Celebrating Seventy Years

ASSOCIATION OF RESEARCH LIBRARIES

Celebrating Seventy Years of the Association of Research Libraries, 1932–2002

LEE ANNE GEORGE AND JULIA BLIXRUD

ASSOCIATION OF RESEