added only sarily short and the columns are half of 1 percent to the cost main cross aisles. Four feetis too narrow and is about one quarter to one impracticable for an open stack. Fivefeet is too of the building. and this will automati- Too many other libraries are in asimilar situ- wide but will have to be used, to add to the Amherst cally reduce the stack capacityby some 18 percent ation. No way could be found available if a 25-foot, College Converse Librarysatisfactorily, primarily from what would have been too low, as little 6-inch column spacing had beenusedsomething that because its clear stack heights were for this particular li- as 6 feet 9 inches in someplaces, from which had to would have been acceptable required for lighting fixtures brary. be subtracted the space two very fine librar- hung from the ceiling. I mightmention in this con- I should add, however, that Library in Lake- ies built in recent years,Washington University, St. nection Florida Southern University California at Los An- land, Florida, designed by FrankLloyd Wright, which Louis, and the University of 6 feet in geles, chose their bay sizes onthe basis of 4-foot, has a main entrance lobby barely over 3-inch or 4-foot, 4-inch spacingand 9-inch nominal height. installed deeper shelving On the other hand, it must beremembered that depth shelving, and then foot in height in a library floor may which resulted insubstandard-width stack aisles and !very additional carefully on this point. add approximately 1 percent tothe cost of that level much inconvenience. Check advocating 8-foot or any Watch the column spacing not onlyfor book- of the building. I am not accommodations. Carrels other height ceilings throughout alibrary, but I urge stacks but also for seating mind what you are spending at right angles to the walls areused frequently. you always to keep in 22 1/2 feet on centers your money for.You should remember, forinstance, Many libraries with columns the outside wall may place only four carrels to abay when five are possi- that every corner you add to cost as much as 2 feet of extrawall. Many libraries ble without crowding. Thisis due either to careless spacing, to an have, as a result, outside wallscosting twice the sum spacing, to unnecessarily generous increase the total cost of the unfortunate window pattern, orto columns which get necessary, which may building by 10 percent as well asadd to the cost of in the way and reducethe available space along the wall. Think of the differenceit would make if your heating and cooling. in place of the 250 It should be noted, also,that many buildings have building had only 200 wall carrels materials which add that might have been availablewithout adding to the outside walls constructed from 6 GENERAL SESSION 10 percent to the cost of the building or of its opera- windows where books cannot be shelved_ Of equal Cr tion in sears to come, even without unnecessary greater importance, if the shelving is used continu- corners, because of too much glass or stone con- ously because the heavily used reference I,ouk.s are struction. On the other hand, do not forget that it is there, the room cannot avoid a restless feeling_ often very much worthwhile to add to the total cost of There is, at present, a tendency to build round the building to obtain a desired effect aesthetically or libraries with radial shelving and circular reading functionally. We do not want to build a factory if it is rooms, which may waste up to 15 percent or more of possible to build something more attractive. I am the total area aid result in bottlenecks, unused space, simply trying to emphasize that you should under- and also disorientation, particularly after one has stand what it is that you are paying for, and too often been leaning down to consult lower shelves_ Circular the institution and its representatives do not under- libraries have been tried again and again for many stand. years, but none of them, so far as I hmow, has ever Ceiling thickness may add to library costs, just proved to be completely satisfactory to the user, par- as do unnecessarily high clear heights below the ceil- ticularly if there is a large book collection_ The ing. I !mow of libraries with 5-foot-thick ceilings and great British Museum reading room is perhaps the rooms only 8 feet in the clear. Three feet by 8 feet best of the circular library rooms, but if your archi- would have been preferred, or better still, in some tect proposes one, refer him to the Brotherton Li- cases, a compromise with 9 feet in height and a 3- brary at the University of Leeds, the library at foot -or -less ceiling. It might require a little more Florida Southern University with its reading room in planning on the part of the engineer, but costly the shape of an amphitheater, or any other circular blunders have been made too often by permitting un- library, and ask for a report. necessarily thick ceilings. Readers and services to readers occupy more Traffic patterns are another place where space in a library than any other type of accommoda- 'boners" are all too common_ Be sure that ne pat- tion. It is of great importance to provide enough terns are kept as simple as possible. Some of us seating, but very difficult to estimate the require- rememtder a library that installed a large r.umber of ments. If you build too large, it is wasteful of money alcoves which resembled a maze, and while they which could be better used for other purposes. If too were not unusable thy were not as useful as they small, your whole building is a failure. One factor might have been. Do not let any part of your building you can be reasonably sure of is that a comfortable, become a maze. A large bookstack zan be quite baf- attractive building will result in much greater use fling, particularly if the cross aislei are broken by than an old, unattractive, uncomfortable one ever had. small rooms or for some other reason and do not go Too many libraries have built new buildings only to all the way across the stack. find that they were too small the first year. Ask the Compare the Princeton Library stack and the librarian of the University of Connecticut or the Uni- equally large stack levels in the National Library of versity of Massachusetts, for instance, about what Medicine, both planned by the same architect. This has happened to them. problem applies priioarily to the large libraries with The same situation holds for book capacity. A large book collections_ I must confess, however, that good library encourages use, and more readers give the Uris Undergraduate Library at Cornell, which an excuse for more books, and the stack space soon might be called a rabbit warren, is, in spite of this, gives out. If the student body doubles in ten years very successful and popular, but it has a compara- instead of twenty (and the book collections likewise) tively limited collection. The adjacent Olin Research and you have planned on arithmetic growth instead of Library with its large collections is fortunately very geometric, inevitable trouble ensues. simple in its traffic pattern. Think of the problem of the University of Cali- The entrance to a large reading room should not fornia at Los Angeles, growing at the rate of one or be placed on a short side, which will require readers two thousand students a year and adding 150,000 vol- to disturb nearly everyone in the area to reach the umes annually. This situation is not a question of the far end_ You can all think of rooms of this kind. The librarian or the architect making a mistake in plan- large Lamont reading rooms, on the other hand, have ning. It is the financial limitations on new construc- entrances from five different places, connecting eight tion which permit institutions of higher learning in different corridors, and as the rcoms are long and California to build for a period of five years ahead narrow, very few persons are disturbed when a stu- only. Always try to plan a building that can be added dent enters or leaves. Traffic is reduced to a mini- to without harming it functionally or aesthetically, so mum. In this same connection, bookcases housing the that you are not completely lost when space gives out_ most-used books should not be placed, except under Accommodations for the staff presentsimilar special circumstances, around the walls of a reading problem, except that it is one that generally must be room, particularly if a good share of the walls is faced sooner than that for insufficient book and taken up by windows. reader capacity. In nine cases out of ten it is the In the first place, walls are too valuable for staff space that gives out first. Consider three of shelving; seating can be placed in front of the our finest new university libraries: those at Cornell, Hindsight in Planning Library Buildings 7

:Washington University at St. Louis, and Louisiana lighting. A waffle ceiling or ribbed columns may State University at Baton Rouge. Each one of them play havoc. has found itself short of space for the processing C. The cost of lighting a large library building with staff almost Before it was well settled in its new high intensity throughout is very large. Let your budding. I was involved in all three and must share building superintendent figure it out for you, and the blame, if there is any. I might acid that inade- your eyes and those of your financial officers may quate space for staff has often resulted from a first- be opened. floor setback in the outside walls, making the floor smaller rather than equal to or larger than the other Harvard University as a whole spends well over 1 levels. million dollars a year for electric current for light- Satisfactory spatial relationships, particularly ing. Light intensity A 120 footcandles costs four for the central services, are of prime importance. It times as much as thirty, other things being equal. is bad enough for the catalog and order department Need I say more? searchers to have to walk 200 feet to reach the cata- Successful air conditioning is a comparatively log, and even worse if they have to climb up or down new uevelopment. The first completely satisfactory a flight of stairs; perhaps worse still, as far as time air-conditioned library is only ..,ome twenty-five is concerned, to wait for an elevator to carry them. years old. Many poor installations are still being If you have worked in the Library of Congress or used. Remember that complete air conditioning in- Harvard or the New York Public Library or the Li- cludes heating, cooling, humidifying, dehumidifying, brary of the University of Wisconsin, you will appre- filtering, and ventilating. Do you need all :ix of ciate this fact. these? If your collections are valuable enough, yes. A good production line is surely a requisite in If you intend ;.o use your building intensely through the processing department in a great public library long periods of heat, yes. If you do not air-condition, which adds perhaps 100,000 volumes cr more a year, you may and that you will have an outmoded and out- but it is far less important in a large university li- dated building within a decade. brary where there are comparatively few cases of It has been very interesting to watch the progress multiple copies of books. I have too often found that of air conditioning northward throughout the country. the one service elevator in a library was placed so Fifteen years ago the State of North Carolina would as to connect the shipping room and the order de- not permit air cooling in its buildings. Ten years ago partment, with no thought given to the needs of the this held true for New York City. But, libraries on circulation desk where the number of books to be our northern borders and in Canada are now being dealt with may be ten times as great. Watch for this, artificially cooled. On the other hand, complete air if you cannot have two service elevators in a large conditioning is very expensive and may add up to 15 library. percent of your building costs, partly because of the I shall not attempt to discuss technical construc- space it takes. tion problems, except to speak of lighting and air Some of our most serious "boners" result from conditioning. For lighting remember: the lack of careful planning on the part of those re- sponsible, among them inexperienced architects, li- 1. Quality, in my opinion, is more important than in- brarians, administrators, as well as trustees; any of tensity; there are more complaints about glare and them may be ignorant and perhaps not really inter- shadow than about too low intensity. ested. It is sometimes difficult to find laymen who 2. Direct sunlight is bad for books. can be useful in library planning, but in an academic 3. Too much glass, with the resulting high intensity institution it is desirable to have the administration, around the outside walls in a large library with an the faculty, and the library staff represented on the open plan, makes necessary higher intensity in planning team. Some of these repiesentatives may be other parts of the building in order to avoid too trouLlemakers as you go along, but if they feel they great contrast; and in hot weather the heat intake have aad an opportunity to express their opinions, through glass plus that from high intensity light- they will almost always be helpful in the long run. ing can seriously complicate the air-conditioning I will cl ')se by mentioning a few minor building problem. mistakes that I have encountered recently: 4. The same intensity throughout the whole building is unnecessary. Most of us enjoy a change of pace. 1. Glass windows or doors so placed and so clear You do not need as much light in the browsing that they are not noticed, and absent-minded per- room as in the archives or the catalog rooms. The sons, as well as others, run into them, often with greater variety in seating, within reason, the serious consequences. It is said that 6000 per- better. Why not variety in lighting also, as long sons are hospitalized each year by walking through as it is adequate for the use to which it is put, and unnoticed glass doors. high intensity is readily available for the compar- 2. Water fountains so installed that paneled walls or ativ ly few who want it or need it? books are spattered and damaged when they are 5. Ceiling constriction too often interferes with stack used. 8 GENERAL SESSION 3. Two entrances placed in such a way that the li- a way that they are. unduly expensive or difficult to brary is used as a passageway ny students going add to. btsween other buildings, not only in bad weather 6. Buildings placed or planned, or both, so that they but at other times as well in order to save a few cannot be added to. steps. 4. Elevators so readily available that they are used Finally, I will summarize what I have said very by young students to go up or down only one level, simply. The greatest mistakes are the result of de- thereby interfering with their use by the library cisiGns made by those who do not understand the im- staff and the transportation of books by others who plications of those decisionsfunctionally, financially, have to use them because of their physical condi- and aesthetically. None of us knows all of the answers, tion. but we should at least try to figure them out intelli- 5. Lai 'dings planned for vertical additions but in such gently or to find someone whom we can trust. MODERATOR Howard Rowe PANEL MEMBERS William H. Jesse Edward Caswell Perry Richard L. Darling Eugene .Fickes

MISTAKES THAT HAVE BEEN MADE IN RECENT LIBRARY BUILDINGS A Panel Discussion

WELLIAM H. JESSE ours, as an illustration because it is otherwise an I still believe, and apparently Ralph Ellsworth excellent building, I must confess a better illustra- agrees with me, that the greatest failure today in tion can be found at the University of Tennessee, college and university library buildings comes from where I participated in every phase of planning engineering problems. Once upon a time a donor and through occupancy. a president and an architect used to get together, and After about five years, some (but by no means without consulting a librarian, let alone a library all) of our engineering failures here are being cor- building consultant, went ahead to plan an unworkable rected. Yet we got, or thought we were getting, what library building. This rarely happens anymore. we wanted. Mechanically our building is just begin- Now everyone on the building team, generally ning to work, and not too well at that. Obviously I am speaking, is listened to and his contribution sought, using Tennessee as a safe illustration. By "safe" I considered, and usually adopted. Then, when adopted, mean I will attack myself first, and then perhaps I bids are let for construction; the building is built and can attack a few other fellows and get by with it. occupied; and usallynot always, of course, but usu- What makes engineering failures such a vital allyeveryone setles down to several years of em- problem today is that with modular planning result- barrassing, distressing, frustrating, living with a ing in low ceilings, you simply have to have all this building with engineering failures which, with today's mackinery working effectively, because you do not materials and know-how, are inexcusabic. ha:e light and air wells, and you should not depend on The air conditioning does not work; the forced windows for ventilation for this type of building. One ventilation does not work; the humidity control is feels hopelessly trapped, entirely helpless, in one of often so far from what is desired and necessary as to these deep, fine, modern new buildings with nothing be more damaging than helpful, many items have to working mechanically. About all you can do is go be replaced; maintenance is poor, with amateurs as- home, and you can't go home because the students and signed to what should be engineering maintenance faculty are in the library; of course, they are suffer- problems. This list could be extended indefinitely. ing, too. In this day and time no one can go home. I think it is not only appropriate but probably You have to stay there with it. necessary to give illustrations fur each of the gen- Of all the generalizationt, that I would make e- eralizations I will make regarding failures in new garding failures in modern buildings, this is MI cae college and university library buildings. While I I would put first. This is the one which is the most would like to use Georgia Tech, an old competitor of unnecessary. This is the one which I come to expect as I go back to visit libraries which otherwise have Howard Rowe, Librarian, San Bernardino Public Library, San Bernardino, California. worked out pretty well. William H. Jesse, Director of Libraries, University of Another generalization pertains to flexibility. Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee. Flexibility is a prime requirement of a college and Edward Caswell Perry, City Librarian, Burbank, Cali- university library building today. Not only do pro- fornia. grams change, but the institution growsstudent- Richard L. Darling, Supervisor of Library Services, wise, program-wise, and book-wisewhether you Educational Services Center, Montgomery County Public Schools, Rockville, Maryland. want it to or not. This flexibility is greatly de- Eugene W. Fickes, Fickes & Fickes, A.I.A., Arcadia, creased by the misuse or overuse of mezzanines. Californiz. I am going to use a beautiful, economical,

9 10 GENERAL SESSION successful, prize-winning little building to illustrate percent of its space, unusable as a reading area dur- my point, although I could illustrate it from perhaps in cr. the warm afternoon. one third of the new college and university library Another prize winner is the University of South buildings going up today. I choose, however, to use Carolina's undergraduate library. Yet the overuse of an MA-ALA-NBC award building, so that you will not glass here makes an otherwise wonderful building one think I am taking same poor, beat-up library and which some the readers tell me is relatively unus- beating it up further. I am taking a prize winner. able in many parts many hours of the day, many These winners are presumably, and I believe for the months of the year. I have not time in this brief most part, excellent buildings. statement to say how much glass can be used where, The otherwise excellent Le Moyne College Li- but merely to say that too much glass is used in too brary at Memphis, Tennessee, which received its many wrong places. award because of its economy of cost and exploitation Library lighting while excellent in part, improv- of space, nevertheless wastes tremendous space and ing rapidly, and given much attention today can still creates considerable inflexibility for the future by be generally considered a college and university li- having an entrance two modules high, which was quite brary building failure. I understand that the same unnecessary for the architectural, aesthetic, and in- may be said of school and public libraries, but they viting effect the architect desired to create. are out of my scope at this time. Much worse sins in terms of mezzanines have The stimulating, almost revolutionary, and for been committed by having squares and rectangles cut the most part correct critique of the new Beinecke out of the center of buildings, making everyone )n the Library at Yale in the May, 1965, issue of College upper floors walk around these wells for a pres med and Research Libraries affords us another, not improvement in aesthetics. Wells are for some hing merely prize-winning, but first-honor AlA -ALA -NBC other than libraries, just as, for the most part, Inez- illustration. Not that I agree with the article in its zanines are. They are not functional, and while some entirety. While Ellsworth Mason does not say that people claim that they may save a dollar now and then all the lighting in this building is bad (because it is (with which I by no means agree), the dollar saved not, and he thinks some of it is excellent), he does defeats the flexibility of modular construction which say, especially for certain working areas, that "the is basic to the non-fixed-function building. We made lighting shortcomings in this building where they oc- a dramatic point of departure twenty years ago from cur are naive and predictable." the fixed-function building, but we are returning to it I think at this point I had better interpose a com- at a frightening pace. ment and say that I am not trying to ridicule the AIA- Why anyone should want a library building to ALA-NBC award winners. I served on their last open upward when the wares to be displayed entic- jury, and after examining 117 plans I will say that ingly are down, or at least straight ahead, I do not while we were mistaken possibly in some conclu- know. If the design is to relate to the function, even sions, I have never worked with a more sincere, psychologically or aesthetically, one's gaze should be earnest, and competent jury in my life.I think the brought down instead of up. buildings we picked were the best buildings sub- Yet in the Library Journal for December 1, 1964, mitted. I do, however, think there were some better I found that my mentioning of this factor and my rea- buildings, in some cases, which were not submitted. sons for it had been somewhat weakened by the won- So the awards do not mean that these were the best derful architect, Richard Neutra, who described why buildings built during the period, but that they were he had done exactly the opposite of what I was recom- among the outstanding ones built during that period mending. I still think he is wrong, and not just func- and ones for which plans were submitted for the con- tionally. test. One reason I am using prize winners for illus- There is no doubt that some day, as so many tration is because I am partly responsible for them. building suppliers and architects tell us, they will Monumental entrances are acceptable where come up with glass that will serve as walls it a li- extra dollars are available for this specific purpose. brary. I keep hearing there are such walls, but they Extra dollars almost always mean private dollars do not seem to be working out from the point of view rather than tax dollars. The reason is obvious. Any of the client. The use of glass still seems to result donor or alumnus can come forth with an extra dollar in glare and heat, and makes those parts of the build- for a monumental entrance or outside treatment or a ing which should not have glass walls unusable. Again monumental interior if it does not distorb function, I want to use the MA-ALA-NBC award winnersas an and that is his business. Those of us dealing pri- illustration. marily, or at least officially, with tax dollars must A few summers ago I took my class in Library be very careful. This, however, is a distinction I Buildings and Architecture at Columbia University to wish to draw. Many buildings have been criticized the Douglass College Library. We found the librar- because of their luxury features, which actually were ian, who had not helped plan the building but was made possible by private individuals or groups who merely trying to run it, quite voluble. We found that said they would put up funds only for luxury items, the main floor of the building was, for about 40 defining luxury fairly broadly. A Panel Discussion 11

As long as these luxury items do not strike an for a college or university library. Let me saythat if not al- it still is a problem for college anduniversity li- incongruous note, I think it is acceptable, itself into a ways wise, to incorporate theminto the building. braries, and higher education has gotten Remember it was only yesterday that a rug onthe jam as far as physical space or theexpansible nature floor was something people laughed at,and deans, of the building is concerned. have one. We are not supposed to tell what happened atthe directors, and presidents were hesitant to the school Today carpeting is considered by many tobe more awards session in Washington, but just so economical than some of the more mundanefloors. librarians will know, I am going to say that my asso- of Notre ciate of the evening here, Dick Darling,made such a I wish I were able to use the University school Dame as an illustration here, but I cannotbecause I speech against misuse and overuse of glass in it and it has not won a prize libraries and the lack of expansibility thatI have only was not a consultant on that the ar- as yet. Of course, it is notgoing to win a prize for recently recovered from it, and I suspect austerity, but it may win a prize as alibrary building chitects and some of the others have notrecovered and an architectural feature in thedramatic sense of yet. what it is supposed to do to and on the campus. As much as I prefer to retain my fees for per- dollars personally I can, howeier, use a building onwhich I served sonal use, I would give a thousand speech, published it, as chief consultanttheUniversity of Miami library if we could have recorded that award winner, yet it and given it wide distribution. No one evermade a at Coral Gables. This was an it could be has a monumental stairway which Icould explain to better speech about library buildings. If you historically, but neverfunctionally. It does what fished, I would like to do a veryun-Jesse-like monumental stairways always dotakes up spaceand thing and say, "I underwrite this in everyrespect," creates noise, confusion, and distractionproblems of and would adopt for and commend to everycollege of exactly the a nature which, if I were younger,I would go into with and university library consideration to summon at same position regardingthese two important factors. greater zest than I am apparently able end on the moment. It also creates soundproblems which As an illustration of expansibility, let me reference-study the note I beganthe home note.At the University of make parts of the second level, a library area, less usable thandesired. Tennessee, the administration, architects, building has committees, planners, and faculties didexactly what Another illustration, except that the and put a sci- a monumental stairwellinstead of merely a stairway, I asked them to do about ten years ago is the library at WashingtonUniversity in St. Louis, ence library at one end ofthe Chemistry Building, Ellsworth, and I accessible to the Physical Sciences andMathematics which is, as Keyes Metcalf, Ralph widely seem to agree, one of thebest university library Building. This has been a much admired and buildings in the country today. If planshad been sub- copied, but far from original, solutionto the difficult mitted for it, it might well have been aprize winner. problem of compromise between departmentallibrar- It is an excellent building, and I send ortake many of ies and overcentralization oflaboratory science col- when we are planning some- lections in a university library. my clients there. And reached its thing new at the University of Tennessee,I always try This much-admired library finally visit it. The capacity of readers, books, andstaff. We decided to to get the staff and the architects to fifth floor at building has faults, but not many. expand it, but found that, being on the You are going to say, but you are notquite right, the end of the building, the library wasliterally left experienced that I am rationalizing my way intousing a nonaward high and dry. If we had brought in an I am, but for consultant at Tennessee who would haveforeseen this winner as an illustration. Well, maybe problem a very good reason.Here in one of the generally problem, we would now be facing up to the recognized best university library buildingsis a merely of expanding our widely acclaimed,carefully monumental, space-consuming, distracting, expen- planned, almost spiritually conceived viewof the sive, not nonfunctional but extraneous,stairwell future. which by no means destroys the effectivenessand appearance of the building, but to my wayof thinking in no way increases it, either. EDWARD CASWELL PERRY If Washington University had all its campusfunc- Most of the buildings I am going to tell youabout potential use. tions in one building, there might be reasonto have exemplify poor forecasting as to their detracts It should be pointed out, however, thatthe area of the this feature, but it does not. The stairwell represents an area from the building, and while it is beautiful,I would country in which they are located would be in which the expansion rate apparentlyis beyond the rather see a fine picture in the lobby. It personnel in less in the way and serve about the same purpose. belief of the planners, councilmen, and Journal article on city government who try to prognosticatetheir future In the aforementioned Library opportunity to building faults and good features, I mentionedthat needs. Other faults that I will take the expansibility was a more difficult problemfor a point out in these buildings arefaults of poor alloca- far as present tion of functions, such as the placingof accessory public library or a school library, as and of attention and treatment are concerned, thanit was functions on the main floor of the building, 12 GENERAL SESSION important functions in remote parts of the building. planning stages it was difficult to persuade the city Perhaps not all of these problems arise in other fathers that the new structure being undertaken need areas, but certainly some of them will. be any larger than the old Carnegie building being re- I am not going to attempt any systematic treat- placed. Whittier then had a population of 33,000. ment of these examples of faulty design. Some of the This building concentrates most of its area on buildings will receive very casual and gassing atten- the min floor. The mezzanine level, above the main tion, but nevertheless I will cover, I hope, a great floor, offers additional space, probably or future variety of material of interest to public librarians, staff workrooms. There is also a basement area. which I trust will afford constructive pointers for Neither of these areas is very large, but there is other librarians as well. some expansion possible. The West Los Angeles Regional Branch of the Unfortunately, Whittier recently annexed an ad- Los Angeles Public Library was completed in 1956 to jacent area almost as large as the original area of provide back-up service for the population in the Whittier. Whittier's population now stands at 70,239, West Los Angeles area. This area lies to the west so that at one stroke the library building became in- and southwest of Beverly Hills, out toward the ocean. adequate. A branch library for the annexed area is Although I lack exact data on this building, it is prob- projected for the near future, but it is hard to con- ably about 12,000 square feet and currently stacks ceive how much can be done with the central building, about 76,000 books. The estimated population served because of its site in the city's civic center. A wing at the present time is about a half million. could be built on, but it would be difficult to incorpo- I am using this building merely to illustrate that rate very effectively into the present structure. a large library system cannot really considersize of Santa Ana Public Library's new main building building in any other light than the smaller city does was completed in May of 1960 when thepopulation when it comes to providing adequately for a given served was 100,000. This library has 40,557 square service area. The projection on this building in the feet, distributed as follows: main floor, 16,829; light of current needs is surely no more than one mezzanine, 11,490; basement, 12,238. The main fourth of the size required. The area of the building floor provides adult and young adult service areas, could have been used to far greater advantage had a a browsing alcove, a music and art alcove, an audi- full second floor been provided. The building has torium, the children's room, plus a technical ser- only a mezzanine floor at the rear of the building, vices and office area. The mezzanine has a refer- where there are some offices, a storage area, and a ence section, a periodicals section, and abusiness small auditorium. It has insufficient expansion po- section. tential within the present structure to warrant much The city of Santa Ma has reached approximately expenditure on remodeling. It would seem reasonable 150,000 in population and will very likely grow a to forecast that a replacement would be in order great deal more in the next decade. This building, sometime within the next five to six years. which was inadequate in most respects when com- The new Santa Monica main library building is pleted, due to its poor arrangement, is going to be- not yet open for service, although dedication has been come even more deficient as time goes on. set for the near future. The city of Santa Monica has The Orange Public Library, which was completed traditionally offered a high level of library service, in January, 1961, when the population of Orange was and its library has become a regional reference cen- approximately 26,000, is a 22,000-square-foot build- ter for the same area of Los Angeles to which I re- ing with about 17,000 square feet on the main floor ferred in commenting on the first library. The Santa and 4,800 square feet of basement storage area. The Monica Library maintains two branches and a station current population figure is 59,500, with every pros- in addition to its main libra,:y. This handsome pect of continued growth. In other words, Orange now 72,000-square-foot structure will certainly give a has more than double the population it had when this great boost to its services. building was completed. Santa Monica's population today is 88,511, and The problem facing this library is the same as although a nonresident fee has been imposed in rec it in the cases of Santa Ana and Whittier. The council years to discourage excessive circulationof books to has grudgingly allowed the planning of a branch li- nonresident users, the level of nonresident reference brary, but this will still leave the main library badly use of the main library is high,especially among the overtaxed for almost all types of usage. The building student age group. The Santa Monica library staff can be expanded to the rear into the parking area, but estimates that twelve large senior high schools send will require other and expensive remodeling. students to their main library, irrespective of politi- The Downey Public Library exemplifies the ex- cal boundaries. The space problem has been solved treme in economy planning. At the time the building for Santa Monica for the present. I will comment was erected, the city of Downey had onlyrecently later on one feature of interior planning which will been incorporated, and for the first year or so of cause problems later for the SantaMonica Library. municipal existence, most services continued to be The Whittier Public Library is an attractive provided by the colAnty as contract services, including 23,210-square-foot building completed in 1959. In the the library service. Ay* 14 GENERAL SESSION Following a hasty evaluation of the cost of county to the second floor. The children's room, which ii is services, the city canceled almost all their county claimed would have been larger had the library not services in the same year. I was called in informally run out of funds, would hardly be adequate for a as a consultant on their library services, as was Mr. branch in any public library system. Albert Lake of the Riverside Public Library. I failed The Orange Public Library building has three to convince them that the 16,000- square -font building separate entrances. I think most of us are aware of they were planning was far too small and that a the difficulties in having too many entrances. Within structure of about 42,000 square feet was needed. a very few months after this building was opened, it Downey's population at the time their building was was necessary to close the entrance on the main completed was 82,500. It has not grown at quite the street. An attempt has been made to secure control same rate as other cities in the area, but it is now by placing shelving at right angles to the entrances. 94,000. Th;, focal point of the buildingthe receiving desk, Recently the architect who designed the Downey the registration desk, and the charging deskis very facility called on me and said that he had been com- poorly located insofar as control is concerned, since missioned to enlarge the Downey Library by adding a it is placed in the center of the building. In other re second story. Even with a second story of the same spects, the functional arrangement of the Orange size, the library will not be adequate for this city. No building seems quite satisfactory. branches were planned for originally, and I have The cathedral-like window, running almost the heard of no plans for any form of extension service full height of the two stories of the Santa Monica in Downey. This community has thought of nothing main library, and the balcony with a rather handsome but economy and has made no adequate plans for the sweep of rail are quite attractive from the architec- development of its library facilities. tural standpoint. However, they are a terrific sacri- The Burbank Central Library, which operates in fice insofar as utilizing the area of the building is a service area of slightly more than ten square concerned. I would estimate that about 7,500 to 8,000 miles, serves a population of about 95,000. A small square feet of floor space on the second floor has main library of about 10,000 square feet and a branch been sacrificed by this two-story well. library used to serve this area twelve years ago. We Now to revert to the Burbank building. There are have increased our main library capacity consider- only one or two points that I want to comment on in ably. critical fashion on my own building.It is, of course, This building affords 42,000 square feet of space always difficult to criticize your own building and be divided almost equally between two floors.It is well objective about it. Wherever you find extensive use able to handle a modest increase in circulation load. of glass as part of a facade or wall in a modern Its chief burden today, like that of the Santa Monica building, as is found in this building, some means library, is in student reference use, as it is becoming must be adopted to protect the building inside from more and more a regional reference center for the excessive glare. An overhang of the second story or adjacent Los Angeles area in the San Fernando roof structure is a common solution. On occasion, Valley. tile screening is set out and independently mounted The main floor offers adult and young adult ser- on posts or pillars away from the building. This was vices, audio-visual services, a Western history sec- the solution used in the Burbank library. tion, and two small storage areas. The second floor Our projection, as part of the plan that was de- has a children's area, an auditorium, staff quarters veloped, was to use this as an outdoor reading area. and offices, the technical processing area, and a An outdoor reading area is a form of California large storage area. Projection for the future has al- mythology. It is a pleasant kind of mythology. But, lowed for the addition of another story, which will in- in fact, during the daytime in hot weather it is just a crease the building capacity to about 63,000 square little too hot on the patio, and you are much more at- feet without disrupting the present services at all. tracted tthe air-conditioned comfort inside the Now, I will go back to discuss some of the details building. In the evening the temperature may drop 30 of these buildings. The Santa Ana Public Library has to 35 degrees, and then it is too cool for comfort. a number of faults which can be pointed out very Certainly in our experience with this porch area, its readily. To begin with, the main floor accommodates value as additional or overflow reading room area is technical services and office areas at the rear of the virtually nil. building. Since the depth of the building is not very The reference desk of the Burbank library illus- great and since the stack area projects forward trates an experience which many librarians have better than halfway through the open area, the seating doubtless shared, namely that no service desk, re- capacity is held to no more than 75 to 80 at 12 to 15 gardless of the care with which you develop its layout tables in the entire adult and young adult areas. I in consultation with your staff, ever works out to the might also Nint out that little is available in the way entire satisfaction of the staff.I have had frequent of artificial lighting except for two-tube fixtures way complaints from the reference staff that this desk above the reading level. The auditorium, which uses should be taken out and repined with a larger one. valuable main floor space, should have been relegated We cannot afford to do this, but we will undertake 4

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*************4****9111011 16 GENERAL SESSION some mudificatiox, perhaps shifting the center por- budgets may dictate the size of the library, the sav- tion back to give more space inside the desk, and ing is false economy and a mistake in its own right. adding to the shelving in the center part, to permit In Montgomery County, Maryland, we are re- more storage of ready reference materials. modeling and enlarging school libraries now at a far I am sure that in this and other details librarians greater expense than would have been required to have had similar experiences in appraising new pub- make them adequate in size five years ago. But the lic library buildings realistically. budget is not the only reason school libraries are too small. When the architect designs a school for an en- rollment of 800 students, he designs a library ade- RICHARD L. DARLING quate for student bodies of 800. Yet in the rapidly It is probalily easier to talk about mistakes that growing suburbs, where the majority of new schools have been made in recent public or college and uni- are built, this school will almost certainly be en- versity libraries than it is to talk about mistakes in larged to provide classrooms for children from new planning school libraries. Public libraries and col- subdivisions. When the enrollment reaches 1600, lege and university libraries are larger, they are with the number of classrooms doubled, the library built less frequently, and they tend to be more indi- is still only large enough for a school of 800. En- vidual. Two or three years or more go into the plan- larging the library costs far more than building it ning of them, and they are planned usually as larger in the first place. independent buildings. Each public, college, or uni- I recently asked a well-imown architect why he versity library of importance staLds ou4, is criticized and his colleague did not design larger libraries for or admired, and is discussed by the profession. Its schools in areas where the population was still grow- mistakes are discovered and other planners profit. ing. He replied, speaking only for himself, 'I hope Rarely does the public or university librarian make the architect designed a unified building for the ap- the same mistake in planning his library that his propriate enrollment. The school system had no neighbor or colleagues have recently made. Perhaps business spoiling his design by adding extra class- it would not be too wise a remark to say that mis- rooms to the building." takes in big libraries are not ofteii repeated because Whatever damage enlarging the capacity of a they are such large ones. school may do to the integrity of architectural design, For school libraries we should be able to say it destroys the ability of a school library to function that our mistakes are less important. We plan a effectively. The library should be planned large dozen or even a hundred school libraries for each enough for the potential size of the school, not for public college and university library. With such what will obviously be a first phase in a building pro- numbers we should learn quickly and soon reach a gram. stage of perfection. Unfortunately this is not the Recognizing that schools grow, the next best case. We plan schools and school libraries and build planning we can do short of building libraries for the them so rapidly that we often have a second group of ultimate size of the school is to design school librar- schools under construction and a third group of ies that can be expanded easily. Standards for school schools on the drawing boards all with the same mis- library facilities have warned us not to place school takes before we discover our original errors. libraries between stairwells or next to rooms with A second problem in catching our errors is that extensive plumbing because library expansion would there are so many school libraries that it is rare for then be difficult if not impossible. These mistakes them to receive critical attention. Only a small num- we now usually manage to avoid, but our love of nov- ber ever appear on the pages of professional maga- elty has led us into accepting libraries designed in zines and then often for reasons other than effective unique shapes which cannot be expanded except at design. enormous expense and then at the cost of total de- In many school systems mistakes are institution- struction of the precious architectural statement. alized. The school system adopts standards for In the past half dozen years we have had school school building including school libraries and then libraries designed in circles, in octagons, and in repeats its mistakes over and over until new stan- hexagons. They have been admired, and they have dards are written. To compound the errors we fre- been copied. Here in the Detroit area it is possible quently follow fads in school library design, copying to see several of these interestingly shaped school what others have donemistakes and all. Perhaps we libraries. The Livonia Public Schools have both a should talk about recurring mistakes in school library circular library in the senior high school and a hex- design instead of recent ones, for some of them tend agonal library in a junior high school. The circular to be repeated year in and year out. library is surrounded by corridors; any future expan- Our most recent mistakes are also the ones that sion of that library is impossible. A second high continually plague us even though they may not al- school is now being designed with a librar: identical ways appear to be the same. One major error in to and as impossible as the first. school libraries is that they are frequently too small The hexagonal library juts into a court and is to accommodate effective services. Though building equally impracticable to enlarge. It is only basic A Panel Discussion 17 honesty for me to admit that I was the Lbrary super- comprehensive and final inspection of the project. visor as a member of the Library Committee, The list was received, of course, with mixed emotions worked with the architect who designed Livonia's by various individuals on our staff, and it should have hexagonal library. I cannot remember now whether been because it certainly struck home at a few of it was our ego or the architect's which was so grati- them. However, it is not likely that the same type of fied by the novelty of the design. These patterns or detailing or poor chuice of materials would be made variations on them have been used in countless again. schools. Of course, the best evaluation of a facility is not In the senior high school in Pocatello, Idaho, the merely to inspect the facilityThe best way is to use is in a separate building. As school librar- it and to observe and ask questions of everybody from ' 'shoidd be flatteredthe importance of the the janitor to the top executive. Following are mis- school library finally commands a building of its own! takes which I have observed in some recently con- But the Pocatello School Library is a handsome structed libraries: circle bound permanently to its limited circumfer- Plannihg. Building planning lacked wide partici- ence. In the Library Architecture Award Competition pation by the planning team. Lack of knowledge of last year a large percentage of the school library en- specific needs in the various departments was evident tries were designed in these unusual shapes, and each by the far less than optimum use being made of these one had the same faultthey could not be expanded areas. Equipment and furniture were obviously unless the school was enlarged. poorly arranged, requiring more space. Montgomery County Public Schools, in Maryland, Flexibility was not made part of the integrated has a school in the Washington suburbs, Bushy Tail design. Changing requirements of the not-too-distant Drive Elementary School, in which the entire school future would cause tremendous hardships, as well as building is round. The school was planned for an ex- some impossible situations. Bearing walls, plumb- perimental program with no great division, with team ing, air conditioning, and electrical systems, to name teaching, and with other innovations. No expansion of a few, would provide "road blocks" if flexibility were the school is either contemplated or desirable. Here not made a part of the design program. was a unique opportunity for an architect to plan a Poor locations for library staff public service round library, truly in the heart of the school with desks were notedsome situated where they were too direct access from the classrooms and large group off-center or too remote from the areas they were to teaching areas in a circle around itThe location of serve and supervise. A prJfessionally trained li- the library and even its shape should have grown log- brarian should be within a reasonable distance to ically from the shape of the building, but no, instead serve patrons asking for or requiring assistance. of a circular library as the core of a circular build- One library had a reference desk and a charge desk ing, the library is a pie-shaped wedge with no organic only about ten feet apart, with the main stack area on relationship to the instructional program it is in- the opposite side of a very large reading room. tended to support. Poor relationship was noted between public ser- This example may illustrate a mistake larger vice desks and the supporting staff workrooms. This than lack of imagination in the design of one elemen- is sometimes done to achieve a certain architectural tary school library. I fear it is merely a symptom of effect. The result: Poor efficiency in operation and,' our colossal mistake in the school library field of not or less service to the public. making absolutely clear to the architect and to school Charging stations or checking points often were building planners the function of the school library in poorly located relative to the main public exit. Also, the curriculum of the school. fire and other exits were poorly controlled either Too many architects, schoolmen, and librarians, architecturally or by nearby supervision. Result: too, think of the school library as a place where chil- Considerable loss of books. dren go to check out books to read at home, instead Overdepartmentalization was prevalent in of thinking of it as the school's chief source of varied smaller or medium-sized libraries, but was also material and information to undergird the instruc- found to exist in an 80,000-square-foot library, which tional program. Until planners understand the spe- was forced into it because of a meandez ing ranch- cial function of the school library, we will continue to style plan. construct school libraries that are too small, too No provision or inadequate provision was made rigidly planned to accommodate change, and too little for future expansion. Some of the restrictions were related to the role of the library and the school. caused by the greater fire-resistive construction re- quired for large buildings; odd-shaped buildings; no structural or other provisions such as elevator and EUGENE W. FICKES stair locations for vertical expansion; shortage of Recently, upon completion of a fairly good-size land for horizontal expansion or additional off-street library, I turned over to each member of our staff a parking, aesthetic considerations, complications in two-page "List of Goofs in a Recently Completed Li- exiting, difficult expansion of utilities, and moving of brary Project." This list was compiled during a principal utility lines when they were initially in walls 18 GENERAL SESSION

that would be slated for removal if a publicarea ex- tubes at practically the same cost and producing panded into a staff area, and the staffareas moved to slightly more light. a new floor. Again, because of late decisions on furniture Poor space utilization was evident, suchas the placement including bookstacks, exhibitcases, and so construction of two-story monumental foyersor forth, electrical outlets were poorly related to their wasteful open areas adjacent to mezzanines, when the greatest use. construction budget or the property available was Switches for lighting fixtures often were foundto considerably limited. be too available to the public, and not available to li- Poor coordination was evident between the archi- brary staff and janitors when they left the building. tectural, electrical, and mechanical elements. The Electrical provisions for site lighting, there- cause was often a lack of experience, knowledge, charging of bookmobiles, and controls for landscape and/or wholehearted interest by the architect. sprinkling systems were overlooked. Poor coordination was evident between the archi- Use of automatic fire-sprinkler systems in li- tectural, electrical, and mechanical elements, and braries in my opinion is incorrect, althoughmany the space and functional requirements of the furniture building codes require it for certain buildings. Often and equipment to be used in the building. Prelimi- much more damage is done to books by water than by nary layouts of the complete furniture and equipment fire. The use of the electrical heat activator for should be developed prior to the processing of work- fire-alarm systems is a much better choice if the ing drawings and specifications. local fire marshal will approve. Off-street parking spaces for automobileswere Different lighting levels next, to one anothercan inadequate, likewise parking provision for bicycles. create problems even though, individually, each area Exterior. Some buildings were too monumental possesses a sufficient quantity of light. Persons in characternot inviting enough to encourage poten- working in an area having a lower quantity of light tial patrons to enter the library. Occasionally,a far than adjacent areas may feel as though they do not greater portion of the budget was spenton exterior have enough light. embellishment than would seem justified, considering Air Conditioning and Heating. Some buildings the shortcomirgs in many of the basic functionalre- skimped on the quality of their air-conditioningsys- quirements within the interior of the building. tems and spent money on items which could have No easy ramps or on-grade entrancewere pro- been deferred until later. A cheap air-conditioning vided for the physically handicapped. system is a poor investment. Building construction facing materials usedon Some air ducts were insufficiently scund- baffled some libraries were expensive and/or difficult to to prevent noise from meeting rooms, business of- maintain. Special emphasis should be given to use of fices, board rooms, and so forth. low-mainter_ance materials adjacent to public walks Mechanical equipment rooms, includingcom- and entrances. pressors, were inadequately isolated from adjacent Communications. Some buildings had too much reading rooms and other areas requiring minimum duplication or overlapping of internal communication noise or vibration. systems; some had inadequate communications for Plumbing. Insufficient sinks were provided where efficient operation. often required, such as in technical processing and Some PBX boards were poorly located withre- audio-visual workrooms, children's workrooms, and spect to preopening hours or during the evening staff artists' room. hours. Provisions were inadequate for landscape Locations of some staff and some public tele- sprinkler systems and for hose bibbs at outdoor phones were such that the phone conversationwas walks and patios. disturbing to the patrons. Foolproof key stops were not provided in public Communication outlets were often poorly related toilet rooms for plumbing fixtures. to desk arrangements, and so forth, because the fur- Finishes. Painted walls along stairways, adjacent niture and equipment placement was not determined to drinking fountains, or in any area where the public prior to commencement of working drawings and might linger, proved to be too difficult and tooexpen- specifications. sive to maintain. Use of vinyl-fabric wall covering, Ligh/ing. Lighting in many buildings had poor low-sheen plastic, brick, or the like would bemore diffusing lenses, resulting in too high a glare factor. practical. Fewer buildings had an insufficient amount of Floors of cork were used in many libraries be- light, but one building with a marble facade had only cause of the quiet, resilient flooring they provide. It 5 footcandles in the stack areas. The lighting fixture is, however, difficult and expensive to maintain; it used produced a disturbing glare because the tubes will bleach to whitish color in areas exposed tosun were barenot even the lowest-quality diffusers had and will often. :lull away from concrete slabs on grade been used. where the slightest moisture exists, unlessan expen- Many libraries had used the cool white fluores- sive waterproof membrane is provided. Finally, the cent tubes, thinking they were getting more light, now popular women's pin heels damage cork tile. when a much softer light is provided by warm white Carpeted floors with separate backing are a A Panel Discussion 19 mistake since it is much more difficult to insert a Some libraries had too much adult and out-of- satisfactory patch if damage is cl:gie to a. carpet. A scale furniture in the children's room. Some furni- high-quality, 100 percent-continuous-filament nylon ture used in the children's room tipped over too carpet with vulcanized rubber backing, containing a readily. carbon additive, is the best all-around flooring for Some libraries used chairs with metal legs, libraries. which resulted in excessive noise when the legs were Recesses were often forgotten for entrance door struck against one another. mats. Contracts. Many libraries had shelving or other Hard floors were often carried into areas where contracts separate from their general contracts. noise should be kept to a minimum. This either delayed the project until the general con- Some building interiors included very bold colors tractor went on the job, or made difficult the deter- in large areas in permanent building materials, as mination of who was responsible for damage to walls, well as in large painted wall areas. These greatly flours, and so on. If the shelving contract is included limited the colors to be used initially and in the fu- in the general contract, the general contractor has ture in the furnishings and equipment. the overall responsibility. We have found that if we adz ins. The use of soft woods for shelving ask for an alternate bid on the general book shelving proved to be inadvisable where used fur economic as part of the general contract bidding, we get bids reasons. with very little, if any, additional cost over the sub- Some shelving omitted a recess in the bottom for contractor's price. This is because the general con- receiving the shelf brackets. It is possible, without tractor prefers to have the control over such an in- the recess, for the entire shelf, including books, to staller, and at the same time, not to be particularly tip over and fall onto the floor if a person leans on involved in the actual installation. the shelf. Contracts for carpet installation had at times Furniture. Casters used on desk chairs, book also been segregated, often creating problems which trucks, and typewriter stands were frequently of could have been avoided if the contract had been black rubber. If left to stand for any time on vinyl or placed in the general contract. vinyl-asbestos tile, discoloration of the tile would Segregated contracts for paving off-street park- take place. ing areas also caused problems. The basic problem Button glides or glides of too small a diameter relates to the condition of the subgrade at the time were often used on :hairs in carpeted areas, result- the paving contractor commences his work, in that ing in damage to the carpet. Glides at least 1-1/4 the grade usually has been changed some since the inches in diameter Should be used, or else ball-type original topographic survey. In any case, a separate rollers. contractor could claim extra charges from the owner, Woods and natural finishes in the various seg- insisting that the grade was different from that spe- ments of the library furniture often were not coordi- cified as the subgrade for the work. No one could nated, resulting in uninteresting cont: asts and/or in- prove otherwise without another topographic survey. congruity. This is one of several reasons why this and most of The furnishing often did not do the most for the the sitework should be included in the gem.ral con- building, and vice versa. In most cases, it was the tract. selection and lack of coordination, not the budget, that were responsible. H. Public Library Sessions GENERAL PAPERS

Jack Chitirood Director of Libraries, Rockford Public Library Rockford, Illinois

LIBRARY AND COMMUNITY:Community Analysis, Population Characteristics,Community Growth, Governmental Relationships,Library Site Criteria

It is my contention that the potential of the public now is to show that such a bodyof knowledge can be library has hardly been touched, much less fully re- developed with the tools and information in existence, alized, and that all of us must share this guilt. Our that the task is not onerous; and that it is well worth- people need what libraries can be more than what while. most libraries are, and it is our responsibilityto The biggest problem facing the development of plan for these services. If there is anyone who feels satisfactory library service, including the buildings, that his library is exactly what it should be, then we is the lack of a clear concept of library service.I hope that he will take a fresh look at his institution. am making no distinction here between the qualities The look taken should be based on a thorough knowl- of various concepts; there simply are very few edge of his community and the possibilities his li- boards who know what kind of programs their insti- brary has in serving it. tution is carrying on or plans to developif it plans My topic is very broad, and though it is possible to developin the future. They are not alone in this to be very specific about many of thefactors which predicament; most of us who are the managers of the must be considered, the chances are that eachof us libraries are just as unenlightened. will be very selective when we get around to using Most of us, when asked if we need a new building, this information. We tend to select onlythat which will say yes, and when questioned further will indi- we think will work to ouradvantage and play down all cate we need more space for more books or for more the rest. Most often we find, too, that this bow we tables and chairs. But this need is not related to a make to logic and objectivity is onlydeferential in stated library program, one which sets specific goals appearance; our concerns and decisions areemotion- and develops a plan to achieve these in termsof ac- alLy based, and logic is twisted to provide anattrac- tivities, facilities, personnel, and costs. Perhaps we tive curtain for this suppositionIdo not dare say do not want to inspect our purposes too closely; so "fact.' long as our present existence is not questioned, we Wherever such an introduction may lead us, it may be better off simply tofertilia the status quo. would be better to move more directly to oursubject I should like to suggest, however, that any re- community analysis. Now I do not supposethat any sponsible body contemplating a library building libraryperhaps any American institutionhas ever should first determine what kind of library program been considered in any major way without manyref- is to be promoted. Then, all factors being consid- erences to what the communitythinks about the pro- ered, construct the facility to coordinate with that posals being considered. Some of these references, program. Maybe you will not need alibrary building I am sure, were accurate, evenperceptive. Many at all; on the other hand, you may need one twice as might have been, but in the majority of instancesthey large as the one you are contemplating. were suppositions. Perhaps, however, I am naive or, to be less gen- The reason is that there had been no development erous, misinformed about the true depthof planning of a body of authoritative knowledge,objectively col- which takes place within library administrations. lected, synthesized, and analyzed. Theconclusions For purposes of the rest of this presentation I will given were not based oninformation which was scien- assume you have determined that, like the restof us, tifically developed. Adequatedocumentation was you are going to do the same thing yourinstitution lacking. Later I will suggest thatthis lack may not has done since 1870 except that you want more room be as dire as I intimate at themoment; my purpose for it and maybe a different location. But one word

23 24 PUBLIC LIBRARY SESSIONS of cautionwhat you are proposing to do shouldin- I would suggest that unless adequate supporting funds fluence the plan of your facility, the equipment you are available, it is unwise to use giftsfor construc- need, and its location. tion projects. There are many facts you need to know about Many aspects of the community are the result of your community in order to plan anadequate pro- favorable or unfavorable economic conditions in the gram for it. Most of thisinformation is fairly easy community. The educational level, the vitality, the Zo come by in most communities.Probably first we general attitudes, the ability of the community to at- should consider population characteristics. tract and hold quality residents, the healthy function- The census bureau collects very detailed infor- ing of governmental offices, and a host of other mation when it takes the decennial census.Other factors all depend on the health of the economic sources for this kind of information are yourplan- situation. ning commissionmetropolitan,city, or countyand It is difficult to separate these population char- your school administration. These lattertwo may be acteristics into distinct, individual categories; they able to give you what you need or want already ana- are all so closely interrelated. Onederives from the lyzed and ready for your use. Your library should other and reflects on another. This is why it is so have at least the census publications relating to your important not only to be aware of their significance area and, if the other two agencies arereally func- but to realize which in your community are the most tioning, copies of their studies. In any case, these prominent. As you will discover, the attitudes of the are your best and most accessible sources. community and its leaders toward these factors bear The kind of population you are serving or expect much weight, and unless you actually know the spe- to serve will determine the kind of service youwill cifics about which I have been talking, you have no give, the type of collection you will develop, and even basis for substantiation or refutation. the kind of building you will construct. A community This thought leads us naturally to the most im- of low educational level and including few young peo- portant considerationthe community power struc- ple with children is not likely to be a book-reading, ture. As I am sure most of us realize by now, the library-using one. real power in a community is seldom that which is On the other hand, a community may be very apparent. I would even go so far as to say that if a concerned about its public buildings and their ap- particular individual or office appears to wield power, pearance, in particular, a community made uplargely it is certain that this appearance is not real. The of European immigrants. In such a community public power lies somewhere else and isseldom, if ever, buildings are monuments in which the people take revealed as such even when the community knows great pride; this pride also intensifies problemswhen were the power is. It is very important to know you want to tear a library down.A community with this, because if something needs to be accomplished many children will want and need extraattention given in regard to the library, the power behind the scenes to children's services and eventually to those for must be convinced to support the program; or, in too young adults. A community with enlightenedlabor many instances, at least not to oppose it.Unfortu- and industrial leadership will need facilities for nately, the library usually has made such an insignif- group programsnot to promote plant orlabor func- icant impression on the community that it receives tions, but because a pattern of communication has no consideration from the power elite. been aeveloped which will carry through to the fami- Within the last decade, however, libraries have lies and their activities. The library can take ad- been moving out cf their caves of security, and have vantage of this development. been making more noise and greater effort to be in- Even dominant religious affiliations can be fluential. They have also been becoming agencies meaningful in relation to the present and potential with more money to spend, which always attracts at- pattern of library use. Although certain religious tention. sects are known to be relatively uninvolved in read- Attracting the favorable attention of the power ing, a knowledge of the community'sreligious atti- elite will vary in each situation. As librarians, we tudes will be helpful in planning the library's building hope our board members will be able to do this, but activities and collection. This is also true of the po- too often they are too timid to try. This is unfortu- litical attitudes. While all these factors are going to nate because one of the basic reasons for having a be reflected to some extent within the board itself, board of lay citizens is to provide communication be- their extension to the community cannot be made tween the library and the community power structure. without a thorough analysis. We usually end that sentence after 'community," but The economic development of the community is what I have said is what we mean. I think this is be- of primary consideration, since on it depends the fi- cause the first loyalty of most boardmembers is to nancial support for the library program including something other than the library, and they do not want building activities. Exceptions, of course, will occur to jeopardize their standing with this elite group be- where significant endowments or gifts may cover cause they may want to use this contactfor some these expenses. These are rare, however, and even project closer to their personal interests. when available will seldom provide long-term support. Other community institutions and their pattern of General Papers 25 use have major effects on library needs. Themost Many persons with an active interest in sports make important of these facilities to the library are the extensive use of the sports collection. This runs the academic institutions and their methods of instruc- gamut of how to perform better to how to build the tion. Current methods, which emphasize the use of facilities. Obviously, then, the extent of concern and many resources rather than the singletextbook, make availability of facilities must be considered. much greater demands on libraries. I personally If yours is an industrial community, you must favor this technique and am pleased that libraries are know the level of development of the special libraries being used in ways hardly even thought of fifteen which these industries may support. The source of years ago. While it is true that the institutions should this lmowledge must come from personal contacts. provide resources for the demands they create, the They are valuable not only in terms of the specific fact is they do not nor are they likely to do so. information gained, but also as the opportunity to de- Recognizing this, we must adjust our position to velop a sympathetic rapport with a segment of the accommodate these demands within the limits possi- community not normally in close contact with the li- ble without perverting our basic purpose of providing brary. If the library has determined to try to serve an informal approach to educationalobjectives pri- the industrial segment, then it must know what those marily for the individual. This can be accomplished needs are and must plan services and facilities to largely through simple administrative procedures and accomplish the goals set. a more energetic and accommodatingpublic relations The availability in the community of an active approach. In relation to building programs it be- adult education program will be felt by the library. comes a matter of recognizing increased useby pro- In speaking of adult education, I am not concerned viding additional space for collection and study areas. with how-to-sew, how-to-weld, or how-to-play-bridge If the physical location of one or more of these courses, nor even with the conventional academic academic institutions is close, other problems arise class in an evening setting. These, of course, will mainly related to discipline. Other community facili- send some people to the library, but not to the extent ties which have an effect on the library building pro- of the courses which will depend on intellectual par- gram include museums and galleries,particularly when ticipation. The library's acceptance of a responsi- these have active public education programs but in- bility to conduct, promote, and cooperate with such adequate libraries. I am not speaking here of formal programs will be a major influence in planning li- schools but rather of informal programs which try to brary facilities. interest the public in the museum and gallery activi- Such activities require space, materials, and ties. Like technical training schools, museums and equipment not ordinarily included in the conventional galleries seldom maintain library facilities adequate library's plans. The adult education function, though to their needs. The more formal academic institu- not new, is receiving more and more attention as a tions do much better at this. major part of the library's program. Continued em- Other libraries in the community of a more spe- phasis on the culturally illiterate, the intellectually cialized nature, such as legal and medical collections, deprived, and the low-level reader will make this will have little effect on public library planning un- function even more acceptable with our boards and less the public library is undertaking to incorporate staffs. these types of collections in its services. Otherwise, Preliminary studies seem to indicate that many public libraries collect and service the same limited of those who participate in these programs feel more range of these subject materials whetherthere are or at ease and prefer the noncompulsory setting of the are not such specialized collectionsavailable. library. An opportunity for the library to participate If the public library is attempting to service in such pr grams should not be neglected, and build- these specialized areas, including municipal refer- ing plans for public libraries should incorporate the ence facilities, then these factors mustbe accommo- needed facilities. dated in the planning. Consideration must also be Other facilities to be made available to the com- given to other functions such as archival, localhis- munity would include electronic devices. Television tory and genealogy, or any other service which and radio may be only the beginning; others might in- departs from the conventional. I am not making value clude the television telephone and the photo-facsimile judgments about these areas. I am simply saying machine. Building programs must consider these that their inclusion as a part of the local library's possibilities even if present thinking does not antici- program results in a need to take these into account pate their use. Plans should not be adopted which when planning changes in the local facilities. would prohibit their inclusion later. The possibility The presence or absence of physical recreation of communication between industrial research offices facilities in a community, or easily accessible to its and the public library through the use of these ma- population, has some effect on the library's use. Not chines has great possibilities. Use does not have to only is the effect felt in terms of ordinary use, but be limited to industry, but at the present time sue' also in terms of the nature of the collection. We do use appears to be the most fertilepossibility. not usually think that physically active people have Many libraries have been involved in the use of much use for books. This is a limited viewpoint. radio and television for public relations programs 26 PUBLIC LIBRARY SESSIONS for a good many years. Some libraries have devel- attempt to cooperate with your counterparts in other oped programming to a level comparable to the best offices will usually result in benefits to you. The in the local community. In the future more of us are board can be especially useful in this regard since going to have the opportunity to parti';ipate in the quite often they reside in the same political camp. If lecal educational picture through these media to an they do not, there is a reciprocity of back-scratching extent we have never dreamed of. Our facilities are between the political outs and ins which is very useful. going to have to reflect this involvement. Again, if The schools represent another unit of govern- this service is not foreseen in your community, do mentone which creates a need for library services not make it impossible for it to be supplied when the and requires an extra effort at developing cooperative opportunity does appear. approaches. Again, a little extra effort and a thorough Governmental organization in America is a pot- knowledge of your own operaion will u., 1S---li;Tesult in pourri of confusion to one who tries to observe the a better understanding. The effect of school plans on pattern. Even when the organization schedule is fi- libr.Lry plans is generally subtle and not realized until nally discovered, the actual relationships seldom it is too late. Developing rapport with the school ad- follow the same lines. The library gains and loses min:stration should make it possible to have a better from this situation; but there is no good reason why understanding between the two institutions. it cannot gain more than it does. Any building program must take into considera- Community libraries have usually been devel- tion future growth. In years past we said that build- oped as the result of a movement by a group of ing plans should include sufficient space for twenty women, and also have come into being permissively years ahead. This was before we realized how mo- rather than as compulsory institutions. There sel- bile our population is, how healthy our economy, and dom have beenI do not know of anygroups of in- how unpredictable the future. We tend now to recom- dustrial giants demanding the establishment of a mend the use of a ten-year forecast, but even this is community library. Occasionally a retired indus- doubtful. So we have adopted a rule of flexibility. trialist has loaned his name to the organizing group, Realizing that we are unable to predict the future, but this is not the same thing. On this basis the li- we try to incorporate unlimited flexibility. We have brary becomes a part of the community governmental done away with features which prevent making structure, but it does not really contribute to the changes as needs arise. Our light patterns, floor Power portion of the structure. Consequently, it is patterns, support members, are all planned so that usually left to its own devices and operates in a they will not interfere with changes which are going semiindependent manner. About the only time it to need to be made. causes concern to the officials is when it wants more Growth is not limited to increases in population. money than it had the year before or wants to make Growth includes (1) the development of a higher level capital anprovements. Even when the board of the li- of intellectual sophistication in a larger proportion of brary is chosen from or by another board, such as the population, (2) the shifting of traffic patterns as a that of the schools, the conditions are little different. community creates new facilities and develops in un- The library's relation to other governmental foreseen directions, and (3) the development of new units is very tenuous, and most of these units prob- technology to accomplish old and new tasks. ably ri:ver consider the library as one of them. A The library planner must be aware of all these tighter control is possibly exerted in communities possibilities and must recognize that there are others having city managers, but this does not necessarily which are not yet within his realm of knowledge. indicate a better situation. Whatever the condition in Another factor contributing to the problem of your own community, you must be aware of both the growth is the slowness of library personnel to take actual and the theoretical situation. The first, be- advantage of information and developments related to cause this is the path to use to get things done, and their operations. This is also reflected in the atti- the latter, because it can be used both by you and by tudes of their boards. A forward-thinking adminis- your opponents for defensive purposes. trator may spend more energy on developing staff One of the most useful relationships the library and board acceptance than he spends to convince the can developother than with the city council, which community. On the other hand, the administrator must technically, at least, pass on the actions of the may be the obstacle. Nevertheless, comprehensive library boardis with the planning commission. The studies in depth of the community, most of which can commission, in the course of its normal activity, be procured from planning commissions, the school collects and analyzes information useful to any insti- officers, and businessesparticularly firms with na- tution which must consider service outlets. The lo- tionwide operationswill provide a basis for planning cation of branches, the development of plans for a for the future to the extent possible. central building, a warehouse, or even bookmobile In dealing with the future, the best approach stops, can be done in cooperation with the planning would seem to be to recognize that departmental re- commission. lationships will change, new approaches to problems Most of the problems between governmental will develop, personalities will bring or develop new offices are problems of personalities. An honest perspectives, and that all these factors need to be General Papers 27 accommodates. The foresight needed now is that detour before even a casual inspection of his books which prevents the planner from eliminating change would be possible? Would he put the main floor from in the building in the future. Any factor which may four to ten feet above the sidewalk level, thus dis- be mentioned here has to be thought of in the present couraging readers by a stair ascent? Would he pla.ee and in the future; we du not want an immovable wall his windows high in the wall, far above the walk, su between them. as to conceal the contents of the building?' The basic criterion for location is:is this loca- Placing a library in a civic center will generally tion one where people cannot miss the library? If it be umatisfactory. Such centers attract little traffic is not, then there have to be compelling reasons for of the type which wants to use a library. Museums the site chosen. The library has to be more than and other institutions relegated to this location will convenient to users, it has to be in a location where benefit more by the library's presence than the op- potential patrons will stumble over it. This fact can- posite. The courts usually found in these locations not be emphasized too much; we can go back to my attract people on specific errands, generally of an opening remarks for support oa this point. The best unpleasant nature, of which they want to dispose location for the library will depend on what you think hurriedly. its purpose is.If you feel that its best use is as a If you must accept a site outside the present comfort station or a replica of a home library, then business and shopping center, then I suggest that you an isolated spot or perhaps grouped in a civic center try to trade it for a more desirable location, even if is a reasonable location. But this will not allow the this means waiting for a better one. I would also say library to function as an active community institution. that you are justified in paying a premium price in To do this it must be where the action is. order to get a more suitable plot in terms of the traf- It will have to be on expensive propertyproperty fic flow. A possible exception would be justified when very desirable to commercial interests. It does not the business and shopping center is shifting location. have to be at the busiest intersection but it should be This happens occasionally, and selecting a site in the very close to it, and it must be in a natural center of expected new center would be wise. However, these pedestrian traffic as well as near parking facilities contemplated changes do not always occur as pre- for automobiles. With competition for time, the li- dicted; unless you know for sure that the change will brary is going to lose if it is inaccessible. A beauti- occur, then procrastination may be the best move. ful building isolated from natural traffic patterns will While location is the basic site problem, there be a dead facility unless there are potent reasons are others to be considered. The shape of the site is which force its use. This has been proven a number probably a minor one from the board's viewpoint, of times and is adequately documented in library lit- though an extreme departure from the norm can be erature. There are exceptions, of course. A library costly in terms of architectural fees and construction serving a student population today can be more iso- costs. lated than one not serving such, but even in this case Unusual subsoil problems may cause trouble. it will receive more attention if it is near natural These can be determined to a limited extent by taking traffic paths. soil surveys, but if there is doubt about the accuracy Some may feel that making an effort to serve of the surveys, adequate consideration for eventuali- more people is not a valid goal.I think most of us ties should be placed in the budget. Unusual contours recognize the need to make our facilities unescapable may be difficult to handle satisfactorily and should be by the masses; the elite will come to us anyway. And discussed with the architect before a decision is the success of the American way of life depends on made. A lot which is high above street grade may elevating more and more of its citizens into the edu- result in undesirable steps, while one which slopes cated groups. away sharply to the rear eliminates extra excavation. The need to place the library in the heart of ac- The Seattle, Washington, Public Library solved tivities is not new, though it may be novel to some. its problem by creating two entrances, one on each of Wheeler and Githens argued this position in The two levels, since a street running on one side was American Public Library Building of 1941. They higher than a street running on the opposite. This documented their plea by quoting from a 1913 publi- solution, undoubtedly, is more convenient to many cation of the Wisconsin Free Library Commission, patrons, though it may be more expensive to admin- in which Matthew S. Dudgeon posed the question: ister. "How can any intelligent person maintain that library Location on the site chosen is another decision sites are well chosen and buildings well planned to which must be made. Most of us favor building as attract the public? The site should be such as would far forward as possible. We prefer this for three be selected by a keen business man locating a book reasons, I think:the most important being that we store. Would he locate it one or two or three blocks are closer to where people are, and, second, that we off the main street to get sightly surroundings? Would he put his building twenty or fifty or one hun- 'Joseph L. Wheeler and Alfred Morton Githens, The dred feet back from the sidewalk, rendering it nec- American Public Library Bralduzg (Chicago: American Li- essary for the passer-by to make a considerable brary Association, 1941), p.45. 28 PUBLIC LIBRARY SESSIONS are using mure of the site for the building. The third almost entirely a problem concerned with community reason might be considered a negative onewe are pressures. The board must exercise its judgment eliminating the problems which go with garden main- and resist pressures which may be subtle and may tenance. While most of us are attracted by well- result in the library'4 being located where it is im- landscaped public areas, very few landscaped public possible to fulfill its most important function. If the areas in America are well maintained, and we recog- board allow- this to happen, then it has reneged tne nize that our limited funds are better spent on mate- trust placed in it. This situation is one in which the rials and conventional library personnel. librarian must have the board solidly in front of him But to return to the first point, putting the build- not behind him. ing toward the rear of the lot (assuming it is large Wherever the site is and whatever the orienta- enough to have a choice) would appear to be defeating tion, consideration must be given to the entrances. our criterion for having a site in the middle of shop- The main entrance should be on the main traffic ping activity.I doubt that I need to say much in re- thoroughfare. Again, we are trying to make it in- gard to size of the building in relation to the site. convenient to miss us; and most of us would prefer Very few of us have as much enclosed room as we only one public entrance. A service entrance is would like, and giving up a part of the space to needed, too, however, so this must be considered in scrubby hedges, crabgrass, and reluctant petunia choosing the site and placing the building on it. There rows seems a monstrous waste. are numerous problems connected with entrances Orientation of the building to the site can be which would be better considered elsewhere. I men- solved by the architect and engineers. While this was tion the point here only to remind you of it. a more important consideration in times gone by, the A final consideration relative to site use is that almost universal acceptance of year -round tempera- concerned with the number of floors being planned. ture and humidity control, air distribution, and arti- Most of us would like to have our facilities concen- ficial lighting has relegated the problem of exposure trated on one floor as much as possible. The larger to a position of almost no concern. Even windows the library, the less possible this becomes but, even could be, and have been in some cases, eliminated so, with the increasing use of elevators and escala- except for their psychological function to the occu- tors this problem becomes of less importance. Most pants and their importance to those on the outside of us are accustomed to these devices and more li- who may be attracted inside by what they see through braries are finding them desirable and justified. They them. always have been, but it takes us longer to accept The final problem in regard to site selection is changes. Robert H. Rohlf Direct°.,Dakota-Scott Regional Library West St. Paul, Minnesota

THE PLANNING TEAM: Make-up and Function

The planning team consists of those people who brings to the project very specific skills which are or put together what ends up being the operating library are not shared by other members of the team.I will building. I am not talking about the planning team for try to discuss what these functions and responsibili- the services that the building will render, nor am I ties are and how they react to each other. talking about the planning commission of the city. I The first person that I would like to discuss is am talking about the planning team that plans the pub- the librarian. To me he is the most important person lic library building and sees that it is constructed and on the team. I would, however, like to mention here finally moved into. the other people on the team. First is the governmen- We must remember that any building is the prod- tal authority. I hope it means the library board, but I uct of many ideas and of many people. A planning use the term "governmental authority" because some- team must obviously function very smoothly, for the times it is the city council, sometimes the county lack of such smooth functioning will show up in the Lumm:ssioners or board of supervisors, or in some final building. One of the most important things that cases the board of education which actually has the any planning team must learn is to disagree without legal responsibility. For the moment I will refer to being disagreeaLle. This is sometimes difficult. this part of the team as the governmental authority. Each member of the planning team must learn to Next is the architect, and then the consultants. question everything which everybody else on the plan- I use this term not just for library consultants but ning team says. He must probe for the rea5. ,ns, not for interior consultants, for design consultants. I use just for the "what" of something. He must ask people it for the engineers who are consultants to the archi- to be able to substantiate what they say, because all tect in most cases: the electrical engineer, the me- of us find it much easier to say something if we do chanical engineer, the acoustics %....gineer. Some very not have to substantiate it. When we do have to sub- large firms have a design consultant who is in effect stantiate it, our opinions sometimes change. We have arch:e?.ct giving advice to the architect. to remember that each member of a planning team Now to return to the role of each of these. As I cannot be proudly stubborn over his ideas, because said, first I will discuss the librarian, whom I feel is perhaps his ideas are not the best solution in the the most crucial member on the team. He is the final analysis. The best building very definitely re- most crucial because he is, in fact, the funnel to the sults from a give-and-take of everyone involved in others. Generally speaking, information passes from the building project. one person to another through the librarian. When it We must always remember that each member does not, often an uncoordinated or poorly operating of the planning team must not necessarily az;cept the planning team results because there is no one person first solution or the first answer proposed by any- who has a grasp of everything being said or of what body on that team including, above all, himself. All is going on. of us like to hear ourselves talk, and all of us like to The basic duty of the librarian is to prepare or see our speech reflected in some action or other, but be responsible for preparing the written building we must remember we do not necessarily accept that program, or the program statement as it is some- first solution.It may be the best one in the final times called. This will be discussed in more detail analysis, but we cannot automatically accept it. this afternoon. Another duty is to consult with the Each member of the team has a very specific architect or interior specialist on the furniture and j.Jb and vary specific responsibilities, and hopefully the interior furnishings. Still anoth.-; and the one

29 30 PUBLIC LIBRARY SESSIONS most people think of first of all, is to consult with the decisions as far as the owner is concerned. I have architect on developing preliminary plans. Obviously, seen communities talk about a new library building he will also consult with the architect on the working for three or four They get around to the point drawings and final plans. where they are finally going to hire an architect, and Normally the librarian represents the owner 1.1 then for the first time they find they have a problem. the planning process. He is the rei.resentative of the The city council is planning to hire the architect at the governmental authority. There m:.y be other repre- same time the library board is planning to hire him. sentatives, but the librarian hopefully will be the You must determine beforehand who has this au- most important of these and will represent the owner thority and who will exercise it. Some state statutes in all the transactions. The librarian must first of are quite specific. Fortunately, in my state the stat- all know what he wants in the building and, sad to say, ute makes clear who has the authority, and that au- this is often not the case. The librarian, unfortu- thority is the library board. For this we librarians nately, often does not know what he wants. are very thaaldul. In some other states the statute is The librarian must know how the building is to vague, and you are never sure who the authority is. work once it has been planned and is in operation. He I have seen building projects delayed or seriously must know how the areas within the building will re- li:nited because of a dispute among city, county, or late one to another, this is the most crucial informa- library boards over who has the authority. This ques- tion he can give the architect. I have discovered that tion must be resolved immediately. If it is the board, what many librarians have the most difficulty in ex- the board, as a member of the planning team, will plaining to the architect is how areas do relate to one have certain specific decisions to make and the re- another and the importance of each to the other. The sponsibility for these decisions. Mr. Jenkin will librarian must be able to explain to the architect the cover this in much greater detail this afternoon. But operation of the building, sometimes in very fine de- as I see these decisions which the board has to make, tail. they are, first of all, the decision to build. The board Occasionally the problem arises where the ar- has the responsibility to secure the money, whether chitect and the librarian are using the same words this is secured through a bond issue, a public vote, a but are referring to different things. It is the obli- resolution of a council, or a gift. Whatever the source gation of the librarian to explain his terms to the may be, it is the board's responsibility to secure the architect. For example, when an architect talks money. about circulation, in most cases he is talking about It is also the board's responsibility to select the the movement of people in and out of rooms or in and architect and, generally, the consultant. It is its de- out of buildings. But when the librarian talks about cisien to approve the site. The board may not be the circulation, he is talking about books going in and out only factor involved in the site approval, for the city of the library. This is the most elementary example council may have to approve the site, or the city I can give. The same use of words with different planning commission, but, above all, the library board meanings will occur continually in the planning should approve the site. process. The board must approve preliminary plans after The librarian must be very specific. He must be they have been developed and are satisfactory to the concise, he must be knowledgeable, and he must be other members of the team. It must approve working able to communicate. This is one of the most impor- drawings and bid documents. It must decide when and tant aspects of any planningthis ability to commu- where and how to advertise for bids under the public nicate with the other people involved. The librarian statutes which in most cases actually govern such must be able to justify not only what he wants but why procedure, but it is their decision when to make this he wants it to be a certain way. If he cannot justify advertisement. why he wants it to be this way, it is time to take an- It must take the responsibility for awarding the other look at his request. actual construction contract as to what contractor or In the planning process, as a member of the coii;.raelors will do the work. When the building has team, the librarian carries a heavy burden because been finis!ied and has been approved by the architect he must not only understand this "why," but must also as being satisfactory, it is the board's final respon- accept other people's opinions and judgments. This sibility to aczept the building and become the owner is something very difficult for mast of us to do_ We thereof either in its name or in the name of the city. always feel our opinions or judgments are the best The library board, of course, must delegate all because they happen to be ours. We must learn to details to the librarian and to the architect. Nothing accept other people's opinions. I have seen many li- is more chaotic than to sit in on a board discussion brarians change their opinion after the give-and-take while seven, eight, or nine people try to decide the of a planning meeting with an architect or engineer. colors for a specific room. Here, again, is the prob- The second group in the planning team is the gov- lem of hiring the right people, giving them the re- ernmental authoritythe library board. One of the sponsibility, and either accepting or rejecting their important things to determine at the initial stage of proposals, but not getting involved with the actual planning is to determine who is going to make details. General Papers 31 The next element in the planning team is the ar- the architect will then advise you on the selection of chitect. The architect i8 the most important person a contractor. Unless you are building with gift funds, in the designing of a building. What is the architect? generally you will have to advertise these bids pub- He is a specialist in planning and designing buildings. licly because it is a public building. This means that This is how he earns his livelihood, and this is how virtually every contractor, whether he is capable or he makes or breaks his reputation. He is, above all, not, who thinks he wants to take a crack at the build- licensed, and occasionally, I must warn boards, you ing will submit a bid. One of the responsibilities of will be approached by unlicensed or unregistered ar- the architect is to guide you in the selection of the chitects. You must investigate his status before you contractor, who may not necessarily be the low actually hire an architect. bidder. The by bidder may be an irresponsible What does the architect do as a member of this contractor or one whose experience does not meet planning team? First of all, he evaluates the client's the requirements which were set down in the build- needs in the sense that he either reviews the building ing specifications. program which has been prepared for him or, in During the bidding process the architect usually some extreme cases, he will actually prepare the receives countless telephone calls to clarify matters program himself. I am not in favor of the latter, in- for the bidding contractors. I would like to warn the cidentally, not because I function as a library consul- librarians and boards present that one of the worst tant but because this means the architect is then things they can do during the bidding process is to getting involved not only in how the building will look pass information out to the potential bidders. This but also in how the building will work. I think his should all come from the architect's office, because function is to serve as a reviewer of the program in this way all the bidders get the same information. statement, not as an author of the statement. You can get involved in some very difficult legal The architect evaluates a site, and I cannot im- problems if some bidders have been told one thing press this point strongly enough that you should hire and other bidders have been told something else. an architect before you make a site decision. Site Be certain that during the bidding prccess all inqui- decision is part of his job, and there may be reasons ries are directed to the architect and are not an- why a site that to you seems excellent would be ex- swered by the librarian or the board. tremely difficult as far as the architecture or design Once the bids are in, the architect advises you of the building was concerned. on the selection of a contractor and sets up a con- The architect advises you as to the potential struction schedule with the contractor. During con- problems you face in planning your building regard- struction, normally the architect will serve as the ing local climate. You may think you know what the owner-supervisor. By this I mean he is not there, local climate is, but he may have a different idea. with a hard hat on, day by day employing the people His is generally based on fact, while yours may be working for the contractors, but he makes periodic based on how it was last week. He will advise you as inspections of the job to see that it is being done as to local building codes. Code regulations may not specified. Sometimes this means tearing down a wall allow you to do many things you would like to do. He because it was not put up the way it was supposed to will advise you as to how realistic your budget is, be according to the specifications, and this is the re- and in most cases it seems that budgets are unrea- sponsibility of the architect. On larger buildings a listic.It is his job to tell you how your budget and clerk of the works is often employed as a full-time the approximate size of the building will relate to the supervisor. He does not work for the contractor but way you can build this building in the sense of size represents the potential owner of the building. It is and quality. his job to make certain that the work is done as it The architect pans the building as such. He es- has been planned and set forth in the various specifi- tablishes the beauty of the building through his design. cations. The architect also approves and advises the He establishes and advises on the functional relations owner as to the payments to be made during the con- and spatial locations, and he does this to solve your struction phases. needs, not to create a building for himself. One of the biggest questions that seems to face The architect begins the planning with what is most boards and one that bothers them most ishow called a schematic or preliminary plan. This is the do you select an architect? I suggest, first of all, easiest stage in which to make changes. After the that you get in touch with the state architectural so- preliminary plans are approved, he prepares the de- ciety for possible names to consider. You should se- tailed working drawings and specifications. In most lect an architect on three points: the service he can cases this is not done by the architect or designer give you, the talent he has, and his own personal with whom you have worked. It is done by people in judgment. How do you decide how architects rate on his c:fice: job captains, draftsmen, and other per- these points? You must inter*:.,;w them. I cannot sons with whom you never come into contact indi- stress strongly enough that you should not interview vidually. so many architects that by the time you are through, When the working drawings and bid specifications you have only a vague idea of what any of them said. have been prepared in detail and are ready for bid, When you have decided whom to interviewand 32 PUBLIC LIBRARY SESSIONS perhaps this will take you more time than you ex- to a specific project and some kind of training or pectedcheck with their former clients. background in building and architectural problems. From that point on, the matter becomes quite In effect, he speaks the language of each person in- objective. I have talked to many architects about the volved. problem of interviews and selections, and there do The librarian-consultant can be involved in a not seem to be any hard and fast criteria. The Min- project in many different ways at the option of the nesota State Chapter of the American Institute of Ar- owner. He may be on a full-project basis and pre- chitects puts out a pamphlet on the architect and how pare the program for you. He may assist in hiring to select him. I hope that most states supply this the architect, advising you how to go about interview- type of publication. I heartily recommend the Minne- ing one, the types of questions to ask, and the ways sota one for required reading for all boards about to to find out about specific architects. He may be in- retain an architect. When do you select an architect? volved on a review basis, whereby he simply reviews I mentioned earlier that if at all possible he should preliminary or final plans as they are presented to be selected before the site is finally decided, because him. This service will vary drastically from that of he does have site sense. the consultant who is involved from the very begin- Many people wonder if architects use other spe- ning on a project and may be brought in to do a site cialized personnel. They surely do. There are, for study. example, the engineers. Some architectural firms One of the major responsibilities of the library have their own engineering staff; they are both archi- consultant is to protect the library board from the tects and engineers. Other architectural firms are overzealous librarian, and to protect the librarian solely architectural firms and do not have an engi- from the overzealous architect. The consultant must neering staff but contract out with an engineering make certain that the final building will operate firm. This is one of the questions to ask architects under more than one librarian's philosophy. He en- while they are being interviewed; there are advan- joys the obvious advantage that in many cases the ar- tages and disadvantages to each type of organization. chitect will listen to a consultant more readily than Engineers may include the mechanical engineer, the he will to the local librarian, because the local li- electrical engineer, the acoustic engineer, a color brarian usually has never planned a building and has specialist, and an interior designer. Engineers basi- never dealt with an architect. cally work for the architect.If they are not part. of Many librarians are unable to spell out what they his office, they work for him and not directly for the need in terms that the architect must have so that he owner. can plan the building. This is another function which Other questions frequently asked are: How do the librarian-consultant serves. You must remember you pay an architect, when do you pay him, and what that the amount of involvement for a librarian- is his fee? Generally speaking, there is an estab- consultant is entirely up to the library board which lished fee schedule within each state under which retains him. In the final analysis he can only recom- ethical architects operate. I heartily advise against mend. The final decision still rests with the board. retaining architects who offer to do the job for less The basic duties of a library consultant can include than the standard fee. The fee is usually based on a the preparation of the program itself, or advice to percentage of the total cost, and the percentage varies the librarian on the preparation of one if it is pre- with the size of the building. The percentage drops as pared locally. The consultant may simply review the the building becomes more expensive. program and suggest additions or deletions. He may In the preliminary stages you may obtain an ar- assist in the site selection or, when necessary, actu- chitect who works on a cost-plus basis. He charges ally do a site study. He may interpret the service by the hour or day for preliminary plaub. Sometimes relationsi.ips within the building, not only to review he will do this on a fixed maximum; this is something them with the librarian but to interpret them for the you can work out with the architect. architect. He may do an analysis of each floor plan In summary, the architect advises on the pro- as presented and review the various drawings and gram, he advises on the site, he actually does the specifications as they are prepared. If there is an preliminary plans and schematics, he prepares the interior specialist, he may assist this specialist in final bidding documents, and he plans all the mate- the furnishings of the building or, in some cases, he rials necessary for public bidding. He advises on the may be the interior specialist. Above all, he will bidding procedure and the actual bidders. He per- assist the librarian in developing an approved oper- forms, in one manner or another, supervision during ating technique within the building. the construction phases, and he finally signifies when One of the big problems is that many libraries the building is acceptable and should be occupied by are going from a 10,000-square-foot building to a you as the owner. 25,000-square-foot building, and all the local librar- Another person on the planning team who seems ian wants to do is to make each area much bigger to play a more and more important part each year is than it was in the old building. He is paying no at- tht.: library consultant. He is generally a librarian tention to whether this is the correct way to do it or and ideally brings both the knowledge of librarianship whether the plans he is making are so solely because General Papers 33 of the old building. The consultant should play an You seldom get something for nothing. When some- important role at this stage. one offers to write all your furniture specifications Now a word about the interior consultant. Usu- free, you know the service will not actually be free. ally the interior designer :s a specialized profes- The engineers are often somewhat mysterious sional.Ir. some states he has the same professional people because you seldom see them. As I have said, status as an architect and belongs to the American they are either part of the architect's office, or they Institute of Interior Designing. Many libraries use are a firm with which the architect contracts. They interior designers. Sometimes they work for the ar- work either as a member of that office or they work chitect and sometimes for the librarian. for the architect. The contract you have is with the When you assemble the planning team, you must architect, and he represents the engineers and the remember that you are going to have to furnish the planning. Whether you know it or not, there is an building. You have various alternatives as to which engineer in the background. Somebody has to engi- member of the team is going to plan the furnishings. neer the electrical work and mechanical work. It is You can have the architect do it, you can have the in- seldom that the architect does this. It is usually a terior designer or your librarian do it, or you can licensed mechanical or electrical engineer. Build- have a librarian-consultant do it. A local furniture ings today have acoustics engineers, and the large dealer or manufacturer can also do it. No matter commercial buildings even have kitchen engineers. who does it, this is a very time-consuming and costly Whether or not the engineer is known to you, he is service. It will cost you money indirectly if you have there; you must learn to take his needs into account. a dealer or a manufacturer do it inasmuch as you are This, then, is the building team. It is composed often obligated to buy his products, which may be of many individuals, each of whom has definite re- more expensive than somebody else's. sponsibilities. The size of the team will, of course, When you contract out this service, the charges depend on the size of the building. You may have will vary considerably according to the needs, the many architects at every meeting, or only one. You volume of furniture involved, and the decision of the may have many engineers at every meeting or none; owners as to how much involvement is desired. The the architect is representing him. You may have a work is sometimes done on a r e rcentage fee. The design consultant who is an outside architect. You standard fee for interior designers or architects is may have a library consultant and an interior de- 10 percent of the furniture specified and purchased. signer. Above all, you have the librarian. Each of It is sometimes done on a cost-plus basis. For ex- these brings certain talents and experiences, and ample, the Hudson Store here in Detroit has a large each has to learn to work with the others, to respect commercial credit division. It has a standard cost- the others, and to bring about a smooth operating ex- plus fee of $25 L.n hour for service and will negotiate perience so that a good building will result. a maximum payment for the owner.. Thus you com- We must remember that we are not planning just mit yourself to $25 an hour plus X number of dollars for ourselves as members of the planning team. We based on the final agreement. are not planning just for the people who are going to Sometimes the service is a flat charge. The new use the building next year. In most cases we are Oak Park, Illinois, Public Library was done by an in- planning library buildings for thousands of people terior designer on a flat-chargt. basis. The cost over generations of time. This is a frightening but varies with the library and number of items involved. exhilarating experience. Joseph H. Jenkin Trustee, Livonia Public Library Livonia, Michigan

PROGRAMMING AND FINANCING LIBRARY BUILDINGS

My assignment is to discuss the davelopment of There are differences of opinion as to who the building program and wethods of financing sites, should write the program. My belief is that it is construction, and equipment. I would like to start out primarily the responsibility of the librarian to write by defining what the library program is. The library the program, with direction from the library board program is an initial statement of the idea and plan and assistance from the branch librarian (as applica- of service, prepared to provide a basis for the de- ble) and staff members. Some authorities feel that tailed planning of a library building. the architect should prepare or assist in wining the Mr. Hoyt Galvin and Mr. Martin Van Buren in program. Many library authorities recommend en- their book The Small Public Library Building define gaging a library building consultant at an early stage the program as: "a written statement prepared by of planning. If this is done, the consultant would, of the librarian or other competent authority describing course, be an active participant in program prepara- the purpose, scope and function of the library build- tion. ing.It should state as comprehensively as possible The program is not simple to write because it the specific needs of the library and should outline in must be the result of an overall analysis of the needs detail the areas, their requirements, relationships, of the community and should anticipate needs of li- and functions within the building. In addition, it brary users for many years in the future. Since no should define the aesthetic character of the building two library situations are alike, there is no set pat- and chart generally the type and nature of furnishings tern of requirements. and equipment." Some of the elements of service will be obvious, I think that it is desirable and more such as books and their related services. However, systematic to prepare the program in writing, it is the specific categories of books to be provided may not absolutely essential especially when very few not be immediately apparent_ Decisions must be people are involved. The same results can be ob- made on areas such as reference books and rare tained through a series of informal conferences at book collections based on needs and funds availa- which the plan of service is related to the architect ble. who makes notes and prepares a graphic expression With regard to book services, specifications of the program requirements. must be stated as to shelving needs, seating for Programming starts when library service first readers, and area relationships. Various rules of begins in a community, which in many instances is thumb are available for calculating space require- many years prior to a firm decision to build. It is an ments such as: 3-4 books per capita for the book accumulation of decisions over a period of time, and collection; 15 books per square foot of bookstack original criteria may be revised many times with re- space; 2-3 reader seats per thousand population; spect to site location and size of facility due to such 25-30square feet per seated reader; 100 square feet factors as population growth, changes in overall per staff member; and an addition of 40 percent of master plans of the municipality, and changes in the book and reader space for mechanical operations, availability of funds (for construction or operatirg including heating and air-conditioning equipment, expenses). rest rooms, hall, stairs, and storage closets. These formulas are given only as examples of 'Hoyt R. Galvin and Martin Van Buren, The Small Public how calculations can be made. When making these Library Building (Paris: Unesco, 1959), p.29. determinations, planners should use reference data

34 General Papers 35 such as appears in the American Library Associa- I believe this philosophy can and should be applied to tion's Public Library Sen ice: A Guide lu Eta bul- library operations and that the programming stage lion, teak Minimum Standods, 1956. Also, experi- offers an excellent opportunity for analyzation of ex- ence gained from existing buildings will in many isting functions and services and elimination of un- cases indicate what will suit the needs of the com- necessary activities. The program, whether formal munity in future buildings. or informal, is the key to any successful library In addition to book and reader space require- building project and can be developed only by inten- ments, an analysis must be made of the need for the sive study of service needs. following areas: offices for librarians and secre- I know of no shortcut to take in the development taries; book processing and cataloging area, lending of a quality program_ If it is to be developed prop- and reference desks, storage rooms, and staff lounge. erly, many hours of hard work are required by the Also, the need should be investigated for audio-visual people involved. These people can prepare them- facilities, display areas, and an auditorium or con- selves by: ference room. Although it may be determined these facilities are neither needed nor financially possible 1. Visiting libraries that are considered to be suc- for the proposed library, the review of them may cessful buildings by library authorities provide the initial impetus for providing them in fu- 2. Researching the needs of the community ture library buildings or building additions. 3. Reading as much of the literature on the subject Other requirements that should be considered as possible and stated in the program as applicable are: type of 4. Deciding on a philosophy of service to be provided flooring (wood, tile, or carpeting), air conditioning, 5. Learning something about building and equipment public telephones, fire alarm systems, lawn sprink- costs. ling systems, acoustical and lighting requirements. As indicated in the definition quoted on program- The second subject I will discuss is the matter ming, the relationships of areas should be stated. To of financing of library sites, construction, and equip- illustrate what is meant by this I will cite two of the ment. As you know, the best program in the world statements included in the program for our current will never materialize into a library without the nec- library project in the city of Livonia: essary funds. In some instances, the approximate amount of 1. Adult public service area of 4400 square feet with funds to be available for the library may be known in shelving for 25,000 volumes, 150 periodicals, 120 advance of the program preparation, which would re- reader seats at tables plus 10 carrels. Area re- quire that the building be scaled according to the lationship: near main entrance, rest rooms, and funds available. More often I believe the program circulation deskseparate from, but near, juvenile would be written first, followed by a cost analysis by public service area. the planning team or architect. Cost developed in 2. Circulation desk and entry area consisting of about this manner provides authentic backup for selling a 1000 square feet with shelving behind circulation bond issue or other financial proposal to the govern- desk for about 500 volumes: Area relationship: mental body or voters. near all other areas, especially main entrances I would aaention the following items for which and study areas which would be under visual ob- cost estimates should be prepared and outline some servation from the desk. Near workroom for easy guides that can be used in making estimates: deployment of staff members. If possible, provide visual control of public rest room entrances. Site. The breakdown of cost for the site in- cludes: appraisal fees, value of the land, brokerage The library should be planned to be supervised fees, surveying fees, subsurface testing if unusual by one main centrally located station (probably cir- conditions are suspected, and utility extensions or culation desk) plus two subcontrol stations (probably relocations such as water, sewers, and electrical. one each in adult and juvenile areas). Architects' fees will generally be fairly uniform I cannot overstress the importance of critically since most will follow the methods of determining analyzing the various service needs during the pro- fees recommended by their state societies or the gramming phase. Not only should the feasibility of American Institute of Architects. Most of the archi- providing new or expanded services be considered, tects' fees that I am familiar with have been based on but the necessity of existing functions should be re- a schedule that varies with complexity of the building viewed. and the amount of construction cost. Nationwide, I Peter F. Drucker, in an article for the Harvard believe, architects' fees today run from 6 to 10 per- Business Review, stated, aEvery product and every cent. activity of a business begins to obsolesce as soon as Building cost. This will usually be determined it is started. Every product, every operation, and by the architect on the basis of an estimated cost per every activity in a business should, therefore, be square foot, which will be dependent on the type of con- put on trial for its life every two or three years.' struction, season of the year when construction will 36 PUBLIC LIBRARY SESSIONS be performed, and economic conditions. Building term period by an increase in property taxes. Bond cost covers actual construction, including heating, issues can provide large sums of money in some plumbing, air conditiening, electrical wiring and cities. fixtures, and other mechanical equipment. The second most common source of locally pro- Landsi.opmg. These costs cover grading and soil duced revenue for financing library construction is preparation, seeding or sodding, trees, shrubbery, the special tax. This tax is authorized and levied in and sprinkler system. If site space and building de- the same manner as the operating tax.It frequently sign will permit it, a garden court may also be con- requires a referendum vote to approve a millage in- sidered. Since proper landscaping can add greatly to crease, since many municipalities have a millage a building, I would strongly urge you to consider en- limitation by city charter. gaging a landscape architect. His fee would be an- A disadvantage of the special tax financing other item of cost to be included in the landscaping method is that the total tax yield is not realized until budget or as a separate item in the cost schedule. the very end of the special taxing period. Also, there These costs can be estimated by the building archi- is the possibility that construction costs will rise at tect or determined by the librarian on the basis of a faster rate than property values, thereby making information obtained from local nurseries. the originally planned yield insufficient for the proj- Funzishings and equipment. These costs will ect. Whenever a bond issue or special tax is to be cover shelving, tables, chairs, draperies, office ma- presented for voter approval, the strategy must be chines, desks, carpeting (may be included in building carefully thought out. cost), and possibly interior consultant fees. In re- Generally, funds available at the state level are cent years, figures from $2 to $3 per square foot of virtually nil for construction purposes. The small floor space have been used to estimate furnishing and amounts allocated by most state governments for li- equipment costs. Another rule of thumb is to use braries are usually earmarked for operating ex- 10-15 percent of the overall building cost. penses. Contingency fund. It is considered wise to pro- Several types of assistance are available from vide contingency funds of about 10 percent of the con- the federal government. One of these is the Public struction costs to cover unforeseen requirements, Facilities Loan Program which makes it possible for bids running higher than estimated costs, and so communities without a good financial base to sell forth. general bonds at a reasonable interest rate. While Bonding and notice of bond sale. The need for this is a source of loan money for construction pur- determining these costs will be dependent upon the poses, it apparently has not been used for library method of financing to be used. After the complete purposes. There may be exceptions, however, where estimate of cost has been developed, the most essen- this program would be useful. tial work of the building project begins, that is, ob- Another program developed in 1962 is the Ac- taining the necessary financing. This, I believe, is celerated Public Works Program. This program where the library trustee can make the greatest con- provided a grant of 50 percent of the cost of the tribution. project, provided the community was able to finance the other 50 percent of the cost without too much And where does the money come from? You delay. Because the emphasis of this program was have all heard the expression, "Gold is where you on creating employment at the local level, a prereq- find it? This thought applies to financing of library uisite for qualifying for the grant was that the project construction. In a few situations the source of funds be placed under construction 120 days after receipt will be no problem. One of the suburbs of Detroit, of funds, which would be very difficult for some com- for example, recently received a 3 million dollar gift munities. from one of the large foundations for a new library. Requests for the grant funds, as you can :riagine, Most of us will never be so fortunate and, conse- far exceed the appropriations available. At least five quently, we must look to other sources. libraries in the Detroit area have obtained these Sources of construction funds are varied and funds, however. multiple in number in some states. In other states A recent boon from the federal government was the sources of construction funds are limited. The the passage by Congress in 1964 of the Library Ser- situation in each state is governed by statute, and the vices and Construction Act. This law authorizes a amount of authority for public financing is delegated minimum of 20 million dollars per year for alloca- to the local government. tion to the states as financial assistance for library The most common source of building funds au- construction. The state library boards have full au- thorized by state statute is the bond issue. The thority for allocating the funds to local libraries. amount of bonding power is fixed by the state's con- The funds allocated by the state cover one third of stitution or statutes. Advantages of this method are the cost, with the remaining two thirds provided from that a referendum vote is not required, and the full the local level. Local governments must substantiate amount of money is available immediately upon sale to the state board that local funds will be available of the bonds. The bonds are retired over a long- before the grant is approved. General Papers 37

There are numerous other conditions that must there is a need for flexibility and a "give and take" be met to fulfil the requirements of the grant, such attitude on the part of the planners. as providing a building program, a. site survey, and 2. Financing. Be familiar with the laws on financing architectural drawings and outline specifications. for your state and community. Know the means of While the procedure is quite detailed, it is well worth financing that are available and then choose the the effort if the potential benefits are considered. I easiest method. Along with the planning of funds think of the detailed application procedure as being requirements for construction, site, and equipment an advantage since it will discipline some applicants must go the determination of operating costs for to perform far mo:e analysis than would normally be library personnel, maintenance, and books and the case. supplies. As previously stated, the best program The last source of funds that I will mention is will never materialize without building funds. that of memorial bequests and other outright gifts for Likewise, the most beautiful and functional buil.. library construction. I believe that this is a source ing will never provide library service without of funds that could be exploited to a much greater de- books and staff. gree by library boards in those cases where funds 3. Participation. For you people that are trustees, I cannot be obtained by public financing. recommend that you be active in both the program- A very good example of what can be done in this ming and the financing aspects of your library area is under way at the present time in Elyria, Ohio. project. Your participation will provide a system Elyria is a city of 49,000 population located in Lorain of checks and balances for the thinking of the pro- County, with a library that is classified as an "asso- fessionals. I have found that, despite the varied ciation" library. This type of library, as I under- backgrounds and experiences of board members, stand it, has had no legal authority up to the present each usually has a contribution to make. time publicly to finance construction. Because of this, the residents have planned a campaign to raise MR. CHITWOOD: Certainly staff participation should $265,000 in gifts to construct a new library. They be taken into account in planning the library. This are starting with a nucleus of $160,000 built up may become a problem at some point along the way through wise investment of gifts over the years. and you may not know how to handle it but, generally It appears that the campaign will be very suc- speaking, the staff needs to be involved. They have cessful because it has widespread support from a ideas which you do not have, and they can correct or 25-person advisory board, various service clubs in- add to the statement and the plan and make contribu- cluding the Kiwanis Club that is spearheading the tions which otherwise would not have been thought of. drive, the city administration, the public and paro- The review of current activity, I think, is a very chial schools, churches, businessmen, and the gen- good thing. This should go on all the time not just eral citizenry. The program in Elyria is an excellent when you are planning a building, mainly because you example of what can be done if there is a unified effort plan only one or two buildings within a century. A behind the project. problem which was touched on lightly had to do with Someone once said that the greatest force in the the special requirements which architects may some- world is that of human beings working together in a times design into the Wilding. These become very cooperative effort.I believe that library boards can costly unless you have workmen in the area who can and should be the coordinating activity to generate handle them easily. Sometimes it becomes impossi- whatever action is required to secure library funds. ble to do what the architect wants to do, and some- This can be in the form of lobbying with the city, body has to let him' know this if he does not realize it state, and federal officials; selling bond or tax pro- himself. posal drives to the public; or soliciting gifts, and so Another possible source of funds which was not forth. Many library boards can do much more than mentioned is from current income. This is not ordi- they have done in this regard in the past. Most of the narily available to many of us, but there are libraries matters I have discussed cm programming and financ- which do not levy their legal maximum. It is possible ing can be accomplished if the parties involved will to construct buildings out of these funds or the differ- work hard and long and use some imagination and in- ence between your operating expense and your legal genuity. maximum. If you can take the time to do it and if you In conclusion I would suggest that you do three do not have any other way of getting your building things: constructed, then this is one idea. 1. Programnung. Prepare a written program and MR. ROHLF: The percentage of Library Services test it. Don't be content to say you need so much Act construction funds is roughly one thirdtwo space for readers and books. Say who tha readers thirds in Michigan. The percentage varies from are, what service they will need, and how this ser- state to state. It is based on the per capita wealth of vice will be given. Whatever is planned, remem- the state and the formula which the Office of Educa- ber that no program is ever complete and that tion has worked out. constant updating may be necessary. Consequently, I would like to reemphasize some points about 38 PUBLIC LIBI1ARY SESSIONS programming. Be specific and reviewwhat you are material, location, the time of building,and who will doing. By all means, do not try tosuperimpose some- build it. Even the extent and quality of theplan which body else's program on your ownbuilding. Planning the architect finally produces will changethe cost of formulas vary widely, and we have to takethis into the building. The more thorough theplans, the less consideration in programming. Sometimesformulas guesswork on the contractor's part and,therefore, just do not fit. We have to make certain wenot only usually a lower-cost building. have planned the spaces but haveplanned the shapes Another problem is the furniture costs.Furni- X number of dol- of the spaces. ture costs based on a square foot of Another comment is on the question of square- lars, whether it is $2 to $3 or $2.50 to$3.50 per foot costs. This is really a loadedproblem for all of square foot, are difficult totransfer from one library us. It is almost impossibleto transfer a square-foot to another. Some libraries willbring half their old cost from one building and makeit applicable to an- furniture into a new building, and otherlibraries will other building because of the everyconceivable vari- start out from scratch. Yet, whenthey report the ation that you can think of, not onlythat of locality but lurniture costs, they do not explain this. ifil lizam Lyman .tickling and Lyman Architects Birmingham, Jlichigan

PRELIMINARY AND FINAL DRAWINGS, BIDDING, AND CONSTRUCTION

My assigned task was to speak about preliminary narrow it down to maybe three or five architects, de- drawings, working drawings and specifications, and pending on how many are involved, and hold your in- supervision. I want to go back first and talk briefly terviews. Prior to the interviews visit buildings that about the selection of an architect, because this is these architects have done so that you can ask ques- one of the most important steps in the whole process tions when you meet with them. for those who are building libraries. The matter of I would schedule the interviews no closer than, design, working drawings and specifications, and su- two hours apart. Allow about a half hour for an in- pervision will not result in the kind of building you terview and a half hour to catch your breath. I would want unless you select the right architect. tell the architects they had an hour to make the pre- The usual procedure is to ask interested archi- sentation. One half of this hour would be formal pre- tects to submit their brochures, and the library com- sentation, and the other half questions from the com- mittee may go through a series of interviews at which mittee. the architect will show slides of buildings. The com- The question of fees is going to come up. I do mittee may even visit buildings. I recall a school- not know what was said about fees this morning. I board interview that I went to when I was an employee would make it very clear that the fee would not be a of another office. This board allowed twenty minutes factor in the selection of the architect. I cannot for every firm. Six firms were interviewed in one overstress this point. Too many buildings, libraries night. You can imagine what happenedthey were included, are awarded because there is a slight dif- backed up about three deep. This is not the way to ference in the fee. To give you an example, if you select an architect. have a building that will cost $200,000 and the fee is I would suggest a different procedure. Let it be 7 percent, this amounts to $14,000. Someone comes known you are going to build a library, and you will along and says he can do it for 6 percent, which is a receive calls and letters from architects, maybe difference of $2000. Yet, when compared to the total twenty-five or thirty, depending on your location. I cost of the building, it is not worth the risk of infe- would make each firm a copy of the program, suggest rior work. they visit the site, and give them some idea of the As to engineer servicesmany architects pride budget. Then I would follow up by asking three ques- themselves on the fact that they are a self-contained tions and have the architects submit the answers in office, with all their own specialists. We are not a writing. These are the three questions: self-contained office; we have a small office. We would rather hire independent consultants and tailor 1. Why do you want to design this library? them to the actual job. We feel we can get better 2. In your estimation what are the most important services this way. The best engineering consultants design considerations in this architectural com- are in business for themselves just as architects are. mission? What attributes should you look for in an archi- 3. How would you proceed with a preliminary design? tect?I have listed ten: If nothing more, having to answer these three Vivid imagination questions will provide architects with sorely needed No reputation for architectural stunts practice in putting their thoughts into words. Then Understanding of the meaning of humility you will have to narrow the field on the basis of the Genuine concern for people written answers to the questions. I would suggest you Leadership but not domination. In other words,

39 40 PUBLIC LIBRARY SESSIONS your architect should be able to take as well as expense. So you can see that changes on a job during give the course of construction are costly to the architect. Respect for tradition An example: if the owner decides he wants to add Respect for limitations imposed and opportunitiessomething to the job, the architect has to preparea afforded by nature bulletin which goes to the contractor. If this is are- Respect for owner's practical needs or require- quest for price, it comes back to the architect. If it ments is approved, he has to write a change order, adding Broad interests, if possible this to the contract. For all this work he gets a fee Record of satisfactory performance. In other of, say, 7 percent of $100 or $7. words, talk with previous clients and contractors, On the other hand, if the owner wants to take particularly contractors. They are a good source something from the job, say deduct a $300 item,you of information. have to go through the same procedure, and thear- chitect's fee is reduced by $7. He is doing all this I would say that no one of the preceding attri- work and is getting less mom. v at the end. butes is more or less important than the others. A To go back to design, where we figured we had final precautionbe wary of the polished salesman. about $5000, this is where the architect has to make If you are to prepare a building program, I would his profit. For this reason it is important from the suggest thinking of it in three basic parts: architect's standpoint and yours, too, to arrive fairly soon at the proper solution. 1. Broad con:nzunity objectives. What are you really I iepeat, do not award a job on the basis of fee. constructing this building for? If you have any It is better to pay an extra 1 percent. You get what thoughts about the general architectural charac- you pay for, here as in anything else. teristics of the building, try to spell these out. I My assigned topic was the design phase, working would not tell the architect what the style should drawings and specifications, and construction super- be, but there may be some characteristics, due to vision. Some of this has already been covered. The the climate or other factors in the immediate design phase can be in two or three parts. If the pro- neighborhood, that the architect should take into gram of the building has not been thoroughly worked account. out, it is in what we call a preliminary or preparing 2. Detailed description of the facility that you want. stage. This is where the architect is really working 3. Fees. as a consultant for you. The next stage is the schematic stage where the It used to be that an architect divided his fees architect will make single line drawings, trying to or- this way: 25 percent for preliminary design, 50 per- ganize the functions you have put into your program cent for working drawings and specifications, and 25 in terms of your particular site. He will make a percent for supervision. Now a building has become rough estimate at this point. This is based on areas, so complex mechanically that these figures have nothing more. changed to 35 percent for preliminary design (be- The third stage is final preliminary drawings, cause much more is involved), 40 percent for work- which will include plans, elevations, probably a pro- ing drawings and specifications, and 25 percent for spectus, possibly a model, outline specifications,a construction supervision. listing of all the materials to be used in the building On a $200,000 building, the figure I used before, and the mechanical systems, and more aetailed esti- a 7 1/2 percent fee, works out to $15,000. To some mates based on the more detailed drawings. This is people this seems like a considerabie amount of what is sometimes called a "design package." Usu- money. Why do you have to pay the architect that ally architects like to have these drawings approved. much? Here is how it works out. Of that fee 35 per-Any changes made after them are costly to theowner. cent or roughly $5000 is for design; 40 percent or Working drawings and specifications are the bid- $6000 is for working drawings and specifications; andding and construction documents, which are not drawn 25 percent or roughly $4000 is for supervision. up so easily as some people think. Every building is a Working drawings for a $200,000 library would custom situation. These working drawings consist of require about 12 sheets of drawings. We estimate in dimensions and detailed drawings for the structural our office that the cost of making 1 working drawing work, whether it is concrete or steel. The architec- is about $500 in man-hours. 12 drawings x 500 is tural drawings themselvesthe plars, elevations, and $6000. There are your working drawings without cross sectionsare the fourth type of drawings in a anything left for specifications, overhead, or profit. typical set. So you are not going to make money on the working- The specifications first establish the conditions drawing phase of the project. and requirements of the construction contract. This On supervision., which involves field expenses section can be very long if there is government and administrative work in the office, you take your money involved. The specifications then spell out the $4000 figure and spread it over 10 months. That is scope of the work, trade by tradethere may be 25 $400 a month. If you work on the basis of twice your divisions. The more complex the building, the more payroll, that means you have $200 a month for direct divisions. General Papers 41 Next follows a detailed description of all materialsfifteen or twenty pages of typed material. The list and systems. We try to avoid the term "or equal" in goes to the contractor who orders his subcontractors our specificatio:..s. We list three products which we to correct all the faults. Sometimes the architect will accept, and we assume that bids are based01i any makes a second punch list because there are so many one of these three products. But in the proposal form things he thinks are not up to par. we have a substitution clause, and if the contractor Once the architect notifies the owner that in his wishes to substitute sometl.other than one of these estimation the job has been done to the best of the three, he can list it but his I. dbased on one of the contractor's capabilities, the owner pays the contrac- three and we hold him lc it. Sometimes you cannot tor the final 10 percent owed him. There is usually a find three materials that you would accept so you list twelve-month guarantee on most of the work thatgoes two, or maybe one, and call for substitutions. into a building. I a:n not going 'o talk about materials except for 1 think that the most important ingredient in this one th ng. That is the matter of carpeting in librar- whole operation is mutual confidence between thear- ies. Birmingham has recently installed carpeting in chitect and the library board as well as between the its library, and everyone is pleased with it.It is contractor and the library board. How well librarians, easier to maintain and is cleaned more often. This board members, and consultants are able to define is one advantage. The second is that the building is building needs at the start will have as much to do quiet. The teenagers go in there and because they with the final out,ome as the selection of the architect. are walking on a quiet floor, they .eei they have to be quiet. So there is no problem with noise. MR. ROHLF: Another problem is the uncertainty li- The Royal Oak, Michigan, Public Library is all brary boards have about the relationship of the al:1i- carpeted, even under the stacks. All are very pleased tect to the contractor and to the owner when disputes with it. The library has not had a major cleaning op- arise. Many boards seem to think that the architect eration since it moved into that building about three is supposed to side with them automatically when years age. With just normal maintenance the carpet there is a dispute with the contractor, and my under- still looks good. standing is that this is not necessarily the case. I A frequent question is, should you have a single wonder if you could go into that in some detail. contract that includes all the architectural, mechani- cal. and electrical work or award separate contracts MR. LYMAN: It is unfortunate if the contractor gets for the three trades? From our experience I would the impression that the architect is siding with the recommend separate contracts for any library of a owner. This makes for difficulties on the job. The quarter of a million dollars or more. If the building architect somehow has to represent the owner, but he is smaller than that, I Mould be inclined to recom- also has to be fair to the contractor. I am sorry to mend a single contract. say some architects are not fair to the contractor. Supervision consists of regular visits to the job at least once a week. On the larger jobs we actually MR. MUNN: I should like to have an explanation of take notcs, duplicate them, and send them to all par- the principle of performance bonding in order to pro- ties who are in attendance at meetings. On a small tect the owner against the failure of the contractor. job this is not necessary. The architect has to certify the contract in the MR. LYMAN: A performance bond insures that a monthly requests for payment. When these are ap- contract will be completed. In other words, if some- proved, 10 percent is held from each request. In thing happens to the contractor, the bonding company other words, the owner is always owing 10 percent to will take over. The unfortunate thing is that you do the contractor. He is holding this hack to make sure not always get the best job when this happens. the work is done properly; it eventually is paid off at the end of the job. A MEMBER: Would Mr. Lyman please tellus why During the supervision, as I mentioned earlier, we should get waivers of liens? the architect has to prepare all the paper work for changes with two stages. The bulletin has to be writ- MR. LYMAN: A waiver of lien is a legal document ten, and sometimes this has to have different draw- which shows that every subcontractor has been paid ings or revisions to the existing drawings. This goes by the contractor the full amount that he is entitled to out to the contractor, and he submits his figure for under the contract. the additions or deductions, whichever it is. Then the change orde r is written, and it has to be signed by the A MEMBER: What are the pros and cons of settinga owner who is authorizing the change. On a large reasonable construction time with penalties? project you may have twenty-five or thirty bulletins and change orders during the course of the job. MR. LYMAN: The only way you can do that is to give At the end of the job the architect visits the build- rewards if the contractor gets through ahead of time. ing and makes what he calls a "punch list,' which is a Very few persons are prepared to do this. I think the list of things that need to be corrected. Thiscan be a penalty clause works against the mutua: confidence I very long list. Sometimes, on a large job, it runs to mentioned before. I would try to work without it. TECHNICAL PROCESSING

Raymond B. Collins Technical Services Director, Cuyahoga County Public Library Cuyahoga County, Ohio

THE PLANNING OF ATECHNICAL PROCESSING AREA IN A LARGEPUBLIC LIBRARY

It is my raze to discuss data processing in the was recommended by the survey team andfavorably Technical Services Department of the Cuyahoga acted upon by the library administration and the li- County Library System, a large public library. brary board. In this capacity the Technical Services This library is located in Ohio, with headquarters Director has served as innovator as well as adapter in Cleveland and 24 publicbranches located in sub- of methods used by other library systems and indus- urban Cuyahoga County. It serves 54 communities try. In this way, many routines, methods, and pieces spread over an area of 345 square miles, and orders of equipment have been explored and tested and either and processes books for more than 150 school librar- accepted or rejected. The work has often involved ies. In order to set our current data processing pro- journeys to other library systems as well as corre- gram in better perspective, I wouldlike to comment spondence to see "how they do it" and if "they really briefly on some of the needs and problems that have like it? Expert advice from consultants within and typically confronted a large public library of this without the library field has been freely utilized be- kind. fore any new systems, materials, or equipment was In most public library systems there has been an tested in our own Technical Services Department. Of explosive increase in the use of library materials course, the increasingly informativeliterature on the since World War II. This hasbeen directly reflected subject of library technical services has been very in the work loads imposed onorder, catalog, and pro- useful. I am sure we would all agree that the publi- cessing personnel in public libraries and,of course, cations of our own ALA Resources and Technical Ser- in college and school libraries, too.The typical re- -vices Division have been most valuable to us in the action, a few years ago, to increased work load was planning and layout of the technical services work to hire more and more staff if funds and space al- area. lowed and force staff to work longer hours, orlack- After these general remarks, I would now like to ing either of theseto accumulate backlogsof orders mention and comment specifically on the needs and and books. Even with the best of these solutions, the problems which confronted the Cuyahoga County Li- result was often a technical services area which grew brary prior to 1961needs and problems which I am like Topsy with little or no coordination 4mong the sure many of you have experienced andhave perhaps divisions of technical services. It was at this point in solved in different or similar ways. The Cuyahoga the history of Cuyahoga County Library that the ad- County Library Technical Services Department was ministration decided it was time fur a detailed study handicapped by greatly increased circulation, crowded of the technical services operation. Therefore, in work area, a somewhat inefficient staff organization, January of 1961, Dr. Tauber of Columbia University delay in delivery of catalog cards, an unreasonable and Mr. Kingery of the New York Public Library were time lag in book processing, a modified Dewey clas- invited to come to Cuyahoga County Library to survey sification system which involved recataloging and re- this area of library work. Their findings set the classifying much of the work already done by the stage for a new approach in our technicalservices. Library of Congress De-xey Decimal Classification The new climate has been one of persistent Office, lack of coordination among the various sec- search for more efficient ways of carryingthrough tions of technical services, and a much lower per every operation in the TechnicalServices Department.. capita library income than several other library sys- The position of Technical Services Director to serve tems in the County of Cuyahoga, as a coordinator L'nd to encourage this newclimate These challenges have teen met and largely

42 Technical Processing 43 solved by our being willing to explore and experiment held with the Documentation Center staff at Western with new approaches to book ordering, cataloging, Reserve University, and numerous clinics were at- book processing, and card duplication. The Techni- tended. Many papers were read dealing with installa- cal Services Director who was finally appointed late tions in libraries throughout the United States. Both in the summer of 1961 has worked very closely with IBM and UNIVAC finally submitted total systems pro- the administration in seeking solutions to these prob- posals to our administration for cvmsider-ation. lems, and the program has realized some success. After considerable discussion, it was decided to The library is currently processing approximately install a mixed system using the UNIVAC 1004 as the 200,000 volumes per year, with no backlogs. This central computer unit and IBM peripheral equipment. volume is double the production of four years ago The UNIVAC 1004 was chosen because, at this point with essentially the same number of staff in technical in time, it fills a unique gap in the computer field. It services. is relatively inexpensive, at a rental of $1150 per Specific solutions to the foregoing problems to month, and yet has high card-reading and print-out date include doubling of the work space for technical speeds, advanced calculating features, and the capa- services and installation of a conveyor to reduce han- bility for upper- and lower-case print drums for the cling and to organize the flow of books. Previously ultimate printing of catalog cards. Comparable IBM about 50-60 book trucks cluttered the catalog division, equipment available now (without an eighteen- to and a very uneven flow of material resulted. The con- twenty-four-hour waiting period) rents for twice the veyor was frankly an idea borrowed from Mr. Kaiser, above amount. When the IBM Series 360, Model 20 is here in Michigan. A major decision was also made to finally available, it will be a strong competitor for the change to straight Dewey 16th Edition in 1961 and so 1004. ensure reduction of cataloger hours in the years I must tell you at this point that we have received ahead; the change also allowed for the delivery of only our IBM peripheral equipment, with the UNIVAC catalog cards with the completely processed books. 1004 scheduled for delivery August 1. The emphasis, Staff was reorganized to function more efficiently therefore, in this talk is on the planning and layout of e--h cataloger, for example, formerly had her own the data processing system for the Cuyahoga County typist whereas now the typists are all in a typing pool Library. The programmer, in consultation with the with a chief clerk as immediate supervisor. Finally, Technical Services Director, has been planning, flow- as I have mentioned earlier, the coordinator appointed charting, and wiring program panels for the past six during 1961 was in daily contact with the administra- months. We know very well what we want done and tion and reorganized all the divisions of the Technical how the tab card equipment should do it. We realize, Services Department with a high priority given to owever, that the actual use of the equipment will maximum cooperation among the divisions. present many bugs for Lhe first six to twelve months. Because costs for maintaining a 55-60 staff in We do not exactly plan "parallel" runs, but we will Technical Services seemed high, it was also deemed convert slowly by doing one phase of a program at a wise to run a cost-accounting survey. This was done time. Vie do not expect operating costs to level out on two different occasions with the staff keeping de- for two or three years. tailed records of the time required to perform order- I shall devote the remainder of my time this af- ing, processing, and catalog routines. These costs ternoon to the ways in which we have programmed the have proven to be an excellent source of reference for UNIVAC 104 and the IBM key punches, sorter, col- us, allowing us, in one case, to assess a reasonable lator, and reproducing punch to do certain operations processing fee for books ordered and processed for in the Technical Services Department. The plans call the 150 (plus) school libraries that participate in our for the computer installation to do new book and mag- book selection program, and, even more broadly, to azine acquisition work and label print-outs this year. assess the comparative costs of new routines or Replacement book orders, catalog cards, payroll, equipment. magazine catalogs of total holdings, and audio-visual It can be seen from the foregoing statements that catalogs will be done in 1966. In the somewhat dis- Cuyahoga County's Technical Services Department tant future we may do book catalogs and also use tl.le was prepared and willing to explore data processing equipment for circulation control. applications in the library. The spark for this inter- Since we require a first copy of every new book est came from our Library Director who became in- for review by staff librarians in the Cuyahoga County terested in the data processing displays at the ALA Library, there will always le an advance copy for the Conference in St. Louis in 1964. Soon after his re- key punchers to check for preparation of the -Laster turn from St. Louis and several Technical Services- order cards 1 and 2. The master order tab cards administration meetings later, we began to explore will contain author, title, copyright, publisher or possible applications of this equipment in our system. jobber, price, and other information. The book selec- Representatives of five computer companies talked tion lists will be printed-out on Multilith masters by with us, but tn.; most serious discussions and studies using the master order cards in the UNIVAC 1004 and were withIBM and UNIVAC. Afield trip to Long Island then running the masters on the Mu ltilith 1250's. As was made in order to investigate two county libraries many as 500 of these lists, containing up to 20 pages with data processing installations. Discussions were each, may be run off for new or replacement titles. 44 PUBLIC LIBRARY SESSIONS

After the branch and school librarians have marked but it is indicative of the tremendous timesavings these lists for order, the Data Processing Division that we hope to realize from data processing applica- will cumulate the order which mayrun to as many tions. Magazine purchase orders will be printed-out as 8,000 copies. on the 1004 in much the same way as books. Cumulation is done by key punching two or three The printing of labels on the 1004 must be done characters (representing the title numberon the list) from specially prepared punched cards. Itis from into a cumulation tab card. The rest of the needed these punched cards that catalog cards will eventually information is gang-punched into the cumulation card be printed directly on continuous formson the 1004. on the IBM Reproducing Punch 514 from the master It is estimated that 4000-5000 catalog cards andsets order cards. These cards are then passed through of labels must be printed each work day. This will the 1004, which adds up the total number of copies take the 1004 less than 3 hours each day of actual needed for a title and prints-out this informationon printing time. The 'iressure- sensitive labels of the purchase order, showing also the exactagencies which I have spoken are printed simultaneouslyin (by assignment number) that have orderedthe title. sets of four on continuous pin-fed strips. The two Other forms are also printed-out in thisway using longer labels are used on the agency shelf card and either the master order cards or the cumulation the book pocket (these were previously printed from cards. The branch quotas are debited and updated by manually typed Multilith masters), and the two using the cumulation cards. Since there isone cum- smaller labels are used for the verso of the titlepage ulation card for every copy ordered, these cardsare and the spine of the book (one of these locations hada filed along with a copy of the purchase orderin the handwritten call number in the book and the othera outstanding order file. When the booksare delivered call number gilded from handset type setup in heated from the publisher, the cumulation card becomesa pallets). processing card that goes along with the bookon the The preparation of catalog cards is a complex conveyor. operation in itself, but we expect that our master By using the cumulation cards in anotheropera- punched cards will be able to print-out with the 1004 tion, it 4.s possible to print-out on inexpensive 3x 5 all the essential information now containedon our pin-fed card stock all the author and titlecards card. :, iii upper- and lower-case characters. These needed for the agency outstanding order files.It is sam punched cards (or magnetic tape) will ultimately estimated that 6000 hours per yearare needed manu- be able to produce author, title, and subject book cat- ally to type outstanding order cards, bymore than 180 alogs. Catalogs for audio-visual materials and peri- clerks, showing the books on order. Thisoperation odicals can easily be produced in the same way. can be done centrally on the UNIVAC 1004, printing Future applications for the data processing equip- 300-400 lines per minute, in about 30 hoursper year. ment include accounts payable, payroll, personnel Not all operations will show sucha dramatic differ- records, circulation, and undoubtedly data we have ence between the manual approach and the computer, not even thought about at this time. Willard Dennis Head Librarian, Kansas City Public Library Kansas City, Kansas

LAYOUT IN A NEW PUBLIC LIBRARY

In laying out the Technical Processes Department As a member of the Regional Committee of the in a new building, background concerning the commu- Resources and Technical Services Division, I have nity and the library must be considered, as well as the prepared a draft for final committee consideration of library's relationship to total service in the city and "Guidelines to Centralized Technical Services." The cooperative service with cther libraries in the state. following provisions relating to quarters for such The support and operation of the Public Library in centers are, I believe, valid for any situation. Kansas City, Kansas, is historically an obligation of The space planned for a center should be adequate the board of education, dating from 1904. The head to allow for an efficient flow of work for the volume librarian makes recommendations to the superinten- anticipated from member libraries. A checklist of dent of schools concerning policy, personnel, and desirable requirements related to good working con- budget for submission to the board of education. In ditions and production would include: addition to the management of the Public Library, the head librarian is responsible for the operation of the 1. Location on ground floor or near service elevator elementary school libraries and coordination of sec- 2. Convenient access to loading and shipping area ondary school library service. This includes the 3. Parking facilities purchase and preparation of school library materials, 4. Adequate floor space to assure continuous work with charges made to the school budget. for technical flow on an assembly-line basis; space for equip- services. Funds to operate all library facilities in ment, files, and storage of supplies; and space Kansas City, Kansas, are included in the school budget for receipt of peak load shipments and appropriated to the library by the board of educa- 5. Adequate lighting and provision for proper elec- tion. trical circuits and outlets for mechanical and This library serves primarily residents :within automated equipment anticipated the boundary of Kansas City, Kansas, school. district, 6. Telephoaes located at points of highest use which is greater than that of the municipality of Kan- 7. Proper heating and ventilation, including air con- sas City, Kansas. In addition to the main library and ditioning one branch existing at. this time, there are38 elemen- 8. Acoustical treatment of working areas, including tary schools, 8 secondary schools, and 1 junior college. isolation of noisy machines in soundproofed areas The population of the school district is 130,000. It is 9. Provision for housing and use of extensive and anticipated that there will be an annexation of most, if bulky bibliographical tools, Library of Congress not all, of Wyandotte County within the next few years, proof slips, order slips, and the like which will add another 66,000 persons. The projected 10. Provision of private office Gr work area for the population for the WyandrAte County service area is administrator estimated to be 225,200 by 1970. 11. Provision for rest rooms and staff lounge During the planning c,f areas and facilities in our 12. Provision for sinks in the work areas, adjacent -Le% buildin., Mr. LeRoy 7ox, Kansas Statelibrarian, to machines and near section devoted to physical and myself discussed the possibilities of providing processes. technical processing servir7s for Othor public li- 1,rarie1-.', zn liaiisas. To this end we recently accepted The outside measurements of our building to be $31,000 iti federal, fuilds from the state librarian for completed in December, 1965, are 138 feet across by equipment in return for our willingness to negotiate 150 feet deep. The building is set back 70 feet from with other puolic "thrones for technical services. the sidewalk along Minnesota Avenue in downtown

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These schools, the third floor houses the offices of the su- rooms were placed in the corner to keep the rest of perintendent of schools and his administrative staff. the room as open as possible and to utilize the win- Historic Huron Cemetery, an unusual point of interest dows for psychological advantages. These areas are immediately adjacent to the library property, is still large enough to add additional Addressograph equip- used as a burial ground for older members of the ment or other machines which may supersede this Huron tribes. process in the time to come. The first flour layout is shown to relate the loca- The heavy lines show the general direction of the tion of a covered loading dock to the rear entranceof flow of traffic into and out of the technical services the building and the service elevator. Personnel will room from the elevator. Deviations from the main have access through the rear door by key. Truckers traffic flow are necessary to provide pocket and card or delivery men will ring a bell for acustodian to sets for each book. If these sets have been prerun, open the door. A fleet of flat-bed truckswill be they will join the books at the receiving point and will available on the dock and in the final processing area proceed directly to verification with the shelf list, and to handle incoming and outgoing shipments of books. then on to completion of the physical processes nec- The second floor plan shows the relationship of essary. If a title has not been previously cataloged, the Technical Services Center to the administrative one copy will move from the general flow of traffic to offices, public service areas, and the staff lounge. the cataloging station. After wcrk slips have been The staff lounge area will be equipped with individual prepared for reproduction of catalog cards, this copy lockers, a quiet room with two beds, and a kitchenette will be temporarily shelved with other copies of the arrangement for food service. same title in the storage shelving. The work slip it- Note the location of the service elevator to the self will proceed to the Graphotype and from there to technical services area. Ideally the elevator would the Addressograph Imprinter, afte7 which the sets open directly into the Processing Department.State will rejoin the books on the general circuit as indi- fire laws require isolation of stairs and elevators in cated by the broken line paralleling the general traffic a fire tower, which means that there is an extra12 flow. feet from the entrance of the elevator to the pro- Since the shelf list is a union record of holdings, cessing room. Passageways were designed to provide every item must be recorded here. To facilitate this wide access for any type of materials delivered to the process, the present 60-dra,.7er catalog units will be library. The technical services area illustrates our cut in half, and the halves placed upon existing library efforts to keep partitions to a minimum. The flexi- study tables. This arrangement will provide a working bility of this open area will allow for easy changes in area along which a number of people may be employed. arrangement of equipment and processes as new ma- The materials, having been recorded on the shelf list, chines, ideas, or experience dictates in the future. It proceed to the physical process assembly line and is located in this particular section of the second floor there are sorted into compartments which we term because of the accessibility for delivery and shipment "agency bins." These bins are 30 inches wide, 14 to the elevator. Small windows will provide the staff inches high, and 20 inches deeplarge enough to with the opportunity to see the sky, trees, and other house boxes in which books will be delivered as buildings, to prevent claustrophobia. The stair and scheduled. To be added to this final stage will be a conveyor shaft, serving from the basementto the sec- shipping preparation area, including scales for weigh- ond floor, is located in the center of the building pro- ing materials being shipped via parcel post to libraries viding easy vertical communications by any member contracting for technical services. In the area of the of the library staff. agency bins is a box and other miscellaneous storage A single keyboard operation to produce and com- room. Especially designed equipment is anticipated plete card catalog sets and to print book pockets, to provide for LC proof slips and order forms, as book cards, and spine labels at a reasonable cost was well as for the Addressograph plate files. considered most desirable. In working with the sales- In addition to the Technical Services Center, the man and an inventive young technicianin the Kansas new building will feature public service areas fully City, Missouri, branch of Addressograph, two adap- carpeted and furnished with Jens Risom walnut (natu- tations were developed for theAddressograph Im- ral linseed oil finish) one- and two -place tables, printer to meet our specifications:(1) a manual chairs, and loan desks, as well as Jens Risom- platen control, and (2) a combination card guideand designed informal seating. The card catalog and in- ribbon protector to prevent overprinting, or what has termediate and low wood shelving will be in matching been referred to as "chicken tracks." The only par- oiled walnut. A standing invitation is cordially issued titions in this room house the machines. TheGraph- to librarians, trustees, and architects to visit Kansas otype, which embosses the metal plates, is to be en- City, Kansas, and inspect the new library and Techni- closed in a heavily insulated soundproof room. The cal Services Center. Technical Processing 49

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Second-floor plan, Public Library, Kansas City, Kansas Barbara 117 estby Coordinator, Catalog Department, DetroitPublic Library Detroit, Michigan

ADVANCED PLANNING

For advanced planning I have no crystal ball. the past twenty to twenty-five years?How much will Had I one and the powers with which touse it, I would it, or do you wish it, to expand in the future? have foretold my predicament in appearing The before you Technical Services Department willgrow by the same today and seen a way to avoid it. To givemyself percentage. Miller and Metcalfe have both stated some protection I would like to take for the text of that my one mistake that has not yet been made in planninga sermon today, chapter 38, verse 2, in the Book of building is too much space. Job which reads: cWho is this that darkenethcounsel Space costs money and budgets for by words without knowledge?" new buildings are never as big as they seem, but please do notre- If there is a new library building inyour future, duce the Technical Services Department justbecause don't just watch the Fords go by. Get busyand design it is a closed department. Too often in thepast it has the motor for it to take your TechnicalServices De- been allotted the space leftover. I am not minimizing partment smoothly down the expressway of thenew the needs of the public service departments.I am librarianship that is abuilding. You cannotstop the only asking that Technical Services begiven equal world and get off, but if you do not thinkfa:- in ad- treatment. The quality of library serviceis depen- vance, you may get knocked down and left to lie there. dent on internal organization and efficiency;these, in Someone has said that we tend to overestimatewhat turn, are promoted by a good physical can be done in a year but underestimate what plan.. The pub- can be lic library standards recommend planningfor twenty done in five. Much advanced planning andthinking years, but large public libraries will remain constant must be done before the architect comes. Mr. Ran- longer than that. The Detroit Public Libraryopened ganathan delightfully labeled catalogingat source as its doors at its present location in 1921. Eightyears prenatal cataloging. I hopeyour building has a suffi- later the Catalog Department, for example,had ex- cient gestation period so thatyou have time to con- panded into alcoves in the adjacent stacks. Seven sider all the factors thatmay affect your procedures more years found the official and shelf list moved in the future and thus be able to planaccordingly. into the corridor. Continuous consolidationthrough- One of these factors is the LibraryServices and out the years since had jammed our desks together Construction Act. A new building, and hencea new like sardines in a can by last October whenwe moved. Technical Services Department,are perhaps more Today this time schedule of expansion isbeing assuredly in your future because of itspassage. repeated. Denver Public Library hasoutgrown its More importantly and more immediately, itmeans allotted space in six years. Though Kansas City more money for more books, and I do not need to tell (Missouri) Public Library has 4200square feet, it the Technical Services directors in this audience will soon need more. The Technical ServicesDe- what that means. But perhaps I should remindthe partment at the University of Houstonwas too small administrators present that they must providespace after two years. Recently I visiteda library one year and staff and that more abundantly. There isno such old whose Technical Services Departmentmust have thing as providing the Technical ServicesDepartment been too small on the day it moved in. It certainlyis with too much space. The standards recommend100- one year later. And this is a library where the librar- 150 square feet. Wheeler and Githensrecommended ian travelerl extensively for ideas and presumablydid that there be an allowance for a 50-percent expansion much advanced planning; where itwas when he laid of one's present staff. Is this unrealistic? Ithink out the floor plans for Technical Services I donot not. By what percentage has your librarygrown in know. This proves that it doesno good to plan 50 Technical Processing 51 meticulously if you do not follow through. This direc- But that is another speech. We cannot bury our tor must never complain about the costs of cataloging. heads in the sand, ostrich fashion, and expect only to 11;s administrative decisions in planning, which hare feel the breeze on our exposed posterior as it passes resulted in inefficient and inadequate worki 4 condi- by. Like a good journalist we must answer the what, tions, will be a large factor in the costs. how, when, where, and why in order to plot our new Textual material in the future may not necessar- building. How shall we automate? Shall we automate ily appear in book form. The Atomic Energy Com- everything or only order and serials? Here I might mission has announced that beginning in September, state that we should plan for what we need but not add 1965, its reports will appear only as 4 x 6 microfiche. fancy extras we do not need. Will our automation Will you catalog these? If so, will you need to pro- produce catalog cards or book catalogs? If book cat- vide various types of microform readers for your alogs, shall these be for the central library too or catalogers if those in the public areas will be inac- only for the branches and member libraries? Will cessible due to location or to heavy use? We now copies be sold? Will you have full electronic data have microfilms, microcards, microfiche, films, processing? Will it be based on disk storage of mag- phonograph records, tapes, and so on. What will the netic tape or on a file of punched cards? Then provi- future bring? sion must be made for equipment and space to store Another consideration in your advanced thinking 3 x 7 cards. Harry Bauer, in the Wilson Library Bul- is the future organizational and service pattern of letin, once accused us of having a 3 x 5 complex. your library. The standards for public libraries Now we can add a 3 x 7 complex. recommend larger units of service. Will your library We must depart from the traditional approach to be the central unit in a metropolitan, regional, or our problems, but on the other hand we are not going multicounty system? Then your Technical Services to throw out the baby with the bath water. Various operations will be affected. The number of titles to cataloging processes at the routine level will be aided be ordered and cataloged will increase, and the num- by mechanization. However, the intellectual processes ber of copies to be ordered and processed will multi- the choice of entries according to ALA rules, veri- ply in proportion to Lie libraries added to your fication of authors, assignment of subject headings system. and classification numberswill still be the function Regionalization means cooperation. In the future of the librarian though he or she may be working with we must do more than pay it lip service. The explo- an unwieldy 5 x 7 or 8 x 11 sheet instead of a 3 x 5 sion in knowledge, the specialization of this knowl- slip. edge, and the speed of communicating it mean that we Ralph Parker has stated that librarians of the must cooperate in the housing and processing of it. future will have little direct contact with the ma- Perhaps your library will purchase one or two sub- chines. Others would have us using video consoles jects in depth while a neighboring library will stress with key-punch input, light pencils, teleprocessing another area of knowledge. This may require more terminals with dial and dataphones, teletypes, fac- catalogers with particular skills. The cataloging or simile transmission, and so on. Audio input of nu- indexing information of these cooperatively acquired merical data is only a year away, and audio output is items must be interchangeable. What form will it here now. take: accession lists, bibliographies, catalog cards? Computers have been viewed by some as only This input and output problem leads to the dis- glorified slide rules, while others have endowed them cussion of another aspect to your advanced planning with man- or even godlike qualities.I suspect the and that is mechanization. This is the $64 question. truth lies somewhere in between. Computers, how- It is the one which must be answered by any library ever, are stupid until told wh:t to do. It is we in planning to build in the future, for it affects all your Technical Services who are ,;oing to tell them what to procedures and organization. The critical part is to do. Catalogers, already a scarce commodity and in evaluate the influence of miniaturization and of elec- great demand, are going to be in even greater aemand. tronic transmission systems on your future opera- Henry Ford's assembly line created more jobs, not tions. Form follows function, but we are now having less.I have never been afraid of unemployment. to give form to unknown functions. Automation is Richard Shoemaker of Rutgers, in the Southeastern here and is inevitable. I admit I get tired of trying to Librarian for Spring, 1964, stated that we once keep up with the literature and to sift the wheat from chained or locked in cages books that were considered the chaff.I am not interested in the plethora of words valuable or fearsome, and he suggested that catalog- written on paper operations and how wonderful it is ers, being valuable or fearsome or both, should also all going to be. I am not interested in a status sym- be chained or locked up before they were lured to bol. I want to read honest appraisals about real, live richer or more persuasive libraries. Now there is operations so that I can analyze their value in my own an interesting sidelight on advanced planning! procedures. I am disturbed about references to com- Technical services are going not only to grow but promises made to accommoe lie the machine. I cer- also to get noisier in the process. This suggests sep- tainly do not approve of the perpetuation of inefficient arate quarters for the machinery. Humans may be methods, but I believe that the machine should do our smarter than machines, but they will put up with a lot bidding, not we bend to the will of the machine. more in their physical surroundings and working 52 PUBLIC LIBRARY SESSIONS

conditions. The machine is more particular, though vania State University Acquisitions Department." I the present third generation of computers has become have paraphrased their statement: more tolerant. Transistors have replaced vacuum tubes, and further microminiaturization by solid state The traditional library organizational pattern technology has reduced the weight and heat of comput- may not be adequate in an automated system. ers. Fifty pounds per square foot is the present re- Most technical service divisions are organized quirement. A raised floor is optional, according to along the lines of the operation performed:ac- one IBM man, since the arrangement of the equipment quisitions, cataloging, serials, binding, etc. A allows the cables to be laid out of the way, but another computer oriented system may work more effi- holds that it is best to raise or depress the floor to ciently if it is form orientedbooks separated house the cables. The amount of air conditioning and from periodicals, serials, etc. A book isa one humidity comfortable for humans is now acceptable purchase transaction which is cataloged as a unit to the machines-60*-80° Fahrenheit and 40-60 0/0 and goes on the shelf as a unit. A periodical isa humidity. The present hardware is also equipped continuing type of transaction that theoretically with acoustical covers so that no extra soundproofing has no ending and must be handled at predeter- is needed. mined periodic intervals. Serials too are contin- If you plan to mechanize, allow 800 square feet uing but somewhat irregular. These factors for the computer and peripheral equipment. This will unit transactions, continuity, and irregularity allow for expansion. The fourth generation in 1970 are essential factors in computer utilization. will undoubtedly be smaller. The key-punch opera- Organization of work flow and programming by tions should be in a separate room. So, too, should form allow for addition of other forms, such as the supervisor and the programmer. The machine Technical Reports, for example, later without operator can have a desk inside or just outside the disrupting the system. This is done by designing data processing center. There should be a conduit a separate system for each form. This does not outside the building leading to the room so that exter- necessarily mean that Technical Service Depart- nal storage machines in Washington or elsewhere can ments need be physically reorganized in an ori- be tapped. If you wish to make the center a show entation. Records will be handled differently but place, use glass walls. output can be integratedone listing of all forms Any automatic equipment installed today must or separate forms.' have several capabilities. It must be compatible, so that libraries can cooperate and exchange information The data processing program suggested by IBM via punched cards, tapes, teletype, or whatever the for the Detroit Public Library is a progressive one future holds, or we will be back where we are now, beginning with our present equipment: an 026 key all repeating the same jobs in different locations. It punch, 514 reproducer, 557 interpreter, 085 and 077 must be capable of sending and receiving catalog in- collators, and an 082 sorter (650 cards a minute), and formation to and from the Library of Congress. At adding a 407 accounting machine renting for $800 a Detroit we do 40-50 percent of original cataloging, month. This would be a card-file system, printing but if the Library of Congress can increase this cov- upper case only, mechanizing our orders and serials. erage, I want to be able to get it. And let us not kid It would progress to a card-based system using a ourselves that we can precatalog all the materials we 360/20 model renting for $2500 a month. This would, order. The original input at ordering time must be in addition, produce book pockets and labels, and cat- correctable at cataloging time alog cards in both upper and lower case, alphabetized The universities seem each to be riding its own in filing order. A final stage could be a 360/30 at horse its separate way. Perhaps they can afford this. $5000 a month with both a card and a disk storage. In They have computer complexes on their campuses to the beginning we would add to our staff a supervisor which they have access, and maybe e% en student pro- and a programmer at $9000 and $7000 respectively. grammers and research funds. But public libraries We already have an operator, 2 key-punch operators, have no such luxury and are bound by city budgets. and a clerk-typist for our circulation control. This We need to pull together rather than compete. I staff would increase as the operation increased. would like to see the American Library Association Since automation creates jobs, your budgets will never or the public libraries or both furnish leadership in be less but more. thi. area. We must analyze and devise the procedures In the literature on the planning of library build- best suited for public library operations and then sug- ings, the Technical Services Departments have been gest the hardware to carry out these tasks. Electronicsadly neglected. The chapter by Wheeler and Githens data processing (EDP) requires standardization and in their book The American Public Library Building uniformity, but let us devise these for the sake of the efficiency of our operations, not for the sake of the IThomas Minder and Gerald Lazorick, "Automation of the machine. Pennsylvania State University Acquisitions Department," in Minder and Lazorick have suggested the follow- American Documentation Institute, Automation and Scientific ing in their paper on the "Automation of the Pennsyl- Communication (Washington, D.C., 1963), p.456. Technical Processing 53 and the paper by Robert A. Miller on "Technical and official catalog. In the shipping room, books are Administrative Functions in the Library" presented opened and invoiced on the line, placed on a piece of at the Building Institute in 1946 are still valid. There masunite, then pushed through a window into process- is an article by Maurice Tauber in the Summer, 1960, ing. After work on the books is completed, they ar- issue of Southeastern 'Ablation. Little else exists. rive back in shipping through another window at the However, the suggestions in the literati.re on other end of the line and are distributed into agency library buildings are applicable to us. The first step boxes for delivery. In processing new materials it is in planning is to write a program which is a statement well to have on one level the loading dock, the receiv- of your philosophy and goalsyour purpose, scope, ing area, and space for unpacking, invoicine_ catalog- and functionand the requirements for carrying out ing and classification, preparatiun, mending. The your goals. The factors I have discussed so far must more that steps of the work progresson one level be considered in this planning. Make a detailed check- and on wheelsin logical order with no backtracking, list of all the tasks now performed and to be performedthe more units of work will be performed per man- and the requirements of each as to staff, space, and hour. Horizontal access is cheaper than vertical equipment. Analyze your procedures and do not move access. an inefficient or outmoded practice into a new build- The second phase of a building prog.-am, after the ing. The new building may allow you to do an old job planning, is the prelirninary sketchthe architect's a new way. The organization chart resulting from graphic transl-slion of your program. You now see the this should reveal your work flow and the inters ela- location and shape given your quarters. You should tionships of the various sections in your department. check its location in relation to shipping, administra- Your program should also show your need for tive office, business office, public catalog, and other proximity to the card catalog, bibliographical tools, depar..inents and the sections of your department to and business office. Involve the staff. Visit libraries one another. Your work space must be planned fo: and learn their good and bad features. Be imaginative. maximum economy and efficiency. As stated in the Frank Lloyd Wright once stated that a building grows public library standards: "Efficient planning is obvi- out of conditions as a plant grows out of the soil. We ously difficult if the work is physically hampered. must see that the soil is rich and fertile. Poor lighting results in a slow-down in work and in- Following is a suggestive, though incomplete, creased error, too little equipment causes unneces- checklist. I have already mentioned microform sary handling of materials, crowding decreases readers. Do you need a phonograph with earphones concentration and increases irritation, poor machines for the record cataloger? We have one. Once we produce poor work, distances between work-related even had a music cataloger who had permission to areas mean wasted time and energy, and traffic through use the piano in the auditorium!I do not recommend a work room brings confusion and disruption." Keep a piano, but it illustrates that you must consider many these points in .nind and be critical. Watch particu- things. Electric typewriten:. Copying and duplicating larly for traffic from outside the department. equipment. Pasting machines. Shelving on all the Blueprints look impossible, but if you focus and wall space. Work tables. Trucks. Posture chairs. take them slow and easy, instead of trying to under- Telephones. Do you want jacks in the catalog cases? stand them in crie glance, they are not too difficult. We have them in our catalog. Storage space Make a layout of the space. Cut pieces of furniture for suppliesthey can look messy on the shelves. Do and equipment to scale and push them around. It is you want this to be a closet? A sink nearby. time well spent. I used a different color for each Plenty of electrical outlets. category, e.g., clerk desks, catalogers' desks, official, The flow of work should follow an assembly-line shelf list, and so on. Then I knew what I was locking pattern. As a matter of fact, I recommend an assem- at. Trying different arrangements shows the best bly line itselfbe it roller, roller skate, or conveyor utilization of space and supervisory control. If you belt.It saves much tiring and wasteful lifting. In were lucky enough to get extra space, do not lay it this geographical area both the Wayne County Library out. It will be easier then to expand it in the future. and the Detroit Public Library operate assembly There should be a minimum of fixed walls to al- lines.If you visit the Public Library, may I caution low for maximum flexibility. Since the mechanical you that we are still experimenting with work meth- and technological discoveries of the age will necessi- ods, layout of desks and supplies, and the like. Maybe tate changes in procedure and room arrangement, one you can give us some ideas. We like our line very should plan for the most usable simplicity. much and want to make it even better. It is 1'U "- As a final check you should do some role playing. shaped, with the straight end that closes the "U" being Wear several hatsthat of the Technical Services located in the shipping room. Yes, our processing director, the chief of the separate departments under section is next to shipping, though it is two floors and you, one of the order librarians, one of the catalogers, a half a block away from the rest of the department. clerks, and Lo onand mentally move through their I worried about this, but supervision is no prob- tasks and spot unnecessary walking, backtracking, or lem. The staff is too busy to need supervision. There repetition. Most important, pretend you are a book. is some inconvenience in its being so far from the This is, after all, our stock in trade. Does the book 54 PUBLIC LIBRARY SESSIONS follow an orderly route from shipping carton to the never regretted it. On the othe. hand, do not have too shelf? If so, you have it made. Advanced planning many windows. Kansas City, Missouri, has two glass requires more than a superficial overview. It is walls and so loses that much shelving. drudgery to study your problem, develop new meth- I have an interior room and iiiu.ke a few ods, and assemble necessai y data to clarify your comments un thut. A 9 -foot ceiling creates no hard- wishes to the planner and the architect. But does not ships as far as I can see. Our walls are white, and everything worthwhile require work? with four walls of shelving some of the starkness is Flom these working sketches come the detailed relieved. I v,ould recommend a slight tint of color, blueprints. This is your last chance before the men- however. Pale yellow or pale peach are suggested tal image becomes mortar. You should check for the for interior rooms. My office is pale blue and is following: Is there an acoustical ceiling? What kind more restful. Another touch of color could be used of floor covering? A soundproof room for equipment? in the book trucks. One writer suggested fire-engine Do the doors have thresholds (remember trucks can- red, Mediterranean blue, and so on. I like this. Each not pass over them easily)? Where are the elevators? department could ha%e its owu color which would also Are there booklifts? If sc, will they hold a truck? identify ownership. The Technical Services Depart- Otherwise there will be much lifting of books off and ment should not be neglected in the interior decora- onto a waist-high lift. Are there horizontal conveyors tion. Color and decorative features will improve or vertical bookveyors? Are they located so that you morale. I am a firm believer in the Scandinavian car. make use of them? Are there plenty of electrical formula of beautiful things for everyday. and phone outlets? Where are they located? Where I have mentioned nothing about b:nding. You are the shelves? Where are the light switchesare provide for mending and repair, pamphlet bind- they centralized or are they on several walls? How ing, bookplates, plastikleering, and the like, but if you much traffic through your room (there should really do not have a bindery, the best advice is not to start be none)? Do not overlook the factor of human engi- one. The costs are high both in equipment and in neering. Francis McCarthy, in his paper at the union-scale wages. Buildings Institute in 1961, had some charts in space In closing I am reminded of an incident that hap- needed for browsing, bending, pulling out trays, and pened in our Language and Literature Departmt_nt a other activities which you may find interesting and few years ago. My friend on duty had a telephone re- helpful.2 quest from a lady who was giving a dinner party and About lighting I have no advice, except to avoid wanted the menu in French. She should have been glare and contrast. The footcandle discussion has satisfied with English as it turned out, but they got found no agreement among illuminating engineers, along fine until they came to green beans, haricots. architects, librarians, and ophthalmologists. I would "H" as in Henry; "a" as in Alice; "r" as in Robert; hold out for windows and for north light if possible. I "i" as in Ida; "c" as in Charles. Here the difficulty claim, but have no proof, that artificial light is better began. The patron could not understand the "c". for the eyes if it is mixed with natural light.I have Other words were tried, and since she might under- some support from Robert O'Cxmor, New York ar- stand better something having to do with cooking, she chitect, who stated that there are both psychological was told "c" as in cabbage, celery, cucumbers.By and physiological advantages to such a mixture. Den- this time the patron had obviously forgotten the rea- ver Public Library insisted on north light and has son for the recital of vegetables and sternlyannounced: "Young lady, I did not ask you for cucumbers. I asked you for beans." Mr. Wright asked fcradvanced plan- =Francis J. McCarthy, "Human Mechanics in Relation to Equipment," in American Library Association, Librtry Ad- ning. I am not sure either he or you got what you ministration Division, Maiming Library Buziaings for Service, wanted, but nevertheless I thank you for your attention ed. by Barold L. Roth (Chicago: A.L.A., 1964), p.27-37. and your time. BUILDING PLANS PRESENTATION OF PLANS AND CRITIQUES Librarian:IFilliam L. Emerson Architect:A. Quincy Jones Critic:Roger B. Francis Director, South Bend Public Library, South Bend, Indiana

PALOS VERDES LIBRARY DISTRICT OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY Rolling Hills Estates, California

WILLIAM L. EMERSON of Public Libraries were used as a basic guide. In The new facility planned as the main library for addition to shedding the proverbial blood, sweat, and the Palos Verdes library district is in the major tears, I plagiarized shamelessly, as often as possi- shopping center of the district which is, fortuitously, ble, from the fine building programs developed by also close to the geographic center of the district. Cass Perry for Burbank, Ray Holt for Pomona, and This shopping center is within the city limits of the Al Lake for Riverside. city of Rolling Hills Estates, one of the three incor- The final program developed a plan for a 48,000- porated cities lying within the district. square -foot facility on two levels of 24,000 square Under the educational code of the State of Cali- feet each. This gross figure included a 10,000 - fornia, there are possibilities for four different types square -foot area on one level for interior parking for of public library districts to be formed. We were bookmobile and staff. The program as developed incorporated in 1958 under what is the Unincorpo- proposed seating for approximately 215 persons at rated Towns and Villages Act of 1909. There were tables and carrels, and lounge seating in various less than 400 people in the district. There were no areas for 40 persons. The building was to have a incorporated cities. There are now three incorpo- book capacity of 175,000. The program stressed rated cities within our district, and there :s also a very strongly that the two paramount considerations great deal of unincorporated county territory. The were flexibility and the possibility of expansion at the district operates under a three- man board. The least possible cost and inconvenience. It also stated members are elected by the people of the district in that, ideally, a one-level structure would be best a special election. The board is he taxing authority. since it is much easier to move stafL, materials, and The library- experience formulas presented in public horizontally than vertically. This ideal how- Wheeler and Goldhor's book Practical Administration ever, did not seem possible. Under California law, even though the library district was a completely separate governmental STATISTICAL DATA jurisdiction, it would have to conform to the require- ments set by the city of Rolling Hills Estates for off- Architects: A. Quincy Jones and Frederick E. Emmonsstreet parking if the library were to be constructed Type of library: Public librarycentral building in that city. There was no question that the shopping Population to be served: 45,000; projectedto 80,000- center was the best location and, indeed, a survey for 100,000 the district in 1960 by Edwin Castagna also picked Area: 36,000 square feet this center as the best location for a main library for Book capacity: 175,000 volumes the district. Seating capacity: 255 Besides the interior parking area allocated on Cost: $1,374,535 (estimated) one level for staff and bookmobile parking, the pro- Equipment: $126,000 (estimated) gram stressed that off-street parking for an absolute Building: $1,007,719 (estimated) minimum of 100 cars was mandatory. That more Site development: $42,313 (estimated) than this might be necessary became apparent in Fees: $73,502 (estimated) early, informal discussion with the planning commis- Library nzaterials: $125,000 (estimated) sion of the city of Rolling Hills Estates. At one Cost per square fool: $19.53 meeting their planning adviser stated:"It is

55 56 PUBLIC LIBRARY SESSIONS

generally thought that a suitable parkingrequirement covered parking stalls, will be used by thestaff. The for libraries is vise parking space for each 200to other elements on this level are additionalmechani- 300 square feet of floorarea. Therefore, a library cal equipment, telephone equipment,custodial stor- having a floor area of 40,000 square feet shouldpro- age, and a service area. There is alsospace for a vide between 134 and 200 parking spaces? 000kmobile. At this point I summedup the program for the On the main level, from the entranceside, there architect. The district had an 80,000 square-foot are stairs that lead down to a patio 3 1/2 feet and site. A library was needed with approximately into an entry court. The entry court and thecourt- 35,000-40,000 square feet of floorspace. There yard garden are under a roof. Thesame roof that needed to be off-street parking fora bookmobile houses the multipurpose room houses both theentry and for 25-30 staff members. Parking forthe pub- court and the courtyard garden. Directlyin front of lic required an absolute minimum of 100spaces and the lobby is the circulation desk. There willbe a preferably 150-200 spaces. The buildingmust be turnstile with one person operating it, but underpeak highly flexible and have the possibility ofexpansion loads two people may operate it. At thesame point is to about 45,000-50,000 square feet withminimum the entrance to the children'sarea. cost and inconvenience. Finally,an ideal library The children's area has a story-hourspace that has all services, public and technical,on one level. takes one full module. The module in thiscase is 27 With these restrictions and admonitions, Igave the feet in both directions at thesquare, and the reason program to the architect and waited fearfully for the for selecting 27 feet is the result oftwo different solution. factors: Mr. Emerson and I visitedsome libraries in the Southern California area andwe found lesser modules, but we thought it was better to spread A. QUINCY JONES the columns as far as we could. The 27 feet workswell Land costs in Californiaare a very crucial con- with the parking situation; we get threecars per bay. sideration. $5 a squaw foot has alreadybeen quoted. It works well, also, with the stack and the furniture By providing parking for 72cars under the building, spacing. 88 cars on the roof, and 40cars on the surface, the In the story-hour area of the children'sroom cost amounts to $1,500-$2,000per car. Roof parking are sliding partitions which slide back so that two is accessible from a rampon the west side of the thirds of each of those walls open to the children's building. An elevator connects the roofparking area area. The one third that is closed is the end of the to the parking lot at the basementor lower parking tiers where the children can be seated above the level. From any of the parking levelsthere is a person telling the story. maximum distance of 100 feet to the elevator. Just inside the lobby there isa roll-down parti- The library has only one entrance. Thereare tion that can close off the complete libraryso that exits required by fire regulations, but theywill be if the multipurpose room is used ata time when the designed and installed ina manner so that a signal rest of the :ibrary is not functioning, there will be will go off if anybody uses them whenthey are not complete security. supposed to be used. Between the circulation desk and the workrooms The mechanical equipment is in the rear of the behind it are three sections of 4-foot bookcases di- roof parking area. To prevent this building fromlook- vided in the middle. As booksare returned, they can ing as if it were a parking garage or somethingother be put on a 4-foot unit and, as the shelfbecomes full, than a library, we have planneda 5-foot parapet it is swiveled to the workroom. The emptyshelves, around the perimeter of the parking levelwhich is 5 in turn, become available to the circulation-desk feet above the upper street and 40 feetabove the side. lower street so that the onlycars visible will be seen On this level are the staff offices, thelibrarian's by looking up the entryramp or exit ramp. Other- office, and the assistant librarian's andbusiness wise the cars will not be visible from thestreets. office next to that. A conferenceroom is adjacent to The multipurpose room is the only two-story the staff facilities so that the kitchen coffeefacility element, and that is accessible fromthe parking works either way. The elevator from the lower level level although it is not intended to beaccessible to is convenient to tha receivingarea. The corridor the public. There is a door that leadsto the balcony adjacent to the elevator is about 7 1/2 feet wide. across the two-story element. The balcony will be Thus there is room to leave material herebefore it used as a projection area for showing 16mmor goes on into the technical services area. 35mm film or 2 1/4-inch slides. We donot want to get involved in the problem of a projectionroom. Moving past the public spaces or the library ROGER B. FRANCIS spaces down to the lower level is the walkway, which One comment the architect made is that the will be paved differently from the rest ofthe garage parapet on the roof would cut off the view of thecars and will lead to the garage. Most of the covered so that the building would not look like a parking parking, I would say some 30 or 40spaces of the 72 garage. I think you can readily gather that it does Building Plans and Critiques 57

0

0 0

a

4

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t.ENTRY COURT 2. COURT YARD 3. PARKING FOR 40 CARS TOTAL PAR1CtNg.200 CARS

0 20 40 SCALE 11AR Std

Site plan, Central Library, Palos Verdes Library District, California

FSECTION

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UPPER PORTION MULTI PURPOSEPURPOSE PARKING FOR 88 CARS MECHANICAL ROOM TOTAL PARKINC.200 CARS EQOIFMENT ROOM

A SUCTION SUCTION At

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Roof-level plan, Central Library, Palos Verdes Library District, California IDaacrsolt

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CALU051ill0=Tal0M1 Lower-level plan, Central Library, Palos Verdes Library District, California

rSi CTION SECTION r ...... 64...::11Ii':.:1 I 1 4 STAFF1 I Fr ACILITIES RAMP .S'TORY ADMINISTRATION... DRIVE 'HOUR .---.. F4 I4 I 1 a .51 1'14;1 .1 .COURTYARD: ..LCHILDREN'S AREA READING AND STACK AREA . . 94:11:a EN; . . - 4 4; . .414 14 .

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FMULTI PURPOSE I Room I 10 . 2 1 4" 1 1 I I i1_14CARD 3 at LI 1 CATALOG I LOBBY CIRCVLATIO REFERENCE ECi-INICAL 4A as CTION SEFIVICES SECTION 44 1 12I 1 ...... A * -77

B SECTION sacreoJta B ICR tt I FILM

4 " a a 1. WORK ROOM 2. TYPING STUD'j' ROOM 3. LOCAL HISTORY 4. OFFICE 6. STAFF CONFdRENCE 6. REST ROOM 7 PERIODICALAREA ADULT NONFICTION AREA 7. STAFF ROOMI a a 11111111.11.. a. ELEVATOR 81. , SCRVICII ELEVATO O. STORAGE I AUD°C. 1 10. BOOK RETURA VISUAL 11. CHARGE OUT AREA 42. RETURN 13. BICYCLE RACK 't 111.

1.11.11,17! 0 10 20 1.0$icrioN SCALE Main-level plan, Central Library, Palos Verdes Library District, California Building Plans and Critiques 59 not look like a parking garage nor does it look like an service the catalog department above. If the book- office building.It is quite a lovely building as far as mobile is parked in the garage with the overhead the exterior design is concerned. doors closed, deliveries will have to be made to the Probably .dl L.f you are concerned about the park- main entrance and even go on down the elevator. ing facilities. This problem, of course, is something I saw nothiin the building plan suggesting that that the library can do nothing about. We all have coin telephones be installed. These might be these situations develop. It is of academic interest, placed in the entrance lobby near the elevator where perhaps, but if you figure the cost per square foot for there is a solid wall. People in the multipurpose the library operation it comes to about $34 a square room at night, when the library is closed, may need foot to get the library surface and also have parking to make some calls. The building program did men- for 200 cars. The total square-foot area is a more tion coin-operated lockers. This is the other coin reasonable figure of S19 a square foot, but the park- device I think might be useful in this building. ing facility as far as we librarians are concerned is The circulation desk, as you heard, has shelving extraneous. The city fathers, however, have some on a swivel so that it can be turned arcund. I thought other ideas and, of course, the library has to con- this feature quite unusual. It will be interesting to form. see how it develops. The one who thought this up The architect spoke about the building program should receive credit if it works. that the librarian submitted. It was a very complete In the building program mention was made of a document. Bill Emerson quite honestly confessel he community conference room, but I do not see one in borrowed material from other building programs. If the building plan other than the multipurpose room. you are contemplating a building and beginning a If, as the building program states, the library is to building program, I would suggest you read the Palos be a community center, I think this is an omission Verdes building program, because it is quite com- you may regret. Our experience in South Bend may plete, quite thorough. It starts out with philosophical be of interest. We planned a couple of small com- ideas about what libraries are to achieve. It defines munity meeting rooms, and as of now we could use far certain essential goals the librarian wanted to accom- more than we provided for. On the other hand, our plish and then goes into the details of the building sizable auditorium is not used as much as we antici- itself. pated. If the need in your community is for small com- The building is laid out in very pleasant sur- munity meeting rooms rather than for a large com- roundings. I would like to see it nearer the street, munity room that is fine, Ix._ I noticed the absence of but this is the way the architect has proposed it and the community meeting room which the building pro- this is his prerogative. However, I do question the gram specified. manner of entrance from the street, in that you walk Let. us now turn to the technical processing area. down a short flight of stairs, then turn left and go This room is 27 feet wide and 90 feet long.It seems under a covered entryway. It would seem to me more to me to be a very long and narrow room, especially acceptable to have protecticn from rain .:dl the way, since the building program says that the shelf list by coming directly under the covered way and into the should be centrally located. Wherever it is located, entry without making a left turn to get under the cov- it is going to be a pretty long trek for members of the ered area. The building program did ask not to have staff from either end. steps, but steps are included in the plans. In the administrative area, the conference room I am not going to comment about the garage. has a door leading into the staff lounge. This arrange- This is an accomplished fact. Just one question I ment is very convenient as far as getting materials would like to raise because this was raised with me for ..he coffee breaks for the staff. But the other door when I presented our building in Kansas City a num- would seem more logically placed leading into the ad- ber of years ago, and I was glad it was raised. The ministrative area rather than into a corridor because, question to my mind is the division of the custodial I presume, it will be the librarian and the staff that storage area, which is supposed to be a custodian will be coming in rather than the public from the area and workshop. If the custodian is also respon- public area. sible for the mechanical equipment, I wonder if those The building program pointed out that we are in a two areas should not be closer together rather than mechanical and electronic age and that the library separated as they are. should be liberally supplied with electrical outlets. I would also point out that the elevator is to With that I heartily agree. PRESENTATION OF PLANS Librarian:Edward B. Hayward Architect:August J. ignelzi Critic:Charles E. Dab-3,7)11)k Director, Bennett Martin Public Library, Lincoln, Nebraska

HAMMOND PUBLIC LIBRARY Hammond, Indiana

EDWARD B. HAYWARD present Main Library is a Carnegie building located Hammond, Indiana, is a cluster of industrial es- in the original central park. It was constructed in tablishments and residential neighborhoods seg- 1903 when the population was about 14,000. Fourteen mented by the lines of nine railroads and several of the twenty-eight full-time staff positions areas- limited-access expressways feeding into Chicago signed to the Main Library. The library is organized thirty miles to the west. The population is diverse according to service function with four departments: in national and ethnic origin, in type of occupation adult services, child services, technical processes, and place of work, and transitory in length of resi- and administration. dence. It is a predominantly young population, 37 The building and relocation of a new Main Li- percent under eighteen years of age, with a median brary on a prominent site extending between two age of only twenty-eight years. The amount of main downtown streets present an opportunity to formal education and 'wilily income is highcom- provide a public building which will set standards in pared to other United States cities comparable in site planning, design, and construction. The site is size. There are six large high schools in the city. of adequate size and appropriate shape. It ison one Many college- age residents attend the regional of the two main shopping streets, near thenew main campuses of Purdue University, Indiana University, post office, two banks, and the principal department and St. Joseph College. The principal business dis- store. trict comprises about twelve blocks on the east-west The assignment given the architect was to plana axis near the Illinois state line, but there are sev- building of approximately 55,000 square feet with the eral. other sizable retail centers within the city provision for future expansion to as much as 85,000 limits. square feet. A limiting factor was a bond issue The Hammond Public Library system is made up which used all the present legal bonding power of of a main library and eleven staffed branch libraries, the library. five of which are located in elementary schools. The Maximum flexibility was desired in order to allow for changing and growing patterns of service. STATISTICAL DA TA Service areas were to be located at ground levelas much as possible. Room for large and smallgroup Architect: Besozzi, Carpenter & Ignelzi activities was to be provided. The building was to Type of library: Public library main building house the administrative, processing, and library Population to be served: 111,698; projected to materials storage functions for the system. The 243,000 need for visual supervision of ser-ice areas witha Area: 60,00G square feet minimum of personnel was stressed. The desirabil- Book capacity: 7.50,000 volumes ity of locating work areas adjacent to the service Seating capacity: 205 activities supported was pointed out. Cost: $1,500,000 The architect was asked to consider the design Equipment: $150,000 implications of the following policies: The bulk of Building: $1,050,805 the collection is relatively new and frequently loaned Site purchase and development: $224,195 books and unbound periodicals. The library strives Fees: $75,000 to promote the use of materials and services, select- Cost per square foot: $17.50 (construction cost) ing different subject areas and specific titles for

60 Building Plans and Critiques 61

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Architect's rendering, Main Library, Hammond Public Library, Hammond, Indiana

QA Architectural Arts display, publicity, and group discussion. As many Indiana limestone, a split- stone veneer pattern. items as possible should be readily available to The columns and deep overhang, or facia, are to be different individuals and groups. Control of users trimmed with machine-finished smooth Indiana lime- should be effected as much as possible by the pro- stone. Spandrels at the two-story level will be in vision of adequate separate areas for different types black cleft slate. The deep overhang is intended to of use and users, by appropriate acoustic and visual eliminate direct sunlight on the glass. The building treatment, and by limitation of egress to one or two height from grade to roof line will be 26 feet. The points past a check-out desk. No subject departmen- building is designed to provict-! ingress and egress talization was defined. without steps. Because of the relatively large number of Ham- The proposed program called for 55,000 square mond residents of high school and college age and the feet. The building will contain 60,000 square feet, location of the Ma,in Library near two large high with a future third floor to provide an additional schools, special provisions will need to be made to 20,000 square feet. Providing a full basement in- try to meet the needs of this group and at the same creases the square footage to 60,000 square feet. time give adequate space and service to people from The frame of the building will be constructed or business and industry, downtown shoppers, ...etired reinforced concrete, flat slab, and columns poured in people, and other segments of the library's public. place. Bay area will measure 20 feet by 20 feet square. Width of the building will be 100 feet by 200 feet in length. Two main entrances are provided at AUGUST J. IGNELZI each side in the center of the building. The two en- The building will be located on a new site 250 trances are designed exactly alike. feet by 230 feet, with additional area for parking 81 The building is a general-office type and de- feet by 118 feet. The site is located in the downtown signed on a module. Our experience is that a 5-foot area and fronts on two one - way streets: State Street module is most satisfactory. The module runs per- is one of the most important streets in town and is pendicular and horizontal to the walls and is de- oae.-way going west; Sibley Street is one-way, going signed to compensate for changing requiremeats. east. The building is to be located in the center of The module is taken into consideration for lighting, the property providing parking on each side. People air conditioning, and heating. Lighting is to run in will enter the building at the two main entrances one direction. under drive-up canopies at the east and the west The children's department is at street level with sides of the building. its own entrance and easy access for adult patrons, Exterior walls will be faced with a gray-buff with a capacity of 10,800 volumes. A drive-up book 62 PUBLIC LIBRARY SESSIONS return and pickup is provided along the east drive so from the standpoint of the public library user,from that books can be returned during closed hours orto the standpoint of the librarystaff, and from the an attendant when staffed. standpoint of the architect. The meeting room will have a seating capacityof I think part of the reason that I wasasked to building is because 150 plus.It will be used for lectures, films, and offer criticism on this particular small community meetings and be provided with the kind of building we have atLincoln is similar to film-projection equipment. Both library-sponsored the one planned in Hammondin that it is like a mer- activities and appropriate community programswill chandising operation with an open-store-front ap- be accommodated here. There will be a stage with a pearance and with maximum easeof entrance. storage area behind it for chairs and otherequipment. I am concerned, first, with thelocation of the The service entrance is-located at theshipping two entrances and with the fact that there aretwo and receiving room connected with the elevator ser- entrances. It might be confusing as to which en- vicing the second floor and basement. Thecircula- trance to approach. Also, the parking lots are on tion .desk is about 20 feet long andprovides complete both sides away from the building ana thewalk is control of those entering and leaving thebuilding. adjacent to the building. This permits only a partial The popular reading room will contain22,000 vol- view of the main entrance.It is difficult to see im- umes. The adult service office islocated in the mediately where you are going when you arewalking center, and the audio center, a separatesmoking up or down either of the streets. room, and the card catalogs arelocated directly in A patron may enter the building on eitherside. front of the circulation desk. Upon entering he is 40 feet from the circulationdesk. The adult reference area with a capacityof There is no indication that all of the major functions 19,000 volumes will be serviced by a booklift leading take place at this deskthe registrationand informa- to the basement below and to the periodicalslocated tion service that might be useful to him indetermin- directly above cn the second floor. In this areathere ing where to go. will be microfilm readers and a room forpublic typ- The auto pickup window is an interestingconcept ing which will be treated to controlsound. that might be adapted a little better to publicservice The second floor, which will also be20,000 functions. The patron, in order to use this, has to square feet, will consist of theadministrative offices park his car, get out and walk to the pickupwindow, at the south half and the student area atthe north half perform his transaction, and return to his car.At with a capacity of 11,400 volumes.Around the center any time he is either atalmost equal distance to a open area or balcony is thegallery for exhibits and main entry or closer to a main entry if he isparked displays with the two main stairs entering this area. on the same side as the pickupwindow. There is no Along the east, west, and partial north wall the pickup window on the other side so that hewould open area will form a balcony10 feet wide or one have to circle the building to use this pickupfacility half a bay. The exterior walls will extend22 feet in after the library was closed. He can make a circle height. The periodical area will be servicedby a of the building on the drives. page and will contain six yearsof unbound issues. The smoking room and the audio center might Other periodicals will be kept in the basement or be relocated. The smoking area might verywell be microfilmed. located in the vestibule area. The vestibules are The basement will provide a capacity ofabout large, and the benches would make it easy for it to 106,000 volumes. The classroom librarycollection be used for smoking, thus reserving spacefor some is located there near the elevator. Book liftsrise to additional function. the first and second floors, and a circularstair leads I would suggest an audio center that wouldin- to the circulation work area on the firstfloor. clude films and recordings. There should be some opportunity for simple preview and selection and consultation with a librarian. I think I would convert CHARLES E. DALRYMPLE this area to work area and office and a small en- Although I will not analyze the concept of service closed workroom. Similarly, on the other side ofthe that the librarian proposes, I do thinkit is appropri- building where there is a typing room and microfilm ate to suggest that we are in acondition of flux so far center, I believe that microfilm usage wouldbest be as public library services areconcerned. A great accomplished in a semiclosed area. As it is, I be- deal of attention is paid to cooperative serviceswith lieve the intent is that the center room is actuallythe the public schools in Hammond. This is awell- service area for all of these functions. I would an- established practice. With the $100,000,000 grant ticipate that at some time in the future therewould that is being made for automating school resources, be less student reference service, morebusiness a predictioi, can be madethat we are going to have and technical service, and probably a servicedesk some changing functions in anypublic library. prominently located in this area. In going over these plans I visited withEd and The main meeting room is a difficult place to we went carefully into the detailsof the operation. get to. There is no free access from theoutside. I will analyze these plans from three pointsof view; One must enter through one of the main entrances 0110 O 10. AO 0' V / 10 +- 4 I 00. 0" (;) 110%04 0 aiiiiii =ow swat.5.1 . a a awe sows I I 1.1114-ir litlijoarit 41 0 l/kaWttilILL t I IV 41 A .:21. ": VP say I la AI . -I I I *MI I J. 16 t F 1 LIP ON 44191412"CenH "t1 ; 7 ; 2. ; ; W. 0-- I I L 4,, a sJ I M. IVADOW11 AREA -I L! 1 I ; U1 I-1-1141 i fill 11:=14144:' Si4 ILL:: 1 1I f r; I ON -- r1.. e J... HammOnd Public Library, Hammond, Indiane , - 0 -R r Architect:Librarian: Edward B, Hayward Besozzi,Main Carpenter Floor Plan & Igneizi i Main-floor plan, Hammond Public. Library, Hammond, Indiana CAI "-t 6.12b 4 10 '.o OM. AO 00 110'. 0 -4. Cr) g t00% p OMNI I MM. OM. te Ps - 410.6.9. 412=226311114 g - 0. ' " 4F- . .rtillir741117-4L,MV tfg °-1."-*" in- t-i ON 4 . I 0 [il C:3 :13 4. 1111 111 III 1111 t>, 6 ,66 -- TECANIC4.1. rh 1=3 romans : 1 arr.. ammo -4:1111Iizti.....147:4-311 I4 I 1100011W61. 10 14 00.4 .I L4 041* 1001111t2111111-L. r -r - -I COC...1.21-TI -.1-"-7.9 111 IUI IEEE'S- r 'AAA .F.frtt 0 1. 1 1-14 .0- 002PTION lir 1. tt.":.. J. trAT;;Ber,A sr. el 74 0 PtN a 11.04141 I I 'IN . II nE. -11 a t.. 44 Vs:0441 ...0....i /4A1/4lIl L..II II 144 +. 1:1 111 TI. 1 va awha Wa a 4, I); (1--rk -DLLs- .11ro V.N 44 Li 411*--emiall a./ . . . o ft -'I- 4, .01.0 IMMO - OP. 14 411 10 MINI. ON. 1.01 *Ma WM. AMID 1 Hammond Public LibrarySecond Floor Plan 4 - 1 Second-floor plan, Hammond Public Library, Hammond, Indiana Building Plans anti Critiques 65 into the service area proper before reaching it. The obvious points that n- ay cause concerr fur relocation meeting room is divisible by meaas of a folding and future growth. I will mention these briefly. The screen. I would suggest that it is possible and prob- stock my... and business office might be brought into ably the desirable thing to afford :mine public access a closer relationship, likewise, the display, prepara- to the meeting room directly from the outside. tion, and duplication room and technical processes. Another area of concern is the large prcportion It also appears to me that the display preparation ard of the total area devoted to children's serviceThis duplication area is rather large. is consistent now and I believe will be a strong ser- I would now like to suggest a third critique from vice point for a long time. However, the work in this the standpoint of the architect. I think we should area may diminish as schools assume their load of start on the firs. floor because the elements here are providing provisions for school library material. basic and important. The entrance to the children's area could very easily The exterior of the building is a satisfying one. be relocated on the street side. It would then be a Esthetically it is a strong and dramatic building. prominent and visible entrance. However, the features of the long windows on the Two stairways lead to the student reading area outside, from a functional viewpoint, will neither on the second floor. I doubt that it is absolutely es- serve to let in light properly nor allow easyvisual sential to have two sets of stairs except at the very examination of the reading rooms. It will be impossi- peak moments of the day. Traffic, so far as the pub- ble when you are walking on the sidewalk to see in- lic Is concerned, is going to become accustomed to side and to get an idea of what is going on. If you use one or the other. The flow will depend on the are driving, I doubt that your impression of the arrangement of materials. building will be more than the mere exterior. As Again, and this is still from the public user's I suggested earlier, an entrance to the children's viewpoint, we come to an area where the stacks are department on the street side might dramatize the intermediate and the students use tables around the building and give some visual inspection of the inside. balcony. My question would be how can this area be The splitting of the bays along the perimeter of supervised adequately. Students will be carrying ma- the main reading room is a good feature. It has tre- terials through the stacks and back and forth to the mendous appeal. I think that it will be a very dra- center area where the service desk is located. matic featui e and very satisfying from that viewpoint. I would like to speak now from the standpoint of However, it presents some problems in storage of the staff. The circulation desk is in the center of the materials and in supervision. If the balcony were building. This gives fairly complete control of all able to support three sections of shelving, which I the public service area and the entrance to the meet- understand it could be made to do with some strength- ing rooms. However, staff members cannot see the ening, it would give a great deal of storage area on desks and tables in all the areas. This will create a this perimeter bearing. problem of supervision. The arrangement of the stacks in relationship to The facilities for the book-truck lift are from the lighting is awkward. Were they equally cross- the first floor to the lower level or basement floor. wise, good lighting to the base of the stacks would be My suggestion is an architectural consideration, but a.ailable. It was mentioned tt 31 a 20-foot-bay mod- I think it would be wise to have a small passenger ule was used. This is a rather small bay. It should elevator instead of a truck lift, with full provision for be at least 22 1/2 feet-26 1/2 feet might be better. it to be able to progress through the building to the I recognize, however, that this module might suit future additionin other words, through four floors. other conveniences such as the air conditioning. I believe it is advisable in anticipation of future We have not examined some of the problems of growth to have at least two service elevators. the mechanical and electrical installations. There The only other concern I have on the first floor will be some because of the movement of heat in the is in regard to the rest rooms. They are difficult to area where there is a 26-foot ceiling. supervise. There is a set at both ends of the build- A total of 25 percent of the space was assigned ing, a considerable distance from the circulation for architectural consideration; this might be as desk. much as 5 to 7 percent more than usual. However, On the second floor I am concerned with the work to achieve the beauty of the inteiior, this amount of areas and what goes on here. There are some fairly space was necessary. PRESENTA'I ION OF PLANS

Librarian :Osicald Joerg- Critic:Robert McClarren Director, Indiana State Library, Indianapolis, Indiana

DAVENPORT PUBLIC LIBRARY Davenport, Iowa

OSWALD JOERG will be of concrete frame construction. Equipment The site of the new Davenport Public Library is and furniture will cost $150,000. the same as the existing building Folirth and Main Harry N. Peterson, of Washington, D.C., was the streets, one block away from the downtown center of consultant on site and preliminary plans. Further Davenport. The site dimensions are 130 feet by 150 consulting has been done by Bernard Schwab, Direc- feet. tor of the Madison, Wisconsin, Public Library. The first stage of construction, the children's Architects are EJward Durell Stone, architect of wing, was opened in September, 1963. Itwas planned New York City, and Stewart-Robison-Laffan, asso- to be incorporated into a main library building when ciate architects, Davenport, Iowa. additional funds became available. Floor levels, footings, and column loading were all designed to ROBERT McCLARREN eventually fit into one main library building. The plans of the Davenport Public Librarywere The 1965 estimated population of Davenport was drawn up by the preeminent American architect, Ed- 93,000, with a projected population of 120,000 in 1985. v:ard Durell Stone of New York City. I commendthe The 1965 operating expenditure amounted to $2.85 Davenport Public Library for securing Mr. Stone's per capita. The current book collection is 145,000 services, and Mr. Stone for undertaking to meet the volumes, and the projected volume capacity is architectural requirements of a relatively small li- 250,000. brary, with limited building funds, witha portion of The new main library will have 62,700 square the new library already designed (by another archi- feet of floor spate distributed as follows: basement tect) and hinit, and with a demanding librarian. 21,600 square feet; first floor 21,500square feet; In preparing this critique I madea futile search second floor 19,600 square feet. There will be seats for an architectural checklist to show thesteps, se- for 200 adults and 50 children. The anticipated staff quences, and specific factors to be considered in will consist of 50 persons including 16 professional planning a new library building. Sincemy fruitless librarians. The building, which will cost $1,115,000, search was what I would consider exhaustive, Irec- ommend that individually and organizationallywe STATISTICAL DATA discover and publicize sucha list if it is already prepared but has remained hidden,or if a list has Architects: Edward Durell Stone and Stewart- not been made, that we prepare sucha list. Robison-Laffan In considering building plans thereare five Type of library: Public library central building areas of concern:(1) site, (2) size andspace, Population to be served: 93,000; projected to 120,000 (3) functional relationships andspace assignments, Area: 62,700 square feet (4) equipment, furnishings, andfacilities, and Book capacity: 250,000 volumes (5) the psychological environment: Scaling capacity: 250 Cosl: $1,342,000 (estimated) Site. While a consideration in the choice of site Equipment: $150,000 (estimated) was the existence of the children's wing of the pres- Building: $1,115,000 (estimated) ent librarya wing built in 1963 at a cost of $175,000 Architects fees: $77,000 the location of the present building had many other Cost per square fool: $17.78 (estimated) commendable qualities. 66 Building Pl..ns and Critiques 6?

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J 90 -11 : . 4 111I ;111 $1#' 'ig!i...,i;,.;;,f:,....417,7.:1( S;;Ic:44. s,:,,imr , i'r. ill; .':4 !:7 :e:.1! ir:z..-L.2-...-=t-ww t i ll1 0 rzsz ext: 1.7.214117,4 lf,1, 44.ri=1-14Z1f1=47;7=114741T444 ,, 4,4,...4,,,,,055,1141. .9,9. ye 0. :ttratorlizzowsownt. - 1 14 ) ..T47-45r, - r v. II 9,15- - 10 ty1 f. 0,;.; ;li' .0 54. al---4 ..7.11 (U) .0 4, '70 PUBLIC LIBRARY SESSIONS Located in the heart of town where architectural circulation control and collection servicing with these rejuvenation is underway, out of the high-water functionz in the new building. Other problems are the district, in an area of adequate parking facilities, distance of the elevators from the main entrance, the with congruous neighbors, on a cornerwhere the distance of toilets from positions of supervision, and direction of traffic on the Lounding streets gives the unobtrusiveness of the administrative offices. maximum accessibility and visual emphasis,and at Equipment, furnishings, and facilities. Since the a location lung and widelyidentified as that of the planning had not yet prc:teeded to the consideration of library and which today is witnessing increasing this phase, I have no comment. library use, the present location is an appropriate Psychological environment. From the plans choice of site for the new library. available for examination, only the exterior of the Sue: and space. Using the generally accepted building may be appraised; the proposed library, the formulas, Mr. Joecg has provided amply for his lines of which are similar to Mr. Stone's often space needs. The 6C,000 square feet in theplanned praised American Embassy at New Delhi, India, is building will more than meet the needs of the pro- most attractive. Especially commendable are the jected population through 1985. An extra margin will architect's exterior design, which successfully incor- be provided by the present bookmobile service, the porates the design of the already built children's two branches projected for construction and, if neces- wing, executed by another architect, and his use of sary, the relocation of administrative and support ac- trees and other landscaping to give a feeling of depth tivities to nonlibrary facilities. On the other hand, to the building's location on the site. The proposed the trend to individual seating, the possibilities of building is not a library stereotype; it neither looks county or regional responsibilities, the development like a library nor does it not look like a library. of new library services, the greater use generated Since the building does not speak for itself tosuggest by a new building, and the certain increase in formal that it is a library, extra attention to the provisionof educational activity in the community all predict a harmonious but eloquent signs not indicated in the possible ultimate need for space in excess of the planshould be given. planned footage. These plans make no provision for In summary, the problems apparent fromthe future expansion of the building either horizontally or plans are the limi+ations imposed on use of space by vertically. Generally, the design is economical; very the existing children's wing, the lackof provision for little of the sit.. is left unoccupied, and more than 80 the expansion of the building, and the minorineffi- percent of the total space in the building is assignable ciencies and waste of space caused by theinterior for library purposes. design. These relatively minor problems noted,the Functional relationships and space assignments. oroposed plans indicate that the library will be well The modular construction provides maximum freedcm located and planned, an aesthetically pleasing library in the not-yet-developed assignment anddevelopment of good design, and a fine contribution todowntown of space in the new building. However, the already Davenport. built children's wing is a restriction on assignment now and in the future. The basement of this wing is at a lower level MR. JOERG: To answer some of the points men- than that of the proposed building and precludes effec- tionedthe basement was not excavated to the same tive integration of the two basement areas. The de- level as the present wing because of cost, estimated sirable spatial sequence of children's-young adult- at approximately $100,000. Since the two elevators adult collections, with minimal barriers between will open at each level, we do not feel there will be each, is not possible in the pi esent conditions. The a problem. Public service desks willbe located so design of the existing wing also makes difficult, if it that observation of rest rooms will be possible.Ad- does not preclude, the possibility of centralizing the ministrative offices will be well identified. III College and University LibrarySessions BUILDING PLANS AND CRITIQUES BUILDING PLANS PRESENTATION OF PLANS AND CRITIQUES Librarini: Ruth E. Riggs Critic: Donald Thompson Librarian, Wabash College, Crawfordsville, Indiana

WITHERILL LEARNING CENTER Cazenovia College, Cazenovia, NewYork

RUTH E. RIGGS place. The usual aivision of study on the campus into Cazenovia College is a private, nonsectarian, tiny classroom segments is overcome by the unifica- two-year college for women, with a student body of tic.i of all resources of knowledge in this one learning 416. The college program as presently developed center. Not only was the building constructed so as calls for an anticipated increase in enrollment to to be capable of handling all electronic equipment now 500 in the fall of 1965, and to 600 in the fall of 1966, known, but potential future needs were also antici- at which time it is expected that enrollmentwill level pated by the provision of extra electric wiring and off and remain at this figure. Degrees granted from conduits to carry coaxial cables needed for TV in- the college are the Associate in Arts (A.A.) and the stallations and for remote control of tape decks and Associate in Applied Science! (A.A.S.) with special- listening stations. izations in art, merchandising, general secretarial, Since a two-year college is essentially a teach- medical secretarial, and child study. A two-year ing college, the library in such an institution not only program in nursing is also given incooperation with reflects this emphasis but of itself becomes an inte- the Upstate Medical Center in Syracuse, New York. gral part of a student-oriented program. At Cazeno- The college is located in the historic village of via everything possible is done to bring book and Cazenovia close to Cazenovia Lake, some twenty reader together. The Witherill Learning Center is miles southeast of the city of Syracuse. The college so arranged that no reader is more than a fewfeet was first established in 1824 as a MethodistSemi- from a bookstack. A variety of study accommoda- nary, enrolling both men and women, andhas been tions is provided, such as individual and group car- in continuous operation (under one charter) since rels, small and large tables, lounge furniture, a that date. In 1935, it added a junior college depart- smoking study and a smoking lounge, single typing ment. In 1942, it concluded its relationship with .:tc. cubicles, group study rooms and a seminar room. Methodist Church and became a private two-year With such facilities students may study in the quiet college for the education of women. and privacy of the carrel, work together in the group The new library at Cazenovia is built around the conference rooms, or relax in the smoking lounge. "learning center" concept. It is here, after the stu- Faculty studies are available for those instructors dent and the instructor have met together in the who wish to work in the library with their students classroom, that the learning process actually takes or on their own research projects.Listening tables with both record players and tape recorders permit STATISTICAL DATA up to 30 students to listen to avariety of records and tapes at one time by the use of stereophonicheadsets. Architect: Moore & Hutchins, New York City, The group-viewing audio-visual room provides New York for the viewing of films and slides by small groups of Type of library: College students. Special equipment is also available here Population to be served: 600 for group listening to tapes and records. In addition, Area: 21,000 square feet this room is used as a teacher preparation area for Book capacity: 60,000 volumes the making of tapes for students to use in the listen- Seating capacity: 202 ing area of the library or to be used in programmed Cost (building): $420,906.60 instruction. Cost per square fool: $19.50 A special room is provided for the storage of 73 74 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARY SESSIONS

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Second-floor plan, Cazenovia College Building Plans and Critiques 75

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First-floor plan, Cazenovia College 76 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARY SESSIONS audio-visual materials, such as records, tapes, portant. The larger portion of the learning center is headsets, portable record players, and tape re- still devoted to the book library. But the traditional corders for circulation to students for use at the concept of the academic library is blended with the lit ;t ?ning tables or carrels. This room is close to new concept of a learning center where learning takes th. .irculation area, thus providing quick service place in .:s variety of ways and by the use of diversi- frol. a centralized circulation control desk. It is fied tools, the selection depending upon the needs of als.: located ne:s.- the processing area, so that it can the student and the direction of the faculty. At times, be cd to provide isolated space for electronic a student learns best from reading a book, or listen- equ'l merit when further automation of technical pro- ing to a tape, or watching a film, or from a combina- ces is desired. tion of all three. It matters not what carrier is used The technical processes room, located on the to convey knowledge to the student. What does matter main floor and next to the receiving and shipping is that all ways of learning are available and tapped room, is spacious, well lighted, and organized for by the student to be used for her total understanding. an effizient, orderly, controlled processing of library This comprehensive concept of a library is what the materials. In addition to the usual equipment pro- Witherill Learning Center at Cazenovia College seeks vided for such rooms, as sink, cupboards, properly to provide. spaced electric outlets, book trucks, and the like, there is a specially designed unit for bibliographies and reference materials. This room is so designed DONALD THOMPSON as I-) provide for future growth and varied needs. The Witherill Learning Center is generally a Ad. acent bookstacks provide for periodical and book well-arranged library, but there are a few things storage. A 10 passenger elevator, located adjacent that might be changed. Ix both the processing and the circulation areas, pre- The library is located near the center of the tides services for staff and equipment to all floors. campus. With some reservations, to be mentioned A staff stairway, which opens off the technical pro- later, the general arrangement is good. The core cesses area, provides additional private, direct ac- services and functions, such as the circulation, ref- cess to all levels. erence, technical processes, card catalog, indexes, The planners having recognized that new elec- and librarian's office, form a unit on the main floor. tronic devices now make possible learning from Auxiliary services, such as seminar rooms, smoking other than the printed page, the new library was rooms, group study rooms, listening rooms, and the conceived with the purpose of tapping all learning Cazenovia Room, are located on other floors. resources now available. In practice, therefore, in- The total floor area is 21,000 square feet. 18,000 stead of the instructor using his valuable classroom z.,quare feet is now in use with 3,000 square feet set time to show a film, for example, he can arrange for aside for future expansion. In the finished part of the multiple showings of this film in the lea, ning center building there are 202 seats for a predicted future during nonclassroom hours, thus freeing his class- enrollment of 600 students. This amounts to 33 per- room time for the discussion and reactions to the cent, which is good for a two-year college. In the material covered in the film; or, by the provision of finished part of the building there is shelving space tapes of an instructor's major lectures, the needs of for 60,000 volumes. The library now has 16,000 vol- the slow or absent student are cared for and much umes and adds 2,000-3,000 volumes annually. At the valuable conference time is saved. present rate of growth, there is shelving for at least The library has thus become the resource center fifteen more yearsno. counting the space fr.r future of the college where the student acquires the skill to expansion. use and interpret these educational tools, and thus be- A wide variety of seating is available with em- comes better prepared to live in an ever increasingly phasis on single seats. The seating is well distrib- automated world. The philosophy of the Witherill uted throughout the building and the bookstacks. The Learning Center is based on the new role that com- technical processes area has about 500 square fees prehensive libraries play in providing facilities for of floor space. With only one full-time staff member the use of all learning materials, be they nooks, now working in this room, there is enough space for microfilm, records, tapes, films, slides, or open or the present and the future. The technical processes cic,ed circuit television. area is adjacent to the shipping room, loading plat- The machines themselves (various projectors, form, and a storage area. readers, players, TV receivers, teaching machines, There are several other favorable points. There duplicators) which convey the knowledge stored in is a storage area for books. Carpet has been used these materials are important primar.iy as carriers, throughout the library except in the work area. The but still provide the student with the means for a front door is at grade level which gives easy access greater availability of resources for independent for wheelchairs. The work space seems to be suffi- study than ever before. cient for the present staff of four full-time people. This does not mean that the concept of the li- There are ample special facilities and areas, such brary as a collection of books is any the less im- as seminar rooms, study rooms, faculty studies, and Building Plans and Critiques 77 typing rooms. As a learning center, the equipment indexes, and librarian's office should be adjacent to provided is good and the space well distributed. Pro- the circulation desk and without visual barriers. vision has been made for coats and boots. There is Since there are already two stairways, it is a good deal of display space. Thetraffic pattern is questionable if a staff stairway is needed because it adequate. The library has been limited to three takes good space on three floors that might be used floors. for more important functions. The entrance on the In a small library, it is generally necessary for northeast corner of the building should be locked all staff members to take turns working evenings and where it enters the library since it is the entrance on Sunday. This makes it necessaryfor their pri- to the unoccupied part of the building. One smoking mary work area to be adjacent to the circulationdesk room might be moved from the second floor to an- so that they can be available forinformation, refer- other floor. The use of a glass screen just inside the ence work, and supervision. The present arrange- front door has the effect of a barrier between books ment places the elevator and a stairway in the center and readers. The science department will be using of the core area. Thus the circulation desk is some- the unoccupied area of the library. Experience has what isolated from the workroom and the librarian's shown that nonlibrary functions in a library are dif- office. This is not a good arrangement. The circu- ficult to move when the library needs the space un- lation desk should be placed near the public entrance; less a clear understanding has been reached before- and the workroom, card catalog, reference collection, hand. a .1 1

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13aseinent plan, West Bank Library, University of Minnesota PRESENTATION OF PLANS

As.uciate Directur of Libraries:Ralph Hopp Architect:Robert G. Germ' Critic:G. if. for ff'ilhani H. Jesse Director of Libraries, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTAWEST BANK LIBRARY Minneapolis, Minnesota

RALPH HOPP a major new library facility, housing the social sci- The present central librhry of the University of ence and the humanities collections,be constructed Minnesota was constructed in 1923, at a time when in the ne.o, campus area. The new West Bank Library holdings of the University Libraries totaled 395,000 will serve, also, as the central headquarters for the volumes and the enrollment in the University was University Library System. less than 8,000 students. Today, in 1965, the Li- The University's system of libraries includes braries have more than 2,250,000 volumes and thz more than a dozen units cn theMinneapolis Campus, University's enrollment is already over 38,00e. six on the St. Paul Campus about three miles away, In projecting campus building need for an ex- and separate libraries on the branch out-state cam- pected 49,000 student population by 1970, the Uni- puses at Duluth and Morris. versity made the decision to relocate the social The Walter Library has a capacity of 1,250,000 science and humanities departments, the school of books and 1400 readers. Other library units on the business administration, and certain other academic Minneapolis Campus bring the total library capacities units in a new expansion area on the west bank cfthe for this campus to 2,000,000 volumes and 3660 read- Mississippi River, across from the present Minne- ers. In addition the library has anoff-campus stor- apolis Campus. age facility which has a capacity of200,000 volumes, The library has long felt an increasing pressure now about half filled.It has only 8 faculty studies and for more space for both bocics and readers, and con- 108 stack carrels. sideration was given to several possible solutions. The new West Bank Library, scheduled for com- One would have been an undergraduatelibrary, with pletion by late 1967, is designed in such a way as to mass study facilities, with the presentmain library provide easy access, at the basement level, to the (Walter Library) serving as a research library. most heavily used materials, namely, the reserve Since the academic units scheduled for relocation book and the periodical collections. Mass seatingwill were moving the entire scope ofinstruction and re- be provided in these areas, accessiblethrough an search activitiesundergraduate and graduateto entrance from a 25-foot wide, enclosed trafficcorri- the West Bank, the recommendation was made that dor connecting the library with the nearby office and classroom buildings. STATISTICAL DATA The main entrance to the library will be on the plaza (or ground) level. Here will be the union card Architect: The Cerny Associates, Inc. catalog, the technical service departments, a research Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota and bibliography area, a general information desk, Type of library: University and the main circulation desk. This floor will be the Population to be serval: 38,000 information hub of the library, from which patrons Arca: 328,276 square feet may go either down to the basementlevel or up to the Book capacity: 1,500,000 volumes stack levels on the second and third floors. Scaling capacity: 2,700 The fourth floor will house the James Ford Bell Cost: $7,752,500 (building andequipment) Room, the special collections department, the docu- Building: $6,802,500 ments collection, and the library's administrative Equipment: $950,000 (estimated) offices. About 90 faculty studies and nearly 300 car- Cost per square foot: $22.50 (constructioncost) rels will be located throughout the stack areas,with 79 7171.0 NO (0 :13-0 (C1 11 C :CI be ...... 1 11111111 1 RE IARCH , ILL AND El BIBLIOGRAPHY gilithALIS 1 INFORMATION I r ir2L. tri It f All 1.0 **SIMS 12-116 LOBBY 1.1 MAIM INTRANCI 4 cr 49_40144: STACK $INVICI$ MCA AT1ON 01111K CIRCOLATIDIM ======Si CAT:41.011111 itko..s..u.1/4/ r rreots

01 11111 Plaza floor, West Bank111 Library, University of Minnesota . 1 1111 IMP ammo Iwo. aoso laa a GROUPSTUD , FA MTV rILI 'T' *Ow 41Loome .1 L1 IVI :1 1 :L "'1 0 0 K COLLECT IONS PO I 1 GRADUATEAssAIKILP1 CARRELS 1 L 12, at 11' -If GRADUATE nrocots 1 NN Iii1 II) 11 11) 11 " OM* L 1,71 . j COME -11 I' .1 1. READERS I ri KOMI4 , AND CHA118111111 I I READIES 1 I .1' ), .11 ii; 1 .1 it 1 . I . 1 . I I 14H .4E4 11.'I . 1" I INFORITIO i fr. lw *LP ;11!(11.itil NO* n 1111 II 11016,711 1;1 I 11 1 IMF %(II 1 RADIJAII CARRELS j r tt STACK SINVICIS MteltbmayA WitIH kb 11 PI tl }fir 11 11 I . 1 41'. ; kkkkk t !III'S D I 111 I: 1 .416.1.1.11r LL B OOK COLLECT 1 IONS r ONO 13 1 16,-4\ r 1181c Second and third floors, West Bank Library, University of Minnesota FACULTY STUILIS ..--... 1. \ 1. 82 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARY SESSIONS an additional 40 faculty studies ultimately tobe pro- strumental in the development of our planning incre- vided in walk-up space above the fourth floor. ments. This bay dimension allows space in either di- The entire library, except for rare book areas, rection for 8 stack ranges for storage; 7 stack ranges will have open shelf access, and only limited paging for open stack usage; 6 stack ranges for periodicals of books will be dune. In general, undergraduates or areas where there is more student activity; 4 fac- will find most of their library needs met at the base- ulty studies 6 feet, 6 inches on center; 4 student car- ment level, where easy access and mass seating are rels of the same dimension in width but not so deep; provided. The research use of the library will tend and 2 group studies at 13 1'2 feet wide. to concentrate on the upper floors. There will be no Since the module is square and the ceiling relates restrictions, however, in the free travel and use to the building module in both directions, the lighting mong all of the various levels. and air-conditioning ceiling systems are also modu- The new West Bank Library will have a capacity lar. In other words, they are located within every for 1,500,000 books and 2700 readers. About three building module in such a way that library flexibility fourths of the seats in the new library will be single in either direction is possible. The system also in- reader units. The total seating will approximate 15 cludes various modular combinations of reading tables, percent of the enrollment on the West Bank of the individual desks, and carrels. With this system it is Minneapolis Campus. This additional reader ca- possible to interchange bookstacks with reading facil- pacity, coupled with that of the existing Walter Li- ities as need arises, and we hope that the plan will brary on the East Bank, should provide a major provide ultimate flexibility. improvement in the present overcrowded library We have also established an architectural design facilities for the students, faculty, and research consisting of narrow windows on the exterior based staff of the University of Minnesota. on this 6-foot, 6-inch module, so that the window module relates to the interior carrel module and it would be possible to have carrels along any exterior ROBERT G. CERNY wall. On the fourth floor, in the administrative of- The University of Minnesota has outgrown its fices where we feel we need more light, we have ad- original location, and the Mississippi River was al- ditional windows, and in other areas we have elimi- ways a great psychological barrier until we began nated all windows. measuring the distance, and in truth it is shorter to I have not mentioned our exit control. We have cross the river to a new West Campus than to extend a library entrance on the lower level off the main with annual rings on the periphery of the old East concourse, and another at the plaza level rightabove. Campus. At each such main entrance there are entrance turn- The new library is located in the center, really stiles and four check-out counters. Thus on the two at the heart, of the new campus. A question was levels we have a total of eight check-out stations. We raised, during our planning, concerning future ex- also have one station at the rear for emergency pur- pansion and whether we had limited ourselves here. poses and overload periods, depending upon the ca- We also felt there really was no good way to add on pacity of the library at the time. I presume that in top or a building. The construction operations re- general the one at the rear would not be used except quired to increase the size of any structure vertically when the burden within the building increased to a are expensive and enormously disruptive. So we have point where it was necessary. planned for future expansion underground, on two A stack service core consisting of a staff stairway, levels if this proves necessary. a booklift, a staff elevator, and pneumatic tubes is re- It is important to emphasize the two major en- peated on every floor. With our library module, we can trances to the library: one at the plaza or grade take out stacks and add desks, or vice versa, where- level, and one at the subplaza or concourse level. ever they seem necessary for present orfuture needs. The plaza, or grade -level entrance, leads to the We have several interior and exterior areas for bibliography, card catalog, and technical services exhibits and art work, but they have been minimized sections. At the next lower level, and entered from because our librarians have found that the mainte- an underground concourse, are the 'supermarket" nance involved has been significant.However, in the functions of reserve reading, periodicals, and other plaza in front tthe building, there will be an 80- services. The second- and third floor levels ,:ontain foot- square su Ken sculpture court at the underground book collections and reading areas. The fourth floor or basement level. Between this sunken courtand the houses administration, documents, and special col- underground concourse there will be a gallery or mu- lections. There is also a subbasement which will seum area, and students can walk past theentrance contain maps, newspapers, microfilms, and the Ames to the library and see straight through the gallery Library of South Asia. into the exterior sculpture court. It is our hope that At this point it would be appropriate to point out with this prominent location for the gallery, the stu- that the basis for this plan developed from what we dents will be exposed to many fine works of art and call the "Metcalf module," which in our case led to a the library will be identified with the very heart of 26-foot-square structural bay. Dr. Metcalf was in- art and cultural interests on the campus. air 111:if IIS Ai al ot VI V Ot la 10 III 10 GROUP O RIC 'WM fkift 1 OTPICE OFFICE OFFICE OrTFCI IS. . 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Ala _thEr_.3 LWOW s 141111 NMI 11, *TM Fourthj:1 IR floor West Bank Library, University grt$111 IMO NMI sit: Minnesota viTimica. irr 0*1=b CHANICAL IQUIPMIN DOCUMI PICIAL COLLICTIONS B OOK COL THIRD ztv> B OOK COL -RAPHY PIRIODI LOBBY ROOKS II. WSPA IRS 4 MICROEILM (PLITURID BOOK COLLICTIONS Cross section, West Bank Ulm ai y, Univei city of Minnesota Building Plans and Critiques 85

G. M. ABEL distance may also require considerable duplication As far as overall planning is concerned, it seems of indexes. to me that the decision to have a socialsciences and Exit cunt: of ein this floor is good. Actually, it is humanities library for undergraduates, graduates, good throughout the library, particularly so for a and faculty and to handle in this library the central large open shelf collection. technical services and the total library administra- tion is a good one. Minnesota undoubtedly is facing Plaza Floor up to a tremendous problem of growth,and could have decided on other possibilities, such as separate I do not understand the roll-down gate. I do not undergraduate libraries. While many of us have, or recall seeing in the program any plan to provide for are planning, undergraduatelibraries, not everybody night studs here, but this may be its purpose eventu- needs one, as Keyes Metcalf has pointed out time and ally. The relative locations of the functions on this time again. floor are good., .What is called "information" is really The site of the new building could hardly be bet- ready reference; research and bibliography are ref- ter. The architects have tied the library inwell with erence. The subject bibliographers' offices here are the overall underground student traffic pattern.Stu- well located. dents from Florida attending this institute may not Circulation. While I know the plan is to charge appreciate the advantages, if not necessity, of the books on each level, the central circulation on this underground access. Plans for expansion are sound floor will have to answer questions, since charges and would appear to be adequate. The decision to use from all levels will be filed here. In the circulation the underground levels for future growth is good, as area proper, as you may have noticed, there is a this allows the building to show more of an architec- great deal of room. This may be to provide space tural entity than would otherwise be the case. for future automation, if employed. But I do believe that the circulation counter, recessed as it is, may become quite congested; it might best be placed so Basement Level that more staff could be behind the counter and more Shipping and receiving.It is unfortunate that customers in front ol it.Also, the recess makes for shipping and receiving does not have direct access an uneven flow of traffic. to the loading dock.It is also some distance to a The card catalog is well located, readily acces- service elevator. The location of the service deck sible to acquisiti ms, cataloging, reference, and cir- makes it necessary to use the student circulation culation, and, of course, to the public. The binding tunnel in order to enter the library and to dispatch area is small if all outgoing and incoming work is to materials to their receiving rooms. be handled here. It might well be nearer the period- Restricted periodical area. I cannot comment icals themselves; it might even be on a lower level. on the restricted periodical area, because I do not Cataloging. I believe there is not enough space know what is meant by restricted periodicals. for typing and marking when compared with the num- Smoking area. There is an enclosed smoking ber of catalogers being provided for. There are area off toth reserve and periodicals.Personally, spaces for 18 catalogers and for 13 clerks. Student I do not like enclosed smoking areas. They create assistant help will be used for some marking and all sorts of problemsphysical and psychological. typing; nevertheless, I would say that more space I much prefer to have the smoking lounges open so than is now shown will be needed even if students are that the number of people who are to use them can used. I asked my technical services personnel to be flexible. The engineers can carry the smoke study the plans, and they felt they would prefer, as away as long as they know where theselounges are many technical services people do, an opened-up to be located. There is not very much provisionfor rather than a walled-off technical services area. smoking, and very little lounge furniture is used, not There is a wall between the catalogers and typists. only in the smoking areas but throughout the library. The binding preparations area might be used for Lounge furniture can be overused, but I believe there books in process, and the space now designated for is too little of it in this library plan. that as possible extension of staff accommodations The staff room on this floor seems to contain in the processing area only tables and chairs, with no lounge furniture to Serials. Even though there are no plans to do provide a relaxing atmosphere. Also, there seem cataloging in the serials division, it is probably not to be no lockers for the staff. too large, since it also includes gifts and exchanges. Periodicals. Having the periodicals together, Acquisitions. The arrangement of the divisions bound and current, has advantages, but they are at in acquisitions, I feel, is good. some distance from the research andreference area, There are two LC catalogs, and the public has placing the reference librarians far away from some access to neither of them. Maybe West Bank plans of their most heavily used reference aids. Periodi- to have a third one. Nor can the public have access cals may have a separate staff, but I am talking about to the shelf list, which may be something they would inconvenience to the general reference. staff. This like to do at times.It seems to me the shelf list and 86 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARYSESSIONS perhaps facilities like the LC catalog might be ar- can meet and, I suppose, be lectured to without dis- ranged to constitute a bibliography alcove in a more turbance to the scholars who are working in the other traditional sense, which can be opened to the public reading area. The offices are central to everything. even when technical services are closed. I do not There is a separate workroom which is absolutely know where the Cumidatiu6 Buuk and similar necessary, and an exhibits preparation which is also tools are to be, but these, of course, should be read- separate. All of this arrangement demonstrates ily accessible. In a library this size duplication of much experience with what often causes confusion, such sets is necessary. inconsistency, and lack of order in a special collec- The book division has very little shelving. Keep- tions facility. There are no windows, and there ing the books on trucks and keeping them moving is should be none. On this floor there is some lounge exactly what should be done, but some shelving is re- facility for the staff, which might well also be added quired. to the first-floor staff room. Elevators. Vertical transportation from shipping Listening facility. There is a listening facility to technical services is all right.It is the horizontal on this floor, but on the whole there seems to be less that I think might not be too satisfactory. In a library of this than most new general libraries are providing. this size (as at Cornell) there may be some justifica- Ductinzents area is well located and the layout is tion for having an elevator just for technical ser- good. Documents are always a headache, but having vices. Ordinarily, however, I think that all these them in a closed area which nevertheless provides elevators should be accessible to both public and the for readers, typing, group study, and faculty studies staff. is excellent. Flow of materials. Once the books arrive on Administrative suite. As far as administration this floor, their flow is good. They come through is concerned, I am afraid my comments will have acquisitions, into cataloging, then to marking, typing, more to do with library organization than with build- and on into circulation in a sensible way. ing. The large amount of space and number of offices Expansion of technical services, if and when the provided for administration would seem to imply that traffic required it, would probably be from the plaza the director, all division heads, and perhaps some floor into the area immediately above, which is now department heads are to be housed here. Where this assigned to graduate carrels. This area should be is done, I have noticed in many cases that the staff reasonably easy to convert to this use. and/or department heads seldom seem to consult Public rest rooms. There are no public rest these administrative-level specialists. It is just too rooms on this floor, but they may not be absolutely much trouble to go to see them, and they end up in ad- necessary. ministration per se rather than in area specialization. I do not like a typist pool, either.I believe that some of these administrators would prefer to have Second and Third Floors their own secretaries in adjacent offices. Again, what I like the uniformity of these floors. The books follows is not a building comment, but an organiza- are shelved in a good pattern, and it ought to be easy tional one: I note that administration is on the fourth to follow the scheme. Also there is a good distribu- floor, and possibly the architect has followed his cli- tion of books and readers. Profuse interspersingf ent's instruction that if the area cannot be on a floor readers and books, while it might be all right i,i a readily available to the public, at least it should be small library, has proven to be quite confusing when obvious from the elevator entrance. If it could be on the collection reaches proportions planned for this a lower floor, I think it would be better.It should be building. The reader simply cannot find his way only one floor above the main entrance so that people about. Personally, I would prefer to have some could walk to it; if they are going to take an elevator, lounge furniture on these floors, and not just en- of course it does not matter how many floors are in- closed smoking areas. The location of the graduate volved. carrels, faculty studies, and group studies is good. This grouping of graduate carrels seems to be work- Items Applying to the Total Building ing out very well in new libraries. Actually, the par- titions will give them the privacy they need. Since Windows. The windows are narrow, recessed, group-, study rooms are proving to be so successful in and otherwise treated to try to cut down on the sun some of new libraries, Minnesota might do well which will disturb the reader. Nevertheless, windows to provide for more than this plan calls for. create some problems. No damage is done on the east side in the building, or at least very little, by having windows. On the north side the same comment Fourth Floor applies. On the west and the south, however, the win- Special collections. I like the arrangement of dows are apt to give trouble in certain hours in the the special collections area with its entry, display, afternoon. On the west side the staff will suffer. and reading room facilities readily available, and an- Ceiling heights. The 10-foot-8-inch ceiling in other reading room where the library school classes the subbasement is a good height. The plaza has 10 Building Plans and Critiques 87 feet, 8 inches which is also a good height. The floors what is evolving from the plans. One I use frequently which have 8 feet, 8 inches I do not like so well. They in such cases is to expect the library to provide at are hardly high enough to permit shelving on top of least 60 percent of the floor space for readers and the bookcasesan arrangement far superior to com- books. This is not a useful formula in a large re- pact storage or distant deposits. In the installation search library with a very few readers. Neither is of the shelving itself, the 8-foot-8-inch height can it good in an undergraduate library with many readers sometimes give trouble. Ceilings this low can often and few books, but it often works out very closely for interfere with proper air movement and always cre- a general library such as the Minnesota West Bank ate problems of light diffusion. The factor here may Library. be the height of the building for the number of floors If the building provides for 2,000 readers at 25 provided. Is it necessary to have 4 feet behveen square feet per reader (a figure which would probably floors?This space can be gradually reduced, with work out in this building), 50,000 square feet would be air traveling at a greater speed but in smaller ducts. assignee to readers. If the 1,500,000 volumes re- Any space from 6 inches up that could be subtracted quested in the program could be housed at 15 volumes from this 4 feet and added to the 8-foot-8-inch ceil- per square foot (which they probably could in such a ing height, I think, would be an improveinent. collection), 100,000 square feet of floor space would Staff assignments. An organizational rather than be needed. The books and readers then would total an architectural comment will be made at this point. 150,000 square feet, or less than 60 percent. The general impression I have is that the whole li- I am fully aware that, as I have tried pains- brary is going to be rather heavily staffed. In many takingly to point out, formulas cannot be blindly ap- cases professional librarians are to be assigned in plied. But I worked on this angle because of my areas such as reserve, periodicals (with two), inter- general feeling that a building of this size should library loan (with two), and so on. Many of these indeed accommodate more readers and books than duties can be adequately handled by nonprofessional it apparently is going to. people. Incidentally, in looking at the nonassignable In general, I think the building is a fine one, and area, which is approximately 96,000 square feet, I my staff and I had difficulty finding very much wrong noticed that this is 35 percent of the totala figure with it, as you can see, without merely quibbling. that I do not quarrel with, after checking the plans One th..nE, that bothered me from the start is that a sent me and finding that the areas marked by the general university library building of 272,000 square architect as unassignable are those which normally feet is going to accommodate only 2,188 readers and would be so defined.It is possible that somewhere only 1,270,000 volumes. I realize no two buildings in that assignable but nonreader/book total and the are alike.I further realize that formulas are for unassignable, there may be some space to round -)lit early estimates in planning. They cannot be applied the housing of the desired collection. Just where it with accuracy or sensibility much later as plans lies is something which perhaps only a dient and an evolve and when the building is finally erected, oc- architect could discover, if indeed it actually exists. cupied, and in operation. Nevertheless, a few for- I may be quite incorrect in my feeling abut this as- mulas sometimes prove useful in a general check of pect of the building. 88 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARY SESSIONS

Cross section, C. Y. Thompson Library, University of Nebraska

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Site plan, C. Y. Thompson Library, University of Nebraska PRESENTATION OF PLANS

Librarian:Frark Lund' .Archittet: lii.TC11 CcEno-sen Critic:H. Dean Stallings Librarian, North Dakota University, Fargo,-orth Dakota

C. Y. THOMPSON LIBRARY University of Nebraska, Lincoln,Nebraska

FRANK LUNDY very simple, but let me restate it, please. There are The University of Nebraska has three campuses. three floors in a square building. The upper two The City Campus in Lincoln is at the north edge of floors provide a continuous distribution of tables and the downtown business district and occupies 146 lounges for readers around the entire perimeter. In- acres. The East Campus is two miles northeastof side this display of tables is a continuous formation the City Campus and occupies 340 acres. There are of open bookstacks. All the library activities that more than 40 buildings on each campus. Themedical require room enclosures are grouped into the center campus is in Omaha. of each floor. The City Campus in Lincoln houses the colleges To make this arrangement feasible and attractive of arts and science, business, dentistry, engineering the architects made use of a light well in the exact and architecture, law, pharmacy, and teachers, and center. Surrounding this light well on the upper floor also schools of fine arts, journalism, and so forth. are faculty studies; on the main floor thelibrarian's The East Campus houses the College of Agriculture, offices and workrooms; and on the lower floor semi- the School of Home Economics, and the Nebraska nars. The librarians requested seating for at least Center for Continuing Education. It soon will house 500 readers, and open shelving on the upper floors the College of Dentistry in its new physical plant. for at least 100,000 volumes. Happily both figures In 1964 the total full-time resident enrollment at have been exceeded. the University reached 12,900; it is projected to more One basic requirement was that the building than 20,000 in the early 1970's. Enrollment in agri- should have internally an absolute minimum of fixed culture and home economics on the East Campus is commitments, and that these should consist only of 1200, and in dentistry approximately 150. Enroll- such features as stairs, elevators, and toilets. ments are presently increasing at the rate of 10 There are no load-bearing room partitions. This percent each year. plan ensures a maximum degree of permanent flexi- Looking to the future, the East Campus library, bility in the use of the building in the future. officially now the C. Y. Thompson Library, is located Another basic requirement was that the floors to be a centerpiece. Mc! concept of the building is be strong strong enough to hold any conceivable and reasonable weight load at any place and at any time, STATISTICAL DATA with structural strength approaching 200 lbs. per square foot. A third basic requirement was that the Archz/ccis: Lawrence A. Enersen, A.I.A. upper two floors be provided with continuous ceilings Albert C. Hamersky, A.I.A. of good-quality light order that books and readers Type of library: University might be given any desired arrangement at any time. Population lo be served: 14,000 In other words, floor strength or weakness and the Area: 58,450 square feet location of lighting fixtures were not to dictate the Book capacity: 265,000 volumes location and arrangement of tables and bookstacks. Sealing capacity: 576 Then the architects added certain requirements Cost: of their own. As Mr. Enersen said: 'A library should Building: $1,090,651.80 be self-evident to the reader." When the reader walks Equipment: $151,368.18 into the building, he should not have to wonder where Cost per square foot: $18.65 (construction cost) he can go, or where he should go next. The main

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L . r I ri I Of L. 1 1 1 ' ...... k - ;4.[Impimmteemf:r4n4k Building Plans and Critiques 91 flour is wide open. The card catalog, the indexes, study, they say, and look anywhere, and other students the bookstacks, and tables are clearly in view un do not like to study in a box or indoors. the left. Current periodicals, bookstacks, and The main-flour area totals 19,800 square feet, tables are clearly in view on the right. which is 3500 feet more than the upper floor. The The architects also said that this library should structural commitments on this floor include: be designed with a degree of transparency. The upper floor, planned to house research materials in West-side main entrance agriculture and home economics, looks out through Two front stairwells, extending upward a continuous display of gray glass from floor to Central core stairwell and elevator ceiling, and the surrounding landscape is one of Light well beauty. Corriaor vistas are provided on the main East-side emergency exit. floor to focus the eye of the visitor on works of modern art, which will hang on the white walls. No toilets are on this floor. The toilets are on the The upper floor, the one that is surrounded by upper and the lower floors. gray glass, sits on top of the modulzrcolumns below. The seating on the main floor totals 254 and in- Mere are strong structural supports at the four cludes 73 single tables, 27 larger table:, and 31 corners of the center light well, and the lightwell is lounge chairs. The open bookstack is 9700 linear one square module of space. Structural supports for feetcapacity 57,000 volumes. The special features the roof span from these center supports to columns on the floor include: which are outside the building. This feature leaves 16,000 square feet of floor space, except for the cen- Four lounge areas tral light well of 500 square feet, permanently avail- Open display of several hundred current able with a maximum of flexibility. The only fixed periodicals structural building commitments on this flocare Card catalog the front stairwells, the center core stairwell and Bibliographies elevator, the toilet fa-dlities, and the light well. Indexes and abstracts These commitments approximate 2,000 square feet, Information desk. and the open space structurally uncommitted approxi- mates over 14,000 square feet. The loan desk is compact, and at slack times one The upper floor contains 76 single tables; 12 individual can control the two upper floors. The tables 4 feet by 6 inches, each seating 4 people; and lower floor underneath the main floor operates inde- 16 lounge chairs. There are 24 single faculty stud- pendently of the two upper floors, and contains no ies, each with 2 tables and chairs. These faculty open areas. Around the light well on the main floor studies are walled inside and outside with glass. are the librarian's offices, the workrooms, and the They are also draped on the light-well side so that technical services areas. the occupant has a degree of visual intransparency The interior of the library, as a space, is a vis- and still a high degree of privacy. ual experience with white as the only background The various accommodations on this floor seat color for the wall surfaces. Color was introduced in 188 readers, and there is convenient Spa.C.0 new the building interior in the lounge areas through car- available for additional tables and chairs, adding 78 pet selection and iurniiure groupings. The large seats more for a total of 266. The open stack shelv- lounge area opposite the light well in the lower level ing on the floor totals 12,000 linear feet. At 6 vol- received a rich Irish carpet called Avocado, which umes per linear foot this is a floor capacity of72,000 contrasts well with the white terrazzo surface of the volumes. light well. The main floor of the building has carpets The main floor of the building is a typical modu- of Stone Gray for lounge areas on the west, Charcoal lar construction with columns 22 1/2 feet apart, in the formal lounge beside the light well, and Harvest measured from center to center. Whereas the upper Gold for the lounge area on the east. The upper- floor floor is an open tray 128 feet square, surrounded by a lounge carpet is a large area of Harvest Gold. The railing and 6 1/2 feet of open space, the main floor furniture groupings for each of the lounge areas are somewhat larger, 141 feet squareextends from wall covered with Naugahyde, a synthetic material, in to wall. Instead of glass the walls on this floor are colors of mustard, black, and tangerine, and are co- solid. There are 24 narrow slits from floor to ceil- ordinated with the carpet selections. ing just inside the exterior columns, and these are The extensive collections of library furniture controlled with vertical Venetian shades. and components are coordinated to meet the func- In the upper floor, because of the continuous tional needs of a modern library. These furnishings glass, one has a visual sense of being intimately are basically walnut - laminated surfaces with black related to the surrounding landscape. On the main metal supports. The interior woodwork and wood floor, however, one is literally indoors. This makes detailing are of walnut finish, and the metal door it possible to satisfy a psychological state of mind frames are in black. The floor surfaces are white for a variety of readers. Some students cannot terrazzo in the entry stairways and light well, with 92 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARY SESSIONS

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Second-floor plan, C. Y. Thompson Library. University of Nebraska Building Plans and Critiques 93

Individual seating, C. Y. Thompson Library, University of Nebraska 94 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARYSESSIONS white Vinyl tile as the principal floorcovering. The convenient access between the receiving,shipping, lighting system is an uninterrupted whiteluminous and work space on the lower floor and thetechnical ceiling. service space. The finishing touches of the interior include a Data processing equipment and operationswill white flame-resistant drapery fabric which is so be easily installed when these aredeveloped as an sheer as to permit both light and privacy to the extension from the University Library.Xerox copy- studies and the seminars. We also plan to add ing is provided in the lower floor; presentand poten- architectural pottery with appropriate plantingsin tial office areas provide adequate spacefor growth. the light well and several other places. Then we Finally, let us consider the exterior of the will decorate the entire building internally with se- buildingfrom my point of view. The basic material lections from our renowned collection of works of covering all structural elements is a precastconcrete modern art at the University of Nebraska. using white cement and an exposed quartz aggregate. The lower floor features a lounge, opening into The nonstructural walls are either grayglass or a the light well; a combined area dedicated tothe Hall small, black, ceramic tile produced in Japan.The of Agricultural Achievement, which is anofficial podium of the building is covered with a red brick statewide group advisory to the College of Agricul- which recalls the material used in many ofthe older ture; and, surrounding the light well,five seminars. structures on the campus. rrae surface of thepodium Across the hall to the west are two typing roomsand is essentially a paved surface broken bysmall plant- a microfacsimile center. Theseseveral facilities ing areas and furnished with benchesand flowerpots seat 132 individuals. The 188 seats onthe upper along the balustrade. This paved surfaceis an exten- floor, the 256 on the main floor, and the 132 on the sion of the building 24 1/2 feet in all fourdirections. lower floor acid up to 576, which we hope to increase The building module is expressed by brickgrid lines by another 78, to 654, for the building. separating concrete squares of paving. On the lower floor are two large bookstack Externally, this building is impressive. Its lines rooms, one on the north and one onthe south. These are strongly vertical andhorizontal and quickly at- rooms are 36 feet wide and103 feet long, with a tract attention in the surrounding college campusdis- 2 1/2-foot aisle extending along the interior wall. play of trees and flowers and grass. The buildingis The stack ranges fill the room:; they are 45inches white inside and outside; the interior isbathed in a apart from center to center. In each of thetwo soft, white light. At night the exterior isfloodlighted. rooms there are 11,000 linearfeet of shelving with The total aspect is both imposing and inviting. a combined capacity of134,000 volumes. With the capacities of 57,000 volumes on the mainfloor and 73,000 on the upper floor, the building is now LAWRENCE ENERSEN the C. Y. equipped to house 264,000 volumes. Thelower floor The following simple requirements for has the same dimensions as the main floor, except Thompson Library were set forth by the owners: that certain extensions have been added onthe east side for the delivery and loading area and for An open shelf system with a capacity of100,000 mechanical-equipment supplies and storage. volumes The acquisition and catalog departmentsfor the An additional capacity of 150,000volumes in several libraries on the two Lincoln campuses are semistorage Campus, Space for 500 readers located in the University Library on the City freedom downtown. In the East Campus Library,however, All areas with the greatest possible are located the followingtechnical service functions: from structural members Operation by a minimum staff. All the procedures of bibliographicidentification which precede acquisition and cataloging The architects, too, had set down somerequirements and rec- as follows: A buildingexhibiting a clear statement of All library exchanges correspondence symbol of ords for East Campus material its purpose; disciplined and significant as a All East Campus serial recordsand receipts academic life. Certain special projects, such asremarking In the planning process of this building we en- reclassi- joyed an unusual working relationship withthe ad- back sets of volumes for selective met at fication from Dewey to Library ofCongress. ministration, the librarian, and his staff. We stated intervals, discussing freely theproblems con- The technical service area is located onthe main nected with the library, and only afterlong discussions It is adja- were any lines drawn on paper.These lines, the first floor, in the offices around the light well. large scale, so that they cent to the bibliography and referencecenter and to ones, were drawn freehand at the card catalog, and affords easy accessto the cen- were easily changed and adjusted. is good If a library is to serve as a symbol ofacademic tral serial file and to the shelf list. There seemed to us to vertical transportation for incoming andoutgoing life, then its position on the campus materialsan elevator in the light wellgroupand be of initial importance. During thedevelopment of Building Plans and Critiques 95 a master plan for the campus,the site was selected rounding the entire first and second floors. There is as one which provided a position of prominence,and an obvious advantage to this method ofconstruction one which anticipated the shIft of the academic cen- when you realize that on the second- floor level there ter of gravity to the east. are no columns whatsoever tointerfere with any posi- The original buildings on the campus had been tion of furniture or of shelving that the library might organized arounc a mall running north and south. elect to place there in the future. There is complete Until the construction of the library the mall contin- freedom; there is, you might say, no module to contend ued to be the heart of the campus, even though numer- with, because even the lighting is a continuous, lumi- ous buildings to the east had set up minor tensions nous ceiling, and there is never theproblem of trying to the north-south axis. It remainedfor the library to get proper relationship to a light fixture. successfully to tend the visual pattern to the east, I mentioned that we wanted the building to have permitting a whole new constellation of buildings. some degree of transparency because of itsposition In our preliminary research of open shelf li- on the campus. This was achieved wethink, or hope, braries it became apparent that many presented a by having glass in the upper portion of the wall and a pattern of disarray. The buildings were often plausi- dark tile in the lower sections, so that the space be- ble in terms of function, but they did not appear or- tween the columns is relatively dark and has the ap- derly in an outward expression nor in the sequence pearance of transparency, although actually only the of the interior spaces. It seemed to us that if any upper portion admits any natural light. building should speak of order, it would be a library We think that every building should not only solve whose sole purpose is to create order out of written the practical requirements which are set forth, but confusion.. We deliberately sought, therefore, a form also become a visual experience as one approaches, and composition which would express a high degree enters the building, and senses the unfolding of the of discipline and yet permit a logical unfolding of inner spaces. This is particularly difficult in an open function as one investigated the interior. shelf library where, once inside the building, you are The exterior expression which we sought was constantly confronted with 7-foot shelving. one that would be persuasive as to intent,and one I should also say that when we were first work- that would announce in simple terms the importance ing on this project, we considered the space around and the nature of what was happening within its the periphery as being sort of an ambulatory, because spaces. Because of the prominent position on the students who are reading books frequently have to get campus, we also felt that the building should have a up and ambulate around to adjust themselves tothe degree of transparency, because it "plugged" a space long period of study. Whether or not the space will from the west to the east. develop in that manner, or whether it may ultimately To architects the exterior should also tell the be needed for desks, I do not know, but I still think it manner in which the building was constructed. An is valid to have a certain space within the library for architect who notices that there is no column at the walking and moving about. corner and also that the columns do not touch the Entering the front door, you have a choice: you roof, or at least the column casings, immediately can go to the main level, or you can godown to the knows tnat the building is a steel structure, and we lower floor, via a stairway which terminates in the feel that this expression of material is important. courtyard. I think it only fair to say that in the initial The library site slopes fro:n the front to the back so planning of this buildin there was some thought that that the building picks up almost a story in height as administrative offices would be put in the lower level. you go from the front of the building to the rear. As it developed, this arrangement was not used, but This slope is taken up by means of a podium on nevertheless the planning was such, and that is one which the building sits. The lower floor, or ground reason why the building sits up above the ground, floor, contains the mechanical-equipment spaces making possible this lower level which could have within this podium; it also contains facilities for the been used for administrative offices. semistorage which was mentioned in the program The entire top floor is surrounded by a gray and many other features. The first floor, to which glass window. Naturally we were concerned about the public is readily admitted, is the second level. glare and about sun pattern on the floor. In our The structure of the building is really in two budget we had an allowance for shades or draperies parts: tne columns penetrate through the main floor or whatever might prcve to be necessary to offset and hold the upper floor in the manner in which a them. This expend:tn.-e was deferred, however, until tray would rest on your fingers. This is the struc- we had used the building for a year to see whether it ture which supports the books and does the work of was really necessary. That money has since been the library. released, because we have decided that we do not A second structure keeps out the elements. The need further shading. This is due to three factors: columns outside the building support a roof which spans across, providing nothing but the roof function. I. The glass is a gray glass which does notlook The "tray," the second floor, does not touch the out- gray from the inside, and that cutsdown some side walls, so that there is a two-story space sur- of the glare but certainly not all of it 96 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARYSESSIONS

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Basement plan, C. Y. Thompson Library, University of Nebraska 4N Building Plans and Critiques 97

2. There is a wide overhang which gives a positive and you come in in a wider lane. Missing from the shadow for much of the year and plan is a smoking room. I do not know whether 3. The high level of illumination inside the building Nebraska has state laws against smoking or not, but makes the glare, if there is any, unnoticeable. As no provision has been made for smoking in the you know, glare results from a great contrast in building. lighting, and s*.ace we have almost a hundred fJot- I thought the janitor's closets were small com- candles inside, even a small sun pattern on the pared to the size of the building. There is no staff floor would not be distracting in that high degree room, and I'm sure that was nut an oversight, either. of illumination. And the elevator is nEarly lost. The technical processing rooms are rather You have quite a surprise when you enter the small, but most of th..s work, of course, is done on building because the main floor is enclosed. There the main campus. are some slit windows, but the feeling is one of en- All told, this is a very fine library. As the critic, closurethe space is introverted. But when you I should like to be the first to congratulate the archi- climb the stairs, the whole vista expands and you tect, the librarian, and also the State of Nebraska for can see out to the campus all around you. their excellent facility.

H. DEAN STALLINGS DISCUSSION Recently, I read an article which said that a good small library should have the following features Question: Du you have any trouble with the heat rising available to be seen when you come in the front door, from the main floor to the top floor in view of three namely: things:(1) the open space all around, (2) the open stairway, and (3) the open well?I should think the top Catalog floor would become very hot in the winter. Circulation desk Reserve book room MR. LUNDY: We had a very severe winter, and this Current periodicals problem did not seem to be present. I was in the build- Reference collection ing many, many times. Stairs and elevator. Question: What provision has been made for people These are all to be seen in this building with the ex- who cannot climb the stairways? ception of the elevator, and the planners purposely did not want to make this a public elevator. Answer: This building has an inside elevator, and we There is good coloring in the drapes, the walls, will gladly give a key to any handicapped person to the lounge furniture, and the rugs. When I was in the carry with him. building, I saw white, olive, gray, charcoal, mustard, black, tangerine, and gold. Question: How do these handicapped people get into In the static areas whole rows of shelves have the building? been replaced by lockers. In other places shelving has been replaced by coat racks s..) that you can Answer: They enter through the delivery entrance on hang your coat back in the stacks. The planners the east side which is at ground level. have also come closer to solving the usual overshoe problem than any library I have ever seen. At the Question: What material is used in the carpeting? bottom of each coat rack there is a little metal drip pan about the same size as the bottom shelf in a Answer: The material is Acrolan. So far we have stack unit, and the students put their overshoes there. had nothing but good experience with it.It wears very Some special periodical shelving permits the well and apparently performs better than wool. display of the current copy with the back numbers right underneath. A lot of glass has been used in the Question: Do you have reserve shelving? building, but you have heard by now that it has been used most judicially.I ordinarily would not recom- Answer: Most of our reserve assignments are on open mend an open, hanging staircase for a public building, shelves, in regular classification sequence, both in this but this staircase is really a work of art. In the library and also in the big one downtown. In the East front entry there are two places to return books. Campus Library we have a few books on reserve just The library has a public address system. Park- behind the information desk on the main floor. But only ing is limited, but there is plenty of space where the a handful! We have been operating for a long time on School of Dentistry will be built. The circulation the theory that 80-90 percent of commonly requested desk I thought was too small, but the traffic pattern reserves should be out in the open shelf collections is goodyou go out by the side of the circulation desk with enough copies to take care of the readers. 98 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARY SESSIONS This is the practice we follow. We accept the fact that and in these areas the lighting level is about 70 foot- there are always do7rJris, or hundreds, of volumes on candles. I might add that the distance in the clear two-hour assignment. Our librarians determine what from the floor to the ceiling on the main floor is 9 feet, goes on reserve alter a full conversationwith faculty 8 inches; on the upper floor, 9 feet; and on the lower members. We never take a reserve list atface value. floor, 8 feet. Question: I would be interested in hearing about the Question: How do you clean all that plastic hanging lighting system. over those lights? Answer: The open bookstack and reading areas on the Answer: The fact is, they do not get very dirty in two upper floors are lighted by louvered ceiling lightingNebraska where we have no coal soot. Our heat is systems. There is a continuous luminous plastic lou- supplied by natural gas. ver over the entire area, with continuous rows of fluo- rescent lighting fixtures on 30-inch centers, about 20 Question: Why were you not able to enter directly on inches above the plastic ceiling. The plastic ceiling grade? Why do you have to go up three steps to get to the louvers consist of hollow cylinders about 1 inch in di- esplanade, and then three more to get into the building? ameter and about 3/4-inch thick. Curved plastic shields are hung under the fluorescent tubes to shield Answer: Administrative offices were considered for them from view and to diffuse the light evenly over the lower space, and in order to have any natural light the ceiling. We have 120 footcandles in the reading in these areas, we raised the first floor.Unfortunately, areas, and about 70 footcandles in the stack areas. the decision reversing this plan was not made until after The offices, seminars, and study rooms are lighted the building was built. Therefore we have this split- with recessed, round, incandescent lighting fixtures, level effect. PRESENTATION OF PLANS Librarian: H. W. Apel Critic:Clyde Haselden Librarian, Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania

MARSHALL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Huntington, West Virginia

H. W. APEL the College of Arts and Sciences, the Teachers Col- Marshall University is a state university located lege, and the College of Applied Sciencewith mas- in Huntington, West Virginia, a city of about 85,000 at ter's degree level work in the Graduate School which the extreme western part of the state. It was founded draws from the fatuities of the undergraduate col- as Marshall Academy in 1837 and became state- leges for its instruction. In the fall of 1963, total suppoi ted with the creation of a normal school in enrollment was 4748 and in fall, 1964, it was 5246; 1867; teacher training has always been an important during 1964/65 there were 623 graduates receiving part of the program. Through the years an "academ- baccalaureate degrees, 228 receiving master's de- ical program" led to the establishment of baccalau- grees, and 37 receiving two-year associate degrees. reate programs in the 1920's, graduate work in the Marshall's 1964 on-campus enrollment of 5246 1940's, and a name change from "Marshall College" included 4665 undergraduate and 409 graduate stu- to "Marshall University" in 1961 reflecting the dents. Enrollment in two two -year branch colleges changed character of the institution. Marshall is lo- at Logan and Williamson, each about 75 miles distant cated in the fast-growing Ohio River Valley and is from the main campus, totaled 431. Extension class near the Kanawha Valley, which is one of the centers enrollment was about 350. One long- range enrollment of chemical industry of the world. estimate indicates the on- campus enrollment will be Marshall University is a regional university es- at least 7600 by 1970; another 1970 estimate indicates sentially undergraduate in character with primary an enrollment of 8385. emphasis on the teaching function. In recent years What will Marshall be in the future? We are there has also been a small but growing research quite certain that gross enrollment will be not less program at the master's level, in honors work, and than 7500 to 8000 by 1970. The major part of this at the faculty level. The instruct'onal program is increased enrollment will be undergraduates and will carried out through three undergraduate schools bring greatly increased demands for library service to students at the lower-division level.It is equally STATISTICAL DATA clear that our graduate work will increase. Master's level work is being offered in an increased number of Architect: Dean & Dean, Architects, departments: a six-year program is being offered in Huntington, West Virginia one department and another department has proposed Type of library: University a Ph.D. program, with several others expected to Population to be served: 7,600 follow. Area: 74,652 square feet Undoubtedly the demands placed on Marshall's Book capacity: 362,500 volumes graduate program will hasten as industrial develop- Seating capacity: 850 ment of this rich Ohio Valley proceeds and as busi- Cost: $1,900,000 ness and industry in southern and western West Vir- Building: $1,500,000 (estimated) ginia bring in more personnel who will wish to pursue Equipment: $400,000 (estimated) further academic work and secure advanced degrees. Cost per square foot: Remodeled area, $12 This increased graduate work, along with more spe- (estimated 'instruction cost) cialized faculty interests, brings with it increased New area, 4)20 (estimated demands for augmenting the collections with much construction cost) more, and more specialized, material.

99 100 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARYSESSIONS

North elevation, Library Addition, Marshall University What are the implications of this future pattern lecture-textbook varietywith a few assigned collat- of enrollment and instruction for the UniversityLi- eral readings and perhaps a 'library problem" or brary? Simply stated, they are threefold:(1) im- twothe building probably was quite adequatewhen it proved service to undergraduates and other students was built. whose needs are similar, i.e., those students en- Now, however, thirty-five years later,enrollment rolled in large classes, often with multiple sections, has increased from about 1300 to more than5000, and and whose book needs are essentially similar;(2) ex- a growing graduate programand an increasingly panded facilities for individualized study and re- research-orientated faculty are making demands of search at the graduate and upper-division undergrad- quite a different nature than the building was ever uate level; and (3) provision of an adequate amountof designed for. The collections have increasedfrom an appropriate type of space for anenlarged program about 25,000 volumes in 1929 to abcut140,000 vol- of faculty research and study. These three areas umes now. Seating is availablefor only 300. were developed in detail in our programproposal. Structurally the building is in excellent condition. Before proceeding to our proposal, a word about It was well designed, well built, and has beenwell our existing library is in order.The present Univer- maintained. On several occasions minoralterations sity Library is organized along traditional lines.A have been made to permit library operations to ex- circulation department handles loans from the gen- pand into areas not devoted to library usespreviously. eral collection for home use as well as loans of For instance, in 1958 the library occupied allthe reserve books. A reference departmenthas respon- classroom space on the first floor, and in 1963 the sibility fer all reference work, for occasional formal attic was finished and air-conditioned toprovide an instruction in the use of the library, and for useand excellent stack area with a capacity of some40,000 maintenance of the reference collection, the West volumes. Virginiana collection, the ti.S. Government documents As we reviewed the needs of cor undergraduates collection, and the periodicals collection. A catalog- and other students whc attend large classes, the needs ing department handles all catalogingand preparation of our graduate students, and those of our faculty, we operations and does bibliographical searching for came to the conclusion that wereally needed separate acquisition work. TI:librarian serves as adminis- facilities for the two basic types of users. We felt trative head of the University Library and directs all that we had not just one building expansionproblem, acquisition work. that of merely providing more space for morebooks The library building, built 1929-31 as a combina- and more spaces for more users, but a dual problem, tion building with classrooms on the first andground which seemed to lead us unerringly to separate facili- floors, serves well a traditional type of organization ties for the special use of the two types of users. for an essentially undergraduate institution.It is an So we proposed a separate facility primarily, but imposing building of Georgian design and has become not exclusively, for the use of undergraduates.Quar- a campus landmark. It has thetypical monumental ters and collections would be designed especiallyfor reading room not uncommon thirty-five years ago lower-division students and others enrolled in intro- with the inevitable high ceilings and long tables, each ductory courses and other large classes. This would of which seats a dozen or more students. There is a be a facility for mass-use for students whose patterns small closed stackroom with very little space for ad- of book needs are quite similar rather thanhighly in- ministratie functions and preparation operations. dividual. Here would be found an open shelf collection For a small college with most teaching of the of books and other library material which should La:Wm:4 Plans and Crilioes 101 supply at least 75-80 percent of the library needs of We also prepared a number of working papers on all but the must advanced students. various aspects of library operation to serve as We have named this facility the 'Collegiate Li- bases of discussion with the architects. brary." It was felt that this name was preferable to We gave the architects only three stipulations one which would indicate that use of thefacility was which were 'musts': (1) the control and bibliograph- limited to undergraduates only or would imply that ical area must be in a central location (we told them, undergraduates would be limited solely to use of this somewhat with tongue in cheek, that the card catalog portion of the overall University Library. As finally is used by almost everybody almost all of the time planned, the Collegiate Library will seat slightly and nuts! be close to everywhere!"); (2) we must pro- more than 400 with shelving for more than50,000 vide for a sizable addition to the existing multi-tier volumes. stackruom; and (3) the exterior must be so designed Along with this newer mass-use facility, we pro- as to be aesthetically appropriate and inkeeping with pose greatly to expand in the generalcollections our the appearance of the existing building. holdings of material which is of particular use in in- We originally planned a building for our estimated dividual research in all academic areas. The general 1970 enrollment. Finding that the cost of this would collections would include many titles also held in the be far in excess of our available funds, we made an Collegiate Library as well as all titles not appropri- attempt to design for today's enrollment (using Amer- ate to the Collegiate Library collections. Thebulk ican Library Association standards of seating and of the collection will probably consist of more spe- shelf capacity) and found we were still above our cialized material and material having research po- limit money-wise. Finally, we agreed to allow the tential. We propose to provide for the use of these architects to design a building which could be con- collections ample space specifically designed for structed within our budget, starting with the dollar individual work by graduate and advanced undergrad- and working with the program to provide as much uate students and faculty members. space as they could with the funds available. The General Library would be for the use of all The preliminary plans call for extending to the students, faculty members, and other approved users south, into the campus, only about 20 feet and then in our University community. Stackpermits would literally "wrapping around" the existing building with continue to be issued to students and otherswho could an extension on both the east and the westsides which profitably use the closed shelves. The enlarged projects only 20 feet. As designed, there will be closed stack areas would be equipped with ample in- 93,566 gross square feet; in "assignable area for dividual study space for permit holders in carrels, academic purposes," there is a total of 74,652 'as- cubicles, oasis areas, and the like, to allow their full signable" square feet.There are 850 reader sta- and complete use. The main circulation desk would tions and a book capacity of 362,500. Virtually all utili .e student assistant pages to secure books for the interior of the existing building will be razed and general users from the stacks. remodeled so that we will, in effect, have almost all Once our basic program concept was devised, entirely new space. Wherever possible, new con- we began to work with the ardlitects. Wehave a struction will be free of interior walls to allow maxi- local firm, Dean & Dean, Architects, who have just mum future flexibility. The entire buildingwill be completed plans for a 3.5 million classroom and electrically heated using electric resistance coils office building for us and who are quite familiar with with chilled- water cooling (central system). Marshall. Although they have never designed a li- brary building before, they seemed to grasp the First Floor basics of library planning quickly and are very responsive to our requirements. I should mention, first, that the front entrance At one time we all assumed that expansion of the (from the street) is not the main entrance. The south library would be to the south, into the campus. Tnis door, on the campus side, is actually the main en- would have permitted a square building which we felt trance since almost all of the library users come would have had the inherent administrative advantages from classroom buildings. The north door will be of a compact unit. A quick estimate, however, indi- preserved as an entry only as a convenience to the cated to us that such a structure would project too few who will wish to use it. far into the campus to the detriment of our master Entrance from the campus is through a vestibule land-use plan. Consequently we abandoned our pre- up ten steps to the lobby and thence through turnstiles conceived notion of where the addition should go and into the control area. To the left are stairs to the let the program guide the architects as to location. second and third floors and to the right the circulation We did not actually prepare a program statement, desk. Directly ahead is the bibliography area with much is a finished document. We did prepare a the main public card catalog, periodical indexes, and rather lengthy statement in which we reviewed the as one approaches the general reference area past institution, the library as a part of the institution, the card catalognational, trade, and other bibliog- and our philosophy of librarianship as embodied in raphies. Technical processes (order, serials, and our new plan for service in a dual-purposefacility. cataloging) offices are adjacent, in the southwest NON TN ADMINISTRATION 0111.-11 6Y 41. OLD MAIM I UNIVERSITY HALL 1° °1 us. Ls. mres4.....p...e 111VI70 41 Ili V I trostorrOs .11.104. 002 01000, 110001 fj a* , LIBRARY lido 1.4 ESA 071040 ur EXISTING (REMODELED) BUILDING W *MU.COOI sea SCIENCE HALL SO 0 1, IS" go W.,74,or 4,10 si OFFICECLASSROOM BUILDING 0 rm. &IAN. Ow ss 1 "' tI or. r 1.4.4. Va... 10 tl Om 4. was PII la - ummamems Aro a MO 0.4 ,:ty :VON dlo 1001g moons. w o o . k a r t . w s r rrarrore Aro. a. [ Sit rer THIRD ...Err.. n A VENUE r. 4 : As 111 a. 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IR NI MI NO NM g01 111 111 0% 14 MI 4. 8 1.1 =wpm a et O ft10 GENERAL 'o te 101 NM11111110111111 2 ENTRY ONLY BEEMEFEEA REFERENCE nu 0 .thift-xat 4.1 . . L NEM;In MNIII 4111 WI .7 1.0 Ele.E8 8E2E8 P silm 8 4 4. rd .00/0 mitt.. .11....14.1, a terLEGEND' NONASSIONAPLENEWEXISTING First-floor plan, Library Addition, Marshall University Catl:=1 ASSIONAIILE O xs 104 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARYSESSIONS corner of this floor. At the east end of the first flour between the floor levels of the present second and is a periodical reading room with latest issuesof third floors. We, of course, are delighted since this most titles on display and a service desk tohandle is relatively inexpensive new space and, while we du requests for back issues from the stacks. All peri- lose a rather impressive reading room, we also elim- odicals ale shelved by entry, with bound and unbound inate some of the problems which are inherent in the kept together in order of date of issue. The matter use of a monumental high- ceilingedreading room. of having all back issues in closed stacks will be Floor 2A will have special collections, the West given further study to determine the problemsinher- Virginiana collection, and our row virtually nonex- ent in splitting a collection, but we will at least look istent but, we somewhat fear, soon-to-be-burgeoning into it. University archives. About 2250 square feet will be On the first floor we have virtually all central devoted to study space for stack permit users, with services needed by the ordinary user of the General 55 carrels adjacent to the present stack level 6. Library. The card catalog and main circulation desk A group study room to seat 28 is provided on are here, as are the periodical indexes and accessto this floor (outside of the special collections area). the periodical collection as well as the bibliographi- This is in a somewhat secluded area for which no cal and general reference collections. Immediately other prime use could be found. We will need to have adjacent to the card catalog are the Library of Con- some sort of supervision, of course,possibly by gress Printed Catalog and similar works withthe audio monitor at times the special collection area is shelf list nearby. The most frequently used library not manned. functions are concentrated here with only the library administrative offices, reserve collection, and the ThisFloor Collegiate Library on other floors. It is planned that stack permit holders will enter The existing third floor will remain about as it the stack at the general circulation desk on the first is now with the exception of some changes in the heat- floor. In all probability all books available for home ing system. This was a dirty attic until about two use will be checked out here, although we mayfind years ago when the area was completelyremodeled, that we will want to permit loan books from the Col- insulated, finished, air- conditioned, and newly lighted. legiate Library to be signed out at the second-floor Accessibility has been a problem in the past because reserve desk. We will attempt to arrange theturn- of the only one narrow stairway. Staff access will stiles so that at least one of them can be operated now be easier by the elevator at the west end to which from the circulation desk at all but the busiest times. general reference and technical processes will have direct access on the first floor. The U.S. Government documents collection and certain other lesser-used Second Floor material is now kept here, and we plan to continue The Collegiate Library occupies virtually all the such use. second floor with about 18,000 square feet of area, 400 seats, and shelving to hold 53,000 volumes. Most Ground Floor seating will be at individual study tablesthe exact type to be determined. We showed 8 carrels in the We had hoped to have the librarian's office and preliminary plans; these woultl probably -oe enclosed allied offices on the main floor near the center of so as to permit typing and so forth. We expectto in- things. However, other functions took precedence vestigate the potential for us for application of some and these library administrative offices were placed of the newer electronic devices and will possibly find on the ground floor. It is felt that this arrangement it appropriate to make some provision forlater addi- will actually prove to be advantageous. While there tion of these newer techniques. is certainly merit in the librarian's office being ac- Closed reserve will be operated in conjunction cessible to all, from a practical point of view the with the Collegiate Library, since a reserve system privacy which comes from relative isolation will be is a device to facilitate mass-use of a fewbooks in a of real value. People can be made to feel welcome short time and the Collegiate Library is our facility in other ways. Another good feature is having the for mass-use. We may need to include in the Colle- shipping and receiving room adjacent to the offices giate Library collections second copies of some of and to the photographic services area, and just one the more recent of the most heavily used periodicals. floor from technical processes via elevator. Library photographic services will include the customary photostat, microfilming, and allied ser- Floor 2A vices. If it is felt needful at some future time to have The major portion of this floor will be new space the University Library provide audio-visual service (some 6500 square feet), secured by building a new to the campus, the space here should be adequate. floor in the upper part of the present reading room. The two areas in the north center shown as read- The architects feel that there is ample room for this ing rooms can be used for after- hours reading rooms intermediate floor since there is more than 23 feet if desirable. Or they might at some future time be NON? N no . a CIA 0. 010 glmo ems moo Nom ...Mi.= Nom MIAIMM I I 4.1. Y Ems:EEL:SIMEEEEBEI EISEBEES1 MULTI. TINA T E lIFWEEEE1- ESEBEEalEEE1STAOK LEVEL 4 I . V olio: INEUP STVGY . Val ell In! c1:1 -I NI -; 1 Vi IMO 4=0 IM110 OM* 1 ONO ammll.m..0 i Ethmaamm INIMIMIMMO =11 LOUNSE WOVEN 10 a, LAY :=: A..1 . A. 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GI DO Nam 11, .2_zse-ce: I ASSIGNABLEEXISTINGNEW NONASSISNAILE Ground-floor plan, Library Addition, Marshall University Building Plans and Critiques 109 used for library science instruction. The larger Site and Orientation room will in all probability be used as a general pur- pose ruum for meetings, although it will not formally The present site of the building near the class- be designated as a lecture room. The staff lounge is rooms apparently is as good as any, although I am close enough to allow use of the area for receptions aware that some librarians think the library should and the like. be closer to the dormitories because of evening study. The orientation of the building with the long axis running east and west is good since the north CLYDE HASELDEN side is the best area for reading. Still, there may be While I am sure the experience helps, it certainly some discomfort from the sun fur readers on the is not necessary to have planned an addition to a li- south and east sides, and even more so for those on brary to understand and appreciate the efforts of Mr. the west side of the building. Apel and his architects. A mere examination of the proposal and the layout will give you some idea of the SealingGeneral challenging aspects of such an addition. Mr. Apel in his working papers for the adminis- It is difficult to determine the exact space al- tration and architects initially requested seating fur lowed for seating and furniture arrangement in these 1900 readersor 25 percent of an estimated enroll- plans because of the lack of a scale of measurement ment of 7600 students in 1970in an enlarged library i.e., 1/8 inch or 1/4 inch = 1 foot. The planners of building with a life expectancy of twenty to twenty- this layout are to be commended for providing so five years. He also proposed "an expansion in new many individual seats, though I have the impression construction and remodeling to afford a maximum of that in their efforts to get in as many seats as possi- flexibility in use," stating that this "implies a modu- ble, the layout is highly regimented and formalized. lar library design in which most of the floor space Would it be helpful to provide some 4 foot by 6 foot can be used to support freestanding, single-tier book- tables and more informal chairs, not couches, to stacks or tables, chairs, and other furniture or to break up the areas? (Of course, informal seats subdivide into rooms." could take up more space than carrels or tables.) Naturally, as always, it has been necessary to While the few round tables included look nice on the reduce these demands in terms of funds available drawings and are useful for seminars or discussion and what administrators are fond of calling "the groups, they are not satisfactory for study or reading. realistic approach." Nevertheless, the fact remains that any major addition to the building must be con- First Floor sidered in terms of the cost, the projected enroll- ment, and the life span of usefulness of the enlarged Entrance. I am concerned with the two entrances structure. The basic issue is whether a major addi- to the building. The traffic confusion and control will tion to a traditional library of Georgian Revival de- be a major problem. Perhaps you can close off com- sign at an estimated cost of $1,500,000, not including pletely the entrance to the north. You will have better furniture and most equipment, will provide the best security, and people will not be using the library possible expansion of library services at Marshall merely as a short-cut across the campus. There are University for present and projected enrollments. no check points indicated at the exit control on the A review of these plans will indicate that in most south; there is also the question of controlling "entry respects this is an expansion of a traditional, fixed- only" on the north side of the first floor. A book- function library with load-bearing walls and support- return slot should be provided probably at the south ing columns in certain areas interfering with the most entrance. efficient allocation of space. Except for the Colle- The rest rooms at the south entrance on the first giate Library on the second floor and bibliography floor take up valuable space which could be better and reference, a majority of the stacks are segre- used for administration or some other library func- gated in a multi-tier, closed stack arrangement in the tion. Actually, except for staff, is it essential to southeast corner of the building. There certainly has have rest rooms on this floor? The two service ele- been little success in bringing the reader and the vators near circulation and technical processes are books closer together. There is not such interspacing well located. The supporting columns in the original of reading and shelf space since most of the seating structure on this floor, and on the floor below, inter- is at a considerable distance from the closed stacks. fere with the best possible arrangement of functions. Although 122 seats are scheduleu for the stacks, only Card catalog. While the card catalog is not visi- 4 such seats actually appear in the layout. Certainly ble from the lobby or near the circulation desk, it is there should be sufficient closed stacks in the library, well located for technical processes and reference. but most of the shelving should be open stacks easily Traffic from the south entrance to bibliography and accessible to reading areas, with tight controls at the reference will have to go through the catalog area or entrance. around it at the rorth end of the building. This may 110 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY SESSIONS not be too serious if enough space is provided for the for supplies, a wardrobe and sink unit, and such tools flow of traffic. for acquisition as the Cumulative Book Index, Pub- Bibliography area. The bibliography area ap- lisher's Trade List Annual, and Books in Print. pears rather tight for the rapid accumulation of over- size trade bibliographies and printed catalogs such Ground Floor as the National Union Catalog and the British Museum and G. K. Hall publications. Usually for these over- Administration area. Would it not be better for size volumes only five or six shelves of standard the librarian or assistant librarian to be located on 7-foot, 6-inch shelving can be used. the first floor accessible to the public? This admin- Reference area. The reference area is well lo- istration area appears unusually large because of the cated in relation to the card catalog and bibliography. space allotted for the general office and workroom. but it is not too accessible for the public, and some Receiving and shipping. Space is sufficient in reference librarians may consider it too far from the this area and well lined up with the nearby elevator general stacks. Shelving capacity in this area is and technical processes directly above. If mending, more generous than in bibliography, but if it is ever binding preparation, and storage are located here, necessary to expand, there actually is no place to go. some shelving and a sink unit should be installed. Patrons using the study table in front of the reference Microfilm Pho to s lat. If microfilm is only for counter may be disturbed by conversations at this the production of film, space should be provided point. Also there may be some disturbance to read- somewhere for microfilm reading machines and the ers seated in general reference where the carrels storage of film. are divided by ranges. Reading areas. The two reading rooms on the Periodical. indexes.It is difficult to determine ground floor are too cut up and boxed off. Perhaps the necessary space for these indexes. Naturally it they are intended as classrooms. The entire layout will depend on how many your library has and plans on this floor appears confusing for anyone using the to acquire. Since indexes also accumulate very fast, carrels. you should have double-tier periodical racks for the I question the purpose of the two exits on the tables as well as some additional freestanding shelv- north side of the building in the center, one of which ing. The indexes are some distance from the refer- opens into reading room A-5. Perhaps this arrange- ence department. nicant is for the use of rooms A-5 and A-6 as study Current periodicals.If you plan to display a hails when the rest of the building is closed. Often maximum of 1500 current periodicals, sufficient such an arrangement is planned in a new building or space can be provided by laying the periodicals flat addition and then not used, as the administration will on 3-foot shelves, each 12 inches wide and 41/4 acquiesce quickly to the demands of students that the inches apart. Here, again, you will have to be care- entire library remain open for later hours. ful of your space. If you plan to display only the lat- est issue, you can average 3 periodicals to a 3-foot Second FloorCollegiate Library shelf. But to shelve the current volume of all your periodicals, you may not average 3 to a 3-foot shelf. The Collegiate Library concept of a separate With the 37 single-face sections of shelving in the reading area and book collection no doubt has merit, northeast corner of the building consisting of 15 but there are wany disadvantages to this plan.It is shelves, 4 1/4 inches high and 12 inches deep on an expensive project which calls for much duplication 7-foot, 6-inch standard shelving, you should shelve of the collection, the preparation of a separate card flat approximately 1665 periodicals. However, the catalog, and additional staff for recataloging and su- 37 single-face shelves along the wall will not be uni- pervision of the library once it has been assembled. formly 7 feet, 6 inches high because of the windows. Separation of the collection will be confusing for the Thus additional shelving will have to be arranged. patron. Undergraduates in most colleges, doing their Also a place will have to be found for current news- research and other assignments, are now demanding papers. If you are convinced it is necessary to check full use of the library's resources with as few bar- out periodicals from the stacks, would it not be better riers as possible. to do this from the circulation desk and avoid the ad- The stacks in the Collegiate Library have a ca- ditional expense of staffing another service desk? pacity of 48,000 volumesless than the amount re- Technical processes. There seems to be ample quested. Additional shelving will reduce the seating, space for technical processes if I am correct in as- which is already below that indicated initially in the suming you plan 13 staff members for this area. program. Patrons seated at the tables will certainly Cataloging and acquisitions could be reversed to place be disturbed by traffic between classes and the search the latter nearer the books, as they are delivered for books between the stack ranges. Actually, in this from receiving, and the catalogers nearer the public arrangement of alternating seating and a single range, catalog. Shelving in this area seems too far removed thus spreading out the stacks, there may be some from the staff. Space also should be available here difficulty in locating the books. Building Plans and Critiques 111 Fluor 2A versus a new building. While some improvement over the present structure has been achieved, on the The question of control of this area immediately whole the addition dues not provide the best possible arises. You might want to arrange all your special arrangement and adequate space for expandingen- collections in one area accessible only to staff and rollment, book collection, and staff. provide an adjacent reading area for the use of this The multi-tier stacks are isolated from reading material. The group study in 2A-1 will be disturbing areas which in some instances are still divided into for those using the carrels in this area. rooms. The seating capacity of 850 readers is far I am curious about the possible relationship be- below the 1900 seats requested earlier in thepro- tween the 2A-9 carrels and the University archives gram notes. The staff will be handicapped in their and also the access to these carrels. Since you al- efforts to give the best possible service.. The disrup- ready are tight for space, you should considermov- tion of service and damage to books must also be ing the archives out of the building. Special collec- considered while the buildins is being remodeled and tions will be the responsibility of the reference enlarged. The enlargement of this building will de- librarian, who will be some distance from thisarea. stroy a beautiful exterior and still fail to provide adequate library facilities. At best, the enlargement Third Floor of this building will take care of Marshall University's library needs for a short time. Then,once again, it The Marshall University Library is a depository will be necessary to seek funds for another addition for U.S. Government publications which are to be or a new building. shelved on the third floor. The reference librarian I am sure you have already carefully studied and will be responsible for these publications. Thus this investigated the possibility that the present building location makes them inaccessible for staff and patron. might be used more efficiently for purposes other Mr. Apel reports that plans are still under consider- than a libraryor as someone else has so much bet- ation for the location of such facilities as smoking, ter said it, "Can the present library be remodeled typing, and map-atlas areas. more effectively and economically for other purposes than library purposes?" Undoubtedly the cost ofa Conclusion new building will be the major issue. Of course, it will cost more initially, but it actually will bemore Finally, we return to the question of enlargement economical in the long run and also more useful. ly 1 .1I I t I 4 1 ' II I) I II I .11 I '

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z PRESENTATION OF PLANS

Librarian:Donald C. Dickinson Architect:R. F. Whiteman Critic:Le Moyne Ir. Anderson Director of Libraries, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado

BEMIDJI STATE COLLEGE LIBRARY Bemidji, Minnesota

DONALD C. DICKINSON seating for 270 and shelving for 50,000 volumes, has Bemidji State College is located in a town of been adequate until recently. The library subscribes 10,000 in northern Minnesota, a region of severe to 550 journals, holds microforms and phonorecords, winters and pleasant summers. Bemidji has theonly and is a partial government depository. The 1964-65 institution of higher education within a radius of one book budget of $26,000 will be considerably improved hundred miles. In general, this is an economically by a budget of $70,000 for 1965-66. The staff consists depressed area. The college, founded in 1921, is the of 5 professionals and 2 civil service clerks. youngest of the five state colleges in Minnesota.It is The 1963 legislature appropriated $937,000 for a governed by the State College Board and financed new college library. Immediately, a facultybuilding through the state legislature. committee was selected, and for the last two years it In the fall of 1964, some 2,600 students were en- has worked with the consulting and project architects rolled, and 3,000 are expected in 1965. Most of the and library staff at all stages of planning. students come from the immediate vicinity of the The site for the library is on the central part of collegefrom small towns and small high schools. the campus, midway between housing units and class- The college has experienced a very rapid growth, rooms, with a superb view of Lake Bemidji.Originally tripling in size between 1958 and 1964. Recently, a programmed as a three -story building, the library was large number of students have come to college ai the to seat 750 students and house 110,000 volumes. Now, upper-class level, transferring from area junior col- with a grant of $464,000 from the federal government, leges. In the fall of 1965 we will employ 180 faculty the building will be fol:r stories, seat 1100 students, members. The college has always been devoted pri- and contain 175,000 volumes. A fifth floor is planned marily to teacher training but is now starting to build for the future. a labl:ral arts program. All students arerequired to All the main service features of the building are take a two-year general education curriculum. A located on the second floor in close relationship to one graduate degree in education has been offered since another. A central stairway provides access to the two 1954. floor,' of seating and shelving above. Entrance to the The present two-story library, built in 1948 with building has been complicated by the sloping site and a desire to 'hook-up" with the campus tunnel system. STATISTICAL DATA The main entrance was finally located on the second floor with an additional entrance-exit to be open at Architect: Jyring, and Whitemal peak hours on the third floor. Windows have been used Hibbing, Minnesota sparingly except on the east which looks out to the lake. Type of library: Liberal arts college The building is planned on a system of 24 x 27 bays. Population to be served: 2,418 The plan of the building calls for all areas to con- Arca: 48,914 square feet tain an integrated system of shelvirg and seating so Book capacity: 175,000 volumes that.udents and broks are thrown together. The )nly Seal* capacity: 1100 exceltion to this is in the small, closed study rooms on Cost: $833,000 each floor. Double carrels and faculty studies are lo- Building: $778,000 cated around the perimeter of each floor, With the ad- Equipment: $55,000 dition of the fourth floor, the basement area will be Cost pc) square look $15.90 (construction cost) given over to audio-visual services and to storage

113 114 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARY SESSIONS

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Elevation, Bemidji State College Library shelving. It is planned that the curriculum library level, you go upstairs on the south. On the first level will be located on the third floor, and a special col- we have periodical storage and mechanical rooms, the lections room on the fourth floor. elevator, and three temporary classrooms into which We intend to furnish the library with comfortable, the library will expand as it needs the space. informal seating areas on every floor. All reading The main entrance is on the south and will lead space will contain a heavy amount of individual seat- into the main foyer of the library. Here the charging ins. Carpeting and paneling should help with both desk is located with the card catalog immediately ad- noise control and general comfort, while the building jacent to the entrance. The current periodical reading will be air-cooled with a deep-well water system. It area, an informal reading area, and the reference area is hoped the building will be an efficient and pleasing are located here. answer to the library needs of Bemidji State College. The technical processing department is located on the main floor along with the librarian's office and the reception area, which again is close to the control cen- R. F. WHITEMAN ter. Materials are received at the north entrance, The library is the fourth academic building that travel through a corridor, and on into the library re- we have designed for the college. The campus does ceiving area. have a beautiful setting along the shores of Lake On the lake side, there are doors from the main Bemidji. Five months of the year the weather is reading room to the balcony. On all floors the stacks delightful; for two months it is intermediate; and the are interspersed with seating. The stacks are located five months of winter are almost unbeai able with in the center of the bays. temperatures down to 50° below zero. On the outside walls of the third and fourth floors The dormitory complex is north and the academic are located the faculty studies and double carrels. complex south, with the library in the center of the From the tables on the east you will be able to see the complex but located so that the students coming from lake. The fourth floor will be very similar to the third the dormitory area do have to pass the library area floor. to get to the academic section. The design of a library building presents a chal- The present library is south and is connected lo lenging opportunity to the architect. I feel that the the present administration building. The campus is building must have an inviting atmosphere and environ- being expanded both north and south. ment 0 ensure that it will receive Rill use. The essen- All college buildings and dormitories are con - tial warehouse characteristics of the building type nected with pedestrian tunnels. In the wintertime the should be counterbalanced if possible, and the use cf students are seldom seen. The access to the library scattered stacks and seating can be developed to pre- building, therefore, is primarily through the tunnel vent the division of the buildir.,; into immense stack system. The location of the library astride the tunnel areas and outsized reading rooms. system makes it necessary for students to pass The building construction in aorthera Minnesota is through the library in traveling between the dormi- necessarily of the hiF best quality because of the weather tories and the student center academic area. Actu- c.xtremes. The library has a structural frame of rein- ally, they do not go through the controlled part of the forced concrete, with insulated exterior brick walls library. Therefore, no student can avoid at least and glare - reducing insulated glass. The building in- passing contact with the library. terior is relatively simple. This is the first state To get into the library itself from the tunnel college building to be fully air-conditioned. It was a I-I -*-11 If -11 1111 It 11 4 jJ tiji 1 CLASSROOM Xz CURRICULUM LIBRARY OFFICE 0cc CLASSROOM 4z ODICAL ET 0 U STORAGE cc MECH. ROOM TYPtH3 CLASSROOM D 0 R oN C 0 ff'RIDOR ELECT EQUIPMENT 11111111111 CORR! 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MOW .1=1 _17:4: I EL. 1=3 I I -3 41.11 L: l="1"3 E-1Et-F.:1, f LAI . tarler& Le Ezr=3EE oc-J a:1=.BE-Ta F PA I0 E NE RAL --33 L SAAR T i i 1g ....1111,11111,1111111 a 4I 11.=1.1 EE=I IS-7-171E1 `cr r I 17C.3 0 (.1,D awn.=== Wane 11 ==== E =XIS.-11=1 00 SIDEWALK =L117 === I I r , 11 I" 71'rel JLUJJLUJJ r 1 nu . A !PRAIA!. 11.11I .1,1 ii p UP r 11 1111mkr I'll" SECONDARY CONTROL D -am .111 ELI = THIRD FLOOR PLAN Third-floor plan, Bemidji State College Library N to it* CO1-4 dm C=D 3E, :1 III C=:) L I ISPECIAL COLLECTION I it C_] MECHANICAL c:1 0 0 111111111MMI.11 =111 1,10 1111111 1111, === AREA I3M1=1 ==.""=.GENERAL LIBRARY a OPEN MECHANICAL AREA CURRICULUM UBRARY GENERAL UBRARY I=EEBfESEEil OFFICE J c=o FOURTH FLOOR PLAN 113 EZIMEaEEI I I STUDY STUDY 0 tO rare , 4 Building Plans and Critiques 119 tough selling job in an area that is proud of its cool It is ni.favorite, you understand, because at this point summers. I immediately see books, I see reading areas, I see librarians, and I see all the other paraphernalia asso- ciated with an academic library. LE MOYNE W. ANDERSON Once I go through the turnstiles on the second floor I subscribe to the opinion that a full view of the south, my first question for a reference librarian could female formau nalurel has much less appeal to the readily be posed because this information point is healthy male than a view in which a woman is artfully easily spottedalthough I would wonder why the infor- revealed and concealed. I do not embrace the same mation counter, or desk, is not facing west rather than aesthetic mystique when viewing academic library south. If I were referred by an assistant to a reference buildings, however. From the exterior to the inte- book, I could have ready access to the material. It is rior, I want to see booksbooks with the overwhelm- close at hand, and the collection is small enough to ing and immediate impact they provide!I do not want make retrieval simple. to be tantalized by a strip-tease act when I visit a li- If I needed to use the card catalog, I could easily brary. I want to know where the books are as soon as find it for it occupies a position of prominence. If I possible and preferably by seeing them as I approach searched for a title by call number in the general li- the building from afar. brary, however, I might have some difficulty wending The Bemidji State College Library does not meet my way in and out of the stacks and reading areas my basic criterion for building excellence. It is con- while trying to find a book within this checkerboard ceivable that a person may have to walk 100 feet arrangement. I would most certainly note mentally within this edifice before encountering the physical that at a future date, in order to use a peripherally lo- entity which librarians are dedicated to assemble. I cated carrel at mid-point on the east wall, I would look with incredulity upon the construction of a col- have to traverse 75 feet from entrance to the reader's lege library building which forces upon the patron station and probably disturb patrons on both sides of such devious routes to the product offered. The build- me all the way, no matter how circuitous I deliberately ing is under construction, however, so further discus- made my route. sion of the elements of design is academic. We have On the other hand, I could choose a reading area before us, I judge, a fail accompli. closer to the entrance, which appears to be more con- What is there to criticize? Anyone who has done venient. I would be very near a main stairwell, hove only a modicum of library building consulting is sen- ever, and the noise of the traffic would prompt me to sitive to the admonishments of one's mentor who says move shortly. that we are not to be "critical of what might seem to If literature investigations referred me to a micro- be unusual solutions until you fully understand what film citation, I would contact a staff member who would the real problem was.' On the other hand, we are show me, in turn, how to use the reading machine, but also told no/ to be "overly impressed by campus plan- only after traveling some 75 feet, depending upon which ners. They are rather new at the game and they cer- staff member provided the assistancecirculation or tainly are not infallible."' reference. If I use the reserve books, or if I wanted to I face the same dilemma in criticizing these borrow a title, the loan desk is easily located and sat- plans. Not understanding fully, I am sure, the prob- isfactorily and unobtrusively situated off to the side of lems of the Bemidji State College staff, I shall plunge the main entrance. I may be vexed at times, however, ahead, nonetheless, knowing that no matter what the if the monitor check point creates a traffic jam and in- problems are, the solutions presented in these plans terferes with my effort to negotiate a loam If I used are offered by fallible mortals. My comments here- the seminar room on this level, along with several after will be made within the context of an imaginary other persons, I would enter and leave the room, occa- self-guided tour of this library structure. sionally chatting perhaps and consequently disturbing Approaching the building at the south, I can enter the patrons studying in contiguous areas. through a kiosk at the third-floor level.If I under- If I wanted to see the librarian, I could easily find stand the plans correctly, I must go down at least one his office. As a faculty member, however, I would feel flight before gaining access to the building proper. a bit conspicuous in having to cross the reception room On the other hand, if I enter from the pedestrian tun- to get to the lounge. As a library staff member, par- nel to the north on the first floor, I must walk nearly ticularly the librarian's secretary, I would wonder why 200 feet through a corridor and up one flight of stairs a corridor along the south wall from the control area before entering the library. I could also come into directly to the lounge was not planned, thereby avoiding the building at the second level from another tunnel, this devious route to a cup of coffee. Indeed, I might which I have already decided is my favorite entrance. ask why the lounge could not have been located in another part of the building, consequently freeing the `American Library Association, Library Administration space for library staff offices at some future date. Division, Planning Lthrary Bzillduzgs Jcr Srvice (Chicago: As a patron, if I went to the third or fourth floors, A.L.A., 1964), p.12. I would have the same confrontation with the checker- %id. board arrangement that I experienced on the second V

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Wee Building Plans and Critiques 121 level. This realization would leave me at the mercy ian's office. Another entrance on the east wall of the of a directory system, which would have to be definite processing room may be worth considering. and precise. It would be helpful, too, as a patron to The cataloging and classification apparentlyare have like facilities repeated on each floor in identical to be done 1)librar3, staff members at open desks. It positions, consequently simplifying the orientation. may be worthwhile to utilize some type of baffle or The rest rooms, for example, on the fourth floor, third barrier around each librarian's desk, about 5 foot floor, and first floor are all in different locations, and high, thereby creating a semblance of privacy. they are not available at all on the main floor. I would say that the space seems to be adequate On the first floor, I would be satisfied with the for handling the marking and book preparation opera- classrooms which are located off a corridor and apart tion, judging from the volume of activity projected from the stack and reading area. I would assume that and delineated in the written program. Thespace for the south doors from the periodicals storage area the bindery preparation, however, is unclear tome. have crash hardware or some control mechanism; Again, I assume it is in this area. The flow from the otherwise, what would prevent me from appropriating technical services to the circulation departmentis the volumes for home use without bothering to com- good and can be continuous. Once the new materials plete a record at the loan deskif, in fact, the volume are turned over to the circulation department and does circulate? have been sorted, it means that, except for the shelv- The curriculum library on the first floor seems ing of the titles on the second floor, the book trucks well situated, although, again, I would wonder what must be pushed to the north elevators for vertical controls are envisaged for the north stairwell as well distribution throughout the building. This is not the as the elevator. This floor appears, by the way, to most convenient arrangement inasmuch as there are envelop the utilities within a core more satisfactorily more than 100 feet to cross from the loan desk. In than the other levels do and with a less-clobbered any event, to complete the travels of the book itself, result. it is now on the shelf and ready for the reader to find. Now, if you please, I shall drop the mantle of the My conclusions then are nine in number, to wit: reader. I plan to effect an abrupt transition from patron to library staff member and/or a book in order 1. The site is good, permitting ready access from the to consider the technical processes areas for partic- principal campus buildings within reasonable dis- ular attention, as suggested by the Institute Committee. tances Inasmuch as I did not have detailed informationon the 2. The structure is aesthetically pleasing, utilizinga proposed layout of this important service, I can speak beautiful setting to great advantage only generally. It is a fact that more than fifty steps 3. The flow of patron traffic into the building, with are necessary to add a book to the collection of this the multiple points of access, is unnecessarily library. The decisions of selection having been made, complex the verification process, including consultation the 4. The location of the major points of service card catalog and the bibliographies, can be accom- reference and cir,:ulationis centralized and sat- plished readily within the areas specified. The dis- isfactory tances between the tools are not great. I assume that 5_ The interspersing of chairs and books, a,a the the acquisitions and serials sections are to be located checkerboard, will have more disadvantages than in the north part of the confine, adjacent to there- advantages ceiving and shipping area. It would seem that a con- 6. The arrangement of utilities and like facilities tinuous flow of materials can be realized, for the varies widely from floor to floor and will present books arrive on the north dock and are unpacked in a continual orientation problem the receiving room, moving along into the processing 7. The special facilities, such as microfilm andsem- area. The furniture and equipment could be easily inars, are limited, scattered, and not close enough and effectively arranged. I would hope that considera- to staff service points tion has been given to the electrical requirements, 8. The administrative and technical servicesrooms particularly convenience outlets and overhead lighting, are v, ell located near the entrances, the biblio- as well as to the plumbing, which does seem to be in- graphical tools, and the receiving areas dicated on the plan. 9. The Bemidji State College Library,as planned, The thought occurs to me that a great deal of can be a livable and workable building for reader traffic may develop through the exit and entrance and staff member alike.If the point of no return from the reception area into the technical processing has not been reached, some revisions in the plan room. This may be especially noticeable as faculty could make the building more functional, particu- members and other campus patrons visit the librar- larly for the patron. PRESENTATION OF PLANS

Associate Director of Libraries:Robert Muller Architect:John C. Haro Critic:Stephen McCarthy Director, Cornell University Libraries, Ithaca, New York

UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN CENTRAL CAMPUS LIBRARY Ann Arbor, Michigan

ROBERT MULLER addition, with priorities, precise space designations, At the University of Michigan we have a Central and so on. Then we added up all the space require- Campus library, ealled the General Library, which is ments and translated them into a cost figure of $35 still in fairly presentable and good shape. It looks per square foot. That unit cost included everything: imposing. It is in the center of a mall. The idea of project cost, architects' fee, and the like. When we simply scrapping it would be unthinkable. Hence we added up all the figures, they came to something in were, more or less, forced into the position where excess of $11 million. we had to add to that existing building, rather than to At that point we were told that, in view of what think in terms of an entirely new structure, even the University had already spent for libraries over though we were perfectly aware that the existing the past decade, plus the many other projects that structure was neither flexible nor an ideal kind of were clamoring for high priority, such as a new library building. School of Architecture and Design Building, a new Briefly, the history of the building goes back to Dentistry Building, a new Education Building, etc., 1898. The original stack dates back that far. In the etc., we could not even get a library addition on the early 1920's an addition was built around this old state appropriation building priority list. After all, structure, because the idea of demolishing it could the University of Michigan had been most generous not be seriously entertained. The existing building as far as its library development was concerned dur- is, therefore, by this time close to forty-five years ing the past decade. We built a new Medical Library, old in its major newer portions. A few years ago two which, incidentally, has already outgrown its size by additional stack floors were added at a cost of about this time; we built a building that has attracted a $1 million. great deal of attention, the Undergraduate Library, at What we did was to write a program for what we a cost of about $3.5 million; we built a storage library; needed in a building addition. In writing this program and, of course, we built numerous branch libraries, we put down everything that we wanted to put into the such as one for music and one ..or physics-astronomy. Several others are now on the drawing boards, includ- STATISTICAL DATA ing one for dentistry and one for mathematics. The administration decided that the maximum for which Architect: Albert Kahn, Associated Architects & money could be raised, minus what the federal govern- Engineers, Inc., Detroit, Michigan ment could contribute (which was expected to be one Type of library:Graduate library for the social third, and turned out to be one third), would be around sciences and the humanities $4.5 million. What we had to do next was to pick out Population to be served: 4000 of the program statement all the items of secondary Area: 83,565 square feet priority and leave in only what we considered to be Book capacity: 655,500 volumes the highest priority. Seating capacity: 536 What were these high priority items? They were, Cost: $4,375,000 essentially, that we needed more carrel space and Building: $3,796,500 more book space. Unless I am misinformed, the Uni- Equipment: $578,500 versity of Michigan probably has the largest graduate Cost per square foot: $35.57 (construction cost) enrollment, exclusive of New York University, of any

122 Building Plans and Critiques 123

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carting sunnelQ. t. Cross section, University of Michigan, Central Campus Library Addition university in the country; yet we have only 275 carrels by adding more than 500 carrels; (2) we wanted to in- for graduate students. We have to assign 2 or 3 grad- crease the capacity for books by as much as possible uate students to one carrel, which is far from ideal; and found that we could achieve that objective by pro- we desperately needed more carrel space. Secondly, viding shelves for 650,000 volumes if we counted only we needed more book space; we had already moved seven shelves; if we added an eighth shell, we could more than 300,000 volumes from the main building then further increase the capacity by about 100,000 and placed them in a storage building on the North volumes. We are considering here an added capacity Campus about two miles away. Those were the two of 750,000 maximally. In addition to this, the new highest priorities. In addition, we hoped that, if this addition will also house the administrative suite of new section had to be built, the main building could the library, which will serve the director and his as- be rehabilitated, and the administration has indicated sociates; (3) we had to transpose the map area; and that the state might be willing to spend $2.5 million k4) we had to transpose the rare books. on the rehabilitation of the main building. So we are I should mention that this building will serve pri- talking here of a total project of about $7 million. marily the graduate students in the social sciences In the proposed rehabilitation of the main build- and the humanities.It will not serve the pure and ing, certain reading room areas which had been orig- applied sciences to any great extent. The present inally designed for stacks would be converted into building serves a graduate student body of 2700. We stacks, and this dislocation made it necessary to are planning the total complex for a graduate body of transpose several functions into the planned addition; about 4000 by the year 1965. For this projected stu- among them an area for maps and an area for rare dent body of 4000, we will have 809 carrels, including books. There were other reasons for moving rare existing carrels, or about 2 for every 10 graduate books into this addition; however, the rare book re- students by 1975, as compared to about 1 for every locatio. is considered to be a temporary location be- 10 at present. As to stack space for collection growth, cause we hope that some day we will be able to do the new addition will provide about 125,300 lineal feet what Indiana University has done and what Yale and of shelving, of which 31,250 feet (25 percent) should Harvard have done, and build a separate Rare Books remain free as shelf space for shifting, and about Library. Our rare book collection is distinguished, 25,250 feet will be occupied by overflow from the ex- with more than 50,000 rare books plus special col- isting building, leaving a residue of 68;500 feet avail- lections. able for expansion as of July, 1965. If we assume a The program, then, consisted of the following: maximum growth rate of 7000 feet per year, the new (1) we wanted just about to triple the carrel capacity addition will be filled by 1975, or eight years after 124 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARY SESSIONS completion (7000 feet is required for about 70,000 facility, the proximity is still one of the major con- volumes). siderations in future development. The present Under- Perhaps we will not grow at quite so rapid a rate, graduate Library, which was completed about seven perhaps only at the rate of . volumes a year, in years ago, is to the east; again, the relationship of which case the addition will last six years longer, or this Undergraduate Library building to the General a total of nearly fourteen years. On the otherhand, Library is a major consideration in the location of as soon as the building is built and emptyshelves are this new building. The site plannersJohnson, John- visible all over, many faculty members will say, son and Roy, of Ann Arborhave been involved in an 'Well. now, I've been suffering all these years be- extensive study of the future development of the Uni- cause you put all those books in storage.Bring them versity; the expansion of library facilities is indicated back? I predict that within a. short while some of the in an easterly direction, with additional buildings to books that are currently in storage will have to be connect the library to the Physics-Astronomy Build- brought back into the building, and I wouldn't be sur- ing, forming a linkage of library facilities through the prised that within five years, or maybe even less, the central part of the campus and also relating it to the building will already have proved to be too small. Undergraduate Library. However, it is designated as the first unit, and Mr. As we studied this problem, we were faced with Haro will indicate where we will put the second unit. an existing traffic flow across the campus in an east- west direction, which was fairly well establis} The President's residence here was a quite inviolate piece JOHN C. HARO of property; any rerouting of traffic through this area The design of this particular facility was based would present quite a problem. The space was limited on two major objectives. The first was to expand and around the entire facility; consequently. a low building perhaps eventually replace the existing obsole....cent was not a possibility at all. Obviously, putting a structure dating back to 1898 in its oldest portion. building in this location presented a considerable The second was to design the building in such a way problem. The President's residence property is south, that it could be adapted to varying uses as the nature and zhe Clements Library is east of it. The Under- of library service changed. For a long time, both graduate Library is east of Clements. The existing buildings will have to be used together to serve study stack area of the General Library is on the south side, and research in the social sciences and the human- and, for the most part, t.:,stack portion of the Gen- ities at the graduate level; consequently, a scheme eral Library was considered to be in satisfactory con- should be developed which is sufficiently flexible to dition, with the exception of the original t. lag which allow for the possibility of using any area of the dates back to about 1898. We thought that we would building interchangeably for book storage, readers, (1,..:molish a portion of that existing wing and add to the carrels, or staff work space. The necessary prox- General Library throi. gh the top, making a connection imity to the General Library was a prime factor in from the General Library to the new building. the determination of the project site. Further, the With a very limited site for the new building and Central Campus planning concept envisages a devel- the need for maintaining the flow of pedestrian traffic opment of a library complex extending from the pres- through the site, the building was set up on stilts, so ent library past the Undergraduate Library east to the that an arcade could be carried through the building. Physics-Astronomy Building. It was desirable to This is a covered arcade with no enclosure except for maintain an uninterrupted flow of student pedestrian the entrance to the library building itself. On the top traffic along and through the complex. That the struc of the arcade a large plaza is proposed; thus a com- ture would not impinge on part of the President's mon space is developed between the new library and residence area was also a. very important factor in Undergraduate Library and the Clements Library. In the design of the building. Immediately to the south the future it may be a possibility that a connection be- of the General Library is a tunnel housing ti.e exist- tween all these could be developed; certainly between ing loop system of heating and utility maintenance. the existing library and the Undergraduate Library, The campus engineering service recommended that if the use of the library indicates that this is neces- this system be left intact because of the cost of relo- sary. We are proposing a renovation of the existing cation and extreme inconvenience of possible inter- library where an entrance is still maintained at its rupted service. So you can see that what we have original position facing on the north mall of the Cen- here is a very constricted site and a very limited tral Campus. The students enter here; an escalator approach to the planning of a new facility. will be provided where the front staircase is now lo- The original University occupies a square; the cated, and the fifth level of the stack area will be buildings on the main mall are the Natural Science converted to a card cateog area and a connection to Building, the existing Angell Hall, and the existing the new addition through the utility core. library building. The library building is the one to The existing utility tunnel is, for all practical which we are adding the new structure to the south. purposes, inviolate (the cost of moving the utilities The Clements Library is directly south of that, and or disturbing them in any way would have made the although it has no direct relationship to the library construction of this building far more expensive than Reference Room 01111111111111111101.11111 i c=J L. 1111E11111k 17;1 eriodicals Exhibit AreaCatalogPublic 13 tI Stacks PRESENT GEN ER AL LIBRARY Stacks fpELEVATORS connect with old stacks) (Later redesigned to L ! till 0 1 STr 111116 r ! I ; """""r !: ..!' K S s,: 1 1 .11.1a11.1.1.1111:allalani..111111111111I-1[1 III] j j Second-floor plan, University of Michigan, Central Campusailli Library Addition iii l' II ji ii. 126 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSIr.'Y LIBRARY SESSIONS

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Eighth-floor plan (rare books), University of Michigan, CentralCampus Library Addition (latest plan interchanged seventh and eighth flours) Buildhol Plans and Critiques 127 it is at the present time). Consequently, ourfootings narrow horizontal bands of sash around the building. :or the building were all located south of it and the The building faces south; consequently, with the con- arcade, the columns for the arcade were pinched in cern for a minimum amount of light penetrating the to miss the existing tunnel. The arcade is a com- building, it was our feeling that by keeping this win- pletely open space. The entrance to the building is . dow area quite small, we could have a minimum this point. The first floor of the new library is con- amount of penetration into the building and still pro- tiguous with the second level of the present General vide the carrels with a view outside. Those people Library. The second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and who occupy the carrels for a long period of time will seventh floors are stacks, with rare books on the top have an opportunity to look out and not feel penned in. floor. The .nechanical equipment is located at the The window itself is small; it will be about 2 1;2 to 3 base of the connecting tower, with a utili::es tunnel feet from the floor and will extend only to approxi- running through at the south, providing connections mately 5 1/2 to 6 feet above the floor, so that the pri- for the utilities for the new building. To that extent, mary view is possible only when a person is sitting. and only to that extent, is the present utility tunnel The windows do not provide a view to people who are disturbed. The foundations for the new building will stanuing, since the carrels are generally around the miss that portion of the building completely. 1...eriphery of the building, and we are cutting off the The second floor is a typical floor, a floor which light as much as possible to the interior. is repeated in its basic concept through the sixth floor. The building dimensions are 49 feet by 254 feet. There are no columns in this building; consequently, there is DISCUSSION no module as is normally thought or. The reason for doing this was that we would then hat e complete flex- Question: What protection would a person have when ibility in the arrangement of stacks and carrels, or the sun was directly adjacent to him as he occupied whatever room arrangement might be anticipated in the carrel? the future. There is a clear span of 49 feet, and the sections through the north and south will accommo- MR. HARO: The carrel, of course, is a rather small date carrels on the outside with an inner core of a..d constricted space.If we were to use a long, nar- stacks. The amount of carrels may vary from floor row window, this would permit a greater amount of to floor, depending on the need; at the present time, sun penetration from the high portion of the window to the stacks will be located in the central potion with enter the building and the carrel. We are reducing carrels along the periphery. Stairs ;Ire provided at the height of the window to about 2 1/2 to 3 feet, and either end of the building with mechanical shafts ad- the top of the window will actually be at about eye level jacent to them. The toilet facilities are in the main when a person is standing up. Thus the amount of sun- core section, with the elevators nearby. The present light will be much more easily controlled than if there General Library will have an escalator; the card cata- were a tall window and a large expanse of Venetian log will be placed in the connection between the build- blinds was needed for protection. A certain amount of ings on the second floor, which is contiguous with the overhang is provided in the projection of the structure fifth level of the old stack building that is to be de- beyond the glass line. molished. The seventh floor differs a little from the floor Question: Will there be any appreciable difference in below, but here, again, there are possibilities for your cost if you build columns? various kinds of facilities within the basic framework of the building. Again, there are no columns to ob- MR. HARO: There certainly would be. It would be struct the planning, so that we have quite a bit of less costly to build a building with a center row of flexibility in arranging the plans as we see fit. On columns. However, this would impair the flexibility the seventh floor are located carrels (on the north to a great extent, and we find that the additional cost side), a classroom, a workroom, and offices, placed is well warranted by having a clear span, whel-e there directly across from the elevator; likewise, the papy - are no restrictions imposed by the columns in terms rology and manuscript room adjacent to the director's of spacing of carrels or stacks. The stacks can be and the staff offices. The eighth floor is devoted to placed at any interval that would suit. The lighting is rare books, with stacks on either end and reading arranged in a direction perpendicular to the stack so room, workroom, offices, and reception in the center; that, regardless of the spacing of the stacks, there is the elevator service, stairs, and toilets are in the always good lighting for the stack area. core. We could convert this top floor completely to stacks if it were required in the future. The pent- Question: Why not use a cantilevered design? house areas are devoted entirely to mechanical equip- ment and the cooling tower. The elevator shaft and MR. HARO: This, in fact, is what we have done on stairs end at the top floor; the cooling tower is open, the first floor. The building is cantilevered on the as is usually the case, at the top. first floor to the north, in order to miss the utility As to windows, the present intent is to provide tunnels. 128 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITYLIBRARY SESSIONS Question. Could y ou not have move the addition desk, reference services, bibliography, and so on will closer to the existing building? work better through the existing building. The site obviously gave the architect this long MR. HARO: We could; at the same time we wanted and narrow building as the only solution. But it is to leave open, space, so that we could have as many of clear that if you have a long and relatively narrow the carrels opening up onto an open space as we pos- building, you have long aisles and corridors. You sibly could. And a building contiguous to the existing have them in the stack floors. There are carrels on structure proved to be quite expensive. the perimeter, then 4-foot aisles, and then 27 feet of stacks. As a result, there are 8 feet of aisle for 27 feet of stack, and this is-, I, believe, a rather high pro- STEPHEN McCARTHY portion. As Mr. Muller has said, the programmed needs I would suggest that the floors are not in the for the University of Michigan Central Campus Li- proper location vertically. In my judgment, to make brary building have been very severely reduced, be- the first three floors stack and carrel floors; have cause of space limitations adjacent to the existing two floors unfinished; and then put the library admin- building and because of fund limitations. This is cer- istration, maps, papyrology, and the rare book depart- tainly regrettable, but apparently it must be accepted. ment on the top floor is to plan the building upside I would point out what Mr. Muller mentioned but down. The rare book departme.. should be on the perhaps has not been stressed enough. The rather second floor; maps and papyrology and administration major renovation of the existing building which will should be on the third floor; and from there on up you be required to make the new structure function satis- should have stacks and carrels. factorily as a part of the central building will cost The reason given for the present arrangement is $2.5 million. That is to be added to the approximately that there will be heavier traffic to the stacks and $4.5 million cost of the structure which has been pre- carrels than there will be to the rare book depart- sented, so that we are actually considering a $7 mil- ment. I would agree with that, aid I would say that it lion construction project. reinforces my argument. The rare book department The relationship of the existing building and of and its exhibit area ought to be down where faculty, the new building to other library buildings and to students, alumni, donors, and so on will see it.It some other campus buildings has been indicated. will be a better rare book department in any judgment There is no question that the architects were given if that is done. So my suggestion would be, I repeat, an extremely difficult assignmentto provide a suit- that the architect consider relocating the rare book able addition to the existing buildings in this very department on the second floor; put maps, papyrology, narrow and constricted site. I certainly commend and library administration on the third floor; and then them for it. stacks and carrels from there up. I think the building presents some interesting To concentrate on the rare book area, I would like features and also some serious difficulties. The to get rid of that long, narrow corridor which really floors. are roughly 45 feet by 270 feet, and this space serves no purpose except to permit one staff member is column-free, which certainly is an advantage. to get from his desk to the desk of another staff mem- One thing I am unable to tell is, what is expected ber, and I do not think that is necessary. I believe to be the principal entrance to this building? Is it that the exhibit area could be reworked, perhaps its from underneath the colonnade, or is it from the old shape changed a little, and that the reading room could building? There are two entrances, and I do not know be made somewhat longer and narrower. Then the what the traffic pattern is expected to be. Some kind area to the south could be developed over whatever of control at the lower exit under the colonnade is space is required as a staff work area for ra '-e books, needed. The building as presented does not have a and this could constitute the aisle. You have to have focal point, and it seems to me that this is desirable. an aisle in the work area, anyway. Maybe this is provided for in the existing building. I would also suggest that the present seventh floor, I am concerned at the distance of the stacks from which as you realize I have now made the third floor, the circulation desk. I cannot help but be concerned could be restudied and the corridor space somehow about the paging of books, unless the library is to be reduced. I do not quite know how. In the administra- entirely self-service. I do not know whether any me- tion area I did a little measuring, and in order to get chanical facilities are contemplated for the movement to the administration area there is one corridor which of books back and forth other than book trucks and is 7 feet wide, and another which is 5 feet wide. Thus, elevators. 12 feet of the 45 feet available is used for corridor. I see no evidence of any kind of service desk in I think this layout can be replanned. this building until you reach the seventh floor. That I would also suggest that perhaps the library ad- may be all right, but it is somewhat unusual. Perhaps ministration area. might like to change spaces with this comment stems from my thinking of this building papyrology. I think that the Director of Libraries as more separate than it is really intended to be. ought to be a little more accessible than papyrology. And it may be that the articulation of the circulation I wondered a little, in view of the need for space, Building Plans and Critique:, 129 about the classroom for the rare book department. It And so 7.1ichigan will not be solving its central seemed to me that the number of hours per week that library problem by this project. It may be the only that room was being used for classes in rare books project that is viable in the University at the present probably was not very large. But I could be wrong. time; it may be that the situ,.tion is so desperate that In any case I would suggest that you might consider despite all the things that can be said against it or in whether there are not dual uses for this room, since favor of sume other plan there is no other solution it is adjacent to the map area. Some kind of combina- that is possible now. This is a hard decision to make, tion use might be a possibility. and I am certainly glad that I do not have to make it. It seems to me that if my suggestions were fol- lowedif the rare book department were located on the second floor, with an appropriate information and DISCUSSION reception desk in the exhibit area, and a qualified and accoutered person seated therethis arrangement Question: Mr. McCarthy mentioned the lack of any would give the building a focal point. focal point. I judge that this building is going to be There are some relatively slaall matters I could stack and reader space, as an adjunct to the original mention. I saw no provision for smoking in the build- building. Is this correct? ing. This is a mistake. I thought the size of the rare book study desks were too small. There seems to be Answer: Yes, that is correct; we have simply added no provision for coats and brief cases in relationship carrels and stack space. The focal point, as in any to the rare book department. Maybe this is not a library, would be the card catalog, and it would be lo- problem, but most libraries do not want people to cated in the main entrance to this building. Some con- carry brief cases into rare book departments. It may cern has been expressed about the narrowness of the be that some provision is expected to be made avail- plan, but if one keeps in mind that the 10 feet leading able in the exhibit room. to this one floor is only for this one floor, and the el- I have assumed that the stairs at each end would evators then lead to the other floors, this will not be be available for movement from one floor to another so serious. Actually the distance of the main corridor on the upper floors. I do not know whether there will will be quite wide, about 40-50 feet, and will be flanked then be a control problem on the ground floor, but I on both sides by card catalogs and consulting tables. raise that as a question. I am sure the colonnade will be very attractive CHAIRMAN: Mr. McCarthy said that the building is but it is expensive and there is not one square Lot upside down, in his opinion. I wonder if there is com- that is worth anything to the library. It does not help ment on that statement? Mr. Haro to tell him that, but that's the fact and the planners might as well face it. MR. HARO: Basically, as architects, we have looked I think we have had an interesting juxtaposition to the University for what it considered to be the most in our discussion of two major universities, Michiban important relationships, but I do believe that the prox- and Minnesota, both of whom have library buildings imity of the stacks to the card c italog is of primary built at about the same time on much the same plan, importance in that light. which are now seriously inadequate because of the vast increase in enrollment and in sizof collections. MR. MULLER: We were more concerned about the Minnesota is moving to a new campus, with really students than about ourselves. We felt that it was im- two central libraries, and I believe the West Bank Li- portant to narrow the distances as much as possible brary is to be the key library of the future. The Wal- between the catalog and the bibliographic center, and ter Library will serve a very important purpose, as the stacks and carrels. It is for this reason that the Mr. Cerny said, fo7. 20,000 students. Minnesota's administrative suite went high up. solution is to go to a new plot of ground, construct A more recent change has been made that was new classroom and office buildings, and create a du- not incorporated in the plans which would actually in- plicate second c,.mplex, at an estimated cost of, shall terchange the location of the administrative suite and we say, $10 million. the rare books for a different reason. The rare books The solution proposed for Michiganand I know would be below the administrative suite, and the ad- there are numerous factors here of which I am un- ministrative suite would be on the top floor, because aware and all of which have to be taken into account we anticipate a possible growth of the rare book area, by the authorities at Michiganis for it to embark on which could then extend downward. There would be a $7 million program, which does not, it seems to me, no room for expansion for the department if it w( re open the way for the future. This may be the only on the top floor. thing that can be done, but there is this very serious One of the criticisms was that the rare book area consideration$7 million is a lot of money! As you on the eighth floor would not receive quite enough at- heard Mr. Muller say, this building is supposed to tention. We were planning to have exhibit cases for last for ten years, but he is not sure it will last for rare hooks in the main hallways leading to thL build- more than five. ing on the sides where the catalog is currently located. 130 COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY LIBRARYSESSIONS 1

These cases would be away from the actualrare book a building of this sort will have to provide paging or stacks, so that the rare book room as such would be not. At the present time we manage all right. Stu- used primarily by those who wished to consultrare dents and faculty help themselves to books; books books, rather than for the purpose of providingex- they cannot find are then searched and paged. By hibits `,or rare books. paged, I..an, are collected and then picked up later. We woula nape that we can continue this pattern. How- CHAIRMAN: Another criticism had to do with the ever, the latest meeting with the architects hasre- colonnade. sulted in provision in the floor structure forfuture installation of mechanical facilities which would al- MR. HARO: The arcade is an eApensive architectural low for the installation of a book conveyer, bothver- element. Yet I think that when we are dealing witha tical and horizontal. constricted campus where traffic patterns have to be Another question related to smoking, and since maintained, steps have to be taken to provide for this this part of the building will be air-conditioned, and, kind of traffic. When ground space is at a premium, incidentally, the rehabilitation of the old building also then the introduction of more building spaceon the will include air conditioning, it is conceivable that ground tends to disrupt the traffic patterns toan even smoking will be allowed. At the present timeno greater degree, forcing traffic to channel in and a- smoking is allowed in the General Library building, round corners of buildings. I think that this would be whereas smoking is allowed throughout the Under- really quite a disaster if this were to happen. Under graduate Library. I do not know how these matters the circumstances the arcade seemed to us to bea are determined. I am not the director of the library, valid solution, because the traffic along this particularand I myself do not smoke; maybe if Iwere the direc- part of the campus is exceedingly heavy, and to choke tor, I would say "no smoking." We have found that it off would have been a very serious mistake. smoking has done a great deal of damage to thevar- ious parts of the Undergraduate Library, particularly to the ceiling structure where the ventilation ductsgo MR. MULLER: I think one point Steve McCarthycor- through. In a building which contains researchma- rectly raised was the question of mechanical facilities.terials and rare books, one has to be careful, and I We do not really know what the future holds, whether think this is a good point to bring out for further study. IV School Library Sessions MODERATOR Richard L. Darling PANEL MEMBERS Mrs. Beatrice Katz Arthur Parkllan Arthur Kaiser Leo Dworkin Donald Friedrichs Lyn Graziani

TEAM-PLANNING THE SCHOOL LIBRARY A Panel Discussion

MRS. KATZ: This discussion will center upon four have faced this actuality of a poor man's university points:(1) why a team, (2) who should be on the team, in the library. It's a place where large numbers of (3) what are the roles within the team, and (4) proce- people have to be served, and how they are served dures on forming a team. Dr. Park llan will speak must be built into the library. first. He was formerly coordinator of a committee It seems to me the first thing we should do is ask of 200 citizens and professionals to organize a large people what they want of the library. When we create development around a high school in a redevelopment an environment whereby the people who use the facil- area that would focus on the school as the center of ity can do only certain kinds of activities, then we the community. are limiting them. They might never actually realize that there are things they want to do, activities they MR. PARKLLAN: Mrs. Katz mentioned 200 people. want to participate in, in that library unless they are The number was actually 181. When you get that asked. many people working together, or even if it's a It is the same in the school. In Oak Park, the smaller number, say, 18, 19, or 20, the important basic criterion we started with was that the school thing is involving the community in discussing what would be built around the library and not around the they want. In most major areas, in constructing fa- gymnasium. This was different from what happened cilities of one kind or another, it seems to me this is in many suburban high schools. The gym and swim- one of the basic. syntheses. ming pool were put in first, and the rest of the school Let's take the subject of a library. You hope the was built around them. We have already outgrown public will use this library. If they don't, somebody the senior high school, and oiie of the key jobs the is going to look pretty funny. The same applies to planning groups are going to have to consider ,:s how our schools. We are no longer in a position where to expand. we can open school at nine and close at two, or open In this connection, in the Ford Foundation Plan- at eight and close at one, as they used to do in some ning Grant one of our major jobs was to look around areas. at the possibilities of expanding the library and not Libraries, thank heaven, have had a much differ- just the school library, either, but the public library ent kind of experience. I am sure most all of you as well, with the school working in cooperation. In- cidentally, they are not called libraries anymore; Richard L. Darling, Supervisor of Library Services, they are called resource facilities. Basically they Educational Services Center, Montgomery County Public are the place where the learning materials are kept, Schools, Rockville, Maryland and one of the finest learning materials is still a Mrs. Beatrice Katz, Director of Library Services, Oak book. Park Public Schools, Oak Park, Michigan Arthur Park llan, Member, Board of Education, Oak Park A community will support an activity that it has Public Schools, Oak Park, Michigan had a hand in creating to a far greater degree than Arthur Katser, Audio-Visual Coordinator, Clinton Junior one which has been planned for it by alleged experts High, Oak Park, Michigan in a society as quickly changing as ours. Leo Dworkin, Chairman, Art Department, Oak Park High School, Oak Park, Michigan Donald Friedrichs, Principal, Bentley High School, Livo- MR. KATSER: Even though soine of the citizens may nia, Michigan participate in the team, I think one of the most impor- Lyn Graziani, Eberle-Smith Associates, Detroit, Michigan tant thilgs to remember is that those citizens who do

133 134 SCHOOL LIBRARY SESSIONS take pal' have the opportunity to take back the ideas libraries may be improved. I case. a vote for includ- they have heard to the rest of the community. When ing students on a consultant basis to help improve the community laymen help in the preparation of library services and suggest materials and features that Need planning, then the entire colamunity takesa greater to be included in our libraries that are nut there now. interest in this planning, and this is one of the major successes of having a team. It is not simply the in- MRS. KATZ: When involving stuuents, we should be volvement of a few members, but rather the indirect sure to include the dropout and the graduate as well. involvement of the entire community, that will assure The library is visited by many people, and sometimes the success of such a program. we neglect the potential of the dropout. Maybe the li- brary has not helped him but could have. MR. DWORKIN: I think the library is an exciting place wlere, although it is a quiet place, much is hap- MR. KATSER: In order to maintain completecom- pening to stimulate the intellectual growth of children. munication, we have to search out those who are Consequently, I think one of the reasons for involving deeply interested ill school planning and also those the community in the planning of it is the creation of who do not have much interest. We have to go out new ideas. Not only du we need the assistance and and look for associations that are interested in com- support of others, but when you work on a team you munity growth and invite these people IS) participate find the other members add a new dimension to your impartially in the school planning program. We have Plinking. Each person, when he makes the effort, has to see that all groups are aware of what is going into so much more to offer than is obtainable in any other the library, whether these people have a positive or way. negative attitude to what is being done at the time.

1VMS. KATZ: We might add that when working with a MR. PARKLLAN: Have we mentioned the architect team, you can get some outside opinions and hone out on the team? I would like to add that in planning for some of these mistakes before they are formalized. schools, you can do no greater disservice to an archi- It is difficult, when you are personally involved in a tect than to be vague about what you want. The more program, to see objectively and be critical of your specific you are about what you want to do in your own work, especially if you are the only person, or library or school, the more effectively he can do his one of a few persons working. You car..fot see the job. Let ifie give you an example. This project, in- possible mistakes as readily as an outsider. cidentally, was not a library but a school. We worked with Mr. Katser and Mr. Dworkin. A school was built in a suburb of Detroit. The Mr. Katser, I think, is an unusually creative teacher, kindergarten was built with huge I-beams. This was especially in the area of the classroom, and Mr. fine, except for one thing. What do kindergarten kids Dworkin, in turn, has forced the library, so to speak, do? They run around. What do they run into? Those to include areas that are not part of the basic collec- same I-beams! tion. We have a number of art books that you do not This is a fine example of lack of communication often find included in libraries because Mr. Dworkin between the architect and the people for whom he is has inspired us to include them. building.It is not his fault, either, because he had not been told what was needed and had been allowed MR. PARKLLAN: We recognize the idea of feedback to go ahead on his own and simply use his best engi- and community understanding, but there is a predis- neering and mechanical abilities. Right from the position on the part of people, especially boards of start you must inform your architect. Only in that education, to be somewhat fearful of involving people way can he understand what is needed. If you present who have been critical of the schools. If I have him with a written report, be sure it is clear. The learffed one thing, it is that you must include the architect should have assistance, too, from the spe- local critics of the school, because if you do not, cialists in the universities who are conversant with your plan, however good, may be cut out by them. new activities in the area of their specialties. For You have to include these people if you look upon the instance, if we were building a library open to the library as an educational activity. Frankly, we were general public, I would certainly want to know some- pressed many, many times be, ..Ase of them to re- thing about what is happening in or around public li- examine our own thinking. In some cases we pound it braries right now, and I would want my architect to had been fuzzy and in others, we were way off base. know about it, too. Whenever you consider involving a community group, you must remember to get good across-the-board MR. KATSER: I think from the beginning you have representation. to include the instructional specialists. The new ideas coming into education all the time have in- MR. DWORKIN: A provision we neglected totally, creased the use of audio- visual materials, and these perhaps, is to have consultants on the team. A li- certainly should be part of the plans for a library. brary is for the students, and we should discover All these specialists must work together from the how they feel about libraries and how they think beginning, including the architect. A Panel Discussion 135

MR. DWORKIN: I would like to talk about the nature haps if we visited with an eye for learning we would of involvement. One thing I would warn against in have less of the repeating of mistakes. any group is taking a very strongposition too early. One of the purposes of having :1 tear.. is to share and MR. DWORKIN: I agree with Dr. Park llan. The stimulate ideas. We should look at the situation in point he made is that it's a matter of timing.At the terms of our local educational needs, and then we can very beginning you must have theattention of the peo- look at what other people have done and perhaps use ple focusing on what they want to do. Sometimes what they have done as a guide. The people involved when we look at what the other person does, wedo in this process have to come fromth professional not have the slightest notion then what it isthat we staff, primarily because the library becomes the in- need or want. tellectual hub of the whole school. MRS. KATZ: Maybe you could elaborate on whatthe MR- KATSER: We must also have classroom teach- roles of the teams are. Who should be doing the in- ers involved. The entire school must berepresented viting, for instance. including the administration. There must be a fair number of administrators included. MR. KATSER: Any time you plan any groupvisita- tion, you must take a number of lay people with you. MRS. KATZ: We must not neglect the administra- You have to show them what other communities are tors. We cannot exclude them from buildingplanning doing so that they, in turn, can show others. If nothing because you can hardly make any plans at all unless else, you have to show them that your plans cannotbe you have them involved. exactly like some other school district's. You have to At a certain point in planning, particularlywhere show them your own problems in your own community. the community is present, we ought not to limitthe Teachers certainly must go along on some of these thinking to what is practical or possible. This comes trips so that they can see what some of theplans are soon enough in terms of wag theadministrator is and include some of their own. thinking. We should consider what would be ideal in materials, what we would like to do in terms of cur- MRS. KATZ: What you identify as the role of a mem- riculum. ber of the team might prevent him from thinkingin Our school is limited because there is not the terms of himself and not really bring out what his own facility for large groups and for movement back and aspirations are. We are trying to get the individual forth from a smaller room to a larger one. The li- citizen to determine what our individualneeds are. brary is the only facility that lends itself todifferent We have to empnasize to the community memberis kinds of meetings such as conferences and other role in terms of himself and his children what he group functions. wants. Is it something that the community has tried to get? He is entitled to his own aspirationsand If s MR. PARKLLAN: I should like to bring up a point own goals for his children, whether or notthey are of disagreement concerning traveling to inspect other practical. facilities. I approve of junkets. I have seen the good they have done. Some groups can accomplish more MR. DWORKIN: One of the function:: of a trip is to by having an opportunity to explore facilities this way select -wisely a place to visit. You might very well than by any other. For example, we had laid outall raise the aspirations of a community. If you see a the specifications for a high school. We thought we well-functioning facility, this may raise the aspira- knew what ue wanted, a little bit of this and a little tions of the community and the staff. bit of that, and we read about the things otherpeople wanted. The plan turned out to be the greatest hodge- MRS. KATZ: You cannot start with that hope though. podge you have ever seen in your life. You mu:t first get from the individual his ideas, what Coming back on the plane with a group from one he wants. You must start as you do with a child of these trips, I moied from chair to chair asking where he is at the moment. questions, and we were comparing other facilities with ours and considering them in relationship to MR. PARKLLAN: I do not think there is any question our needs. I found the members hadall made a dis- that the toughest job a committee is going to have is covery. They all agreed that nobody else wasgoing getting the rest of the community to realize their as- to solve our problems for us. We foundthat our prob- pirations. The community needs prodding, pushing, lems were just a bit different and that you cannot help, and support. Otherwise, you won't be success- transfer one plan in total from one city to another_ ful. Their wants are extremely difficult to put into words. For instance, we had a whole census study for MRS. KATZ: We shout all try to profit from other the people in my group because I asked them, "What people's mistakes. One of the difficulties in school does your community want for this high school?" and libraries as compared to public libraries is that you they didn't know what I was talking about. I asked are not in a position to look at themcritically. Per- them, "What do your neighbors like?" They couldn't 136 SCHOOL LIBRARY SESSIONS

answer. They didn't know. They didn't know their What to du before the contractor arrives? Get neighbors really. people involved!! The mechanics of team planning can be handled MRS. KATZ: I think we have fairly well spelled in a dozen different ways, each of which may be ef- out our goals. We have spent most of our tine de- fective for a particular situation. The real difference scribing this nebulous thing what we think the com- in the people involved and how they feel about the mittee should do. As far as the rest of the team is job of building a new library. Let us take a look at concerned, their, jobs are spelled out for them. the people involved, ask a few questions of them, and, We are trying to focus on the fact that the school I hope, include a few ideas. is the cent^r of the community. Let us go on to the What about the students? What are they expect- idea of sequence of procedures. One of the most im- ing from a new library? When it is built, will they portant things to be considered is when these steps take pride in it and find it satisfactory to work in? should take place. The first thing you must do is When you plan your library, keep your student coun- form the team. Also, you have to start with the ex- cil informed. Show them the plans and sketches and amination of the school districts. t would like your try puttingsketch of the new library in the yearbook. opinions on vIko should take part. Get ideas in the school newspaper. Start projects, The group represented here today would be a perhaps, for the purpose of special pieces of furniture good steering committee: the library, the personnel, with money raised by the students. There is nothing the board member who represents the community. like students feeling, when they first walk in the li- It would make a good steering committee to which brary, that this is a contribution they had a part in you could add in plzutning a larger team. making. It is most important to keep the team a workable Ask for student suggestions for new books, maga- size. Probably a good number would be not over zines, films, and records. Planning a new library twelve people. You can choose a teacher representa- has to grow out of planning it together. tive or two and call in various people from various What about the classroom teacher? Does he look departments to seive as consultants. upon the new instructional materials center as a place that belongs to the librarian just as his own class- MR. PARKLLAN: There is another point Mrs. Katz room or shop or laboratory belongs to him? All too reminded me of.It is relative to this business of often this is the case. representation- -that is, feedback. If you do not have So we might try a few of these ideas. Select a feedback of what the committee is doing back into the cross sef.:tion of classroom teachers, both cld-dmers community, the committee takes on all the aspects of and new teachers for you want to get ideas from both a star chamber and this is not good. Some groups groups. Put them to work with the librarian in plan- have the idea that the representation on a committee ning a new facility to meet with snecific objectives such as this must be overbalanced in favor of the for the next five years. You can go around and around community of lay individuals. In other words, those and still come back to where you are now. If you have people who have a vested interest in the outcome as specific objectives and want to accomplish them within professionals could, if necessary, be regularly out- the next five or ten years, you can get agreement on voted. For example, the teams should have an uneven them and go from there. number like 11, 13, or 15. However, you have to Part of this planning with classroom teachers count on a couple of people being absent. The odd involves their own personal physical comfort when person is always from the community. they move in the direction of the library or instruc- tional materials center. I suggest you definitely plan MR. FRIEDRICHS: I should like to present some of to construct a lounge adjacent to, or part of, the new the ideas of a building principal on what to do before library as another place for Leachers to work in, the contractor arrives. Sometimes building princi- either alone or in small groups. As similar ideas pals are known to be not exactly steam" members. come forth, be sure to include them. They get into the driver's seat and ride herd until Plan for a clerk to be available at all times to you wonder whether they are on a team or notI handle teacher requests, making certain he iscon- would like to approach this topic from this standpoint. veniently located. Planning involves people both inside and outside Our new library at Bentley is planned so that a the school. Whether it is a formal or an informal teacher may have coffee or coke and a smoke in the team, both must be involved, must feel part. o; the lounge. He may then take ten steps across the hall planning, and must know that their library is going and order all his audio- visual equipment; or, take to meet their needs. two steps in the opposite direction and schedule the The principal's primary responsibility is getting library for a class visit. A few more steps and heis the job dune to the satisfaction of all concerned, and sitting in the periodicals section reading a current this takes at least three key factors: (1) good com- newspaper or a magazine that is not available in the munication, (2) reasonable expectations, and (3) much lounge. He can go five more steps into the area luck. where he can actually develop audio-visual material A Panel Discussion 137

for use in the classroom. These conveniences make writing and sends them back to you. Sometimes you this a functional library and a practical one for the receive what seems to be your own ideas ccming back people who want to use it. to you through the mail in the form of a recommendn- In relationship to teacbars, we studied i.lie man- tion, and you can get that extra one thousand square ner in which outstanding teachers are making useof feet you have been working for. our library and we moved the library furtherin the What about the school library supervisor? A direction of the effective use they are making of it. good school principal would have been working with A few social studies, teachers, ior example, were the supervisor for a long time. Ask the supervisor making effective use of current periodicals. They to help build a concept of need for effective library had immediai.e access not only to current periodicals service with the superintendent and the board of edu- but to all back issues as well. cation. We experimented with new uses of the old library Work closely with your supervisor to establish to determine whether or not new arrangements would specific goals for books and materials, services, ad- facilitate use of the library. For example, we took ditional clerical help, modern equipment, and profes- an old glassed-in conference room, dismantledit, sional specialists in the libraryand/or audio- visual and constructed a larger conference room, separate services. Invite your supervisor to help you on prob- from the main reading room, and this experiment led lems of existing personnel and the planning process. to our happiest decision. It began to be used indif- Listen carefully to the supervisor's ideas on library ferent ways. It began to be used as a room to which quality but insist that he, in turn, listens carefully to teachers could come both for reference and for prepa- yours. Make your final decision on the bestidea, not ration for the reading room. on the basis of administrativeperogative or profes- So, with the experience of this separate refer- sional jealousy. ence area behind us, we decided to plan a separate What about the superintendent and the board of library classroom immediately adjacent to and par- education? What does a principal do in library plan- tially visible from the reading room. Classroom ning with his bosses? One thing I have tried to do is teachers have been extravagant in their praise of this make certain these people who are very, very busy facility. I can only say that it actually evolved from people in the community and in their office work ac- the experimental use of the old library with the con- tually get into the library at least once a year. We venience and effectiveness of teacher use of the li- all have our ways of doing this. I would like to sug- brary in mind. gest one way. Ask them to come to the library to What about the department chairmen? Is each have their pictures taken to be placed in the school given an opportunity to state his own ideas? What annual. Make sure when they get there that they see about the librarians themselves? Have they had the the limitations as well as the rosy side of thelibrary. opportunity to sit down and reach fundamental agree- We cannot progress if we say everything is just fine. ments on basic issues? All too often libraries are The way we get help is by pointing out the limitations being planned without sufficient participation of the as we go along. Provide them with reports onlibrary librarians themselves. use and recommendations for expansion of services More and more, I find that team planning is a long before the money becomes available for new fa- fine element as far as the community is concerned. cilities to replace those old overcrowded, poorly Howover, all too often the librarian's ideas are not equipped library areas that we have in too many of effectively used. Give the librarian some broad our schools. limitations in which to work, such as the total square Make certain you know the financial and commu- footage available and the general space of the building. nity relations problems faced by your superintendent Make certain he includes space for teacher-student- and board of education and how a new library in your principal- architect ideas as well as his own. Give school must fit into these problems. Since unlimited him a deadline. This helps to hammer out agree- money is not available, ask for specific square- ments. The important thing is to reach decisions. footage allocations with which to plan, then go to Make certain to work closely with experts on all uses work! Be aware of the good suggestions of economy- of audio-visual and data processing equipment. minded members of the board, but speak out whet, What about the problem of a library consultant? quality of library service is affected. He should have been in the act years ago and probably We finally get to the architect. Since architects has been. Make certain you dig out the old North have problems with clients who cannot agree among Central evaluations and reports on earlier visits to themselves, be sure consensus is achieved in your know what was said about your library the last time. case and that you adhere to your requestsof the I If possible, give your consultant the whole story architect. It will make it much easier for him to of the personalities involved and the key decisions to stay on his job and get it completed on time. Every be made. Use him to work with the team effectively, time you get one good idea, the next day brings an- to bring personalities together, and to get key deci- other one, and it is difficult to know whether to re- sions made promptly. If he cannot be added to the place the latest idea or to change the instructions to regular team, make certain he puts his ideas in the architect. 138 SCHOOL LIBRARY SESSIONS

Make sure you read the architect's reports of a small group conference to the right? These can be his conferences with you. The record is not always portable. What about the staff preparation area to accurate. Sometimes there is misunderstanding be- prepare tape and so on for talks for class programs? tween the professional people and the architect. What about conference groupsevery kind of groupies Copies of the minutes of these meetings are available problem? How do audio- visual equipment and group from the architect, and he is happy to have any cor- participation affect the library and its uses? The rections that would .iirect his work more accurately. student cart we have heard so much about will it be Check over very carefully every new set of for one or two, will it be portable, or will it become drawings to make certain nothing was overlooked, part of the library facility? Should there be small and I mean nothing! There are 4lectrical outlets and discussion areas with transmitters? The architect many other areas of the library Um,. need to be has a responsibility toward the student and his ideas double- checked. Those final erawings go to thecon- and all the ramifications of them especially as they tractor, and they show the way the building is going pertain to the library. to be when you are through with it. Make a final sur- The architect comes to the client to design a vey of the working drawings to make sure of the building. He knows each client has his own needs and changes and to verify, for instance, that the fire problems and :_hat he has his own new ideas. These marshal or the department of public instruction ideas are accepted in many instances. This is the have not made changes without your knowing it. important part, the beginning: the communication of Make cc in the entire facility is planned for ideas; the interplay of concept, of curriculum and each piece of specialized equipment. The architect program. The concept can be translated by the archi- will be happy to provide you with a library furniture tect. He can give help by understanding what the company he has confidence in. Make sure the com- client wishes to do. We believe the library is an in- pany does not cram too much furniture into too small tegral part of the whole educational process, and this a space just to sell furniture. concept is translated into the whole program. The The specific organization of the planning com- program, to the architect, is the functional beginning mittee and the study sessions involving students, of the rooms in the building. These rooms can be teachers, librarians, the principal, the consultant, drawn to scale so that the functions can become a the library supervisor, the superintendent or his part of them. representative, and the members of the board of ed- The material you give to the architect should in- ucn'inn will depend upon the specific circumstances clude the number of books expected in the liL.ary and of each community. In any case, all are directly or the amount of audio- visual equipment anticipated now indirectly members of the planning team, the success and in the future; the types of audio- visual equipment; of which is largely in the hands of the building prin- the teaching machines and tape recordersall these cipal. things have to be stored, programmed for, and pro- vided for within the facility. MR. GRAZIANI: The architect has been called the Also, what type of reference system will you form giver of the building. However, it is amazing have? What reference desk will you have in your new to me how each building definitely reflects the experi- library? Conference tableshow many and what size ences that have gone on before the building takes and what equipment for each? Teacher-student work shape. The meetings with the clients, the discus- areas, teacher preparation areashow many of these sions, the ideas, and the communication between the and, again, what equipment is needed and what is the people involved are all reflected in the building. function and activity that go on in each one of these The architect must do research and keep up with spaces? Precisely what is the room used for and what new methods. Educators are reading so much about will be the dimensions of the space? Will the room be community planning and things change so quickly that long? Will it be large? the architect must keep up with all the new ideas. We The total library space for the reading roomhow even create hypcthetical cities with a school as a cen- is it distributed? How is the room divided? Are the ter and study it for community use and so on. By this stacks in the room or around the room? What is your means, we have been able to consider different aspectsphilosophy on where they should be? Translate this of the problem and try, if possible, to find physical to the architect. The student carrelwhat type should solutions. it be? There are many on the market, and it is up to Other factors, too, must be considered, such as the group to determine what type and how many. new educational concepts, small group instruction, Displayswhat type of display media are needed? and the individual studentalso, the ramifications of Do you want. just graphic cases that are movableor the way the student spends his time here. And the permanent displays mounted on the floor? What type staff, how does it affect the library of today and to- of displays are good for your specific library pur- morrow? The instructional aids and audio-visual poses? equipment of all kinds must be planned for. How many tables will you have? How many In these new concepts, what sizes of space will chairs will be needed? The established figure is 10 be needed a small group conference to the left and percent of the school population, but this is rarely A Panel Discussion 139 reached. It is usually only 5 percent. Where do you and form and planning? The grass and trees and fit into this 5 or 10 percent? sculpture of the building wall work together to create The architect can pull all these data together and an environment. The use of the rightmaterials, the start to think about how he can create a building that focal points, and the views beyond, all make our life will serve you functionally and yet be decorative. more worth living. Then the architect takes his main talentthe ability of We spend a great. deal of time in buildings; why the architect. to create a library and give it character. not make them pleasant to be in? The architect can The student is the most important part of the li- be sculptural in feeling and make use of symbolism brary. Will he want to come in, and will he want to which is also very important. ase it and enjoy being there? Wewould like to create An interior can be much more exciting with the a different atmosphere, perhaps withthe library over- creative use of materials. Sequence of materials can icioking a landscape, thereby creating a feeling of be employed extensively in making the building more peace and tranquillity. Thus the library hasother enchanting and more stimulating for the purposes it uses and aspects to it. has to serve. The creation of activity space is to make people Here we have everything in one space: the books, curious and want to go there. Many, many people it stacks, a lounge area, reading space, a desk in the is true, would not even go in the door,and, they stay foreground. All these aspects are important and must away. be organized if they are to function properly. Ii all The sequence of expansion as you approach the have been carefully planned by committees, then the building is important. How much expansion can you library.hould function well and be a delight to the see from your car as you approach and then as you staff and a credit to the planning committee and the come closer and note the material used and theshape architect who created it. Louise Anthony Coordinator of Instructional Materials Skokie School District 65 Skokie, Illinois

REMODELING TO PROVIDEQUARTERS FOR A PROCESSING CENTER

The topic I have been assigned is "Remodeling To may be done in the central processing center. F:e- Provide Quarters for a Processing Center." If there quently the last two chores are done in the central is anything I may leave out in discussing the building library processing center and then, again, theymay of a processing center, you will have to put it downto be delegated to willing students. misconception of the topic. Let us say that the board of education and thead- What is the background for the central.proces- ministration staff of a school systemor a school dis- sing of library and instructional materials? This isa trict have reached a decision that centralprocessing familiar topic for discussion with librarians whoare of instructional materials would bemcre economical in general agreement regarding the logic of thispro- and timesaving. This, of course, has been andis sub- cedure. ject to perhaps too much discussion, and thelibrarian To review briefly, in any school districtor sys- or supervisor should be ready to explain the require- tem with more than two schools, it is generally ments for space and equipment. It would bea remark- conceded that central processing techniques and able bit of timing if, at the timeyou decided to go into advantages should be investigated. Where the order- central cataloging and processing,you were going to ing of materials has been centralized,a natural next have a new building and move intonew quarters. How- step seems to be the delivery of these materials to ever, I am sure that for many of us the decision to one location in the school system. have central processing comes not at thetime a new Centralized cataloging can eliminate duplication building is being planned, Lut rather ai.a time when of technical processes in the individual school li- all the buildings in the school systemare completely braries with the exception of minor chores. Catalog- filled with people and students and thereis no space ing of materials at the processing center saves the for the additional facilitywe have to plan for. time of the individual librarians and gives themmore 1 am also sure that if the school districthas de- time for teacher and student. Whenyou talk to li- cided on this move, the librarian has anticipatedand brarians, this is always their complaint. They have acquiesced in the administrative decision. Withthe to spend too much time cataloging and processing. In counsel of the superintendent of schools and thestaff our new processing, it seems to me it is more im- members in charge of buildings, she hasalready portant than ever to have as much time as possible to searched for the space to meet the needs ofthe pro- devote to the needs of teachers and students. The cessing center. books and materials would find theirway more quickly In current discussions about instructionalma- into the hands of teachers and students. terials expansion librarians frequentlyassume that More efficient utilization of clerical personnel is space for the handling of the printed materials does possible. Here, again, if you utilize the clericalper- not need to be quite so largenow. They give as an sonnel to do processing chores, then the experienced explanation that when so many librarians chooseto librarian will have more time to explore the delight- have printed cataloging cards purchasedalong with ful task of helping teachers and students. Thetyping the books, the:, do not need a centralprocessing cen- of catalog cards for books, films, and filmstripsre- ter or as much space as previouslyneeded. Some- lieves individual librarians of another clerical routine.times the librarian chooses to buy booksfrom a firm A step beyond central cataloging is the technical or agency that catalogs and processes the booksas a processing of books, that is: lettering, lacquering, part of the purchase price. Whicheveris the new pasting, preparing pockets, and typing book cards. procedure, this does have a bearingon the special A" of these are considered a part of processing and requirements. However, we should not beso willing 140 Remodeling for a Processing Center 141 to eliminate this space or part of this spacefor 1. Number of people to be accommodated printed materials because there may be a change in 2. Types of furniture: desk, typing table, cabinets the point of view. Maybe the librarian tries out some for storing materials, shelving for books waiting of these new commercial processes, maybe she tries to be process )d, steel files, and book trucks out regional processing, and after that shedecides 3. Location of spaceone of the most important re- she must return to the old setup where she can haze quirements is that it should be near an outside the cataloging done in the old school systems. door for deliveries A recent discussion I had during the week with 4. Utilitiesthe availability of the plumbing, electri- one of our supervisors isresponsible for these re- cal outlets, and communication system, such as marks. At that time she told me she was not entirely telephone and public address system pleased with the regional setup of cataloging, prepar- 5. Machinesyou have to consider the space you re- ing the printed card,and so forth. She is going to quire for machines you are going to use: a large have to go to the board of education and say she has photo-copying machine, a machine for pasting, the changed her mind and must go back to the old setup. essential typewriter, and the like You must take this possibility into consideration. 6. Floor coveringthe type of floor covering you want, If all instructional materials, including printed especially when remodeling. Some floors will net materials, are to be processed, more provision for submit to carpeting. One school said, "Don't call space must be given to three-dimensionalmaterials it carpeting, call it insulated floor covering." It such as globes, skeletons, weather kits, specimens, takes a special type of floor for that, too to name a few. Each of these takes as much space as 7. Acoustical tileyou are going to have to use this a pile of twenty books. If these materialsmust be to keep the noise down to a proper level. stored before processing, that space will have to be reckon -1 with ccatinually. Then when you distribute in remodeling, the project becomes an individual three-dimensional materials, they do not go into a instance and compromises are necessary, particularly convenient package so that you have to consider stor- in the systems in which I am a participant. The li- ing them until you are ready to distribute them. brarian has to decide what requirements she cannot This paper presents a philosophy for remodeling do without. It is not necessary to decide what you alid not necessarily a blueprint. It is based on the have to have, but rather what you cannot do without. idea that if necessity arises, we should find the space The first remodeling project I am going to men- and go on the best we can until more soace appears. tion is an example just to show you that a librarian The librarian has a degree of judgment as to how has to get into it. From this point of v iew, I must say adaptable certain spaces may he; as to how furniture that I am not a librarian who has had to fight the ad- and equipment may be arranged to accomplish most ministration. I feel that I have been very fortunate in efficient processing. However, each librarian is this matter. All the school superintendents I have had faced with the necessity of moving into processing and all the engineers I have worked with have been centers and must meet those problems with the solu- more than cooperative, and it is so because weall tions based on her special requirements. knew we had a goal in mind and if we worked hard we In considering the remodeling for a processing would achieve that goal. center, the librarian works with the superintendent of The first remodeling project in which I was in- schools, the architect, and the district engineer (term volved was in Alton, Illinois, a rimber of years ago. used in this discussion to designate whoever fills the We were searchirig for a space for central processing. role of adviser regarding buildings). Close communi- There were twenty -three schools, which for some of cation among these three is essential, as was indicatedyou is not a large number, but we did haveto find this morning, and it is upon the cooperation sf these space for the remodeling. After lookingat all the threethe superintendent, the district engineer, and buildings in the district, we found space in the oldest the architectthat the librarian must depend. The school building in the district. It was a basement librarian's delineation of the needs and the space area 40 feet by 26 feet, which extended underhalf of necessary is translated into workabledesigns and the school building. Remodeling involved digging out blueprints. It is not the responsibility of the librar- the basement to be sure it was deep enough and would ian to determine that a particular wall isload-bearing,be the proper height. It involved pouring a cement or but it is the responsibility of the school architect or concrete floor and painting the walls and the exposed the district engineer to indicate to the librarian that heating pipes in the ceiling. The pipes were some- her plan of combining several rooms is impossible what of a hazard to the taller members of the library because heating conduits are in the wall and cannot be staff at the beginning. The space was large enough to removed. Therefore, the wall cannot be removed. accommodate four librarians and one secretary. What considerations must we as librarians and There was a work counter 32 feet long and 3 feet in supervisors have in mind when we hunt for space? width, extending practically the entire length of the These are factors which we must consider and give to room. Under it was open shelving. It wascounter the architect so that he may translate them into the height so that we could have two shelves underneath. actual design. In brief, they are as follows: The open shelving provided space for the books as 142 SCHOOL LIBRARY SESSIONS they were unpacked. They remained on this ::pen customary routines of acquisition, cataloging, typing shelf until they moved out to the centralized library of cards, lettering, and lacquering. The materials and bookmobile systems. move on work trucks along the work stations. These The remainder of the re .m consisted of shelving have proved more flexible than shelving. The pasting for more than 20,000 books which constituted the col- of pockets and typing of book cards are done in the in- lection for the bookmobiles. Deficiencies included dividual libraries. the painted floor, and we tried to help this by partially The location of this room is next door to the ware- covering it with a rug. house for supplies for the school district. The boxes Water was never installed here because this spacecoming into the district processing center can use the was intended to be a temporary place, but we did man- sanIc :oading and unloading facilities as the warehouse. age for a number of years. The lighting, with incan- Communication between the instructial materials de- descent fixtures, has been adequate and attractive; partment, the district supply clerk, and the truck colorful drapes have been hulig at the windows. For a driver for the district is a very important factor. number of years an efficient processing operation has How quickly can they communicate w:fh one another? gone forward here. This example serves to illustrate Also, we can send materials out twice a day, which is that unlikely services used willingly by a capable staff the schedule for regular deliveries to the district. will contribute to an efficient organization. Librarians have, often maintained that a library As I looked for space for a district processing is a function and not a place, and so it is in centralized center in District 68, these requirements assumed processing. I do not want you to tnink that we would top priority: In case we were going to have three expect this small room to handle all materials. We staff members in the processing center, we would decided that three-dimensional material should not be have to have, of course, appropriate office furniture processed in the district processing center; the cen- and equipment for processing. We would have to have ter would be devoted to audio-visual material, film, shelving for the permanent collection of library tools and filmstrips. I did not regard this as any Lreak- and .iew books railing to be processed, and cabinets down in the centralization of our processing facilities. and tables with formica tops. It was at this place that By the logistics of movement, the usual bulky ma- I departed from my former idea of having a stationary terialssuch as planetariums, rock and mineral kits, counter. Here we are using book trucks to move along and torsos, which are part of the science program from one work station to another. Even though the are sent directly to the district science materials space is a rectangle, the same supply line really center. There they are cataloged. works and, as the materials come in, they move along This year's addition to our staff is a media li- until they get to the opposite side of the room. brarian. Part of the task of the media librarian is to It was necessary to facilitate the removal of work with teachers and students in the merchandising books. We were fortunate because we had found a of these materials. In this way, he will expedite our spot which was close to the central district warehouse.services a little. The other things I looked for in this setup were, of Even though we have just moved into these new course, accessible plumbing facilities, suitable elec- remodeled facilities, this particular location is re- tric outlets, an exhaust fan for eliminating lacquer garded as only temporary because the new building is fumes, and so on. part of our planning in District 68, in which we will We first found a room adjoining one of the ele- have new administrative offices and services. Tele- mentary libraries. The building was four years old. phone and public address systems have been installed The only difficulty was that it was on the second floor and a teacher's preparation area with a facility for and had no outside door except one into the library. closed-circuit television. All of those eventually will It was intended to be a fan room for the boiler next be in one wing, but we do not Imow when we will get door. For this reason, all packages would have had that one wing. We could not wait for it; we had to do to be carried through the library. something. I was determined to have the centraliza- Next we came upon a room on the ground level tion of processing. of our oldest building. Formerly it had been used by Then a further conjecture entered our thinking. the custodians as a lounge. If a librarian is willing District 68, in keeping with the practice in other to use a space for remodeling, sometimes the space school districts and institutions of higher learning, is not available.. However, if you take over space has purchased some property adjoining our junior from another department, you have to consider Pie high school. In the process we have acquired a house, other department. In this instance, we found another and since it is in excellent condiUon, it has possibil- space for the custodians and they think it is better ities for office space and all the administrative staff. than the former one. In reviewing the possibilities for use with the super- Now, what influenced us in the selection of these intendent of schools and the district engineer, these facilities? The commandeered space is 23 feet by 26 facts emerged. feet. It has been set up in an assembly-line manner, The :rain floor of the house has sunroom, living despite the rectangle shape. Work stations (cabinets room, and dining room all thrown together as one with formica tops) are arranged in the order of the room, with a bedroom adjoining. This, we decided, Remodeling for a Processing Center 143 would be converted into two offices, and there is an ability of spending so much time in somewhat me- excellent attic which we decided would be suitable for chanical operations. He further proposes that a storage. The basement has possibilities for central clerical staff member could carry out the wishes as processing. designed by the teacher. It would be much more We thought some renovations could be made in economical, and I am sure it would reduce teacher the basement. The ceiling could be dropped 2 feet frustration, if this work could be turned over to a and could have acoustical tile added to assure noise staff. This is certainly no criticism of the teachers reduction. The walls could be painted. I was told you nor is it suggesting that they lack the dexterity to can cover 2000 square feet of surface with one gallon handle the aids. It merely indicates the versatility of of paint. The lighting could be brought up to 100 the uses we may find for a processing center. candle power with overhead incandescent fixtures. In conclusion, I may say that remodeling to pro- Since the basement was below ground level, we thought vide efficient quarters for central processing permits asphalt tile would be better than carpeting. The school the librarian to convey to her colleagues the kinds of superintendent has said that from here on, carpeting activities which she thinks should be a part of the cen- is less expensive and easier to maintain. tral processing center. It also suggests new uses for Here, again, this house would be a temporary ex- the processing center, but, more important, it permits pedient until the new building is finished. The reason the librarian to take a long look at the activities she we are not going to do anything too elaborate is that has been doing as a part of central processing. when you remodel, it should not cost more than a new Perhaps we have been preoccupied for too long building. Since the expens:. per cubic foot should not with some trivia which could be eliminated. After a be more than we would spend for the new building, we look at current trends in library management as well cannot be too extravagant. as in the contributions to be made, it seems to me Finally, in addition to other uses which might that the librarian has gene a long way in explaining emerge from the remodeling, a teachers' preparation herself and her program to her colleagues. Too much room is being considered. P. seems to one that it preoccupation with technical processing has given the would be a convenience which could provide facilities professional librarian a difficult part to play at times, for printed material and for construction of models, and our colleagues, I am sure, would prefer to have dioramas, charts, posters, and transparencies. us give them much more professional services. I think the teacher preparation area has possibil- We are Imre interested in having teachers and ities z-s one of the additional services which could be students use the materials, whether printed or non- housed in the district processing center. There is printedthat is our goal. The schools think we can this rationale for such a move: Jack Tanzman, writ- do more and that our purpose is important. Techni- ing in School Management, suggests that not every cal processing and cataloging should be a means to teacher has the ability or the time to make or con- an end and not necessarily the end of all we hope for struct these teaching aids. He suggests the inadvis- in librarianship. C era Paul Bomar Supervisor, Library and Instructional Materials Services North Carolina Department of Public Instruction Raleigh, North Carolina

OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES INHERENT IN UNUSUAL SHAPES FOR SCHOOL LIBRARIES

I have always contended that a good school li- the places where they sit and so that they may affect brary program can exist in any school facility where the spirit and emotions of man."' there is a resorreeful, qualified, creative librarian I go a step further than did Mr. Johnson and say supported by a concerned faculty and a willing board that the unusual shapes of school libraries that some- of education. And I further contend that it almost in- times frustrate the professional school librarian may variably follows that, where good library service is be the best possible organization of space intended to initiated, adequate facilities will be forthcoming i f free the imaginative minds of librarians and library long-range building objectives have been developed users. and immediate steps have been identified based on in- Licreasing emphasis is placed on school libraries telligent knw.v1E.dge and interpretation of building needs.by educators; by state, regional, and national stan- Likewise, I have always maintained that it is the dards; and more recently by the federal government space and not the shape that makes it possible to de- through the Elementary and Secondary Education Act velop a full complement of library service. The ar- of 1965, Public Law 89-10. No longer is the school rangement of space influences function; therefore, library considered a luxury or an adjunct if space and space relationships are important. The accompany - budget permit. The school administrator no longer ing diagram illustrates the importance of space rela- asks, "Can we afford to have a library?" Rather he tionships. I agree, however, that the architectural says, "And how large should our library be?" characterthe form and design, location and arrange- Planning and designing school libraries has be- ment of space, imaginative use of color, materials, come an important phase of the total school-building and lightingcan influence the type of library service process and involves many areas of specialized and program developed in a particular space, but this knowledge. Basic to planning facilities to house the cannot happen in nonexisting space. school library is an acceptance of the fact that the And so I can approach my subject, "Opportunities school library is at all times a part of the larger and Challenges Inherent in Unusual Shapes for School whole, the school, even though it must be considered Libraries," since I, too, am convinced that the organ- within its own entity. As a part of the larger whole it ization of space is influenced by shape. I do, however, must be meshed with other entities and must not over- emphasize that I agree with Marvin R. A. Johnson that whelm or absorb all other major areas of the school "Space is the major ingredient of architecture three- facility. dimensional space, as it is seen and experienced from The architect has many factors to coordinate in a single position." He goes on to say, "Materials and planning the school. Other areas in the school must structural system which support the building and its be considered along with the library, and many times partsthe masonry, the metal, the glass, the wood, the library cannot have all that is included in the ed- the plasticsall these and others are the means to ucational specifications. Compromise, budgetary ad- the end of creating, defining, limiting, and organizing justments, school- community values all emerge as space. The architect must also think about and plan the planning process attempts to design facilities for the environmental factors related to space: the ther- the desired library program. mal, sonic, visual, heating, ventilation, air condition- The librarian's ability to interpret library program ing, acoustics, illumination and vision." Mr. Johnson continues, "The architect has a responsibility to aes- 'Marvin R. A. Johnson, "What Goes Next to What," North thetics so that the buildings he designs may enhance Carolina Libraries, 20:77-79 (Spring, 1962).

144 ENTRANCE Unusual Shapes for School Libraries 145

What goes next to what ... LIBRARY AND AUDI 0 VISUA The school librarya relationship diagram CLASSR

CHARGING DESK.

ERE NCE

PRoPEssioi4A L 1 ='ARy READ1NS TEACHERS' LO N

needs to educators, boards of education, and the ar- dominant emphasis on academic excellence, significant chitect can greatly influence the architectural char- emphasis on efficiency and economIc -If administration, acter of the library space. Whether librarians have and special programs for the educationally deprived. the vision, the flexibility, or the public relations to Architects sense a growing concern for individualiza- do the job should be one of the major concerns of the tion of instruction and an awareness of the need for the library practitioner and of the library educator. Vi- student to assume greater responsibility for his own sion and flexibility are based on knowledge of what is, education. They bring this understanding, be it right or what should be, and what will be, and willingness to wrong, to the planning phase and supposedlydesign accept and adjust to change. Public relations are de- buildings to accommodate today's school and to be ready pendent on attitudes, personality, and ability to com- to meet the needs of tomorrow. When school libraries municate ideas based on knowledge and understanding. are planned and constructed with problematicfeatures, To build the best library Dick Darling asserts it may be that the librarian could not cope with the ar- that, "Today's educators and architects must plan chitect's attempt to translate into his design the 111E'- new schools and school libraries toaccommodate a sage he deduced from examining the new educational virtual revolution in education." I agree with Dr. movements described in the literature and talked about Darling and state further that my experience has been by the educational planners of the day. that architects do readin fact they read, study, ex- Educators and architects are intrigued by the plore, and ponder more than any professional group following: I know. Educators try to keep up, but usually there is a long time lag between the discovery of a new idea L-shaped library triangle library and the actual implementation of it. The architect is hexagon library split-level library usually the one who grasps the idea arki translates it round library tri-level library into form and shape, hopefully attempting to read the skylighted domes two-level library future in the crystal ball. open space concept pyramided roof bays Educators are forced into keeping in tune with windowless rooms all glass walls educational movements and changes. The architect individual study areas radial shelf arrangement examines with relish these movements and changes. carrels everywhere stack shelying Architects are aware and often times knowledgeable electronic islands commons area or mall of greater expectations of the American public andof wood/steel and plastic quiet areas and noise advancing technology. They hear much about the in color zones. - Ngway ploci N ______- 30 - I0cL[ / 7/ lockers parking / I _ K iumj' ) / ft.ld housi H / 3o - ( I3O c-.-1 C)C,) ( ) 0 1 MECKLENBURG - CHARLOTTE G1NGER HIGH SCHOOL SCHOOLS w'-4 /5 A.SITE G. PLAN OOLL& ASSOCTES - __- FEET CHITECTS0 25 60 75100 C,)Lu I I '-4C,) Unusual Shapes for School Libraries 147

p It stacks a reading

or. roonr

4 101 41 / work room C arg esk

exhibits

AREAS TOTAL 61350 sq.ff. STACKS3,000 sq.ft. V Library floor plan READING ROOM 1020sq. ft. Garinger High School entry Charlotte, North Carolina

School librarians also are intrigued with these on, "Opportunities and ChallengesInherent in Unusual same possibilities. Along with this interest some Shapes for School Libraries." The building has 'men school librarians have a feeling of fear and uncer- planned, constructed, and is now occupied.TI.:e librar- taintyfear that the library will become strange and ian is here also and on the job, or about to go into this offbeat, and that some other group may be getting school library which has an unusual shape or unique ready to take over. These school librarians are the spatial arrangements. Usually this library and this ones Ralph Ellsworth, Hobart D.Wagener, Elenora librarian may be categorized in one of or a combina- Alexander, Donald G. Emery, Mary Virginia Gayer, tion of three cater ories: Jesse Shera, and others chastise. Educators, including school librarians, boards of 1. A library designed to be the focal point on the education, and architects, all have one common pur- school campus but lacking two vital characteristics: pose when school buildings are beingplanned and con- flexibility and expandability. The qualified library structed, and that common purpose is to erect a staff is eager to effect comprehensive library school facility with architectural character appro- service priate to its function in the educational process of 2. A library designed to accommodate new patterns that individual school. Ralph Ellsworth expresses it of administrative organization for instruction, and this way, "A building has architectural character new learning materials. The librarian isthe tradi- when it is completely appropriate to its function; tional book librarian who has been accustomed to when it reveals a tasteful and interesting use of line, sit behind the circulation desk in the library room mass, proportion, and material; when it isfull of and monitor the use of the books and periodicals happy space surprises, when it makes the viewer's 3. A library designed to accommodate the concepts heart 'leap for joy." Ellsworth goes on to say, "Oc- emerging through the development of comprehen- casionally a building, like a person, may have a fine sive educational specifications. Faculty, including character, but may still be hard to live with in small librarian, is eager to develop a school curriculum ways." supported by corn prehensive educational media And it is at this point that I face my topic head services. st3 0 audio- english en glish (L visual stor, social science to conf, english 36 x 39 carrelsstudy ah rge de sk studycarrels 36 x 39 cant an flfflIEll a c k s social scien c e court study a reading 56 x TO court FEET 0 4 8 12 16 Library floor plan, Northern Nash High School, Nash County Schools, North Carolina Ammslo CUD DU corridor 1. rp 90' 100 parking frock \\ /so city gas works p e field \ \ \ \ 60 S 7 FEET 0 23 150 73Nommil 100 1.11 Site plan, Lexington Middle School, Lexington, North Carolina tennis courts "c7entry HOW/ classroom toilets classroom okf:y b 00 arts a crafts - X, classroom seminar magazine - newspaper reading exhibits conference 1 downcafete6a to 1 Classroome-N\A i5 Eirr""' _2 book storage areaworkbook DM 601x 301 "s"/ 60Ix 431 6" E1 La _deskcharge 60 x le E=1 store e CJ0 =LI 00 EM 01 0 5 referencerecreational - ,reading tl _supplementary reading 17000U00E10 0 riffillE L.L.ICc 0 N 4 OEM ..profess one' T fibre( lounge study carrels exhibits conference down!cafeteria tE administration D 1.7 .0?-0 -o0 c1.1 homemaking toilets entry Flo=r C C7.4.11 toilets classroom TOTAL1201 x 1201 LIBRARY AREAr. 14,400 sq. ft. Library floor plan, Lexington Middle School, Lexington, North Carolina ° 4 1,, Urusual Shapes fur School Libraries 151

And now let us look at an example of each of these 3. The Lexington Middle School, Lexington, North three types: Carolina, grades 7-9, is being built to accommo- date a maximum enrollment of 900-1000 students. 1. A round library building, as at Garinger High This library is designed in harmony with the edu- School, Charlotte, North Carolina, designed to be cational specifications cooperatively developed by the epitome of the ..reative architects' attempt to the superintendent and staff and the board of edu- grasp the ideas of the educational movements and cation under the guidance of the educational con- translate them into the architectural design. Some- sultant and design consultant of a state education where along the way the librarian did not communi- school-planning division. The development of the cate the functional details necessary to provide for educational specifications involved study, reading, flexibility and expandability. visiting other schools, and thinking about the pur- The library is beautiful with its colorful car- poses of schools, what takes place in all types of ousel roof and sunken reading area. The radial school facilities, and what kind of library services arrangement of books offers opportunity for place- would be needed to support the school being planned. ment of individual study carrels that can function The more the planners studied and talked, the as electronic islands. The sunken reading area greater their expectations became, and, before can become a center of interest, virtually a happy long, educational specifications were emerging space surprise. These are but some of the oppor- that projected a new and different approach to teach- tunities the library staff is exploring as a result ing and learning. of the unusual shape of the library. The library is the school and the school is the Low expectation of the function of the library library in a manner of spealdng, for the library is as a comprehensive educational media center, or literally the crossroads of the school. The library absence of the opportunity for the librarian to com- is larger than the gymnasium and can easily house municate with the architect, results in the library's more than 40,000 volumes. The school is designed being too small to accommodate the material col- to accommodate a curriculum utilizing flexible lections and the type of service needed in this grouping, team teaching, independent study, small- school. The Garinger High School library was de- large group activity, and a full complement of edu- signed to accommodate 1000-plus students, yet the cational media services. 1964-65 enrollment totaled 2400-plus students. Here the opportunities are legion. The chal- The challenge is to find ways of expanding this lenge is to design a curriculum that will implement round library building so that it can accommodate the program set forth in the educational specifica- library service the school needs and wants today, tions. What new relationships will be established and be adaptable to changes emerging tomorrow. between teacher and librarian? What new staff 2. The next library, the consol:Jated Northern Nash members may be reauired? In short, what mea- High School, Nash County Schools, North Carolina, sures need to be taken to make maximum use of grades 9-12, will easily accommodate an enroll- the facilities in improying the educational services ment of 1200-1500 students, although the antici- to students in this new school? Constant in-service pated maximum enrollment is 1000 students. This study, organization of the school and the school library was planned under the direct guidance of day, acquisition and organization of all educational the superintendent in tune with the times, and de- media, deployment of staff, and evaluation cif prac- signed by an architect who 'got the message? The tices with open-mindedness and willingness to library flows out to, and around, the classrooms change are needed. with no one knowing where it begins or ends. The space is arranged to exploit the teachable moment By now you probably have suspected that I am for the individual, the small group, or the large most enthusiastic about the future of school libraries group. It can support new teaching methods and as reflected in the revolutionary shapes and space ar- accommodate newer educational media. It is an rangements emerging in new school construction. You example away front the large reading room to sat- are also aware of my belief in utilizing existing space ellite, independent study areas shared with the by making the most of it, by creating a spot of beauty, subject departments. Opportunities for develop- a point of emphasis, or a new and different functionary ing creative library service are many. activity. The librarian has been a book librarian used To summarize, I have tried to emphasize these to the rectangular room with bookshelves on the two main points: walls and rows of rectangular tables filling the room except for the large charging desk occupying 1. The school administrator and the architect desire the center of the room. The challenge is to inter- to plan and build the best library: pret library program to staff, and to deploy staff They base these plans on their interpretation of in such a way to take optimum advantage of the the school today and its anticipated needs of facilities. tomorrow. 152 SCHOOL LIBRARY SESSIONS

They depend upon the school librarian to inter- although compromise may be expedient as of pret the school library. the moment.

The school librarian must know what the educa- He enlarges his vision and realizes that the un- tional profile is now and what it will be. usual shape of his library or the other strange new features of the facility may make it the 2. After the school is built, the school librarian best library after all. utilizes its features to develop the best library service: In conclusion, I emphasize that the vision and expectation of the school librarian determine, in part, He projects library service in positive as- the extent the school library facility meets the needs sumptions. of the school. Flexibility, changeability, modifiability, and adaptability apply to the librarian as well as to His great expectations are never sacrificed the library facility. Margaret H. Grazier Librarian, Wylie E. Groves High School Birmingham, Michigan

LIBRARY IN THE ROUND

My appraisal of the round library hasbeen four areas for concentratedindividual work from areas and one-half years in the makingthe fourand one- for browsing and casual reading. A majorhandicap half years I have spent as a librarian in a newhand- of the round library is the inability to screenoff the some circular library. noise and activity at the circulationdesk. The con- Many of the advantages of roundness arereadily stant procession during eachhour of small groups of apparent in the Wylie E. Groves HighSchool Library students and an occasional teacher fromthe class- in Birmingham, Michigan. The combinationof the room into the libraryand to the circulation desk is unusual shape and a dramatic vaulted ceiling imme- desirable if the library aims, as we do. to beuseful diately impresses the student when he entersfor the to the school. Each transaction at thedesk, however, first time. The library is attractive andinviting. is noisily obvious, yet there is noplace within the The enclosed circle lends an air of relaxationand circle to which the circulation desk can bemoved informality. Bookstacks, placed at right angles to which will eliminate the disturbance. built-in wall shelving, form alcoves aroundthe pe- A basic problem of the round library isthe diffi- rimeter of the library. Strients are proudof the culty of enlarging it. The Groves High SchoolLibrary library's looks. They use it as a backgroundsetting has been in operation for five and one-half yearsand for countless pictures for the paper andyearbook; it has now completely outgrown its shelving spacefor is high on the list of places theyshow off to visitors. books and back issues of magazines, and itsseating Placed strategically at an intersection of major cor- space for students. The architectwho plans the ex- ridors which serve the academic classrooms at one pansion of the library will have a seriousproblem in end of the sprawling one-story high school, the attempting to add needed space and yet retain the Groves Library is difficult to ignore in itsdominant beauty of the original room. position, and few students do. Throughoutthe day Some of the serious physical difficulties oflibrary they walk around the library in the routine ofgoing operation in the Groves Library occur notbecause the to classes. library is a circle but because the circle is notlarge Some of the disadvantages of the round library enough. The library does not include space for such are readily apparent to theexperienced librarian at essential functions as audio-visual service and stor- first glance. Space is wasted. Library stacks,furni- age, a library classroom, and afaculty study. The ture, and equipment are rectangular or block indi- space designed for the combinedworkroom and maga- mension, and they cannot be fitted into a round con- zine storage room and for bookstacks was muchtoo tainer without waste of space. Space is also lost.In small. We at Groves estimate that our libraryneeds making a circle, the corners of the square areelim- three times its current space to meet the presentde- inated and the library is that much smaller.The mands for service and materials whichstudents and informality and relaxed atmosphere of the round faculty would like to make. Had the circularlibrary room are conducive to anequally relaxed behavior been made three times larger originally, space could by students. Supervision has to be more constant have been allotted for the functions and storagewhich than either students or librarians desire.Such su- we now need but lack.Whether these special areas pervision is costly in terms of librarians' timeand could have been so placed within the circle toprovide services needed but not given. The opennessof the easy access to them, afford theprivacy needed, and library, which gives a feeling of spaciousness,makes yet retain the aesthetic appeal of the present roomis difficult at the same time the separation of study questionable to me. 153 154 SCHOOL LIBRARY SESSIONS The past decade has seen a tremendousgrowth If school libraries are to grow, theywill have to in the demands by studentsand faculty for library expand. A round library in the school, whenviewed materials. To catch up and keep up withdemands, from the standpoint of its probablefuture, seems an school library collections will have to grow.As unfortunate choice, indeed. more schools reach the minimumof ten books per Were I given my preference, I should votefor :: student recommended by the standards of theAmeri- library in which attractiveness and eyeappeal derive can Association of School Librariansand note the from the texture, form, and color of walland ceiling still unanswered requests from classes formaterial, materials, from furniture, draperies, andcarpeting the recommendation by Ralph Ellsworthfor a basic rather than from the perfect sphere. Ishould vote collection of 30,000-50,000 volumes will seem in- for the library which would become thehub of the creasingly sensible. Similarly, as more schools school because it had sufficient space forstudents experiment with flexible scheduling, largeand small and for materials rather than becauseof its round- group instruction, team teaching,and independent ness. I should vote for thelibrary which could ex- study, formulas for the proportion of studentsto be pand easily and systematically. Artistsand philoso- accommodated in the library will be revised upward phers have revered the circle as theperfect figure. sharply. What they revere, librarians abjure. James L. Lanman Curriculum Materials Coordinator, Palley Winds School Riverview Gardens School District St. Louis, Missouri

THE PERCEPTION CORE, VALLEY WINDS ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

Valley Winds School in the Riverview Gardens ment, and space had to afford maximum flexibility. School District in St. Louis was built in an area With the achievement of such flexibility a staff could, where the population increase required a new ele- by prudently altering the organization of the school mentary school. Only children who live in that area when needeu, provide optimum continuity, sequence, attend the school. It provides an educational pro- and integration in the educational program of each gram for these 541 children from the time they enter pupil. In order to facilitate further this flexibility it kindergarten until they enter the seventh grade. was decided that team teaching and full-time and part- Plans for the school began in 1962 when the Edu- time resource persons should be utilized. cational Facilities Laboratory of the Ford Foundation In the light of these decisions, the building was provided three grants totaling $23,000. A select designed so that a learning resource center became group of teachers and administrators from the dis- the heart of the building and the educational program. trict worked with Dr. Nolan Estes, the superintendent, A gymnasium, cafeteria, or all-purpose room was and various specialists in drawing up the educational purposely planned out of the building in order to make specifications for the school. Some of the specialists more space available for the center. In lieu of the who worked with the Riverview staff at various times cafeteria there is a satellite kitchen to which hot food, were; Dr. Robert Anderson, Harvard University; Dr. prepared at another school, is brought and made ready Harris Taylor, Claremont Graduate School of Educa- to serve. Food is served to children in trays which tion, Claremont, California; Mr. James H. Miller, they take to their instructional areas. The term "in- Children's Theater Consultant, Shreveport, Louisiana; structional areas," as used in this paper, refers to Miss Louise Anthony, Dii ector of Library Services, the seven areas in which the children have their indi- Alton, Illinois, Mr. T. G. Morrissey, Electronic En- vidual desks or receive instruction from the various gineer, Denver, Colorado; Dr. William Alexander, individual teachers, teams of teachers, or resource Peabody College for Teachers, Nashville, Tennessee; persons. Three of these areas are one room, one is a Mr. Faber Birren, Consultant on Interior Design, suite with the equivalent floor space of three class- New York; and Mr. Jack Tanzman, Director of Audio- rooms, and one is a suite with the equivalent floo.. Visual Communications, Plainview-Bethpage Public space of nine classrooms. A covered, but exposed, Schools, New York. play shelter provides space for physical education. After the educational specifications were drawn This shelter utilizes infrared heaters which heat the up, they were submitted to the architects, and several objects in the area but not the air. major decisions were made which influenced the de- The conchiform structure which is Valley Winds sign of the building.It was decided that the curricu- School has at the beginning of the spiral a central lum be spiral, built around the acquiring of basic complex made up of three areas. One part of the skills, the organizing of centers of content, the devel- complex is a circular room, half a level below the opment of concepts, and the acquiring of individual basic floor level of the building, which is appropri- study and behavioral habits which would develop the ately called the "Nerve Center? In the Nerve Center pupil into a fully functioning individual. new books are processed, books are repaired, teacher- It was further decided that the organization would designed materials are produced, tapes for audio pre- be nongraded and nonclass-structured. The only unit sentation are made, overhead transparencies are de- for grouping for instruction would be the individual veloped and produced, and all instructional materials pupil. This meant that instructional materials, equip- are evaluated, ordered, and distributed. The

155 c.n)..4 CPcn L-40=

Nerve Center, Valley Winds School, St. Louis, Missouri

.., :,...I The Perception Core 157 audio- visual equipment, such as individual filmstrip As the spiral wall moves outward from this cen- viewers, tape recorders, record players, 16mm tral complex, it next encircles the Perception Core, movie projector, 35mm filmstrip and slide projector, which utilizes 10 percent of the 43,246 square feet of reading accelerators, television receivers, radios, the building.It is designed to be an integral part of and overhead projectors, are serviced here. the instructional areas of the building. Pupils in 65 If the educational objectives of the school are to percent of the instructional areas do not have to pass be achieved, there will be need for an ever increas- through halls (there are none in the building) to go ing amount of instructional materials, programmed from one to another complex of the plant, or pass learning sequences, and facts and information of all through other areas to go to the Perception Core. kinds. Retrieval processes will have to be developed They merely step through a door and there they are. using always the latest and most effective media pos- The Perception Core is a library, a materials sible within the financial reach of the district. In center, a reading instruction center, a study center, recognition of this the planners of Valley Winds a programmed materials center, or whatever is School provided for the installaticn at a future date needed to provide learning experiences for individual of a tape system by which room equivalents in the boys and girls who have become intensely caught up instructional areas are to be connected with the in the excitement and adventure of learning. As pres- Nerve Center. Each instructional area has five out- ently equipped, the Perception Core will seat 120 lets recessed in the floor, which are connected di- pupils and will house 7000 books. However, with ad- rectly with the Nerve Center. There are also a ditional equipment arranged differently, it could ac- number of these outlets in the Perception Core. On commodate many more pupils and books. The book the inner wall of each room equivalent in the instruc- carts and cabinets, with the exception of the card tional areas, in the administrative suite, the curricu- index and vertical file cabinets, are on wheels and lum center, the children's theater, and the Perception can be moved easily at any time by two adults. The Core, there is a nerve panel which is connected with tables are either round or trapezoid in shape; they the outlets and the Nerve Center. When the tape sys- have formica tops and adjustable legs. The books are tem is installed, a teacher or pupil may dial or phone shelved in counter-height book carts which have white the Nerve Center and request any tape in the tape li- formica tops. They are arranged in sections to facili- brary or instruction previously recorded by a teacher tate individual study and reading. In actual practice, to be relayed to one of the outlets mentioned above. sections are not numbered nor are any sections per- Using headsets with volume controls 1-16 pupils will manently established. In fact, changes were made be able to receive the material on tape. At a later three times during the 1964-65 school year. date, when video cameras and video recording equip- In Section I, the reference books, science books, ment have been installed in the Nerve Center, the applied science books, and biographies are located. same process that can be done with audio materials It includes three sink units where individual pupils will be done with visual materials. The building is may engage in individual science projects. Two mod- piped for closed-circuit television. els of the human torso and a skeleton are in this sec- Directly above the Nerve Center, half a level tion and are in constant use. Other science models, above the basic floor of the building, is the second such as the eyes, the ear, a leaf, the earthworm, a part of the central complex. It is the curz:ulum flower, a frog, can be checked out by pupils to be center. This center houses the pupil records, pro- used either in this section or in their instructional fessional library, samples of curriculum materials area. A pupil, after consultation with the science re- including pupil texts, other instructional materials, source teacher and/or his academic adviser (that is, and a small individual storage area where teachers the teacher administratively responsible for him and may leave the materials with which they are c'ir- for his total educational program), may elect to work rently working. It is a teacher planning area and individually on an experiment, with a microscope or also provides a pleasant place for formal and infor- with other science equipment. After deciding to do mal professional meetings, and a place where teach- so, he fills out a form stating what he wants to ers may eat their lunch. A counter-high panel wall achieve, what he needs to do it, and where he will do s,:parates this mezzanine from the Perception Core. it. He brings this to the charging station, receives The third part of the central complex is the pro- the equipment, and carries it in a tray to Section I of jection room, which is on the basic floor level of the the Perception Core, or his instructional area. When building. This room houses a 16mm motion-picture he has completed his work, he returns it to the charg- projector, a 35mm slide projector, and a 35mm film- ing station and turns it in. strip projector. All these projectors throw their In Section II, the beginning-to-read and easy-to- images, which are viewed from the children's theater, read books are shelved, and tables are provided to ac- on a translucent plastic screen. Once set up, these commodate 40 cluldren. Teachers working with first-, machines are remotely controlled from the children's second-, and third-year pupils may bring up to that theater. The 6-foot- by-12-foot screen can accommo- number of children from the group for which their date images projected simultaneously from all three team is responsible. Here they carry out a major machines. portion of the individualized reading program. This 158 SCHOOL LIBRARY SESSIONS section is used exclusively for that purpose and is in instructional supplies such as paper, crayons, paint, constant use throughout the school day. Older chil- and the like which are kept in continuous supply. On dren may use this section, but a number of books on each side of the card index is a :able with three indi- the same level are shelved in the appropriate section vidual filmstrip viewers. Pupils may check filmstrip: in other parts of the Perception Core. Thus, the out from the charging station and view them at these older children du not have to feel that they are check- tables, or they may check out a viewer or projector ing out books that are beneath them. The younger and view the filmstrip alone or with a small group in children have free access to any section of the Per- their instructional area. Tapes are checked out in ception Core. the same manner as filmstrips. They may be used in- Section III contains the fiction books, magazines, dividually in the Perception Core, or individually or card catalog, charging station, and vertical files. The with small groups in the instructional areas. materials in this section are used with a greater de- The remainder of the books in the Perception gree of frequency than those in other parts of the Cc e are shelved according to the Dewey Decimal Perception Core. It is centrally located and because System, starting with the 000 to 100 classification in all furniture is counter height, the library clerk has the narrow portion and working around to the charging eye contact with every section of the Perception Core station. from the charging station. All nonexpendable instruc- At the beginning of the year pupils must obtain a tional materials are checked out from this station. temporary pass to enter the Perception Core. These This includes maps, globes, audio- visual equipment, passes are signed by a teacher and are for a specific tapes, individual filmstrip viewers, books, vertical purpose. Wheat the pupil demonstrates to the satisfac file material, reading accelerator models, pro- tion of the team of teachers to whom he is responsiblE grammed materials, filmstrips, overhead transpar- his ability to be an independent and responsible per- encies, and materials for the teachers from the cur- son, he is recommended by them for a permanent riculum center. Expendable materials are stored in pass. This pass is the plastic charge plate used in readily accessible areas where teachers may go at the charging machine. Any member of the staff may any time and get what they need. require the pupil to surrender the pass, but if his Located behind the charging station is a battery team of teachers recommend reissuance within the of filing cabinets which contain independent activity hour, it is automatically reissued. sheets. Some of these are devoted to the development A permanent pass gives the pupil the privilege of a single concept, some to the development of a se- of using the Perception Core at any time he has need ries of related concepts which culminate in a gener- and has not scheduled some other activity. He need alization, some to the development of a skill, and not obtain permission from his teachers to do so. some are for pleasure, requiring pupils tc use the At the close of the 1964-65 school year approximately knowledge and skills they possess. Academic ad- 80 percent of the fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-year stu- visers or resource teachers direct children to these dents had permanent passes. Approximately 30 per- activity sheets, or a child may request that he be cent of the primary-aged children had them. On only allowed to work with them. In either case the pupil six occasions were pupils required to return their checks out the sheet and follows the direction given passes, and in only one case was the pass not reissue on it.If it requires answering questions, successful Pupils may have two books checked out at a time. completion of a puzzle, or the stating of factual infor- Books are checked out for a week. Reference books mation or generalization, the pupil obtains an answer and a single volume of an encyclopedia may be checke sheet at the charging station and checks his own work. out overnight. Tapes, filmstrips, vertical file materi The independent activity sheet and answer sheets are als, instructional materials, and audio visual equip- then returned to be refiled. The independent activi- ment are checked out by pupils for use on the day ties are developed by the teachers working with the checked out and must be returned before leaving curriculum materials coordinator and the personnel school. in the Nerve Center. At the present time the number every effort has been made to create in the Per- of activities is limited because the staff started with ception Core a quiet, info:mal environment in which nothing at the beginning of the year. Each year there a pupil with a specific purpose may work. The pur- should be an ever increasing number of these pro- pose may be to find a book he can read for pleasure, duced. Some publishers are beginning to develop this to browse through the magazines, to check out the type of material. As the commercial products become card index for books and materials o:. a specific topic available, they will be added, if they fit the curricu- to use the reading accelerator, to study the maps or lum needs of the school. globes or use one of the science models, to study a The card index has three divisions. One is the filmstrip or listen to a tape, or to gather data for a standard catalog of books using the Dewey Decimal report. Whatever the purpose, the Perception Core System. The second is the vertical file which lists should provide him with the materials and equipment alphabetically all maps, globes, charts, overhead he needs and the space he needs to accomplish it. transparencies, and folders in the vertical file. The As a consequence of this mode of operation, the third contains every other item of nonexpendable library clerk has to be familiar not only with books The Perception Core 159 but with all the other sources of information avail- At Valley Winds, a learning resource center con- able. All of these must be easily accessible and cept is being developed. The center includes the easily checked out. The library clerk issues each Nerve Center, curriculum center, prujaction mum, day approximately 200 books. In addition, she also Perception Core, children's theater, and art center checks out other items about a hundred times each which is a basement area the s...me size as the admin- day. There is no overdue charge on books or other istrative suite and located directly beneath it. This materials. Children have free access to the books, resource center is administered by a curriculum ma- models, globes, maps, tapes, and filmstrips. No ma- terials coordinator working under the super vision of terials were lost during the 1964-65 school year, and the principal. The coordinator is responsible for the only 9 books were lust, 6 of these retained by a fam- utilization of all expendable and nonexpendable in- ily who moved away without notifying the school. Al- structional supplies. He has a staff of three people. though repair of books was done as needed without A library clerk, who operates the Perception Core, any record being kept, approximately 20 books were makes sure all books and instructional materials are repaired during the year. None had to be sent to a checked in and out and are placed in tveir proper bindery at the end of the year. places when not in use. She also trains pupils and The Perception Core is separated from the chil- schedules them for work in the Perception Core. At dren's theater area by a glass wall. The theater it- all times she has at least three pupil assist .its on self is unique. It was designed for the children. A duty. large, open space is surrounded by three simple act- An audio- visual technician prepares overhead ing areas, each of which may be used for simultaneous transparencies and trains pupils to use audio- visual production, and two of which may be joined by a bridge equipment. One of the goals of the school is to train that crosses the interior stream aquarium, extending every pupil to use every piece of audio-visual equip- into the theater a short distance. With the "open ment. This technician also consolidates the teach- stage" concept, drama presentations are staged uti- ers' orders of films, filmstrips, and tapes from the lizing portable flats designed and built by the students. cooperating school district of the St. Louis suburban Creative thought is stimulated in this flexible space area's library and handles the scheduling of these and student interest is expanded by the acting tower, when they arrive. Last year this meant an average including an enclosed spiral stairway leading up to a of 50 films and filmstrips and 15 tapes per week. balcony which looks out over the theater. It also meant facilitating the use of 8 tape recorders, One of the walls in the theater is a rear- view 16 overhead projectors, 7 record players, 3 16mm screen facility on which movies or scenes may be projectors, 3 35mm filmstrip projectors, and 12 indi- projected. The area can also be used for large group vidual viewers. A production clerk processes all in- instruction or as an auditorium facility. The center coming library materials, repairs books, and dupli- of the theater is depressed two steps below the basic cates all material designed cr requested by teachers. floor level of the building, and this area, all of which In addition, she requests material for and maintains is carpeted, can be used as a seating area for pupils the vertical file. without bringing chairs from the classrooms. The Although problems have continually cropped up, children simply sit on the carpet. For other audi- the building, the staff, and the curriculum organiza- ences, the spaces can be filled with chairs from the tion have provided in the past and are continuing to adjacent instructional area with a minimum of effort. provide the flexibility to allow the attainment of the However, in actual practice this is rarely done. educational goals which have been established for As the building spirals outward, the administra- Valley Winds Schocl. The staff and the professional tive suite is wedged betweeli the children's theater people in the district, recognizing that much needs and the instructional areas. The instru 'ional areas to be done, firmly believe that here is one fruitful start at the administrative suite, encircle the entire approach to providing an educational program ade- inner core described up to this point, and end opposite quate for today and capable of meeting the demands the administrative suite. of the future. James W. Jacobs Director, Department of Instructional Materials Montgomery County Public Schools Rockville, .1Iaryland

PLANNING A NEW INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS CENTER IN A SCHOOL

In the development of my assigned topic, "Plan- library facilities. We cannot, we must not, plan in ning a New Instructional Materials Center in a terms of yesterday or today. We have no other choice School," there have been numerous long pauses. than to plan for tomorrow if we are effectively to im- Also, there have been numerous questions flash to plement our basic responsibilityimprove the educa- mind which started out, "How do you...?" I could tional program for each student. say that throughout my remarks I plan to use exclu- Two words quickly draw attention to changes in sively the term "instructional materials center." our educational programs. There is nothing magic However, this is not the case. My topic could just as or mystic veiled in these words, but one has already easily be titled, 'Planning a New Library in a School," revolutionize...I our communications, whereas the and to me it would have the same meaning. I hold to other may yield a communications upheaval of even the thesis which is presented in the introduction of greater magnitude. I call your attention to the word The School Library: Facilities for Independent Study "Gutenberg"the process which developed literally in the Secondary School. This recent Educational Fa- transformed the world of the printed word. Secondly, cilities Laboratories report takes note of 'age-old I call your attention to the word "Gemini " a word confusion in the relationship between the carrier and symbolic of a chain of technological events which, content ...."1 The report further states: "It is un- when translated to the field of communications, could doubtedly true that certain carriers may prove to well transform the full spectrum of audio and visual have specialized usefulness not shared by other car- technology. To put this point of view in a more down- riers, but there is enough evidence to suggest that to- earth context, a library planned according to yes- since all carriers can serve individual as well as terday or today is just as obsolete as a German V-2 group use, it would be wise for schools to consider rocket. them all as legitimate library materials." 2 In taking this approach I do not in any way imply It has been my experience to plan a school li- that we have been wrong in our library facilities plan- brary, an instructional materials center, for tomor- ning. Gemini, I feel sure, was made possible by ap- row. When tomorrow arrives and the facility be- parently fruitless endeavor and frustrationsome- comes operational, sometimes certain well-planned times called experience! We, too, have traveled far features are questioned. We generally find the to- in our library planning experience and have made morrow which was envisioned is not tomorrow in much progress, but let us not become satisfied or reality. Unfortunately, tomorrow too often turns out complacent, for tomorrow will riot be today! With a to be just thatdifferent than planned. Perhaps our pinch of tradition and a pound of progress, library salvation is to have a superintendent who keeps in planning will continue to be an exciting experience! mind the second part of the phrase from Alexander To make a milk shake we need milk, chocolate, Pope's Essay on Criticism, "To err is human...." and ice creamplus a blender. To blend technology, Yet, we have no choice in our planning of school materials, and instruction, we need a library. For proper blending, school libraries must be planned:

1.To support the full range of the instructional 'Ralph E. Ellsworth and Hobart D. Wagener, The School program for each student at every grade level Library: Facilities for Independent Study in the Secondary School (New York: Educational Facilities Laboratories, 1:163), 2.To be used by the student and professional staff p.16. 3.To accommodate all forms of print and nonnrint 2lbid. materials. 160 New Instructional Materials Center 161

My three basic purposes for planning the library as a enrollment. For example, space needs and arrange- facility encompass the nine general objectives of the ment of space for individualized activity arefound library program in the school set forth inStandards more frequently in the secondaryschool than in the for School Library Programs, published bythe Amer- elementary. Further, sophistication of supporting ican LibraryAssociation' The nine objectives are equipment and furniture is directly related tothe summarized in these words:The objectives qete service and program levels of the studentenrollment. rightly focus upon the most important functionof the Libraries come in many shapes; for that matter, library in the schoolthe work with teachersand stu- so do librarians. In the schoolsystem in which I am dents; and they are based on the assumptionthat this employed, we have a round school in which there is a work can be carried on successfully only when cer- pie-shaped library. Another building may stillinclude tain conditions prevail the servicesof qualified per- the traditional long, rectangular library,while a more sonnel in sufficient number, an abundance ofwell- modern building will include a library with space selected printed and audio-visual materials,and more effectively located andefficiently arranged. arrangements that make materials easilyaccessible During the past several years as all of our li- within the school."4 braries have broadened programs and enriched serv- Basically, insofar as comprehensiveness of ices, library facilities, too, have undergonetransi- service and program support areconcerned, the ele- tiona transition from traditionally plannedlibraries mentary library facility and the secondarylibrary to libraries planned not only to permit more compre- facility have much in common. Differences are gen- hensive service but also to allow for what wehope is erally due to type of service and program and tothe a degree of flexibility for changeswhich inevitably extensiveness of the total facility as reflected by are ahead. I enjoy recalling Augustine Birrell'sphrase of 1874, "Libraries are not made; they grow."Each of 'American Library Asscciation, American Associationof us, as we go about our work,trust that our libraries, School Librarians, Standards for SchoolLibrary Programs planned for educational growth, helpmake each child (Chicago: A.L.A., 1960), p.8 experience as he departs each day. 'Ibid., p.9. a little better for the Mary Ann Swanson Librarian, Evanston Township High School Evanston, Illinois

REMODELING AN EXISTING LIBRARY TO PROVIDE QUARTERS FOR A MATERIALS CENTER

Evanston Township High School is a comprehen- books and magazines. Several departments wanted sive high school serving a community located imme- listening areas but "not cubicles." One department's diately to the north of the city of Chicago. Although report stated, "The library should not have maga- it has graduated more than seventy-five classes, the zines on microfilm, college handbooks, or private present building was built in 1924. Included in the desks for individual research." first construction at the present site was the library. While this planning was going on for the expan- It was a room of about 2736 square feet which had a sion of the physical facilities, the library was being balcony on the three interior walls. In addition, a changed from the conventional printed collection to small workroom was located at one end, and a simi- a materials center. First, in the1953-54 school lar room for class groups was at the other. As the year, the library was asked by the audio- visual com- collection and school population grew, this Gothic mittee to take over the filmstrip collection. It had structure was apparently becoming too small for the been housed in boxes in the bookroomthe room program which librarians, teachers, and administra- where supplementary texts were housed, which was tors felt the school needed. not always open to teachers. When this collection In September, 1952, after many meetings with the was transferred, it was examined for its condition sunerintendent and an architect a report was pre- and usefulness. Out-of-date and worn-oat fi'-nstrips pared by the head librarian. The report outlined were discarded. The filmstrips which were useful plans for a new library to be built in one of the court were classified and cataloged, and dittoed copies of areas. It described reading rooms, magazine room, the classified list were given to each teacher. conference rooms, textbook storage areas, and audio- The next collection to be acquired by the library visual rooms. was the phonograph record collection: a few poetry In the spring of 1953 the board of education de- albums, some Mercury Theatre Shakespeare, and a cided to ask the community for a bond issue of few recordings of musical compositions. These were $1,950,000 to include a new library (not to be located classified and a list prepared for each teacher, but in a court, but as an expansion of its original area), until recently they were not cataloged. Currently we a swimming pool, and an auditorium. In April, 1953, are working on this project, and soon weshall be able the voters turned down the request. However, in to say that the entire collection of long-playing rec- October of 1954 the proposal was approved. ords has been cataloged. In January, 1955, department chairmen or repre- The library in which the faculty assembled for sentatives met and were presented with a list of serv- coffee that hot September morning after completion ices which they should consider for the new libi ary. of the remodeling included the following areas: The These possibilities were just suggestions which they main reading room was the original library with bal- were to take to their department meetings for discus- cony, the same size as before construction-38 feet sion. The reports of these meetings listed those ma- by 72 feet. Opening at the north end of that room a terials and spaces which members of the departments new wing housed another reading room, 33 feet by 65 felt were essential to their teaching. feet. A classroom which was part of the original Every department expressed an interest in hav- structure became part of the suite by the cutting of ing the usual printed materials; some wanted paper- a door into the new reading room. Theformer room backs; a number of recommendations suggested a for group use was divided into two spaces: (1) the sample textbook collection as well as professional college and career room, and (2) the conference

162 Remodeling fur a Materials Center 163 room. At the south end of the main reading room an- ricular changes bring more students to fulfill other wing was built. Here were located the back assignments. A survey by the educational consultants files of periodicals, the office workroom equipped of Engelhardt, Engelhardt, and Leggett made recom- with everything from desks to plastic adhesive, the mendations that there was a need for a change in storage room packed full of supplies, and the listen- library facilities as well as in other facilities. ing room opening into the main reading room. The As the result of the report, now known as the "Leg- old office became primarily a film-previewing and gett Report," the board of education accepted a recom- audio-visual storage area with part of it becoming a mendation that the high school, in planning for 6000 corridor from the professional library to the high students in the 1970's, reorganize the school around school library. the present hall arrangements into four semiindependent The filmstrip cabinets were housed in the library schools on one campus. This proposal included a sys- office, and the recordings placed in the listening tem of resource centersone for each school. room. An old custom-built piece of shelving was re- Current plans are by no means final. Frequent finished to serve as the shelving for the recordings meetings involving members of the various depart- collection. After this was outgrown, double-faced ments and the building steering committeealong with metal record shelves replaced the temporary shelves. consultants have produced many revisions. Plans in- The professional library was formerly a class- clude the provision of 15,000 volumes of a basic col- room to the south of the library office.It had become lectionnot for basic studc.:t.n, but basic to any quality part of the compound before construction. The re- high school curriculum. Space will be provided forin- modeling brought it closer by means of a door cut dividual study spaceprobably 50 percent of the 120- into the inner corridor so that it was more accessible 135 seats will be individual places. About one third of to library staff as well as to teachers. these will be equipped for use as viewing stations for The library provided, for use with the materials, TV and sound film lessons, viewing stations for8mm filmstrip projectors, record players, and tape record- loop projection, and listening stations for recorded ers on a "cash and carry" basis. No advance request lessons. Some areas will be acoustically treated so was necessary as long as a desired piece of equipment that calculators may be used and languagepronuncia- was available. In 1959 the motion-picturerental pro- tions practiced. Surrounding these centers,each of gram was added, and an additional secretary was which will be 5000 square feet, will be the library added to the staff. audio-visual workroom, teachers' workroom, andde- This is only a step in the change from library to partmental offices for teachers. materials center. In January, 1965, the voters of The central library will remain as the locationof Evanston approved an $8 million bond issue for Ev- centralized processing and the main resourcecenter anston Township High School. A record was set, per- for the fcur separate resource centers. Herewill be haps, in that this was a 5 to 1 victory. kept the back issues of periodicals beyond two or The materials center had been outgrown. The three years, here will be the books for ti'especial- shelving space for 30,000 books is more than crowded ized project, here will be materials availablefor the with 49,000 volumes. The magazine storage area no teacher to request be placed on temporaryloan in one longer is large enough to house the back issues of 198 of the four resource centers. As electronicdevelop- periodicals. Another 60-drawer unit of card catalog ments permit, slow-scan television,facsimile repro- has been added. Students are turned away daily be- duction, and perhaps someday a regional information cause the seating capacity is not only inadequate, be- retrieval center will become available to thehigh cause of the growing school population, but the cur- school students through this central library. Alice C. Rusk cling Director, Bureau of Library Services Baltimore Public Schools Baltimore,illaryland

REMODELING A KNAPP SCHOOL LIBRARIES PROJECT DEMONSTRATION CENTERThe Mount Royal Elementary School, Baltimore, Maryland

As a part of the application for consideration as The preference of the librarian was taken into con- a demonstration center for the Knapp School Librar- sideration in not having doors, either sliding or ies Project, it was required that a plan for anyneeded hinged, which would then technically categorize this remodeling be submitted, with sufficient specifics equipment as cabinets. The equipment was made by spelled out so that a reasonable estimate of the re- our State Use Industries, and the understanding is quired money could be included in the proposed bud- that if we decide we want the doors in the future, they get. In fulfillment of this enjoiner, Baltimore sub- can be added on the premises at a nominal figure. mitted a plan which represented minor remodeling, Backed up to this shelving are units of standard book with one exception. shelving, 6 feet high by 3 feet wide, with adjustable shelves, of course. On one wall additional shelving is placed. The Structural changes and Shelving counter-height shelving in the center of this wall is The floor plan of the original library indicated a under the space which will accommodate a wall reading room with floor space equivalent to one and screen. The existing blackboard of the original one-half classrooms. The combination conference classroom has been.etained in this space and can be room-workroom had floor space equivalent to one used for some teaching activities. half a classroom. The library of this school is located on the sec- The adjacent classroom was annexed to the li- ond floor, above and to the right of an outside en- brary. The taking over of this room gave 35 feet trance. In order to carry on a summer program and anore of floor space. This added room wasfondly evening hours, measures had to be taken to secure referred to as "Mildred's room" for a long time in the rest of the building. Gates are to be installed, honor of the long-suffering teacher who was being therefore. Some gates were already there, to shut displaced. She good-naturedly tolerated numerous off parts of the building when the very fine commu- surveying incursions by the various specialists and nity recreation program was in action. The existing technicians who were involved in the hammer-and- gates made it necessary to provide only three more, saw part of the operation. at a stairway and at two places in the hall. Access This additional room provides a total of 102 feet will still be possible to the lavatories. Drinking in length and 28 feet in width, or 2856 square feet in water will be provided library patrons by a bubbler the entire library area. Discounting the space used to be installed in the sink in the library annex. for conference and work area, there are approxi- Minor electrical work has included the installa- mately 2408 square feet. With 60 patrons in the li- tion of some additional outlets, a center-of-the-room brary at one time, the equivalent of two classes, this outlet in the annex for hooking up projection equip- allows 40 square feet per person, well above the sug- ment to be focused on the wall screen, and electrical gested national standard. strips on some tables. The outlet for the center of This is how the added space was utilized: A the room is attached to the top of a piece of shelving doorway was cut through one wall to connect the an- and receives current from a strip rim along the air- nexed room with the library. Additional shelving was conditioning duct. It is hoped that the use of portable placed in such a manner as to create two areas in the table-top screens, which will be constructed in our annex. Some of this shelving is 12inches deep, with department shops, will make it possible to convert the lower hall partitioned to accommodate recordings. the wired tables into individual study areas at will.

164 Jiro WI ca WII Iw

Conference Area

Library Annex Existing Library 2

Workroom

has 36' 56' 16' 108' CORRIDOR

Poster File

Fs Cabinets

Shelving Shelving

1 Electrical Outlet at Top of Library Tables with Shelving Annex --I Electrical ,a1M .10 .11 =0 OMB Wall AEI. WED OMB all Strips Screen

Bubbler in Equipment Doorway This Sink Cup oards to Library

CORRIDOR

Plan for remodeling, the Knapp School Libraries ProjectMount Royal Elementary School, Baltimore, Maryland 166 SCHOOL LIBRARY SESSIONS

r- Some of the shelving in the annex is 12 inches deep to accomo- date recordings

The screens will be stored in a cupboard when not in The younger children sit on the rug for story hour. use. This project is still in the planning stage. The overflow use colorful cushions. The rug is also a Each classroom in this building has a cupboard, favorite after-school spot for informal browsing. and of course the room annexed to the library had The addition of a small three-unit charging desk one. For better accommodation of audio-visual has made helping with the circulation more of a equipment, adjustable shelves and locks were added. status symbol than ever among the library aides. Alas, there still is not enough storage space. For- This piece of equipment replaced a single pedestal tunately, there is a locked space across the hall desk which is now being used as the office desk for which we can use, although not exclusively. the second librarian. None of the charging desk chairs listed by any catalog gave the height-adjustment range which our librarians felt would be comfortable Equipment for the new desk. The alert eyes of one of them Draperies have been installed in the entire li- spotted a likely chair in a science-equipment catalog. brary suite. They are of fiber glass. Those in the It was a good match, adjusts to the desired height, library proper are opaque; their purpose is to cut and seems to be working out well. glare. Those in the annex are of the same material, Poster and filmstrip cabinets were purchased but with a vinyl coating to shut out light. Even with for the annex room. The base with legs was chosen the use of lenticular screens, there are times wher. by the librarians for the poster file, hi preference to there is an advantage in being able to reduce light. the flush base that catches dust which cannot be A rug has established a browsing and storytelling reached easily with cleaning equipment. The smaller nook in the easy-bcok section. Its size was limited of two available poster cabinets was chosen because so that it would not extend beyond the shelving and the larger seemed unnecessary and unwieldy. Since cause stumbling. Some problems of corner curling then a number of outsize travel posters have been have occurred, however, which can offer the same acquired. We are planning, therefore, to use this file hazard. Currently our custodians are following elsewhere and acquire the larger one. through on suggestions from our "rug" man in the The librarians preferred cabinets with slotted business office. I fear they are not too happy about drawers to the drawers with circular holes for hold- the rug. We are planning to make them more so by ing filmstrip cans. This type provides a place for buying a vacuum cleaner for its care. labeling each filmstrip. Remodeling a Knapp School Libraries Project Demonstration Center 167 Bar-

k

F : tt : . - _ ." 4-.24 lucks were addcl ,o the cupboards in the annex

' Li

The original library had two vertical files. A reminded us that access to it, for changing of filters jumbo file was added to accommodate oversize mate- and servicing, must be available at all times. Fur- rial, particularly some oversize picture sets. The ther, they quoted city codes of minimum distances to plethora of valuable ephemeral material collected by be maintained beyond the unit, and so on, and so on, our librarians and our alert fieldworkerhas made it all very technical and confusing. necessary to order two additional legal-sizefiles to While this was going on, we were becoming more accommodate the rest of our vertical file resources. and more used to the equipment, and now we have de- cided that it really does not need to be hidden after all. Shelving has been arranged around part of it, in Air Conditioning an attempt to recapture some lost wall space. An in- An unexpected variable entered into the original dividual study area has been developed on one side of plan which certainly bears out Robert Burns's well- it. I shall warn you, however, that it is noisy. We worn phrase about schemes, mice, and men. The have been assured that further adjustments may "a-gley" was definitely in our favor, however, as you temper this. Right now we are toying with the idea shall see. of wall-to-wall carpeting in the annex, which may By chance, an observation of this proposed center have some subduing effect on the cacophony. Sad to took place on a very cold, very sunny afternoon in say, every silver lining does have its cloud! February. Now this library has a western exposure and many windows and, although outside the weather Audio-Visual Equipment was freezing, inside the temperature wasindeed high. This thermal paradox evoked the suggestion that we Preparational equipment added includes a seriously consider air conditioning, which we did. Thermofax copier for reproducing printed material This facility was gained at the sacrifice of shelv- and making transparencies for the overhead pro- ing in the library and in the annex, also. The over- jector. On a visit to a nearby county school, the li- head ducts traverse the ceiling for the entire length brarians noted a dry-mount press and felt that it of the library suite. At first we were overwhelmed would be a welcome addition to the library at Mount by the unlovely proportions of this monster and talked Royal. It is used for mounting pictures and cli, furtively and frantically about what could be devised Both librarians felt that a label maker would be to hide it or screen it. Our engineers unimaginatively generally useful. The ease with which the one ordered 168 SCHOOL LIBRARY SESSIONS

_s art- ry civ

! transpf.r11-g he- fraglit- f-quipment

operates is a great improvement upon one demon- 2. Filmstrip previewers for individual use of film- strated several years ago which almost made blisters strips on thumbs. 3. Tape recorders A Wilson movie mover is on long-term loan to 4. Phonographs the Knapp center from the instructional materials 5. Listening posts center of the Baltimore City public schools. The film 6. Overhead projectors is threaded at the end and projects directly on the 7. Screens, in several sizeslenticular for optimum screen, which is housed on the top of the cart. This daylight visibility, whenever available. is but one of the many courtesies and cooperative acts from our supervisor of instructional materials who Future remodeling and equipment, on order or has been a source of wisdom and guidance in the se- in the consideration stage, are: lection of brands and types of equipment. 1. Study carrels Equipment wagons are very handy for transport- 2. Wall-to-wall-carpeting ing heavy and fragile equipment. The school has three 3. A vacuum cleaner floors, but it does have an elevator. Once the equip- 4. The change of the circuit of our ceiling lights to ment is loaded, therefore, it can be taken any place in permit individual lighting of the two large areas the building with a minimum of effort. This is a great in the annex. help to the custodial staff. As cooperative as they try to he, they do have other duties, and the use of audio- Summary visual equipment by teachers and pupils has increased The expansion and improvement of the library greatly since the beginning of the project. quarters and the addition of substantial amounts of The library has attempted to purchase all types useful equipment have improved the library program of aural and visual reproduction equipment which tremendously, even during the make-ready year. The would be generally useful in the elementary school impact is noticeable throughout the school We are program, and in quantities to meet the demand real- confident that the results of this three-year demon- istically. These include: stration library program will be so evident and so significant that they will prove what the Knapp Proj- 1. Filmstrip projectors: standard, small group, and ect hopes to showthat a good school library program individual does make a difference! V American LibraryTrustee Association Workshop MORNING SESSION

Charles E. Reid President, American Library Trustee Association

OPENING REMARKS

It gives me great pleasure to bring you greetings the Fourth of July, the day on which our nation cele- on behalf of the American Library TrusteeAssocia- brates its freedom from the bonds of oppression, we tion. For the past few days many of us have joined spend these preceding days in contemplation of our together to discuss planning for and evaluation of our responsibilities as trustees and librariansto pro- physical facilities in which we provide library ser- vide the library facilities so that the mind of man vice to the public. may remain free through free access toall resource The greatest value of this workshop will be that, of the world. in assessing our physical facilities, we must examine The American Library Association and Library our library services and planning for thefuture of Administration Division are providing the tools by our building; we must plan for the expandingand ever which you can properly build library services. The changing concepts of library services and for the li- utilization of these tools is entirely up to you. brary of tomorrow; and we must recognize the need As president of the American Library Trustee for increased financial aid on all levels. In evaluat- Association, one of the pleasures of holding this of- ing the services to the public we must come to the fice is to work with the Workshop Committee. Thos realization that only through larger units of service of us who are officers always feel this is the ideal can we hope to meet the needs for depthwhich are committee. It helps to mold the imaginative and ere required in library service today. ative program which has made ALTA such a fine di- I wish to repeat what I said in my message to the vision of ALA. members of the American Library Trustee Associa- This year has been no exception. We have beer tion. It is our responsibility to the taxpayers of our blessed by two chairmen, or cochairmen, who have community to see that monies spent for library ser- done an outstanding job together with their commit- vices are spent efficiently and effectively. tee, and at this time it gives me a great deal of We can best accomplish this by pooling our re- pleasure to introduce Ray Williams, one of the co- sources of knowledge so that the buildings oftoday chairmen, the Director of the McIntire Public Li- and tomorrow will not become obsolete within a few brary of Charlottesville, Virginia. years. We must not waste our money oninefficient and inadequate physical plants which cancerously eat into our annual budgets and inhibit efficient staff op- MR. WILLIAMS: It is a pleasure for me tointrodu( eration. a fellow Jerseyite, a trustee ofMetuchen Public Li Planning cannot wait. We cannot leave the evalu- brary, known to all trustees and librarians alike,D ation of our library and our services and the planning Lowell Martin, Vice-President and Editorial Direct of our future services to chance. of Grolier Publications of New York and, mostimp( It seems to me only fitting that as we approach Cant, a friend of libraries on every level.

1 Lowell A. Martin I ice-President and Editorial Director,Grolier Publications New York City

INTRODUCTION

This is a workshop, a workshop onlibraries and planning activity throughout the dayincluding the library buildings today. I notice that thelibrary luncheon period. We do not have aformal program building meetings the last few days havebeen called at lunchthere is not to be anotherspeaker at that possible a "conference," and thismeeting is called a "work- timebut you will be at tables where it is shop." I infer from this that librariansconfer and for the full group to talk together.There will be a trustees work. Actually the term doesapply to the committee member at each of the tablesand we hope meeting today because if I had triedto summarize in that the discussion can go on informallyat that time. one sentence what this sessionis going to seek to do, When the group reassembles in theafternoon, I would put it this way: we are going toplan a library there will be three steps that we will gothrough then building, or maybe the right way to say it isthat you also. Mr. Williams will describe acommunity to are going to plan a librarybuilding. which we will seek to apply the criteriaand programs The program will move through a seriesof steps that have been developed is the morning.He will architect, who to the point where by the afternoonsession we will have with him Mr. Odell, an eminent have designed a specific building for anindividual was president of theAmerican Institute of Architects community. Here are the steps throughwhich we are last year. going to move in the meeting this morningand this Mr. Williams, Mr. Odell, and you willstart put- afternoon. Perhaps you could think of themorning ting this building plan together, and as athird step meeting in three steps. Remember, ourobjective is you will actually end upwith a preliminary sketch. It to understand the building planning processand to is a dry run on planning a librarybuilding and ought apply this understanding in the planningof a specific to be, therefore, of real value to everytrustee here building program. But building. who is contemplating a library Our first step is not to take a sheet of paperand I think the session should also be ofvalue to trustees start to draw lines on it. No, we aregoing to stand who already have a building, becausethis is a fine back just a little, as I think you have to, evenif you way to review the situation. right down the street Now, just a few words of caution on a structured are concerned with a building this morning in your community. We are goingto stand back as meeting of this kind. I heard someone our first step and ask aleading librarian, James E. say, "I understand we are goingto design an instant to re- library." Maybe that is a good phrasebecause I sus- Bryan, who is also a library building expert good and as bad mind us of what library service istoday and how pect our library will be just about as building needs grow out of this broad view. as instant coffee. What we aredoing is an artificial for a couple of Still by way of preparation and as thesecond exercise, as we should remember going to reasons: step in the program this morning, we are of call on three trustees who in different wayshave had One very definite reason I would remind you involve participa- recent library building experience.Then, as the is that the program does not fully if you will partic- tion of the librarian, and certainlywhen a library third step, we are going to ask you working with ipate with the committee and withthe members of the building is being planned one would be the functions, the pro- the trustees, librarians, architects,and the commu- program to help us set down going to gram, and the criteria whichshould apply in any li- nity in a larger way. Furthermore, we are morning's program. be pushing together in a matterof a few hours a pro- brary building. That is this months and in some We would urge on you that youconcentrate on the cess that must go on over many

172 /72/rot/lid/on 173 cases an even longer timethe designingof an actual ber of his building consulting jobs would probably be library building. close to fifty. Hoyt Galvin is the incoming president We have an added responsibility to try to pull all of the Library Administration Division of the Ameri- these steps together and make them effective. We can Library Association. are going to attempt, along the way, to setdown a We will start with the presentation by James E. record of what is going on. There will be notes pre- Bryan, who is the Director of the Newark, New Jer- pared on Mr. Bryan's comments, summarizing the sey, Public Library. Mr. Bryan is one ofthe fore- gist of his remarks. As the trustees of thepanel most library building authorities in the country, and speak, Hoyt Galvin is going to record the major a colleague of mine in New Jersey. I haveworked points that they make. We are hoping tomake it un- with him a great deal and know the quality of this necessary for you to use your memory.The points man. Incidentally, he happened to be thepresident of brought up this morning will be recorded so that we the Americar Library Association a year ago. Ned can refer to them in the afternoon. Bryan will start us from the broader viewpoint of Most of you know Hoyt Galvin, who is the Direc- current library needs as they also apply to buildings. tor of the Charlotte, North Carolina, PublicLibrary. He will move us up to the beginning of the planning He told me a few minutes ago that a count of the num- process for this building's program. James E. Bryan Librarian, Newark Public Library Newark, New Jersey

WHAT MUST LIBRARIES DO TOMEET EMERGING NEEDS?

I would like to take Lowell's comment alibrar- presses every day), and Gus Kelly, who is chairman ians confer and trustees work" a little further and of our building and grounds committee and chairman have it sound this way: librarians confer, trustees and treasurer of our library board. Gus is chief work, and trustees work librarians.It seems to me counsel for the Newark Housing Authority and has di- to be a little better suited to this morning. rected the preparation of more sites and building con- The library board is the policy-making body, and tracts than anybody else in the city of Newark in all in some of our statesNew Jersey, for example, probability. Tom and Gus are both here today. They where I am fromthe board is actually assigned the are both interested in the trustee programs, and I am overall library administration by the state statutes. very pleased to have their support in the building pro- For this reason it is responsible for the planning and grams that we undertake. construction of library buildings. This is one of the I think librarians need to acknowledge the help most important things that a board can and will do in that has been given by trustees to the work of the li- the advancement of the educational goals of its own brary and of the staff, not just in building matters or community. It is often one of the most important con- in legal matters, but in the human aspects of running tributions that an individual trustee will make in his organizations in our community. incumbency on the board. In this first part of our program, which will start I feel that the way you have undertaken this pro- our discussions, it would be my hope to proceed about gram today will be very useful and certainly will put as follows:(1) to relate some of the changes in the library building further ahead in due course. Each fabric of our society which affect library service and community is different; its problems are different; hence library buildings; (2) to indicate what the changes and these problems will be satisfied in different ways. in library service may be, and to suggest how you will In my opinion there is no standard community, no discover them in your own communities; (3) to assess standard set of library problems, no standard solu- briefly what effect these changes may have on library tion to fair.:.and no standard library building. On building; and (4) to outline the procedures by which the other ha.id, this fact of community difference is new building may be conceived and planned, programs not in any case to be construed as an excuse not to of public and official acceptance undertaken, approvals provide adequately for this important library facility. received, bids advertised, contracts let, construction Trustees and librarians working together on building completed, and library operations move in and begin. programs and problems make sense. The trustees' First, as to these various social, educational, and knowledge of the community, the local site and build- cultural changes in American life which affect our ing conditions, the ways of the trades, labor practices, public libraries. I would like to say that libraries do building methods and materials, various legal aspects not operate in a vacuum since books, which are the of site acquisition, contracts with architects, the tools of learning, reflect quickly and responsively building process, and building contracts is very im- changes in our society. What affects life affects portant to the library director and to the architect. knowledge and so affects libraries. Conversely, what The work of our library board in Newark is affects knowledge affects life and affects libraries, greatly advanced by people such as Torn Daly, our and I hope libraries affect knowledge and affect life president this year, who is chief engineer for the also. Newark News (which, by the way, is rebuilding its Many of the following points you realize, but I will major plant in Newark while still operating the try to go over them quickly: population increase,

174 What Must Libraries Do To Meet Emerging Needs 1'75 population distribution, transitive increase in the life A few months ago I was discussing with some span. people in our citybusiness people, one of whom was Charlie Reid, in a talk recently , mentioned the a merchandiserthe problem of the four-day week, fact that there are now 20,000 Americans who are and most of the people at the lunch table were quite more than 100 years old. This is, to me, a startling obviously incensed that the four-day week was a pos- fact, and it serves to call attention to the change of sibility. People should work more than four days a population and the various groupings in our total pop- week was their feeling. The merchandiser did not ulation. There is increase in the age group over 65, say anything. Finally, on being pressed, he said, and increase in the school age group. All of these `Well, we are not opposed to the four-day week." affect libraries. There is increase in recorded knowl-One of the people there asked him why and he replied, edge. Do you know that in the last five years the "It is very simple; it just gives people one more day number of books published in the United Statesnew to spend money." titles and new editionshas increased from 20,000 to When a good segment of our society thinks of one 26,000. There are now 80,000 journals published in more day of leisure time as one more day to spend the world. money, certainly educators, such as librarians, and Bill Dix, of Princeton, in a recent talk indicated people who support the educational process, such as another fact which is very surprising to me as indi- library trustees, must bear in mind also that one cating the growth of knowledge. He reported that 90 more day of leisure, brought about by an improved percent of the world's scientists who have ever lived technology, also can raise the educational and cultural or published are now living and publishing. This is sights of the people in our communities. This is one really the blossoming time of recorded lmowledge of our responsibilities. and probably of all of our l'istory to date. The edu- Business and industry must compete on the basis cational picture is rapidly changing. For example, of an increasingly complex technology, and many mar- there are many more high school graduates. The kets are highly competitive. Know-how is a must to number of high school graduates entering college has survive. A man's :!udgment in business must be based jumped amazingly, and the expectation is for a con- on facts if his business is to compete and advance. tinued rise in college enrollment and in the number For many years it was said that a strong arm of 16- to 22-year-olds in the college group. and a strong back were sufficient equipment in the The number of graduate students has also in- country for minimum survival. Today literacy is the creased. At Princeton last year the number of col- tool for minimum survival. In a time of such rapid lege graduates going on to graduate school was 70 change in our economy, due to improved technological percent of the total graduating class. The years of processes and automation, our economy cannot stand schooling completed by adults likewise continues to an increase in unemployment due to functional illiter- increase. Our population on the whole has not only acy. Hence the massive attack on poverty and its completed more years of schooling, but it is more roots, especially lack of education and inability to literate than it has ever been before. read at levels that are necessary for employment. The quality of education is improving, with many Programs to prevent poverty now extend from the high school graduates skipping the beginning courses third and fourth years ef life in children to the educa- in colleges in such fields as the sciences, languages, tion for adults. and mathematics. Our young people not only can do The development of mass media of communica- better than was thought possible a few years ago, they tion and a population on wheels have tended to break are actually doing better. down much of the provincialism which formerly ex- The college curriculum continues to expand, and isted in certain geographical areas. People may live our graduate of twenty years ago sca :zely recognizes in rural, suburban, and urban areas but what they the course offerings of our major colleges and uni- think about, what they are concerned about, how they versities. They have expanded to such a degree. The earn their livelihood have become quite universal in educational establishment, that is, formal education nature. as an institution, has expanded more rapidly than the The idea that "the hicks are in the sticks" is libraries which support it with books and other ma- pretty much a myth now due to television, radio, and terials. the mass media publications. In short, the old argu- It has been said that in some fields of engineer- ment that people are not so advanced or well educated ing complete retraining is now needed every ten or informed because they live in the country can no years. When I attended college, it was considered longer stand up. that, after you had your college education, you were At one time, in our country, polit:cal boundaries educated for life. This is no longer so. There is now reflected the social-economic culture and the public more leisure time for cultural and educational pur- safety and common defease factors which were im- suits. Some of you may have heard me tell this story, portant to people residing in these areas. This is de- but I repeat it here because I think it does help us creasingly so. In our major urban areas the lack of with a sense of proportion about the use of leisure relationship between political boundaries and the edu- time in libraries. cational and cultural needs of the people is rapidly 176 AMERICAN LIBRARY TRUSTEE ASSOCIATION WORKSHOP raising difficulties about the tax base necessary for thousands of books for this programa. demand which the educational and social programs, including those we are having very real difficulty in meeting. The of the public library. growing retired or so-called Golden Age" group with Lest we forget, may I remind you that our pubic their increasing years of schooling and interestin and libraries have now been active in many areas for fifty time for reading and pursuit of cultural projects, their or sixty years (Newark library, for example, cele- desire and interest in working as groups, all of these brated its 75th anniversary last year) and have them- demands affect the number of reader seats in librar- selves done much to raise the sights of people and to ies. All spell out one fact very plainly that public increase their desire for educational and cultural ad- libraries will be used more and will need more reader vancement. Sometimes we are so concerned about seats (and probably in somewhat different proportions) public library weaknesses and insufficiency, and of than we have calculated up until now. course there are weaknesses and insufficiencies, that A word about the book capacities. The explosion we do not give the public library as an institution the of knowledge, the increased years of schoolingcom- credit due it. Our predecessors as trustees and li- pleted, and the need to provide reading materials for brarians have fostered the most effective, informal persons who have graduated from the advanced cur- instrument of education yet known to man. Much of ricula of colleges and universities will require that the pressure on our libraries, library staff, and li- libraries, even for the smaller population served, brary building is our own doing. We have developed will need more books. If the public library is the a good program, and it is used more than we expected people's university and if its responsibdity is con- it to be. tinuing education after people have completed a for- The last of the social phenomena that I would like mal course, then certainly with the explosion of lmowl- to speak about is that our young people todaydespite edge and the increase in the number of books published, the reports of the inadequacy of the younger genera- we will need room for more books than our libraries tion and their general contrariness to the established now permit. orderare working harder, are studying harder,are In the last few years, particularly in the student more inquisitive about knowledge, and show more in- age group, we are noticing a marked increase in the terest to learn and use libraries than those of past use of periodicals. They provide a very useful and generations. I certainly question anyone who feels up-to-date form of information. In one dayour li- that the younger generation is not up to or not as in- brary has had as many as 2000 requests for back is- terested in working as hard as my generation was. sues of periodicals. This requires a staff of eight I am sure that you are as familiar with these people full time. We have found that we are using a changes and many others as I am. Let us say that basic list of 100 different periodicals with backissues they are numerous, they are important, and they of- to 1850. This is the result of the educationalprogram. feet libraries as a part of the educational process. What this demand does is make librarians reconsider What are the implications of some of these how they are going to handle periodicals. changes for library buildings? First, let us think Not only is there demand for current issues but about reader seats. More people today are using li- also for back issues: bound, unbound, and on micro- braries and a differing proportion in the agegroups film. The proportion of material on microfilm against is using libraries than was true twenty years ago. the proportion of material bound or unbound in terms The need for libraries to work with the greatun- of back issues is becoming critical when youremem- reached group, the great uneducated group, the great ber that while the saving on microfilm is 50 to 1 in deprived group, is a problem before our present pub- space only one person can use it, while 50 can use the lic libraries. Many libraries reach 25 percent, 30 originals. This may be a slight exaggeration, but percent, or 35 percent of their populations. What there comes a time when ten or twelve microfilm ma- about the rest? What about the functional illiterates? chines in a library are not sufficient, and you may Are they a responsibility and will this affectour li- wish some of the materials which younow have on brary buildings? microfilm were in bound copies. The starting enrichment program:, as part of the We are going to need a reevaluation of children's drive against poverty are for children of three to four programs, particularly in the work with preschool years of age. In some cities kindergarten programs children. These children are using books in public are now being considered for four-year-olds. Many school programs. It is true they are picture books, libraries, including Newark Public Library, have had they are easy readers, but they help to communicate programs for preschool children for a number of ideas and they are useful in the preschool programs. years. Our library has had, and this includes branches,To encourage parents to read to children is allim- programs for preschool children for the last fifteen portant. We may well see some changes inour li- years. brary building because of this program. Alternately, The Newark board of education's Operation Head we are now finding that many children are using adult Start," which is a summer program to assist deprived books because they are interested in the subjects dis- children in underprivileged circumstances to catch up cussed in books which were formerly used primarily immediately, has called on our public library for for adults. What Must Libraries Do To Meet Emerging Needs 177

When I started in library work, we had fairly of libraries. The more material that can be added to clear ideas when we bought books that they were for collections, displayed on open shelve; and made avail- children, for high school students, fur college stu- able without a proportionate increase in cost of daily dents or for the general adult public. Today you do operation, the better the educational opportunity is in not ki.ow who is going to read or use the books which a community. In other words, if a library can have you buy, and some of the verybright elementary on its shelves 50,000 volumes whichby means of a school and high school students who have advanced better building arrangementit can supervise with knowledge of science are using books which our Ph.D. the same staff that was wont to handle 25,000 volumes students formerly used. There is more flow from the similarly shelved, the educational opportunity is much children's department to the adult department in our enlarged and is enlarged beyond the increase in cost libraries. of the books alone. There is an increase in the use of other types of The biggest expense in library operations is in materials in our libraries: films, filmstrips, music, salaries. In many libraries the cost of staffing runs recordings, and tapes. We need a place to preview from 75 percent to 60 percent of the budget. If you them, a place to listen to them. Language and litera- can expose more books at no more cost in staff, the ture recordings are a very good way to learnforeign educational opportunity is enhanced. The cost of op- languages, and they illustrate a demand which is on eration must be borne in mind because the library the increase in our public libraries. competes with other community agencies for the tax The role of the library as the so-called adult ed- dollar. An efficient arrangement will pay for itself ucation center of the community, with its increasing over and over again. A layout that requires one addi- tendency toward adult education and group programs, tional professional and clerical helper can cost also will have an effect on our buildings. Use of $100,000 over a period of ten years. more work techniques, films, film forums,exhibits A new development in the thought about libraries which bring in the best from the outside, use of ex- is the tendency toward a minimum library. We are isting space in our libraries to let our own people working on this in New Jersey. We now think of a show what they have been doing, all these are activ - minimum library (and there should be none smaller ities which libraries can encourage for the educa- than this) as one with 25,000 volumes-8000 children's tional and cultural advancement of individuals. books, 17,000 adult booksregardless of the size of The reading, discussion, and participation tech- the community to be served. If a community cannot nique requires meeting rooms, and they should be afford a library as good or as large as this, then it available in our libraries. There is increasing need should throw in its lot and become part of a library for special services such as photocopying, which not system or work out contract arrangements to provide only saves our books but saves much time for the this size of operation. borrowers. Last month our library sold, at 10 cents With the educational demand on libraries there per copy, more than 22,000 pages of photocopy.If are also changes in library support. The local tax someone said ten years ago that thisfacility was not base has in many communities been supplemented an important part of the public library, thefacts cer- with state and federal aids. The funds have been used tainly dispute the statement now. to improve staff and collections and assist with build- In some communities, particularly cities, where ing programs. As an example, Library Services and there are large numbers of culturally deprived chil- Construction Act building funds of approximately $1 dren and adults, some special services, such as tuto- million are available in New Jersey for the first year rial programs, study areas, and availability of the of the program. This will permit about twenty build- library as a study hall at night; help deprived people ing starts this year which amount to well ever $10 and are important in a library building. In crowded million in value. Here, indeed, is seed money used areas there is a need for retreats, especially in our for the best purpose. We will probably have more cities, for a person to be by himself to think, to cogi- new library starts in New Jersey in this year than we tate, to read. This implies more individual study have had in the last five to eight years in our state. facilities in our public library, more places where a These buildings also will be better than many person can go to be by himself. previously built buildings, since they must meet cri- The development of informal and formal systems teria which the state has required in the distribution of libraries, the development of contract arrange- of the funds. As our discussions this morning pro- ments, federations, the sharing of collections, the ceed, many more factors affecting public library sharing of operation, the possibility of centralized building will be brought out. These mentioned here acquisitions in our larger areas, all need be con- are just intended to start our thinking. sidered in our building. These changes in use pat- It is really exciting when a community is ready terns (especially on the part of children and young to plan for a library or when its first library has out- adults), the difference in the intellectual and social grown its educational britches, so to speak, and the ages of children, all affect the openness of thelibrary community needs a new library facility. The experience and the flowing of people back and forth. of building a library building can be troublesome and A word should be said also about the economics fearsome; it can also be exceedingly rewarding. It is 1'78 AMERICAN LIBRARY TRUSTEE ASSOCIATION WORKSHOP not a simple operation. It involves many steps, many thus tend to merge one into the other. But 1 thought I people, many agencies. The process im owes money; would group them for you in this way so that you could aesthetics, the whims, desires, prejudices, and inter- see the whole flow of a program from the idea to the ests of many people; and somewhere and sometime, finished building. we hope, the very real needs of library service. Roughly, they include the program and the process If one approaches the matter with a little flexi- for engaging the architect and the consultant if a con- bility with the understanding that this is a community sultant is needed. The problems of site selection and enterprise and with the philosophy that there is more acquisition (and sometimes there is difficulty over than 'one way to skin a cat" the librarian, the board, this; in other cases the site is known in advance and and the community will all get their money's worth is not a problem). Preliminary plans and specifica- and a good library, too. A library is not built aca- tions, preliminary budget estimates, the various pro- demically or in a vacuum. It is built by people using cedures in gaining community acceptance, the devel- the community process, with its strengths and its opment of working drawings and specifications which weaknesses, in the full gaze of public officials and, of indicate what the terms are for doing the work. The course, in the full gaze of the taxpayers. It is a co- advertisement for bids, the award of contract, the operative endeavor and not a one-man operation. problems of extras, the notice to proceed. After the The library building and the library adequacies building contracts have been awarded, the work on the are areas, then, in which the library trustees should furniture and equipment and furnishings. Finally, the take a strong and forward-looking leadership role. punch list, which is one of the big problems you have They should be looking ahead to the fact that educa- in a building in getting all of the items required by tional and cultural change is bringing requirements the specifications complete to the satisfaction of the for bigger buildings with larger collections and a architect. And thenoccupancy! more comprehensive list of services than we have All these separate steps, and I will not speak any known before. more of these now, gradually flow together, and as The steps of a public library building project you move from one step to the next, you will find that vary in some instances, but I have tried to put them you are more conversant with a building program, together in groups: more knowledgeable as to what your problems and re- sponsibilities are. STAGE I. PRELIMINARY PLANNING I would like to spend the balance of my time on Program the program or the program stage. The program is Engaging architect, and consultant (if needed) a fairly concise statement of what is wanted, expected, Site selection and acquisition or hoped for in the library building, and it may be in Standards various forms. It may be a written statement, it may Preliminary drawings and budget estimates be a table of data, and it may be only in your minds STAGE II. COMMUNITY ACCEPTANCE and in the mind of your librarian. A written statement Design approvalplanning board, and others is best because it gives you an opportunity to examine, Approval by elected officials reexamine, weigh, and assess. Budget acceptance Who prepares the program? The librarian and Bond issue referendum and/or community staff help and may start it. The board of trustees approval certainly is concerned with the statement as to what Other local and state approvals the building is going to do and what is going to be in STAGE ILL PREPARATION OF FINAL PLANS it. In some cases a board will engage a consultant to Final plans and drawings draw up a building program. In other cases the pro- Adjustment of furniture and equipment layouts gram is completed before the architect is engaged. I to final plans suggest to boards that the architect become a part of Specifications the program team and help to form the program. The General conditions town officials usually are interested in the program STAGE IV. BIDDING AND CONTRACTS and what the building will do. Sometimes the program Advertisement for bids is a combination of the contributions of all of these. Receipt of bids I recall one case that I know about in a particular Award of contracts community where the board and the library consultant Notice to proceed (the board being interested in getting a new building) STAGE V. CONSTRUCTION AND OCCUPANCY were brought together by the mayor, and the mayor Shop drawings announced that he was going to help to make funds Extras available for a new library. In five minutes or so, Punch list the conversation went like this: Furniture and equipment Moving in "Now, you know in this community the library has got to be in the park. We have always known These five stages are not mutually exclusive and this, that the library is going to be in the park, What A.usl Libraries Do To Meet Emerging Needs 179 and this is where it is going to be. We also know per family. This implies a greater number of chil- that it should be back in the trees where it will dren and a larger children's room. I know of two make a nice picture for people who come by, and communities the same size, but in one 90 percent of they can see the library back there in the trees. the high school graduates go to college and in the other "We all know a library is a colonial or Geor- 30 percent go to college. Does this have any relation- gian building. This is what our community ex- ship to the collections at the library, to the number of pects in a library, and because we are very tax people who will use it, to what part of the collections conscious and the people are economy -minded in will go to practical technology and what part to more this community, we all know it will be a base- academic subjects? ment and two-story building because this is the What are the educational trends and how is the most economical building to build. explosion of knowledge affecting your community? "I have ready for you $250,000 to build this The study should lead to some definite ideas of what building." your community is like now and what it will be like twenty years from now. What are the educational and This was all fine except that it was pointed out to information problems you will have? What will be the the mayor that the $250,000 would provide only the community needs for library service? This is the number of square feet which would barely hold what time to look at other libraries and make lists. Librar- the existing librals held and would allow no room for ians and trustees will ask their colleagues what they future expansion. But that was all the money there like and what they do not like about their buildings. was, and that was what the choice was. They will ask what they would do over again and what In a case like that, you really have not much need they wished they had not done at all. Then they will for a building program. It is decided almost before write these points down. They will look at other build- you start. I would like to report that the building was ings, other operations, not only library operations, to built that way. The mayor regretted that no more see how they work. They will see how shops, super- funds were available, but he said that within five to markets, factories, and offices handle their problems, eight years he would make additional funds possible. their traffic loads, and the people who use them. He has done this, an addition has been put on that Bear in mind that the library performs the same building, and it is now adequate to hold the collection. operations as many businesses do but in different pro- I point this example out as one of the methods by portions. We must get books in, process them, and which a building gets built. place them attractively on shelves so that they will be What preparation is desirable to make a program?read. We must arrange our libraries so that our cus- First, a community study. What is your community tomers, the people who use them, can find what they like? Are you sure you know what it is like? Have want in a logical arrangement. You will write these you any idea what trend will be for the next twenty points down. years? What do you know about the people of your There will be talks to staff members on how vari- community, their number, which age groups are grow- ous library operations are performed and how the op- ing most rapidly? What people are moving out? What erations can be worked into a flow of work, and you people are moving in? What do you know about the will write these points down. You will notice how average years of school completed in your community, your own operations vary from those of other librar- the size of the family, the percentage of high school ies. Just as an example, in one library that I know of, students attending college? What business and indus- e.:ery staff member has both public duty and work- try do you have? Do you feel that your library has a room duty on one-hour shifts. In speaking to that li- responsibility to help train people generally or spe- brarian I mentioned how unusual this was, and she cifically for local business and industry? said, "Well, we have no staff problem. The staff likes What are the educational and cultural programs it and we have no turnover. How is your turnover?" in your community? What are the curricula of your And I admitted our turnover was more than we like it schools? Do you have juniGr colleges? Do you have to be. colleges? Does your community have special library In another library that I know of, every profes- responsibilities? Is the library a cultural center for sional staff member catalogs books. This is a fine your area? Is there a museum or art gallery or will program. This is one way for professional staff mem- the library assume some of these responsibilities? bers to learn the insides of books. But this procedure, Will you have a union catalog for your geographical of course, means a different arrangement in the cata- area for the holdings of all libraries in your area? loging area. Program planning is a good occasion to What special library collections will you have? Will examine operations, to find better ways to do them. your library be an area library? What do you know As you make up your mind and discuss ways to do about the census data for your community, per family them, you will write these points down. income? The board will discuss with the staff the effect of Towns really arc different. For example, I know the projected operations on the budget. This is the of two places about the same size, but one has families time to determine, it is the time to discuss with the with 3.5 members per family, another has 4 members architect, these various operations. It is the time to 180 AMERICAN LIBRARY TRUSTEE ASSOCIATION WORKSHOP review standards which may apply , not only thestate managed where possible to provide greater time saving standards if you are applying for a federal grant but at both clerical and professional desks to meet peak the interim standards for small public libraries, the loads. Wheeler and Githens standard, and any other stan- A flexible, well-conceived layout of public ser- dards which may apply. vices will require less staff at slack periods. The I suggest to you that standards are for the so- saving of such an arrangement over a period of years called "average" community. You must know in what can be substantial and warrants careful thought in the ways your community is not average, and there may planning stage. One of the last steps in the program be many reasons why your library should exceed a is the preparation of a description of each area and a given standard. list of furniture and equipment. You sort out and record all of these ideas that We might now consider briefly some' site criteria: you like, and they can make your program. You can make your program in another way, also. You can Attracts and serves greatest number of people make a list of services to be given, the functions Is where people go, not necessarily where they live which each service will perform, and descriptions of Has a good pedestrian and vehicle count the various areas of operation. Such a statement Has 2 street-level entrance might include how many of everything: how many Permits "see in" reader seats, how many informal index tables, how Has adequate parking many vertical files, how many map cases, how many Is where all persons in the community feel free to go atlas cases, and so on. It should examine briefly the Is where people go for other purposes, such as to matter of relationships.I would like to discuss this bank, to shop, and so on matter now to give you some idea of what I mean by Is not off the beaten path, so women and children feel relationship. free to use the library in the evening For example, every public service area should Has close proximity to schoolsimportant for children be supported by some book storage office and work Is available to business and industry area. Often the supporting functions can be grouped Is large enough to contain adequate building, proper so that two or more public reading room areas can landscaping, and future additions be served by a single book storage office or work Is where building will stand out and be noticed area. In brief, is located to fit the activity patterns of The flow of work itself will often clarify the re- people in the community. lationship involved. In processing new materials, for instance, it is well to have on one level a loading dock, In the matter of site each community has its own a receiving area, and space for unpacking and process-problems. In many of the newer communities there ing, including cataloging, classification, and prepara- are not necessarily natural community centers where tion. The more that all these steps can be put on one a library might fit, but suffice it to say that the com- level and the more that materials can be moved on munity will get the greatest value of the money ex- wheels, the smoother the work will flow. pended for a library building and the greatest return You must consider problems of flexibility. Flex- when the library is in a location where it gets great ioility implies provision for one or more uses for the use, the maximum use for the tax funds expended. same area at different times during the library de- To sum up briefly, since there is nobility and velopment over a period of years. If you bear in dignity in the public library idea, there is thus a no- mind that the average public library today is fifty bility and dignity in the public library structure, a years old, you will realize you are really building for friendly, inviting, practical kind of nobility which will some time. I hope that none of our buildings being encourage use and make people feel at home. I might built now will have to last to meet the requirements sum it up this way: The building is for use by people, of the next fifty years. But new buildings do not come by everyone in the community. It must be friendly, it as frequently as we would hope. must be inviting, it must be attractive, it must be ap- Flexibility is most desirable. It can be achieved proachable, it must be available and convenient. It by providing a small number of large areas instead must fit into patterns of community activity. It must of a large number of small areas. Or by separating not be apart from the general flow of the community. different services in large areas; by using movable The structure is intended to function and accom- book shelving, easily moved partitions, or folding modate itself to the activity of people. Reference doors if the openings are not too large; by keeping users, browsers, information seekers, children, lit- bearing walls to a minimum; by combining related erally everyone in the community needs to use the functions. There are many other ways to effect library at some time, and good library services, well flexibility. planned, are used far beyond general expectation. Ease of supervision is also important. Libraries Finally, the library building is not a monument have certain slow periods in the morning and on other to the ideals of freedom of inquiry, of the right to occasions; peak loads usually occur from 3:00 P.M. read, study, and understand for one's self, or of con- to 6:00 P.M. and on Saturday morning. Schedules are tinuing education through life, but it is a building for What Masi Libraries Do To Meet Emerging Reeds 181 use by people so that these ideals, so important to on it, you are in the worst traffic jam you have ever our society, will continue and flourish. known. The planners were not looking at the emerg- ing trends which Ned stressed so well. MR. MARTIN: Ned, this was truly a substantial and We have three trustees present whu will take part important statement. Ned and I had an agreement in this portion of uur program: Mr. Richard Ruddell, that at a certain time I would pass him a note saying of Dearborn, Michigan; Dr. Harvey Merker, of Detroit; his time was up, but I did not do so at the appointed and Mr. Sidney Zwiren, of Southfield, Michigan. time. I thought we were getting too much out of his We are turning to these three men because each discussion. of them has had a special type of library buildingex- One quick comment on Ned's excellent presenta- perience. Dr. Merker was the chairman of the build- tion. I was most pleased that he stressed the need to ing committee of Detroit during the period, or at give attention to emerging and coming demands upon least part of the period, when their large recent build- libraries. I say this with some feeling because re- ing was completed. Mr. Ruddell is chairman of the cently I had occasion to visit some fine new library building committee in Dearborn, and Dearborn is buildings, and I have an uneasy feeling that we li- actively planning for an important new building. Mr. brarians sometimes slip into the weakness that all of Zwiren, who is president of the library commission us have experienced in relation to highway planning. in Southfield, is going to tell us about his experience You know the wrong way to plan a highwayyou make in completing a building which has been open now for a scientific study of how many cars will go by this just under a year. place, how many people are going from here to there, We are going to start our session with Dr. Harvey scientific as all get out, and then the highway is built. Merker, the president of the Detroit Public Library It is a new superhighway, and the first time you get Commission. Harvey Merkel- Trust e,Detroit Public Library Detroit, Michigan

PANEL DISCUSSION

Sam Levenson in a speech a while ago said, "Whenwhich takes care of gifts from Friends of the Library, I was a little boy, I did everything my father told me individual memorials, and so forth, (3) a finance com- to do. Now I am a man, and I do everything my little mittee which takes care of our accounts under a busi- boy tells me to do? In continuing, Sam said, "What I ness director and also takes care of city, county, state, would like to know is when am I going to be able to do and federal funds Vat come to us, and bond issues, what I want to do?" and (4) a building committee which takes care of con- Ladies and gentlemen, I am very happy to have a struction, equipment, and general building affairs. I part in this wonderful gathering that you are having will go into that committee's work a little more in here in Detroit at this time. The Detroit Public Li- detail in a minute. brary and the city are honored to have you here at Then, of course, we have our director who watches the 100th anniversary of our Detroit Public Library. general expenses and cooperational work with subur- You may be interested in knowing when you leave this ban libraries. We find here in Detroit with our college building that at this northeast corner, on a little tri- situation that many of the pupils and students have angular piece of ground, we started the Detroit Public need for a library such as ours, and if you were in Library in 1865 in one room of the state capitol of our library on a Saturday or Sunday, you would readily Michigan, which also served as the high school. find out how our reference branch has a tremendous In 1877 our first library building was dedicated. demand from suburban communities. At the present Our library had its start under our Detroit board of time we are working with these communities in co- education, and for sixteen years the committee of that operational work mak. ag the library card common to board of education sponsored and ran the library. their communities as well as to the Detroit Public Finally the members came to the conclusion there Library. Of course, the director is always interested was too much business in the library for the board of in new business and in many of the items that have education to sponsor along with its own educational been mentioned here this morning, and the commis- responsibilities. They recommended that a commis- sion in discussing library policies. sion be formed; proper laws were passed and a com- It was mentioned earlier that we have just built mission was formed. But the board of education an addition to our main library. We have more than retained the power to appoint the library commis- doubled our space, and I wish to assure Mr. Bryan sioners. that we have taken care of the future in planning the So the commissioners are not appointed by the addition. We are looking forward to velcoming you city or the common council but by the Detroit board all tomorrow evening at the. library. of education. The president of the board of education We have 28 branches in the city of Detroit. We serves as an ex officio member with our six com- supply books for 29 hospitals and convalescent homes. missioners. We also take care of our municipal reference library. Our commission is divided into a series of com- When it comes to sites for a new branch, we always mittees, and I will run through them hurriedly. Mr. consult the Planning Commission of the city of Detroit. Bryan gave you a wonderful resume of all the activ- The members make a thorough study, and we are ities involved in a library and in the building program. practically always in agreement with them on a site. We here in Detroit divide our commission into (1) an We have that help from the Planning Commission. administration committee which handles personnel We go into the question of the need for a new library, appointments and promotions, (2) a book committee we have discussions, and we give the matter much

182 Panel Discussion if study and thought. We are particularly interested in Finally, the Library Commission has the power the functional value of the library. to enter into contracts, supervise construction throb The point was brought out earlier that, if a li- a clerk of the works or a project engineer, and, of brary is properly constructed, the books can be course, is responsible for the maintenance. I wish handled in a much more efficient manner without too assure y ou that many or all of the suggestions that much extra help. Our team for considering anew li- Mr. Bryan has given we attempt to follow to the lett brary consists of the members of the Library Com- in order to get the most efficiency and the best re- mission, and we have been very fortunate to have one sults for the city of Detroit and our suburbs. of our finest contractors in the city of Detroit as a member of the commission. I can tell you that that fact has saved us in this last building hundreds of thousands of dollars. MR. MARTIN: I was interested how Dr. Merker, Naturally, our librarian and associate librarian early in his comments, brought in the relations be- are very close to construction and to the functional tween Detroit, the Detroit Public Library, and the values. Both are consultants in the building of other communities round about. I think this is a point that libraries in the United States. We are very fortunate Ned did not stress quite as much as I might have be in having special abilities like that on our own board. tempted to stress it. The day of self -contained li- We always engage an architect. We consult the braries is past, if there ever was such a day, and city engineer, and we have to convince the city fathers this is another one of the important factors in build- that we need the library because we have to appeal to ing planning. them for a portion of our funds. Our Library Com- Let us turn now to an individual who has worke mission is a municipal corporation in its own right. with a building that was recently builtMr. Sidney I do not know whether there is another setup such as Zwiren, who is president of the Southfield Library the one we have here in Detroit. The issuance of Commission. I am sure it will be clear from his re bonds within certain limits is our right; this involves marks that the library functions within the Wayne 1/4 percent of the assessed property valuation. County program. Sidney Zwzren Trustee, Southfield Public Library Southfield, Michigan

I have been asked to address my remarks to plan 25,000 volumes. We still have our Wayne County ning for a small comm,:nity library and to attempt to project. We have a population of 50,000 today and a relate how we operate at Southfield Public Library projected population of about 120,000 in ten years, under a contractual obligation with a larger unit of perhaps seven to eight years. We now have an operat- government, namely, Wayne County. ing budget of $150,000. The reason I bring out these In listening to some of the talks in the last few statistics is that this is what has happened to uswe days, I discover that although we here in Michigan were overwhelmed. are talking about county libraries, apparently in New When I was appointed to the board four years ago, Jersey and California you are starting to talk about the first responsibility assigned to me was to watch regional reference centers. I presume some of you the water level in the furnace so that it did not explode. must be thinking about how you would function as After about three months when it was seen that I could regional reference centers: the problems, the ad- accept responsibility, I was assigned to make sure the vantages, how th.25 would affect the building and automatic door operator on the front door functioned staff, and so on. So in the minutes allotted to me I properly and the door would close. These were the will try to cover these points. kinds of problems we had, and I suspect the kinds of After hearing so many speakers tell us how to do problems many of you have right now with the kinds things and thinking about our experience at Southfield of buildings you are in. the last two years, I realized that perhaps some of The point I am trying to make is not to get over- the problems of our trustees are a little different whelmed when you are faced with a building program. from yours. I will tell you, therefore, about some of Do not lose sight of what you are trying to accomplish, the mistakes we have made, and maybe they will give and do not let people do things to you that should not you some insight into the type of problems to look for. be done. This happened to us. To help you realize our problems, let us go back Here are some of the things that happened: We a few years so that you understand our community. went into a building where the space seemed wonder- Six years ago we had no library, no building, no books. ful-19,000 square feet. What more could we ask for? Two years agoand I will bring you up to two years We knew in terms of how we should grow that this ago after six years agoentering into a contract with space would house the collection. But we did not have Wayne County*, we had a building that was the first the vaguest idea of the kind of programming we wanted school building in the city of Southfield, 189 years in that building. We should have thought about this old. We had 2500 square feet. We had about 15,000 three or four years earlier. The lack of a long-range volumes ore third of which were borrowed. We had plan has hurt us in this building. We were given a our Wayne County contract, a population of 35,000, building with three floors but no mobility between and a total operating budget for that library of about these floors: no elevator, no booklift. Here we are S40,000. Our support is based upon three tenths of a in this building ten months, and we are going to start mill of assessed valuation in our city. At that time, to knock out walls next year or start to add stairwells. two years ago mind you, three tenths of a mill repre- Don't let this happen to you!If you are given three sented $36,000; the other $4,000 came from other floors, make sure you have access to those three funds. floors. Here we are two years later in a building of The architect's original intent was that the chil- 18,000 square feet. We now have a collection of dren's library would be upstairs. Our concern has

184 Panel Discussion 185 been, since architecturally the building demanded a that the relationship with Wayne has had on our build- well overlooking the lobby with a 3-foot rail, how ing is this: many children would fall over that rail each day. So We do not have a traditional workroom, as you this has presented a problem in the building. The know it, because we are not doing any of our technical closed stairwells limit us just tc moving upstairs and processing. We have a room we call a workroom, but taking advantage of that space because, in addition to in all practicality it serves as a receiving area where the closed stairwells, there are outside access doors we pile the books until we get them on the shelves. A in those stairwells. For us really to get upstairsit minimum of administrative space is needed because means that we are going to have to build an open most of the administrative function is being performed stairway. This is after only ten months in the build- by Wayne. I would presume that if we did not enjoy ing! Do not let this kind of error happen to you. the growth we have, we would still have no need for Another fault that we find with this building is administrative space, but our problem is growing. the lack of flexibility. We probably share a great Do not let yourself get into this situation. We are deal of the responsibility for this lack because here, building an office and are providLsg secretarial assis- again, we were concerned only with the collection tance for our librarian this year because, as we grew, how many books did we need and so forth. We did we found that our librarian's job had become more of not recognize the other services that we should and an administrative job than we had anticipated. Also, could provide, because two years ago we had no way if you are in a small community, do not lose sight of of imagining that this amount of money would be the fact that, as you grow, some of the work for which available to us. you have been relying upon the system, you are going One thing we did that I first thought was a mis- to be forced to do for yourselves. take, but that Las worked out very well was not to Being a part of a system minimizes our storage provide for a book drop in the new building. This requirements. But we still need storage space. We was done at the suggestion of our librarian. Being are fortunate in having a very active Friends group easy to get along with, I said, "Glenn, I will go along in our community that, incidentally, raises about with you, but let's plan where we are going tc put the $3000 a year. We store the books for their book sales. drop after we receive all of the complaints. You rec- They have an art show each year, sometimes twice a ognizz. that without it books must be returned during year, and we store all of the paraphernalia required the open hours of the library? In ten months we have to show and display the arts. So you should have a had exactly one complaint. storage space whether you are part of a system or not. We attempted to get complete control from our In terms of aspects other than building, Lowell circulation desk, and this has helped us considerably. Martin said I might want to touch on some of these as We did come up with certain areas that still lack con- they related to a community system. If you are a trol, but they have not presented any major problems. young, growing, and struggling library and you cannot However, I think the staff working the desk would have provide consultants on your own staff in every area, a little, more assurance if they had complete control being part of a system provides an invaluable service. of all the corners of the library. As an example, we have a representative from the Let us get on to our relationship with Wayne Wayne County system attend our board meeting each County: how we have operated and hov. the operation month. We hold a joint meeting for the Friends board has had a direct effect on this building and some of and the library board at the Wayne County building so our planning. As I understand, Wayne County has that we can discuss mutual problems and enable our seven different types of relationships with community people to understand the services available from the libraries. We were the first city library outside of system. The important thing is that consultant ser- Wayne County as such (we are in Oakland County) to vice is available. establish contractual services with Wayne. When we need craftsmen, painters, carpenters, Being so new, we took advantage of a program you name it, we can draw upon the county facilities. which they had and which at the moment seems to be Likewise, if you are in a small community andI hate satisfactory for the near future. What this means is to use the words "operate on a limited budget," being that Wayne County does all of our book processing a part of a system makes available to you many items for us. They provide us with all of our stationery, you otherwise cannot have in your own collection. our library cards, azzthing we need in the way of pro- These are the advantages that come about when viding library service. you are part of a system. But for those of you that do Our contractual services also include all of our go into a system, I want to throw out one word of personnel, who are actually Wayne County employees. caution. Do not lose your own identity. Even though They are hired by Wayne but are still under the direct you ate part of a systeia and ge3graphically all the supervision of our board. There are advantages and other libraries nearby ate within that same system, disadvantages to this arrangement, and I will try to you may find there arr peculiarities to your commu- cover some of them. nity that mean you occasionally have to work on your As you can see, we are almost entirely dependent ov.n. Keep in sight the needs of your own community upon Wayne County for library service. The effect and relate them to the system approach and the kind 186 AMERICAN LIBRARY TRUSTEE ASSOCIATION WORKSHOP of programs the system wants to do. Do not lose year a little more to the needs of the people that are your identity; it is a very easy thing to do. using the library today. It helps to have a vision of the kind of facilities I would like to make two other comments before Sou are going to provide in the long range so that, as I close. As I said, we knew we made mistakes in our your building i5 planned, you can readily make the planning, and in listening to several of the speakers services available. For instance, we never antici- the last few days I found out that we made more mis - pated two years ago that we would start a recordings takes than we even knew. Tne reason I want to bring collection this year. We have no place to put a rec- the point up again is that some of these 'mistakes,* ord player or let anybody listen to it. We do not have as they have turned out, were not really mistakes. one in the building, but we are going to start our col- One of the speakers yesterday, it was Mr. Chitwood lection this year. I wish this had been planned two or Mr. Rohlf, made some very specific comments years ago. with regard to locating a library in a civic center. It Ned mentioned a microfilm collection. Ned, your so happens this is exactly where our library is lo- statement on periodicals is also very true in our li- cated. We may be in the wrong place, but our circu- brary. Right now we stoi e them in what was called lation has increased about 30 to 35 percent in com- the workroom. It is confusion. We are initiating a parison to any given month of last year, and I told you program this year of putting our periodicals on micro-what is happening to our operating funds. Our collec- film. We expect to buy a couple of microfilm readers. tion has increased, as I said, from about 15,000 two We are presently investigating a microfilm reader- years ago to 25,000 this year, and, as a matter of printer because of the problem of getting the maxi- interest, we are going to buy 8000 new books this mum use out of this type of equipment. We installed year. So this location has not worked out too badly a Vicomatic copying machine six months ago, and it for us. has quite a bit of use. People are duplicating pages Perhaps a word of explanation should be given. of books and taking them home with them rather than We do not have a. downtown area as you ',mow it. This working at the library. We have a nominal charge plan is peculiar to our community. We cannot locate in for use of the machine. the downtown area if we wanted to because we do not We are starting an art print collection this year. have one. We have a big shopping center in the south- We have found that, in the services we have been east corner of our city Northland. This would be our asked to render for our community, people like to downtown area. The point is, and I think Ned said it come in and borrow art originals (if we have them) better than I can, that every situation is different. or prints. They let them hang in their homes for a One other thing he said, "Do not use gifts for a period of several weeks and keep changing them as building fund unless you know where your operating their fancy dictates. funds are going to be? When we moved into this Some of the other facilities we wish we had plan- building with a $40,000 budget, the city estimated our ned space for or knew where to fit into the building rental at $35,000. We told the city administrator, are adult discussion groups, student discussion "You do one of two things. You either get us money groups, and story hours, and I wish we had empha- to operate this building or you give us $10a $5 lock sized more the space requirements for our reference for the front door and a $5 lock for the back door.' collection. The city found the money. Now let me tell you We had anticipated that our circulation and librarywhat happened since we moved into this building. I use would increase, but we did not anticipate that the suppose it will happen to each of you. I have never kinds of users would change and the materials they seen so much interest in library service stimulated would want from the library would change. About two in a city as has happened in ours in the last year. years ago the state library asked us to make a survey I can attribute it only to the fact that we are in of our building, and we did this on the old building. It the new building. I am sure there are many other was broken down by age category, occupation, students,factors, but one must be because we are in the new and so forth, and whether the users were coming in building. I will say we are unusual, but I wish I knew for reference material or popular reading. We used why. this information to do what little planning we did do Our city council created a library commission of for this building. That information today is no more council members two months ago. We have three valid than it might be if you were trying to use it for commission members now on the library committee. your library. Then a most unheard-of thing occurred. The city We have had a drastic change in going into a new council reinstated $7530 to a budget that the city ad- building. Sc we are now making up our own question- ministrator recommended be cut. I c4.n attribute this naires. We are conducting our own survey, probably only to the fact that we moved into this building, and I the latter part of September when we get into full think we have created a new image for library service swing again. Then we can tailor our program this for our community. Richard Ruddell Trustee, Dearborn Public Library Dearborn, Michigan

The comment on our modern highway system, plans. In interpreting the needs of the community of that the world's finest engineers are hired to design Dearborn to the library, we tried to draw on some of the highways and nature's lay idiot to tell you how to our own experiences. get on and off, makes me think that, in a manner of We felt, for example, that it is entirely the place speaking, trustees write the signs for their library of a library to have art works, whether they are in systems. Whether we get people on or off the system book form or framed art; to have play scripts; to have properly, I think, is up to the trustees and not so musical scores for the community orchestras; to have much up to the librarian. filnis for local film groups; and so on. I think we Too often as trustees we are bemused by the ex- pr ';ably will have the largest feature-film collection pertise of librarians, and this is perhaps justifiable. of any library in the country. I think our audio-visual They know their job, and all too frequently we do not budget is the third largest in the country of any public know ours, and in a vacuum other people make the library. decisions we should make for ourselves. If we have these materials, then it seemed to us As trustees I think we can lend continuity to the that our library building should in some way structur- library system that so often a librarian cannot do. In ally reflect this. fo one of the first thing that we Dearborn, for a number of reasons, we have had three have started to plan is a multipurpose room which has or four librarians in the past six or seven years, all grown to become a fully equipped, fully red_ dated of them excellent librarians, highly competent, but theater. This will have an auditorium that can adjust lacking the continuity that the trustees can give to to the size of the audience. such a system. We can serve an ihterpretive func- The stage will also be adjustable in sizefor a tion, interpreting the system to the public and the small string ensemble, a 100-piece orchestra, a single public to the system. speaker, or light opera. The acoustics likewise will We can give it added skills and, for that matter, adjust in keeping with the nature of the presentation. added hands and feet in helping the librarian do his We are contemplating long-distance facsimile traas - job. Generally, we can forward the program of the mission so that we can fie in with larger libraries library system. whose resources we would like to draw on and so that I would like to go into some detail as to what our smaller libraries can tie intn us. Also that large in- building program is for Dearborn, but I am afraid dustrial users sv,:h as Ford Motor Ccrnpaay, which time will not permit it.I do know this. Whatever has its home office in Dearborn, can use our RI c2itics formula you may employ, whether it is Joe Wheeler's or we can use theirs, or possibly go over their trans or anyone else's as to the size of the library, chances mis.bion lines to their plant facilities, which number are hat when you move in, it is too small or does not some ninety in the country. have an elevator. We have contemplated and are. seriously planning We started or plans for this library, a commu- closed-circuit televisizn. to eliminate the need for nity of about 110,000, thinking that 85,000 feet would policing certain are_s of the library. These may be great. This would give us everything we wanted seem minor details, but they are not so minor. These for the next twenty years. We are up to 112,000 feet are details of the construction of the building that I and still going. We are only a few weeks from making had not planned to get into. our final decision. I wish the convention had been a More what I wanted to touch on is the fact that few weeks later so that I could have shown you some these are roles, I believe, of the board of trustees or

187 188 AMERICAN LIBRARY TRUSTEE ASSOCIATION WORKSHOP commissioners. It is in this area that the librarian, large area with very irregular topography. It is hard the library consultant, and, of course, the trustee to serve large units. We have had, for the last two or may serve as consultants for the theater and interior three decades, a decline in population. It is almost decorations, for the art work we may employ, and sa an impossible group for which to provide the modern on. All of these are experts, but no one is more of library service we have been talking about here the an expert in his own community than the trustee is or last two days. should be. MR. MARTIN- We heard a comment earlier about a community that was a few thousand people and now is AUDIENCE DISCUSSION 50,000 people. Can someone else help with the ques- tion of the declining area, the area losing its popula- MR. MARTIN: I think I failed to mention the differ- tion? There are others besides this one referred to ent backgrounds of these individuals. The variety of by Mr. Cohen. backgrounds that we as trustees bring to the library field is important. Dr. Merker is an engineer. Mr. MRS. CARSON: I am from New York State and a Zwiren is responsible for a sales program. Mr. trustee of a five-county library system. I would say Ruddell is head of the information service of a major that developing library system service is one very automobile company that is identified with Dearborn. good answer to this need, judging from our experience I think it is gratifying that individuals of these very in New York State, where there are 22 library sys- different backgrounds seek to take hold of this library tems for the entire state, and in the particular sys- building question. tem of which I am a trustee, where there are five Now we want to start the discussion. I suppose counties. Some of these areas are also losing popu- this is a rather large group for a discussion, but I lation, not at a rapid rate but at a small rate. Many think we can work it out. members of our libraries were pretty pathetic groups Let us start with a discussion of the functions when they joined the system and began to get system and activities of libraries that are significant as you service. move toward the planning and construction of a li- The less you have, the more you need a system brary building. Who has the first comment or sug- is what I am trying to say. If you have very little gestion on this theme? local support, then, of course, you will get better re- sults and have more services if you belong to either MR. STEVENS: George Stevens, Asheville, North a county system or a system of several counties. The Carolina, president-elect of the state association. sparsely populated areas are the ones that are really That title does not bestow any knowledge on me, but I getting a tremendous boon out of system service in would like to suggest that two very valuable sources New York. in working cut your program are two elements in your community who do send many people to the library. A TRUSTEE: I am from the other end of the country One of them is your public education system. Cer- New Mexico. We do not have systems because we are tainly your school superintendents ought to take part so big geographically, so small in population, and so along with the local government officials. The other poor in funds. But we are using the state library is the alert modern industrialists, which you certainly through the funds that come from state services and have here in Detroit and which I am happy to say we from federal services. That is a way to expand when have in our own community. Those people just drive you have 39 libraries, some of whom have as little as their employees to learn more. Let us get them in 17 cents per capita for support. the building program. MR. MARTIN: I was interested in Mrs. Carson's MR. COHEN: George Cohen, Appalachia, Ohio. I bringing in the fact of library systems. I am picking want to comment on one matter. How do we plan for up a point she made and hope it will be of value for ti.e declining population, the group where we lose all these declining population areas. the young people and retain all the more or less el- A study is going on in New York Statt,at the derly and illiterate? We have to provide library ser- moment, of these library systems, and particular at- vices for this segment of our society, too. tention, or as much attention as elsewhere, is being paid to those parts of the state where populations are MR. MARTIN: I am going to turn that right back to either stable or declining. It is so easy, you know, to you. We are not experts up here. You have asked us get excited about the growing places and we need to, a good question, now give us what you think is the but there are these other sections also to consider. answer. Let me touch briefly on one hopeful item. In the system program in New York State, one of MR. COHEN. We have Lad not one single application the finest things that has happened is the increasing for Ebrary service 4c1 to Appalachia. Nobody is number of telegrams and telephone calls from rela- doing any plapnii,g for it. The library covers a very tively remote libraries into centers of one kind or Panel Discussion 189 another in order to get better library service. 1st be a great deal of interchange between industrial and telegrams and telephone calls, nothing fancier than public library collections. There is considerable that, but this simple communication is most useful. talking to each other. I 'mow that our situation in in- dustrial Long Island is much different from the one A TRUSTEE: I am from California, and my answer in Michigan, because in Long Island we have a great to George is a little personal. Would you like us to many small competitive companies, whereas Michigan put up a barrier and say 'Ohioans, go home?' has a small number of very large and not so competi- tive companies. I think if we could have established MR. STEVENS: Isn't that a pzculiar thing we say, working arrangements so that all our libraries includ- `West Virginians, go home," 'Kentuckians, go home? ing industrial libraries could have talked to each other, We should not do that. The gentleman behind me is exchanged information, and consolidated expenses, we from Detroit, and he says all the Ohioans are coming might not be going downhill so rapidly in our library to Detroit. I think we have to provide library service program right now. How do you do it in Michigan? for the individuals who are in our service area at any Can you suggest how we can do it on Long Island? particular time. If we are going to develop a pro- gram, we have to consider who the individuals are MR. MARTIN: Is there a trustee from Michigan, that are going to be in our area in the future and to from this area in particular of Michigan, who has orient this finding to our building. What type of some acquaintance with the interuse and interexchange building do we need to provide service for the people of materials among public, industrial, and other li- passing through our community? braries? Mr. Ruddell, do you happen to have a con- tact with such an exchange? A TRUSTEE: For older people, for the Golden Age group. MR. RUDDELL: I was interested when Mr. Ellis spoke of it because I never heard of one. MR MARTIN: This comes back to one of Ned Bryan's basic points of the program designed for the commu- MR. MARTIN: I believe I am right that Mr. Ruddell nity. I cannot resist a comment on the California pop- has worked both with library and with other forms of ulation. I have been spending a little time out there. information sources so that he would have had some You get off the airplane in California, and immediately contact with interexchange. you are told it is the most populous state in the coun- try. Two minutes later you are told all the problems MR. RUDDELL: I am sorry I misinterpreted your of their population. I do not believe there are nearly first question. Yes, I am trying to effect an inter- so many people as are supposed to be in California. change of materials at the library in Dearborn. I feel It's just that they all get on the freeway at once, and that any functional library built today, especially in it seems that way. the middle range of size, has an obligation to smaller libraries in its area to dispense information to them. MR. CLEMENS: I have another suggestion, although This includes libraries of industry or church or labor it may not solve Mr. Cohen's problem. I am Mark or whatever. I think the smaller libraries have an Clemens from East Meadow, Long Island, New York equal obligation to obtain information from larger li- area trustee. It seems to me that many areas in the braries and sources of information. That is why I country are going downward. Some of the local people have chosen to speak of exchange as an information have taken the initiative and formed groups to re- community system. develop the area and attract new industry to help and possibly reverse the decline. My question is, how MR. MARTIN-: I would like to call on the panel mem- many trustees are asking their librarians, who are bers at this time. college-trained individuals, to participate in this pro- gram: to help write the reports, to help dig out the MR. ZWIREN: With regard to interrelationships be- facts, to help redevelop the area? The library should tween libraries, we are part of the Wayne County sys- be at the forepart of any committee to help redevelop tem, but one thing I did not mention was that at the the area, level off the population, help make the area present time we are negotiating with smaller commu- more attractive, and possibly move it up again. nities to provide library service for them. This has been done before in Michigan. As a MR. MARTIN: Of course, that community as well as matter of fact, when we negotiated with a smaller any other needs sources of information. It needs to community of 4000 population and they asked us on utilize the sources of information in building itself what basis we would provide the service, we simply up, and that is what you are suggesting. used the contract Baldwin Public Library in Birming- ham, Michigan, had with two other communities and MR. ELLIS: Phil Ellis, East Meadow, New York. I said, a This is what we would do." The exchange has think our two- county area is likely to be the Appala- worked out well here in Michigan, and although we chia of the next decade. In Michigan there seems to had not done it before, we have seen it work. We are 190 AMERICAN LIBRARY TRUSTEE ASSOCIATIONWORKSHOP sure we can make it work for a smaller coia.rmnity are a community of 850 population, and we have much right next to ours. the trouble that Brother Cohen has withour young pop- ulation leaving town because there is no industry. My MR. MARTIN: Interrelations among thesame types comment here, and Mrs. Jeffrey was good enoughto of libraries is a program that is growing rapidly. I give me a little start on this, is that we are obliged believe the speaker a few moments ago was especially to make our little library so good thatour percentage interested in relations across the types of libraries. of library users according to our population will be I will give him one-half minute to clarifyor add to increased tenfold or perhaps a hundredfold. This will his statement. make of our library a cultural center thatmay bring some of those young people back to town. MR. ELLIS: As far as I 'mow, industrial collections are held as if they were competitive stock in a com- MRS. PHILLIPS: Ruth Phillips, director ofNew Ro- pany. There is no exchange between the industrial chelle Public Library, which is one of the central li- collections because of the competitive nature. Also, braries of the Westchester Library System in New as far as I know, industry has no access to the public York State. Twenty-five years ago the libraries there libraries in the county and no plans for it. banded together before there were systems to forma union catalog. This catalog consists not only of the MRS. JEFFREY: I am in the Detroit system. What I holdings of the public libraries but of the college li- would like very quickly to say is, of course, this is braries, the special libraries, and many of the indus- the Detroit Public Library and one of the large insti- trial libraries. Therefore, we now servicemany calls tutions of the country. There is a tremendoususe by from the Reader's Digest andmany other industries. industry, business, and public relations firms of the We can locate the books and tell the patronswhere Detroit Public Library. This is one of the greatsur- they may be found, and through the system theyare prises I had when I first came here. For example, sent to the public library in the respectivearea. We the GM Tech Center, located in another county,regu- find this is a great service; it isone of the means of larly brings a truck. Ford Motor and othercorpora- providing books throughout the system without having tions also bring their trucks. Theuse by public to house them in one central spot. advertisers, industry, tradespeople, andso forth is extraordinary. What we have learnedand I believe MR. MARTIN: Our discussion is really juststarting. there will be a study out fairly soon that will give I am going to recognize onlyone more person on this evidence to this statementis thata library is very question because of our schedule, but do not feel that important for the economic growth and welfare of the you are cut off, please, because we are going to stay community. We would hope, of course, that thisuse right on through the period here. The nextperson is also very important for the development of the in- this is arbitrary on my partthe nextperson will service or services between libraries. Small li- have to be a trustee. braries can thus have the reference materials that the big libraries such as Detroit have. Suchuse sup- MR. MAREW: Gordon Marew, chairman of the board ports the generalwhether we call it regionalor met- of trustees for the Guam Library out there in themid- ropolitanconcept of library development. dle of the Pacific ocean. We have a unique situation that I want to mention here. If any ofyou have a sim- MR. MARTIN: I think it is interesting thatour dis- ilar one, I would appreciate informationon it. cussion has returned naturally to this point several We have a public library, College of Guam Li- times. It is somewhere near the center of the prob- brary, and public school libraries. We also have lem, is it not? If you think you havea library stand- United States Navy and Air Force baseson Guam. ing alone in a community of say 35,000 people, which They are our only industry. We have nothing else. I believe is what we ar going to discuss this after- We are now considering taking over and contract- noon, how many books foes that community need? ing our services to the military and hope thatwe can What books will it need in the next ten years? What work with the college and public school systemalso. actual requests will it have from people? And the So, if any of you have informationon relationships be- answer is, "Millions of books." I mean this. Poten- tween military and small local communities I would tially, people may ask for almost anything. Sounless appreciate hearing from you. we have some concept of how that library is going to relate to otfrr sources: the right size of building MR. MARTIN: Mr. 'Carpel, isyour comment on this would be one that would hold a million books. particular point? Unfortunately, because of schedule, One thing follows from another, and the onlyway I have to end the discussion. Isyour comment predi- to plan realistically is to think in terms of thesere- cated on the question raised? lations among the same types of librariesas well as among the cross types of libraries. MR. 'CARPEL: It relates to the previousone. Refer- ring back to the comment on East Meadow, Ibelieve MR. BLOSS: Kenneth Bloss, Baldwin, Michigan. We there was a governor's conference in Albanya week Panel Discussion 191 ago in which industrial, public, and college libraries MR. MARTIN: I think we have just opened the ques- participated on cross competition, maintenance, and tions rather than necessarily been able as yet to an- so on. I think the trustees as a group should be think- swer them, but fortunately the afternoon is before us. ing about library services as a total integrated func- I am going to ask Mr. Williams for a final word. tion for elementary school, high school, college re- search at whatever level, and the public, too, of MR. WILLIAMS: You have had a number of very course. Trustees should think of where the library general topics that you have been thinking about, such gets the books for the readers and how it provides as philosophy and approach, and that is fine. Now we the service. The service may not necessarily be in have to translate these into something specific. When our own library, so that we should be thinking of we do, we will have a building. Believe you me, this where we are to obtain materials for our readers, is a difficult trick to try, but we are going to have one. whether it be by telephone, delivery service, or what- One of the lists we had was the list of various areas ever means. that had to be provided in the building. There are In our own specific area (to relate back to the many, many things that you will need in that building. comment from Guam) there is an eight-county survey This noon, while you are eating lunch, remember going on involving industry, college, and public ele- that you are supposed to be thinking about these vari- mentary and high school libraries, including, for ex- ous points. After lunch, we will do a quick summary ample, West Point and Vassar College. All these of what y ou have gotten out of the morning discussion, libraries are talking together about how they can best and we will go on and start to put this all together. use their resources to serve the people of the com- When we are talking this afternoon, we will have to munity. I think more and more trustees will have to do it rapidly; we will have to have short comments. start thinking about the other kinds of libraries in We will object and add to and sit down, and we will go their community and how their resources can be uti- ahead. The session will go fast, fast, fast. Other- lized to serve the public_ wise, no building, and our whole object is a building. AFTERNOON SESSION

Raymond E. Williams Director, McIntire Public Library Charlottcsville,Virginia

OPENING REMARKS

This afternoon's session can be either weird or Commission on Highway Beautification, and has many wonderful, and the result will depend on you. As I times been involved in both national and state matters said this morning before we adjourned, let us make that concerti architects. He is a very talented person, our responses short and to the point, add what we can, and as you hear him talk and see him work today, I and do not be afraid that whatever we suggest might am sure you will discover the intensity that he brings sound coo silly to bring up.It certainly won't be be- to his job of being an architect. The evidence is there. cause you people that are here as trustees at this In- Hoyt Galvin again is going to help interpret statistics stitute are among the sharp ones in your community. and so on. You may not think so sometimes when you get tc talk- What are we going to do? We are going to take ing with some of the other trustees, but you are. Not. the criteria we developed this morning, and we are only that, but the reason that you are here is because going to work out the functions and then the form of a you are the vocal ones, the interested ones, the ones library building. We shall have to limit our problem who are intensely involved in your libraries, and you because, .for one thing, we have 10-inch-by-10-inch made the sacrifice of time and effort to be here. transparencies to work with, and you cannot draw a You made the effort of coming to a conference million-dollar library on a 10-inch-by -10-inch trans- where you can find out more about your responsibil- parency and get any clarity. Our size of town will ities. We have a roomful of almost 300 active trust- thus be limited. This limitation will work against us ees and some librarians. Every one of you has some in some ways because we are to have all of the facili- problem that you have to deal with when you go back ties we think a library ought to furnish, and we will to your library. I know yosi have the talent, I know have to compress the library, pull it down, fit it in you have the ability, and I ..ow you have the dedica- somehow into a place where only 35,000 people live. tion. Later, I know that you will come through with We are assuming the town will grow to 35,000 in about your comments about the library. ten or fifteen years, the normal time. Mr. Odell will For this afternoon's sessionjust as this morning tell more later about the building site. We picked, not we had Mr. Bryan, who is past president of the ALA by chance, a downtown corner in the city.It is about and whom we librarians selected as one of the 'Jest a block from the main banking and department store among us to be our presidentwe have one whom the area. There is ample parking provided next to it, architects last year selected as president of the Amer-municipal parking, so that the parking is taken care ican Institute of Architects, Mr. Arthur Gould Odell, of, and it is at the intersection of two equally impor- Jr. Every once in a while Mr. Odell will add to the tant streets. discussion. Remember, he is our architect, and we There is the framework. There are two equally thus have no less than the president of AU to help us. important streets. Mr, Odell will tell a little more So we must have a good building when we get done. about the site, then we will start talking about what Mr. Odell has been a member of the National we are going to put into the building.

192 Arthur Gould Odell, Jr. A. G. Odell, Jr. & Associates Charlotte, North Carolina

PRESENTATION

Before talking about the site, I would like to make We are going to assume a site where you cannot a few remarks about thepractice of architecture. I put everything on one floor. We will draw here a am sure you librariansknow the practice of architec- typical city block. Let us assume that this property ture has changed considerably over the years.I mean is divided this waysay we have a department:Acre over the decades, over thecenturies.It used to be here. That makes a good neighborhood for a library that an architect had an individual as aclienthe because a department store and a library have a might be a king, he might be a duke, he mightbe just great deal in common! a simple robber baronbutit is not that way anymore. Let us say we have a retail store here, and a A client now is imariably a committee,whether it is parking lot here. The city fathers and thelibrary a board of trustees, a buildingcommittee, or a board board could not buy this; they did not have enough of directors. This does not always work outfor the money. But since there is nothing onit, they feel that best, not because we do not welcome all thebrains in the future, when they do need it, they canthen get we can get in trying to arriveat any architectural more money and condemn a portionof it.In the mean- solution, out merely because a plethora of people so time they consider the parking lot will be an assetfor frequently adds to or creates considerableconfusion the library as a service to the patrons of thelibrary. the corner and delay. We wind up with a piece of property on I hope that all of you trustees, when you getinto about 112 feet square. These are main streets and, a building program, will doeverything you can to per- as Mr. Galvin said, sir.ce they areheavily traveled suade your city fathers or board of trustees, whoever streets, basically the location is a good one. Thesite controls your purse strings, to appoint a board of not is probably not as big as you would like it tobeit more than five persons including yourlibrarian seldom is in any architectural endeavorbut, never- preferably three. You have got to make decisions. theless, you feel it will appeal to many people andit People look at an architect and want him to hurry up, will pick up much impulse interest since it isright in hurry up, the money is here, we want the building the heart of this community. yesterday. The truth of the matter is the average The next consideration is, what are wegoing to architect spends more time waiting for group deci- have in this library? How do we want to makeit sions than he does in producing the work. work? This particular building that we have before us I believe you had certain criteria spelled out to today is an assumption, and I would like to sketch the you this morning concerningthe various elements. hypothetical site for us. We have to make certain Before we get into the size, use, and adaptability of assumptions to start off. This morning I saw the the elements, let us talk for a minute aboutthe rela- chart on the wall. You might say this situation is an tionship of all the various functions of thislibrary. ideal one, one that everyone should have. It iswhat Let us say for the moment that we are goingto we all want. When you go to a townof 35,000 people, enter the library here. We have to have a door some- they all say, "All we want is to have the libraryright where. Do not think of it in terms of site; thinkof it on the square of the city,everything on one floor." in terms of function. We have a library here; now As you all know, you very seldom get that. This where do we go? You have a flow of peoplecoming in. is due to financial limitations or to thedictates of the This flt w of people starts in this direction. city fathers or county commissioners. Frequently Where do they go? A library offersany I know you windup taking what they thinkthey can best give offer "addWonal auxiliary functions for a community. whatnot you. This means meeting rooms or auditorium or 193 194 AMERICAN LIBRARY TRUSTEE ASSOCIATION WORKSHOP in proportion to the size of the city. So when the peo- what we may call reference or specialties as distin- ple start flowing in here, right away you want to take guished from the general open stack or book area. care of the flow. The flow will be divided; a certain In this area you invariably have to have a confer- number will go into the library and some will come ence room attached, whether it is an intimate closed in here to a board meeting or community meeting of reading room of some kind or a meeting or research some kind. As soon as that traffic flow gets to the room. We will call it "conference room." That con- door, it splits, and some go down here to the meeting ference room ought to work both ways. It ought to be rooms or auditorium. arranged in such a way that when people down here in When they leave the meeting room, you do not the reference area are not using it, then the people want to turn them out again into the street. You want from the general stack area can use it.But it should to interest them in the function of the libraryeven if be isolated within the reference area. they are coming in for a certain meeting. When they We have said nothing as yet about serviceor leave, you want to try to get them back into the main about processing. Let us say we have processing and flow of the traffic of library users. The main stream that means a back door or service door. The process- is the group going actually in to use the library. ing will serve both reference and the general stack Now here comes this main stream, and where do area. the people go? Can we assume that a good portion of There is also the matter of control. Let usas- them are going into the general stack area? It all sume everybody leaves this general stack area this depends, of course, how the library is operated. If way. Before they leave, they have to go through some you think this is a false assumption, I would like you type of control. We are not trying to locate it area- to speak up and say so. Off this general stack area wise; we are trying to locate it graphically. Of course, you have these other elements. We call them reading control works both ways. It has to work in relation- eleme-ts; they can be rooms, alcoves, furniture clus- ship to general supervision of the general stackarea. tersit all depends upon the size of the facility. I Likewise, it ought to be related to the general en- think this generality can apply to almost any library. trance area. It seems to me these are the general components of a library of this size, expressed in a diagrammatic AUDIENCE DISCUSSION form of their relationships. If anyone feels otherwise, if he thinks this general view should be amendedor MR. WILLIAMS: Mr. Odell, when you are talking there is something wrong with it, I would welcome an about the general stack area, you consider this the expression of his opinion. place where books are open for public use, do you nct? The term "stack" oftentimes denotes partial MR. WILLIAMS: We now have a general idea of the storage. basic functions of the library. We come back to the discussion we had this morning. We are ready to MR. ODELL: I am thinking of open stacks. start thinking about the different functions we want our library to fulfill and to incorporate them in this MR. WILLIAMS: You are thinking of areas where general patternthe things we talked about thismorn- there are books and readers and intermingled ing. One way might be to list some of the functions functions? that we want to have in our building, and Mr. Odell will then indicate where these would be. MR. ODELL: Yes. In a large library you would have all sorts of divisions of large areas, but in acom- MR. GALVIN: Under "library demand" it says "more munity of 35,000 people I think the areas would virtu- seats." This was one of Ned Bryan's comments- that ally all be open stacks. There would, of course, be in libraries today we find we need more seats,more storage but this is a general open area. books, more special services. At the same he re- ferred to cooperation among libraries. MR. GALVIN: Commonly we speak of shelving for the open areas and stacks for the storage areas. MR. ODELL: I think you can say this, Hoyt, that However, this is not a universal practice there are not enough seats here and not enough books as far as growing space is concerned. That is true MR. ODELL: Now we assume this area is where the in just about any project an architect works on. The majority goes. This may be in partial answer to your building is never big enough; there is not enough question, Mr. Williams. The reference room, in turn, money; there is not enough growing space. could embrace certain closed stack areas, and you Last night I attended one of the conferences here will have another group of people in there for a spe- on school libraries. We did a library once which was cialized purpose. They are not going to the general based on an ultimate school capacity of about 1600 open stack area; they are looking for something persons. The library was a team effort of architects, highly specialized. Thus you have another group administrators, librarians, and about as many cons .l- coming off down here. They are going down here to tants as a dog has fleas. We finally arrived at the Discussion 195 decision that this was as big as that library should MR. WILLIAMS: Before we go on, we should state ever get. The library was criticized last night for that in a library for 35,000 people all of your ma- not having enough space to grow in. terials form your reference collection. Some of it is After looking over the collections of some of in, some out being circulated, and others, such as the libraries, college and otherwise, it seems to me ready reference materials, are there because they that one of the great administrative problems con- are used every day, but the function is closer than fronting all libraries is the matter of discards. For shown on the diagram. One encompasses the other. example, Duke University has 500 volumes of Brazil- It is almost as though the reference function were ian law written in Portuguese. They all add to the concentric or an interior tangential circle within the total count. I am not arbitrarily picking out Duke; I general reading are.t rather than a separate one. can pick out any library, and it probably would have the same problem. MR. ODELL: There is another element we do not In a community of 35,000 people you have that show here, and it frequently occurs. A book collec- problem of always figuring what will have to be tion is donated by the local D.A.R., or a local histor- doubled in ten or twenty years, and you have to think ical collection is given you, and you have to put it in ahead in that regard. It is a rough problem. There a separate place somewhere. A small community are some structures that are very difficult to add always has a problem like that. onto. But I do not think a library is as difficult as, say, a theater or a cafeteria. That is almost like MR. WILLIAMS: Now, shall we run down through doubling the size of an egg; it is pretty hard to do. some of the points that were suggested this morning? This hypothetical. community we picked out looks How does our building take care of such things as in- to the future probably as much as any one could. A terlibrary cooperation? Start from there. A person part of the parking lot behind the library presumably comes in your door who wishes to contact someone would not be very expensive to take over in the future. about the materials available in the library. They are limited. MR. GALVIN: I think this might be a good time to What happens next to his interlibrary request? mention, Mr. Odell, that when you build a building, it Some other library has to assist him with its collec- costs $1 to $1.50 to build the space in it for one book. tion, and you have to get a message to someone. We The formula is 15 books per square foot.If you can would assume that the person coming in would have build a building at $15 a square foot, you are doing used the reference facilities or the reference librar- very well. That is $1 a book to store that book, to ian that were there. Not finding the material he put the building there in the first place. wanted, he would then get either a slip or a form that could be sent to some other library. That slip has to MR. ODELL: Hoyt's own library was designed by us. go out through the mail. Although the stacks are in the basement, we designed What about the relationship then? Would you hay( the building so that in that portion of it a couple more your communications with other libraries for getting floors could be added. A branch library system is material not in your building by mail? Where is the like branch banking. It is not so essential as it used mail communication with other facilities? to be for everything to be expandable because of the possible branches. I do not know whether Hoyt will MR. ODELL: Possibly a bookmobile or that sort of ever see that addition. carrier? A TRUSTEE: I wonder if we could have some discus- MR. WILLIAMS: Or sending off a message to some- sion on the matter of noise within the library. Re- one? placement ultimately will involve how noisy or how busy these areas are. MR. ODELL: I think these are all basically processi MR. ODELL: I think that with a library for an as- MR. WILLIAMS: Then our arrow needs to go both wa sumed population of 35,000 the only thing you can do is put in the best acoustical treatment you can, such MR. ODELL: Yes. as carpets or other acoustical features. In a large library in a big city you can departmentalize and iso- MR. WILLIAMS: Your arrow between reference and late many of the furztions, but that is hard to do acous-processing is a two-way direction. tically in a small library of this size. Reading alcoves, areas, or sections would presumably have some de- MR. ODELL: That is true of anything of a special gree of privacy. Likewise, the reference area is in nature which is going out. another circle of its own which would indicate it, too, would have a certain separation from the general MR. WILLIAMS; We also would need to add to pro- traffic flow. cessing a facility to take care of our basic mailing or 196 AMERICAN LIBRARY TRUSTEE ASSOCIATION WORKSHOP

the mailroom sort of function. We would want to put MR. WILLIAMS: You have to get the material from that in. this library to that hospital.

MR. ODELL: I think so. Your processing and de- MR. ODELL: Yes, by bookmobile I assume. Then livery, receiving and mail, and bookmobile service in we have one bookmobile in this community. a library of this size (bear in mind a community of 35,000) would probably all be the same. The functions MR. WILLIAMS: We also have our special collection may have a partition between them, but basically they coming off our general stack or book room area We would all be in the same general area. I agree with will need another symbol on the diagram. This time you that all will come and go through there. we have a bookmobile coming out of there. It is apt to be connected not so much through the processing MR. WILLIAMS: All right, the mailroom is over as it is through the general book section. there. That will take care of written matter that goes back and forth for communication. Now, when A TRUSTEE: I would be less confused ifwe were to the material comes in (we are again using your out- translate some of Huyt's information into this 35,000- side arrows as you have them), the mail has tc go community library. We get to thinking in general back through. The records sent or asked for must terms, and the first thing you 'mow we in a li- be picked up and then go back to the reference area, brary that might cost up to $100,000. If we could find do they not? The person asking the question must be out how much money will be available, how many able to leave his question at one place and pick up books we will have to have, and what sort of refer- his answer at the same place. He cannot go chasing ence collection, maybe you can do the plan a little all around. differently. What else did we put in this morning? What about the hospital and institutional service that was MR. ODELL: Such data would be helpful. That is mentioned? the unfortunate part about planningyou dependon other people who do not know what they are talking MR. ODELL: I think in a town of this size such ser- about to set the budget. You trustees are the real vice probably would not exist; it would be part of gen- professionals, and in a town of 35,000 people you eral services. ought to say what you want to have, the basic mini- mum needs. You should not wait for the county com- A TRUSTEE: But it does exist. missioner to chop your budget in half and say that is all you can get. Unfortunately, this is the way the MR. ODELL: I should not say exist. I mean, occur world goes around and this is the way most of us live. as a separate entity or separate department. Because But we are trying to deal with a hypothetical situation, of your objection I want to hear more about the and I won't say money is no object. Vwe will not have service. a big research library, but with a town of 35,000 what should the library have in order to serve the average MR. WILLIAMS: Who has a service of that sort that community of that size prope-ly and effectively? they think ought to be provided here, and where do The hypothetical lot we are considering is about they think this ought to come on our diagram? 115 feet square. You start off by planninga build: g of a couple of floors on that silt.. You do not start A TRUSTEE: I will make a suggestion. There would building two and a half floors or two and a third. You be a demand for such service, and I think it would go see what you can get into this plan on this area, and back through your processing function. But then it then you can say that is not enough or that is too much, would go from processing to general stack area be- this is too extravagant, or that half is the way to do it. ca,se I do not think very many sick people read law When you decide on this budget and this size, then books. You will use lighter material or craft ma- most of these problems solve themselves, and you terial for people who are ill. So you will have to have find that mailing records and bookmobiles all of a two lines of communication now between your pro- sudden fit into the space. This would not be the case cessing area and your general stack area. in a big library.

MR. WILLIAMS: From what area would the material MR. WILLIAMS. That is true. We have tocompress come that we would use in our hospital service? in many ways. A TRUSTEE: From the general stack. MR. ODELL: I will try to sketch some sort of ap- proach on this building. Each one of these squares MR. ODELL: Then it goes right out to your bookmo- represents about 8 feet. Let us say the building line bile and is distributed around to the hospitals. Here of the department store is over here and this is the it is loaded on dollies and run through the corridors. property line. That is the way most of the libraries operate. This is the parking lot back here. Each of the Discussion 197 squares is 8 feet. Your sidewalk is out here, what- sort ice Area oo,,ht to be here. We know we will have ever width it may be. We propose to start out on this at least one bookmobile and maybe 'Ivo. We certainly architectural basis. We have to consider the column want a dock to accommodate at least one of them, spacing, because, after all, we know we are going to which will probzbly to locked up at night. The other have columns in this building. We cannot afford to may be at a school or some other place in the com- have clear open space. If we have to stress the whole munity. Niie will plan to keep one on the site, and building, it will be very expensive, far beyond the bud- whether you keep it there or not yoa have to have a get of any library whether it is in the small city or place to service one. Let us say the service entrance the big one. is here. Of course, you have to have a loading dock So we come in here, and we set these bays or beside it; virtually all of them open on the right -hand spaces of about 27 feet. I suggest that size because side. in 27 feet square you can get modules of either 4 feet From this dock you have to get into the building. 6 inches or 3 feet for stacks, for lighting fixtures, Let us take this area here and ' it processing or and so on. There is an economy there. When archi- service or moiling records, whlt, you want to call tects set these bases, they usually start out doing just it. Receiving will be in this area. as I have suggested here, although frequently first You must consider the matter of rest rooms in ideas have to be changed. But you have to make an the library. In a library of this size, with its staff, assumption to start with, so we will put these col- patrolling of two floors, and sc on, certainly it would umns here. be more desirable to have the toilets downstairs than I think department stores recognize, and li- upstairs. Let us say we are going to have two rest braries, too, that it is frequently desirable, :s ycs rooms here, the doors of which will open to the adult are cn a corner, to have a corner entrance so long reading room and near control. as that corner is made attractive and inviting. Let Then, of course, you have to have an elevator or us say for the sake of argument that we come in here. booklift, whichever it may be, so that would be in here, We are going to have this much cut out of the building and maybe this would be janitorial space. Here is the on the first floor for a corner entrance. Now we will stairway, and you will have storage along here. That put the entrance doors here. This is your main is your first-floor plan, but it 'loos not provide a very entrance. inviting way to get up to the second floor. At the second floor let us plan to cover the whole You might consider doing thissuppose you had entrance. A covered entrance has certain advantages; stairs near the card catalog. If you could afford the it will keep the wind and weather from blowing in space, particularly if you had a basement stack area, these busy entrance dours. In cool weather you would you could say, 'Let's try to make something monu- probably have a vestibule here and a number of glass mental out of this whole front. part which is seen from vestibule double doors. Out here you might have a the street. Let's give it dignity and prestige for a bench, something to make this area inviting, almost public building and let it go two stories high." if you like a porch. do the, then you could have the second floor just over Now, if you come in, the first thing you want to this area here, and that would make an open two-story see are the card catalogs. Suppose we put the card lobby facing the main street. The entranceway at the catalogs opposite the door. This is a very busy street corner could likewise be two stories. corner. I think ever since the Enoch Pratt Library I would like to take you next to the second floor, was built, everyone has recognized the desirability of if I may. What I had in mind, with the basic facilities having certain displays easily seen by the public, down there on the first floor, was to hate on the sec- whether they ale exhibits run in rol-ijunction with the ond floor the auditorium-meeting room, local history library, new acquisitions, or whatnot. room, directors board room (which you must staff), If this front was glass, you could have a few the staff lounge, and some ancillary facilities. books and a browsing area right where you come in. We 'mow that the bulk of the library will be in this MR. WILLIAMS: I think it would be good for you to next area; that is the biggest space you have. One of add them to the diagram. the first things you should think of is, what about the children? Should you isolate them upstairs? That MR. ODELL: Do you want to criticize the first floor means a separate control for them. It seems to me before I complete the second fluor? it would be better to put the children down here in front. I assume you will have control here some- MR. WILLIAMS: We will talk about the building first where. That control can keep an eye on the children as a function as a whole, and then start to fit the facil- down there; if you have them separate upstairs, you ities we want in the building to see where they come. will need a separate staff function. Now, let us say the balance of this area will be MR. ODELL: We get up here on the second floor and adult reading. You might have any number of open we will consider the part of the second floor which I stacks along here. If you have a control by the door have indicated. This is open end two stories high. and your card catalogs here, then obviously your This particular area is the only one in which you have 198 AMERICAN LIBRARY TR USTEE ASSOCIATION WORKSHOP a second floor.It is almost like a mezzanine, you MR. WILLIAMS: We are headed up to $450,000. might say. As we come up the stairs from below, there is a MR. ODELL: I think we will probably be talking two-story portion, this, of course, is your corner en- about $500,000 before we are done with this. What trance. You could have a gallery up here open end. we are talking about is a library of half a million Paintings or pictireb placed here could be seen be- dollars for a town of 35,000. Metropolitan areas such low. You could have a very small auditorium or as Detroit or New York might well add 25-30 percent large conference room here. I think it is a misnomer to that. But if you are in a less-pcpulous section with to call it an auditorium, but have a formal type of open shop areas, I do not think the figure I gave you is room with movabh. t:hairs and a platform. Let us unreasonable. We could build that in North Carolina. say you have another meeting room here, maybe a couple of staff rooms here, and a staff lounge. MR. WILLIAMS: When we talked about our basic re- Here is the elevator or booklift coming up from quirements for this building we indicatedwhat was below. Here is the stairway which we show below. it, two or three or four books per person? Suppose Perhaps y ou could have a couple of na.nitor -controlled we had three books per person, approximately 100,000 toilets back here. Here is a janitor closet and here a books. Have we room for that numbe- on our lower- corridor. Off that you could have a kitchenette and floor plan there? another meeting room. You could have the local his- tory room here, and the director's office and the MR. ODELL: I think we were talking about having board room here. I think the comment was made by 68,000 or 69,000 books. someone a little while ago that the kitchenette ought to be near the lounge. A TRUSTEE: That is not enough.

A TRUSTEE: I think you have included too many MR. ODELL: That number would not include addi- meeting rooms. tional stack area to any extent. You may add on, in the future, in the back or in the basement of the pres- MR. ODELL: This is a problem we always have dis- ent building plan. This is Lust the beginning building cussion about, whether the public or anyone else ever plan. Do you want to comment on that, Hoyt? has enough meeting rooms. They are like closets in a domestic residence. Maybe there are too many, but MR. GALVIN: Not right now. the library serves these auxiliary activities of the community, and the more you have going on in a li- MR. WILLIAMS: We are dealing then with a total. of brary, the higher its incidence of use. Maybe there under 70,000 books. are too many meeting rooms; this is just one concept. You could design this building to have another floor, A TRUSTEE: Are we allowed to ask questions? I but that is never a very economical thing to do. It is have a question as to whether we have enough space better to add onto the side or back of a building than for readers and books in this square footage. I think r. is to go on top of it. that we need more spaces for readers and books and I think this would be a start on planning a facility should cut down on some of the other facilities. for a town of this size. Maybe there are certain basic features that are entirely wrong. The purpose or this MR. ODELL: More space and more books. I started meeting is to discuss the plan. off by saying you never have enough of either one to satisfy a client, and I say it again. You have a town MR. WILLIAMS: How many square feet have we, Mr. of 35,000. Most of the towns I know of, even in the Odell? relatively poor state of North Carolina, have several branch libraries in addition to the main one, even in a MR. ODELL: You have about 22,000 feet, less this town of 35,000. area which we carved out to try to make a more at- I think when you start off on a building like this, tractive entrance. yoi.1 have to make certain assumptions. I am perfectly willing to admit that any assumption we made was not MR. WILLIAMS: Our cost for that building then, not big enough and did not allow for enough books. at Detroit prices but at other level prices, would be MR. WILLIAMS: Would the main collection as you MR. ODELL: It would be difficult to quote a nation- have it there along the alcove, together with the chil- wide preliminary budgetmaybe $21 per square foot. dren's area, hold 67,000 books approximately? That does not include furnishings; it covers the con- struction contract figures. It would include, c,f course,MR. ODELL: There is about 60 feet by 70 feet in the land, architect fees, furnishings, and all movable rectangular area in the upper left-hand corner. That fixtures. does not mean those open stacks are all you necessarily Discussion 199 have. The sketch is purely diagrammatic,but this is move the children out. You wouldhave to staff them the area, plus the children's area,plus the area in separately upstairs, probably, and then take the ancil- front which is for new books andbrow'.ing. lary facilities upstairs and put them in the basement. Upstairs you would probably have somebook vol- ume, maybe not much, but youwoll.d have certain MR. WILLIAMS: How do you like that, Committee? specialized collections in one or two ofthe rooms up there. As far as additional book space goes,it has to A TRUSTEE: Could the open staircase come out and be in the basement or it has to be space youadd onto the two floors be extended? in the rear in the future. MR. ODELL: You can build a two- or three-story MR. WILLIAMS: What about yourreader space? warehouse, and that is the most efficient structure in What had you figured there? the world, no windows, a perfect library in plan if that is what you want. MR. ODELL: We atarted off ourthinking in rough terms. Of course, some of these spacesmeld to- A TRUSTEE: Why don't we want it? gether as open spaces and are not definedby a par- tition, but there are about 200 square feetat the M". ODELL: Maybe you do. entrance for displays; 200 square feetfor the lending desk, workroom, and card catalog;500 feet for maga- A TRUSTEE: You are hinting that we don't. zines and book reading; about2000 feet in the chil- dren's area and a portion of that(500 feet or so) MR. ODELL: I do not want it; maybe you do. I do might be considered for young adults;for a ready not want a library to look like a warehouse. I wantit reference desk, maybe 100 feet; for areference- to have attractive amenities and to be a pleasure for desk workroom, 200 feet; for openshelving for adult people to be in it.I want the people in it to look out books (you have 50,000) say 3000 squarefeet or so. and see trees and sunlight. I do not want to be in a Adult reader seating may be 80 seats,about 2000 warehouse, but maybe you do. As the librarian you square feet. will make that decision. An architect cannot make a building any better than the client will let him.And MR. WILLIAMS: About 80 seats foradults? the client is the man that makes the final decision.If a warehouse is what you want, youwill find an architect MR. ODELL: Yes, it all adds up there. that will give it to you.

MR. WILLIAMS: 80 for adults and whatfor children? MR. WILLIAMS: I agree with you. You must have, as Ned Bryan was saying this morning,this matter of MR. ODELL: For children we haveabout 2000 square dignity of the building. I think you are right. Another feet in the lower left-hand corner. question: You had what ceiling heights? You would generally figure on 10 feet, 6 inches, something like MR. WILLIAMS: The number of seats? that?

MR. ODELL: I would say 30. MR. ODELL: Yes. I would not have any niore than that, particularly if you had the two-story open space MR. WILLIAMS: So you are seatingapproximately in the front, as a number of libraries do. Thismight 110; this is a rough figure with the informal andfor- be somewhat of a prosaic or hackneyed solution to mal seating combined. That gives us about3 seats have this front part facing the street two stories high per thousand, which iswell within the range of what with a mezzanine treatment. But even if thelibrary is reasonably considered proper for abuilding. So were in a big city and otherfloors were stacked on we do have reader space.But we still, as we said, top of the second story, that is one way, one aesthetic are probably short onbooks. approach, to give the library some character anddig- There are a number of ways that we can change rity and make it somewhat imposing as comparedto a that part of the plan a little; each community, as we two-story retail store. talked about it, had a different problem. We canput in a little more book space in variousplaces. MR. WILLIAMS: Suppose we were to retain thispart Now, let me ask Mr. Odell a question. Supposing and, since we are looking for space for stacking, use your committee unanimouslyfelt, "We really have to this as a two-story stack, that is, bring the ceiling on have more open shelving. We need to have closeto up to 15 feet or 16 feet and put intwo levels here. Is 100,000 books here. This is our consideredjudgment."that what you are proposing? In what way would you handle that decisionin the gen- eral structure? MR. ODELL: No, I meant putting more stacks on the same level and moving the children out.Then that is MR. ODELL: I think probably what weshould do is all general room, If you put in two or three stacks, 200 AMER CAN LIBRARY TRUSTEE ASSOCIATION WORKSHOP you have about a 15-foot ceiling t sere.Although this there are a number of mitigating factors in any given is all right from the utilitarian point of view, if you community, but a definite rule of thumb as to how have a college library with carrels at the end and so many staff members per capita in the community on, I think it would be a rather noisy, confinedsort of should be established. arrangement for general circulation by the public. MR. WILLIAMS: We do. MR. WILLIAMS: You know we are doing the impos- sible in trying to talk over a building in the space of MR. ODELL: And hold a hard, firm, and persuasive an hour. This is not fair to an architect orto the line with your trustees or with your city fathers, be- committee that is helping. We assume that in some cause a stall is much more important than the build- way we can work out a reasonable connectionbetween ing itself. th73se various parts: the amount of material, the 1t-0,000 books, the space for the children, and so on. MR. WILLIAMS: Our rule of thumb for the number What we have here is a basic diagram that will of staff per capita is 1 for every 2500. That works a starting point for discussion. I think we want to out to the 14 people. Of those, as we are talking about move over now to the other facilities that we want the amount of space you need in the building, you would this building to provide. We can arrange these spaces.have some working Gn the f:,or with a 68-hour or 60- Let us not worry ourselves much more about that. hour work week on the buildh.g. You would have 5 or Somehow we can get the book space we need and the 6 that would be involved in the workroom process at reader space. What else do we want our building to any one time. So we need about 500 - 600 square feet. do? You would consider, wouldn't you, that 100 square feet for a work-station area would be about right? A TRUSTEE: Provide sufficient work space for the staff, please; you never do. MR. GALVIN: 150 feet may not be too liberal. MR. ODELL: You cannot get everything on one floor. MR. ODELL: It could be a little more. We purposely endeavored to make this planning diffi- cult because that is what all of us are usually con- A TRUSTEE: I think you need space for more than 5. fronted with, whether as clients or architects. There For instance, if you have a staff as large as mentioned, is no question that we much prefer to have a staff although they would not all be in the workroom at the room and all the staff facilities on the ground floor same time, they would need a work area for things near control and processing. But when you have to they are doing when not there. Planning the space to split facilities into two floors, then decisions have to 150 feet per work station probably would take care of be made as to what goes up and what stays down. it.

MR. WILLIAMS: Let us consider the first diagram MR. ODELL: For book processing the diagram shows again and take up the question about workroom space. only 800 square feet. The extension office is about What is the size of our staff now? 200 feet.

A TRUSTEE: 14. A TRUSTEE: Where are you going to house your bookmobile collection? MR. ODELL: 14 people? How many communities run a library in a town of 35,000 with a 14-man staff? MR. ODELL: We have the bookmobile space here, In a good rich part of the country, maybe, but there also a loading platform. Usually this would be an in- are not too many. terior, heated, or air-conditioned space. A number of libraries operate with bookshelves all along the MR. WILLIAMS: Normally we would expect a work- loading platform. They are not permanent, just a room space for half of that staff at a time; is that matter of temporary storage for getting materials in what you mean? and out. The elevator, of course, is reasonably close to A TRUSTEE: You have to have at least 5 persons in this area. Some of you may have stacks in the base- there at one time. ment or stacks on a future third floor. When you start extending the building that way, the whole ser- MR. WILLIAMS: How much space do 5 people take vice core of this particular plan will change or be in workroom space? These are the kinds of questions modified. that trustees should be asking. 500 square feet? Have we got 500 square feet? I thought it added up to more A TRUSTEE: What are you listing the basement for? than that. MR. WILLIAMS: There is no basement at this point. MR. ODELL: It seems to me that librarians ought to establish that figure themselves. Of course, I realize A TRUSTEE: Where do you get the extra space? Discussion 201

MR. ODELL: There would be abasement or a third you are ;ping to includethe platform area when you floor. There is a nucleus for extra space.Remem- say 10 square feet per person.But if you are talking going to about an auditorium that has a stage and someextra ber, one-half million dollars is all you are seat- pm into this building. features and you go to 12 square feet, the actual ing area is between 6 - 7 square feet.In the room we put a basement un- are talking about herefor 100 people, you have 1000 MR. WILLIAMS: As soon as you stage. Hoyt and I are really der there, your basement willcost some $10 or $12 square feet including the per square foot. saying the same thing. question I asked. MR. ODELL: You add another$150,000 at least, A TRUSTEE: You answered the height? even if it is an unfinished space. Thank you. But what about the ceiling floor area, really. A TRUSTEE: What space isavailable for heat and MR. ODELL: That depends on the air conditioning? A TRUSTEE: I think that in alibrary for a commu- penthouse on the roof nity of this sizea library two storieshighthe audi- MR. ODELL: We put that in a used for in this scheme. I do not meanto be facetious. We torium should be thrown out and the space have done the same in twenty-storyoffice buildings book storage. and in department stores. One ofthe large depart- ment stores in North Cart, lina hasall the air condi- A TRUSTEE: No, no. tioning on the roof. A TRUSTEE: You have other meetingplaces in a MR. WILLIAMS: That is aninteresting point and town of 35,000. in your buildings. I something for you to remember that the amount recall when we were talking with thefire marshal in MR. ODELL: We have the suggestion Minneapolis about our heat and airconditioning. We of meeting space both for largerfacilities and for penthouse that housed smaller ones be cut down in order toprovide for the had a heavy slab roof under the something no one can the boilers and air conditioning,and the fire marshal book material. I think that is immediately started co throw up hishands. He pulled decide other than the librariansthemselves. them down in a hurry when herealized that explosions MR. WILLIAMS: And their boards. go P.p.I wonder if now most of thebuildings in Min- boilers up on the nesota are required to have their consideration of roof because the plan has beenfound to be so good. MR. ODELL: Yes, after careful The danger was up, not down belowwhere the people their communities and the library use. were. It is aninteresting arrangement. A TRUSTEE: What about the showingof films? ask about the auditorium A TRUSTEE: I would like to film programs? area. First, how highshould the ceiling be in an audi- MR. WILLIAMS: What about your torium? Second, could you give us someidea in What about the educational workthat the library must We talked this morn- iireakdorvn in space as to how much squarefootage carry on with various groups? staging area and, then, ing about the special groups, specialteaching, and so might be required for stage and done. Where does that take how much square foot per personto seat people? on that would have to be place? MR. ODELL: As I said earlier, it isprobably a mis- A TRUSTEE: You wouldn't do it inthe auditorium. nomer to call this anauditorium. We are seating only 100 people in there. You would haveonly a little plat- prob-A TRUSTEE: I am sorry tointerrupt, but I think we form in To answer your second question, you I think we ably ought to allow 6 1/2 - I squarefeet per person. could leave the matter of the auditorium. need an auditorium, and in acity of this size we could the board stage? eliminate all the meeting rooms except A TRUSTEE: Not counting the room. That could serve as ameeting room. The lounge, in the way that it is drawn, looks verylarge MR. ODELL: That is right. for a staff of this size. It could becut down some. department up on the higher than that. We could bring the processing MR. GALVIN: I tend to go a little second floor. It is good to have itdownstairs, but not The whole room, stage and all,should allow 9 or 10 That would open This would loosen up the essential when you have an elevator. square feet per person. up more space on thefirst floor for the reading of space. books and also more for theextension department, bookmobile books, and storage. MR. ODELL: The room wouldbe crowded, Hoyt, if 202 AMERICAN LIBRARY TRUSTEE ASSOCIATION WORKSHOP MR. ODELL: That is true. You can do that. MR. WILLIAMS: As we said this morning, there are a number of ways to arrange these facilities, all the MR. WILLIAMS: Then you get more area for books elements we are talking about, and that if, why it was and readers down there. important that Mr. Odell approached the problem as he did. The functions are there, and thinking about A TRUSTEE: I think that a large proportion of the the, 'tionship between them is necessary before you square footage of the building is in some of these get down to the actual plar. facilities that might be desirable, but in a commu- You spoke of this library as being a kind of branch nity of 35,000 I doubt if you need that many. facility. We know that no library of a city of 35,000 can be on its own entirely. What were the figures MR. ODELL: You must decide whether you want a about the present amount of book production? We are booklift or an eevator. If you put processing up- now running about 24,000 to 25,000 titles a year. stairs, it should be an elevator. How many hundreds of periodicals are published? There is a tremendous amount of materials that you A TRUSTEE: I NV ould like to suggest that we con- need. I was talking to the persons at my table this serve space on the second floor and eliminate the noon and heard comments like this: board room. How often does the board meet? I think "My daughter needed to know how much food an the director's office is large enough, with the direc- aardvark ate in a day for a report in the seventh tor's table at one end of it, to serve as the board grade." room, and it would conserve considciable space. Another one said, "My daughter had to make a re- port in the eighth grade on musical instruments in MR. WILLIAMS: And also provide a place to lay out China. It had to include pictures and descriptions." plans while they are being considered. You run out of self-sufficiency almost immedi- ately on requests like these. So what we need to do MR. ODELL: It is interesting that you say that. We with this building is to provide for its being part of a just finizhed a building in Hagerstown, Maryland, in larger wholea larger system or a larger amount of which your sugge3tion was followed precisely. The materials. We have to tap other resources for these director's office is fairly large and there is a good- needs. sized table in it. That is where the board meets to We have the possibility, then, of reducing our have conferences. processing area, and relying on someone else to do the processing or buying it commercially. Somehow, MR. WILLIAMS: So we can make room for process- you can reduce the area for processing your material ing by taking out that little room, the board room, and within your own building. That may be the relief you cutting down the size of the lounge. Processing will need. then be up on the second floor. A TRUSTEE: The second-floor meeting room bothers A TRUSTEE: Could not a committee of trustees con- me. There is ne elevator available, and we must con- sider whether the processing might be done in a sider the aging population and the service we are to larger library rather than an this library for 35,000 give the people of that group. people? That would save 800 square feet. MR. ODELL: What we would assume in this plan MR. ODELL: Sach a move would relegate this li - and do not misunderstand me, I am not trying to de- brary to a branch in that respect. Of course, that fend it; this is racriterionis that if there were an sort of arrangement could take place, but not in a elevator on this side of the stairs, it would basically sparsely populated part of the country. We have con - be a service elevator on which a book cart would fit. siaered that in these criteria. But in a large metro- You would probably have it keyed, if necessary; and a politan city this library would revert to branch status, disabled person would be allowed to take it up. But and processing would be done in a large library, as you would not let the children in the neighborhood you say. come in and ride up and down. I think the most sig- nificant alternative suggested, Mr. Chairman, is this A TRUSTEE: I know the size of the library is estab- idea of moving the processing upstairs. Any number lished, but what about the relationship of the library of libraries do have elevator service with the pro- and the parking lot? Could this be arranged in another cessing upstairs or downstairs. way, such as by elongating the property of the library Take Mr. Galvin's library in Charlotte, North and having the parking lot almost surround the li- Carolina. He has a considerable amount of processing brary buile.i-g, at least on three sides? This is a upstairs and an elevator. The library in Hagerstown. downtown area, and there may be one-way streets. If Maryland, is three stories in the back because of a the parking lot could allow for an extra entranceway, sloping terrain. There is a service entrance on ..,ae people could enter the library from the parking lot as lower floor which basically is a basement except that well as from the street. You have a meeting room on it is ground level in the rear. The processing there the second floor; you could have an entranceway ex- is, you might say, in the basement. clusively for the meeting room. I think we all agree, whether it is a library or Discussion 203 design your own business or your ownindustry, that every- MR. ODELL: Yes, that could be done if your body likes all facilities to be on one floor.That is to begin with had that in mind. the ultimate goal in almost any buildingdone today that serves a utilitarian purpose.Unfortunately, that A TRUSTEE: Would it be costly? goal is very seldom realized. MR. ODELL: I would say no, relativelyspeaking. A TRUSTEE: If you reduce the size of theworkroom comment by having your processing done elsewhere,do not re- A TRUSTEE: Mr. Odell, would you care to duce it too much unless you know that you aregoing on what it would take tcextend the second flour out to be a real branch. We are not a part of asystem, over the parking area if more room wereneeded? but we do have our processing doneel.3ewhere. The jobber gives a large discount but is veryslow. It is MR. ODELL: It would probably cost youabout 50 very nice to have the large discount,but your pat: ins percent more than if you built on the grounditself, or want some books fast. So we order thosebooks our- 35 percent more. selves and process them ourselves in orderto get them to the people when they want them. A TRUSTEE: Has it been established that wehave On the bulk of the books there is not thatmuch of access to that parking lot?I understood that it be- purchased. a hurry, and we are happyto have the large discount. longed to someone else and could not be So, do not eliminate your processing room orreduce it too much unless you know that everythingis going MR. WILLIAMS: It is a municipal parkinglot. to be done elsewhere. A TRUSTEE: Would we have authorityto build there? A TRUSTEE: The cost of this building, onestory and this is an a hall on the second floor,has been stated as a half- MR. ODELL: My first statement was, and million dollars. Someone mentioned that itwould cost assumption, that the board did not have enough money about $100,000 or $150,000 to put a basementunder it. to acquire that parking lot then, either tobuy it from Why don't we go down and have a fullbasement under the city or condemn it and take it fromprivate enter- the entire building for processing,staff rooms, and prise. But that does not preclude thelibrary from meeting rcoms? Put a full first floor on it andforget stepping in at some future time, when it has alittle about this half second floor. Not only will youget the more capital, and pickingit up.It is one of the first additional space, but you will save your community a things the library should do when it can afford it. little money. I do not know how many communities of the35,000 A TRUSTEE: Why not make the city donateit to you? size can afford to put a half-million dollars into ali- brary building. I come from a city twice that size, a MR. ODELL: Great idea. little more than twice that size, and we are having trouble getting a $150,000 bond issue passed to put an A TRUSTEE: Then you would not have to worryabout addition on our building. the second floor. It would seem to me, being a trustee, thatthe fi- nancial end is jast as important as the use of thebuild-A TRUSTEE: I would like to ask anotherquestion ing, if you would go down for a fullbasement in the about costs. Suppose you made a largerauditorium, entire area, which you said could be put infor about turned it full length of that hall, and then useddividing $100,000 or $150,000 and then cut the half second floor folding doors betweenwould that besatisfactory? off, you will get a lot more space for your money. MR. ODELL: If you want to spendabout $30 per MR. ODELL: I think that is quite true.There are square foot for folding partitions, you cando that; two points, though, that I mightmention. First, it is otherwise, it does not work since the area isnot cheaper to add another floor on top than it is toput in soundproof. Partitions are an expensive item.You the basement. Secondly, you have processingdone, have to put some money into them to havethem really and everything that goes down has to go back upagain. do the job. Basements are not cheap in fireproof buildings. You may run into waterproofing problemsand so forth. A TRUSTEE: We have a hotel that uses them.We Actually you can build on grade level cheaper have meetings in each part, and they work verywell. than you can build a basement. When you go up a floor, you have your floor, that is, the ceilingof the MR. ODELL: You probably have a veryfine parti- structure below you. It would be cheaper to go up tion. It can be done. than to put a whole basement underneath. MR. WILLIAMS: The suggestion was madeto have a A TRUSTEE: How much more would it cost if you folding partition between parts of a larger room.As needed to expand? Could you put a floor over the Mr. Odell says, you would have to have a very good half of they second floor and expand that way? one; the fabric type of divider isof limited use. 204 AMERICAN LIBRARY TRUSTEE ASSOCIATION WORKSHOP A TRUSTEE: Are we not assuming, as was mentioned MR. WILLIAMS: When you talk about a multi-tier, yesterday, that the building will be entirely flexible as the two-level stack or three-level well as the services? These partitions then are not necess4rily fixed. They can be changed from time to MR. GALVIN: Two, three, four, or fiveit does not time. make any difference; they ride on one another. MR. ODELL: That is true, and I think it might be of MR. WILLIAMS: When you are talking about two tiers some interest to you if I said a few words about so- being open to room, there is some difference be- called movable partitions. Movable partitions, if they tween that . nd a closed Ftack that goes up. really do the job, are very expensive. You have to move them about a half dozen times before they begi.n Mr_ GALVIN: We think of that more as a mezzanine, to pay for themselves. You can put up any number of do we not? dry walls (adequately soundproofed partitions), and tear them down, throw Them away, and build another MR. WILLIAMS: Yes. Was that the kind of multi- in another place three or four times for the price of tier you were talking about, or a three- ur four-level? what you pay for a good grade of movable partitions. A TRUSTEE: Two levels, MR. WILLIAMS: Bear in mind Mr. Odell is not re- ferring to folding doors; he is talking about movable MR. WILLIAMS: As more of a mezzanine, open to partitions. circulation and with open rail, that can be supervised from the circulation area. A TRUSTEE: I would like to address a question to Mr. Odell. Let us say we have adequate volumes and MR. GALVIN: That is an entirely different problem. an adequate construction budget, but we have a real Some people favor it very much. As you know, Joe problem with the budget for the staff. This is the Wheeler is a sort of dean of public library consul- case in my part of the country. I would like to hear tants. Many people call him "Metzanine Joe" and he more about the use of multi-tiers in the public li- protests the Italianbecause he goes in for lots of brary, assuming in this case that the multi-tier "metzanines" in public libraries. would give us storage for the volumes and visible control from the circulation area. In other words, I A TRUSTEE: I am concerned about the stairway want to know what the disadvantages of the multi- blocking the control of the children's room. The stair- tier system are. way should be in. but I do not see how the desk can con- trol the children behind the stairway. MR. ODELL: If you are addressing that question to me, sir, I would say the librarians have a better an- MR. ODELL: It would be a very open stair proposi- swer for you than I do. They have to live with that tion with no risers in it. In other words, it would not sort of contraption, and that is what it would bea be a closed stairwell. If you had the place teeming contraption. We have used them in a number of li- with children on some given zaernoon, you would prob- braries in what you call closed or limited-access ably have to delegate one of your staff to go over there stack areas. But if it is an open stack area and you anyway. turn the public, including children and teenagers, in there, multi-tiers are not so satisfactory. They are A TRUSTEE: Can you see through the stairs? made on very tight modules, and get only about a 7- foot -3 -inch ceiling. I think the problem is an opera- MR. ODELL: When I said that they would have no tional one more than an architectural one. risers, the open stairs would, of course, increase the visibility. MR. GALVIN: Stacks of that nature are suitable for storage purposes. But in the type of library we are A TRUSTEE: I would like to comment a little on the talking about here, there will be a limited amount of mezzanine. If, for example, you would have 60,000 storage space. Most of our shelves should be rela- volumes in this building to go in open stacks, you are tively open to the public. I do not believe a multistack talking about approximately 400 sections of bookstacks. area is very practical for the major portion of this Now, 400 sections of bookstacks on one level is a very building. It severely reduce:., the flexibility of the li- large stack; it almost approaches a maze. I think in brary. I saw a building up in Westchester County, a collection this size, with a bookstack for approxi- New York, recently that had this sort of stack set mately 60,000, a mezzanine may be twice as easy right in the middle of the building. It has been a very depending on the solution to this particular problem expensive building to operate over the years and is to as having the stacks all on one level. I think those be given up. It is not too bad a building except for the present will understand from the discussion that this multi-tier stack right in the middle. Such a stack is is a problem to which there is neither local nor na- not practical for this size of a library, in my opinion. tional agreement as to the solution. Discussion 205 MR. WILLIAMS: There is a solution that is some- $2.50 or $3 per square foot for furnishings, you will times used where you go down a half level and up a still be coming in for $22 or perhaps $23 a square half level. But then you have a real problem about foot for this furnished and equipped building. getting materials bLck on the shelves. There is the Finally, Ray, I want to make this comment. I possibility, however, of going down a ramp or stairs work on a considerable number of plans and units and and up a ramp or stairs. look at them by the hour. At first you decide that there is no solution for a problem, but you keep look- MR. ODELL: That is frequently done in suburban li- ing at it and you go back to it a second dayAll of a braries, particularly where there are changes in sudden an answer will jump out at you. It often re- grade. We assumed the level site here. Since we can minds me of playing chess. Those of you that enjoy scoop into the ground for that space going up and down, chess know that at any une time on a chessboard there e can have a more compressed stack and have it on are literally thousands of moves. Trying to see that two levels, properly divided in the middle where your one move is the difficult thing. Keep worrying over a eye level would be. library plan. Give your architect plenty of time; it won't cost any more to give him a little more time, a MR. WILLIAMS: Any other questions about what this little extra think time. He will think about the prob- building should do for you? lem driving to work and driving home, and that is just when a revolutionary idea may come that will bring A TRUSTEE: Is there any reason why the children's out the solution. room is confined to the first floor? Would it be pos- Ray introduced this program by saying it was an sible to put that upstairs and put the director's office impossible assignment to design a library in one after- and some of these other facilities and processing here?noon like this. We have just begun to plow into the problem. But if you keep working at it long enough, MR. ODELL: That was mentioned earlier, and I cer- and give your planning team and your architect enough tainly think the children could be upstairs. Except time, you can find the solution. for times when the children's room is having concen- trated use, the control desk could keep an eye on MR. ODELL: I think that is a fine simile about a them without having a special staff member assigned chess game, except that in chess the players take all to them. I suppose it is a pet idea of mine, br.t. I think the time they want. Architects never have had that it is delightful to pass by the library and see the little time. It is really not laughable. The quicker the children in their miniature chairs poring over books. architect turns out a job, the more money he gets be- That is one of the greatest advertisements a library cause he sells his time and the time of his associates. can have. But, there is no reason why the children's But all too often, whether it is a library project or a room could not move upstairs. public school, the planners sit around for ten years talking about getting the money to build a library or A TRUSTEE: Don't you have trouble with the chil- school. Finally, they pass a bond issue, and then they dren upstairs? want the plans the day before yesterday. Of course, where you can get the most from your MR. ODELL: If you have them near the front door architects, your consultant, your librarians, and your and near the toilets and controls, you won't have them whole staff, is in the preliminary phase that we are running through the place. talking about right now. This is where the time should go. Any architectural firm can work out the drawings MR. WILLIAMS: I might mention another point, too. in the prescribed time limit once the preliminaries You put windows across the front of the library so have been approved. When you are building a library, that people can see in. Yet in the evening, when the you are building one that will probably stand there for lights are really going to show someone inside, your fifty years. So don't worry about the next eight months. children's room will be much less occupied than the That is frequently a tragic mistake. adult section. So whom do you see at night, and what are your windows for? You do not see the children A TRUSTEE: Ray, I think we might have a compro- because not very mar,Jf them are there in propor- mise on this plan that we are making. You have the tion. You will be busy with the student and adult lot cost and budget, and it is a fortunate one. I sub- groups toward the back, and passersby should be able scribe to Mr. Bryan's aesthetic values for the build- to see them. Maybe they can see through the library ing, but it occurs to me we could put in a third floor. that far. There is that point to consider. This would give us service areas we could use. By cutting down the aesthetic values, we could have more MR. GALVIN: Using the old rule of thumb which all service areas, which we need. of us are scared ofabout one-half square foot per capita for this 35,000-square-foot buildingI have MR. ODELL: One time I was working on a project space allocation for about 18,000 square feet. At $20 for one of the largest manufacturers in the country, or $21 per square foot, the total is less than the half - R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. They engaged us million dollars we were talking about.If you use to advise them on improving their physical image in 206 AMERICAN LIBRARY TRUSTEE. ASSOCIATIONWORKSHOP a certain city. I think the controller and thechief en- What services to you want your building to per - gineer were sitting there at the executivecommittee form for you? What kinds of problems are you giving meeting. I said, 'Wait a minute. All we are doing to your architects? Let us have your ideas. here is just trying to make things look nice. You don't get any dividends out of beauty. That is all you A TRUSTEE: How about having a high-fidelity mod- are buying.' The chairman of the board, I am gladto ule outfit in the auditorium and stage area, with jack report, said, "Yes, that is what we are talking about. outputs so that you could line up six or eight people It is not bad to spend money on beauty. Think how in the front rows of the auditorium to ;ack into the much you spend on your wife? musical collection and listen to it by earphones? That is a decision we all have to make. Mt. WILLIAMS: Where would you have your collection? hi& WILLIAMS: I would like to have us go over the dicier ent suggosta,,ns aoout the building. As we are A TRUSTEE: It would have to be in the room adjoining. iiiking about the various points, I think it would be g J;:d or us to think, "Yes, it is possible to do this. MR. WILLIAMS: Someone would be operating your We can wor*- :Ins around. We can get a building that room there? can house :hese functions? I would like to have us take about a rifteea-ininute session for just dreaming MR. ODELL: If the auditorium were large enough, of the -ions facilities that we want in the building, you would have a small space for projection equip- the services tti t. would expect. This is the time when ment. That could be enlarged, with a little additional we look for the wild ones. cost, to take care of the equipment you are talking I will ..tart the discussio.:. Your dreams for about. whet 7.ould ''a; pen in this building are what the archi- tect aeeds to he !learing abotht. I will start with a few, MR. WILLIAMS: These facilities can be incorpo- and I want y.,u to add nth ors you would like to see ful- rated. We are trying to get the ideas out. fE!ed ir. til`F buiiuing somehow. We don't know how, but somehow. For instance, suppose this library con- A TRUSTEE: I do not think we could dispense with nected with Pth.-1-:., :.ntu a central cnarGing system, so our photocopy and laminating equipment. I also feel that this buticang along v.ith others, maybe fifty or that one of the loss "leaders" we have are our large sixt3 sidles away from here. were us mg magnetic recordings collections. We have to have listening chat 1-ing. The books would be charged out electroni- rooms for the collections. callt, with only a supervisor charging by a machine, and be discharged electronicall-y. All would be MR. WILLIAMS: Do you have to have listening rooms? recorded fifty miles avity; overdoes would be Without them you may reduce your demands, and may- hanaled there. What are yoltr needs for workroom be that is what you want. Who else wants what? We space for circuiatic .? It can go, Di-AAA of iti except are spending almost a half-million dollars; we ought for he book repair work. All you need are wires to get all the dreams we want. going from this I w411 give you another one. Suppose you are in A TRUSTEE: Coin-operated typewriters. constant teletype, telephone, and teleg:apl- communi- cation with a larger library for materials you want. MR. ODELL: Soft-drink machines. Suppose you get four -iNy-a-Aveek service from that Liu arty on cicli7cry. Your ce,lied h n ?*.lay :ILA be as A TRUSTEE: A library of a new college erected in lar;,e as y-u want it at first, but. yuti 'Lave large cial- Grand Rapids, Michigan, has carrels for its listening lectirins a-,a.ilable. Now suppose tnat _arger library machines. Was close enough so that a telegraph or direct wire could be u-,ed. vou could sand your messages, and MR. WILLIAMS: With channels to listen to? Very the materials would start to delwereo to yr.ot im- good. What else? mediately as you wrote. Suppose we fouud--3-or am I going to dreamthat W2 CottiCZ haw- pe_,*le come TRUE-7031.: Our community has a number of hancli- to this library as a ceatral plax.c to sclect materials? -cappe: people because of the university that is lo- Its this building we wo ld want to have some place zatel there. Many of them stay in our community. where all the people in our industrial libraries, school We feel we should have some provision for wheel- libraries, and maybe our loca_a junior colleges coulu chairs. come to go over book selection materials. Thiswould be;ome the cehter. This is tilt place where you would MR. WILLIAMS: Yes, a way of getting people who have the thousands 0/1 ...ay; L.ties a. year available. are disadvantaged into the library. a course, we The books 'aave to be here so that librarians can have sidewalk entrances, and that is a start. But you look them over, pick out the ones they want fox their need other equipment. library, and also order. This is a service for the community yon might ;want. A TRUSTEE: You should have wide-enough corridors. Discussion 207

MR. WILLIAMS: Very good. I hadthe unfortunate library usually has to function in thatregard if there experience of seeing a boy brought to ourlibrary the is to be any museum activity atall. other day who was on a flat stretcher.He had to be If the library is a branch or part of alarger com- carried down seven steps in one place,three steps in munity and the community has an art museum,the another, and up two in another. Iknow what you mean. museum usually is only tooglad to let the library But, anyway, the boy saw the books. have temporarily, on a free-of-chargebasis, anything it wants to hang or display. When thereis no museum, A TRUSTEE: How about a microfilmreading and I think it is a ,rery essential part of anylibrary's welt duplicating room? in a small community to serve as one.That is one reason why I indicated this area onthe second floor, MR. WILLIAMS: Think of a way of doingthis within on the balcony, as a spotfor exhibits. the building and also of some way ofgetting this ma- terial to your patrons easily andquicklyinstant ser- A TRUSTEE: One of the most unusualfunctions that vice for an instant building. Whati>lse? I know of in a library, which has beenworking for quite a few years in Grosse Pointe, in this neighbor- A TRUSTEE: A vision section forblind or partially hood, is the loan of tools of all kinds. The library sighted. has do-it-yourself tools and lawnmowers and so on. The service is really working. MR. WILLIAMS: A place for thosewho are com- pletely blind to hear the talking voice. MR. WILLIAMS: He had the courage to say it.What do you have? Films are too pedestrian; wehave gone A TRUSTEE: This zs a wild one.How about having far beyond them. Everyone knows the library hasto some way that you coulddraw on a television kine- have films. scope collection by wire sothat yor could rent out to borrowers a program to run throughtheir own tele- A TRUSTEE: I would like to report an idea to save vision seta kinescope on any programthey might on the bookmobile, which wetried in our area in Long Island. We carry materials to another area of want to see? the county, and save a lot of money, by using the MR. WILLIAMS: That is a wonderfuldream. Kine- school buses that are driving the children back and scopes these days arebecoming quite common. We forth to school. The buses do not have anything to are getting used to thefact that we can watch a foot- do between hours but sit there. We signed up the ball game or baseball game with thelive action, and buses to transport children and adults to thelibrary, action and come back to a two and three times a day and back, for$5000 a in just a moment stop the children on a reg- part on the kinescope that hasbeen played. There is year. We were able to transport no reason why youcould not have a storage of the ular run and also adults. We hope in the future we scopes to be sent out. Whoelse? will continue to do so. MR. ODELL: Have you seen these newgolf ma- MR. WILLIAMS: There is a good idea. chines? You play a course in the countryby televi- sion and hit the ball right into the screen. TRUSTEE: This is n idea somebody else developed, and we sold it to our community. I do not know of MR. WILLIAMS: We all had a TVdriving course any other library doing the same right now. Ithink recently, but I have not seen those.What else? What it is a fine idea, because the buses are not doing any- other facilities would make this libraryof yours a thing at the time. It is good to see 100 children get cultural center you would be proud tohave? What off the bus. go into the library, and two hours later can you draw on? How do youget materials from come out with armfuls of books. other libraries? You have notexhausted the possibil- ities. Speak up. MR. WILLIAMS: In order to do something like that you have to let people know both by scheduleand by A TRUSTEE: This morning someonementioned a general advertising. You have to produce lists, sched- collection of fine art prints. I know oflibraries that ules, and announcements. could do the same. are lending prints. We TRUSTEE: We use our own newsletter for public re- MR. WILLIAMS: So we need storage space orexhibitlations for mailing out the lists to the school district. available. We do not need We also have a mention in the school newsletter five space for pictures that are put a notice to have all these materials physicallyin the library, or six times a year. In the beginning we but we ought to have an idea ;.bouthow to get them. in the paper and in periodicals in the area. MR. ODELL: I think that is a veryimportant point. MR. ODELL: I would like to ask this gentleman a Communities of this size as a rule have alibrary question about the service he just described. I was long before they have any kind of art museum.The interested to hear you say you get the children out of 208 AMERICAN LIBRARY TRUSTEE ASSOCIATION WORKSHOP school and take them to the library. I know of a coupleA TRUSTEE: If we are going to dream, how about a of communities that tried to take the children to the dream for additional help? I would lik.. someone to museum. They ran into irresistible resistance from help on these collections and displays. I would like the educators, who said, We cannot interrupt our full-time public relations help so the people in schedule; such a visit does not fit into ;me curriculum."community will know about all these wonderful ser- It reminds me of the dietitian in the multipurpose vices we are offering and take advantage of them. We school -afeteria. Once the dietitian gets in there, the need someone to educate the community to use the li- doors are locked except for eating purposes. How did brary to the fullest extent possible. you work your plan out with your school people? How did you get the sympathy or the desire to get the chil- MR. WILLIAMS: I think you. have all done well. I dren out of school and send them to the library? know that oftentimes this afternoon the front table has dominated the discussion. I hope that we have TRUSTEE: The adults go duling school hours, and done what a workshop is supposed to do. the children during the oche: shift's school hours. In this morning's session we talked about general The school has split sessions: from 9:00 to 12:00 in principles and we had the dine exposition by Ned Bryan. the morning one group of children goe. to school, and This was followed by the opinions of three panelists from 12:00 to 3:00 in the afternoon another group goes who gave their particular reactions to their libraries to school. The ones that come in the morning to the and their problems. At lunchtime we had conversa- library come at 10:00 o'clock. We drop them off and tion sometimes on personal problems and sometimes a couple hours later take them back. In the afternoon on library matters. This was followed by a workshop another group will come. where we were grasping for ideas and working to- ward solutions. We were trying to think through a MR. ODELL: The syz.tem works best in communities problem, each in his own way, and a means by which where you have double sessions. to do it. We cannot arrive at any final solutions or an A TRUSTEE: Or in the summertime. answer that is valid for everyone. The principal reason for this day's sessions was the stimulation A TRUSTEE: It also works very well when you have of thinking, and we hope we have done just that. We library sessions after school hours from 4:00 o'clock hope this workshop has been worthwhile for each until 6:00 o'clock. You can get two or three runs in, of you. The informal discussions of today, it seems depending on the size of your system, of course. to me, supplement and complement the more for- mal talks given yesterday and the night before. A TRUSTEE: We have a foundation that provides Now a final word about libraries. You remember visual aids for our school, such as industrial and vo- the things that we talked about today. planned a cational models. They would be an excellent acquisi- library that we recognized as our own or as one that tion for other libraries. However, the models present we would like. We added to it the dreams that we a serious storage problem, as they are large. But wanted, the additional jersonnel, the additional ser- they are used and they are very welcome in this area. vices. We talked about other facilities that could be included, of certain costs that would appear in the li- MR. WILLIAMS: That would mean another considera- brary budget. Let me remind you that our library tion in our program planning. Our elevator would service, good or bad as it may be, is one of the most have to be a little larger than one that would take a wonderful developments on the educational scene in book truck or an occasional infirm person. It would the world. The public library is a unique contribu- have to be big enough to take a good-sized exhibit up tion to life in our country and in others. We have set and down to the meeting rooms. certain standards, but when you seriously dream about what your library can do, no matter what the A TRUSTEE: We were told this morning about the size of your community, you cannot be sure whether desirability of space for people to be aloneindividual the library will cost $2 or $3 a year to run per per- reading facilities. I do not quite know what the speakerson, or $10 or $20 a year. We have had a compara- had in mind, but I would think a space more private tively short time for developing our present level of than a carrel. educational system. We have no idea what our real potential might be. MR. WILLIAMS: A very good point to be considered Unless you talk about your library buildings, un- in many of our libraries. One of our ancient and hon- less you talk about your services, unless you dream ored authors once wrote quite a fine piece about a and think and expand and move into the new forms of place to hide and a place to cry. In our older homes communication that are available to you, you fail. But there is a place to be alone. Sometimes one needs to if you keep doing these things, you will achieve some- be alone with books. We have to arrange our libraries thing that mankind probably has never !mown before for that possibility too. Everyone does not want be be the freedom of man to inquire and learn freely by at the circus all the time. Let us go on with our dreams.himself.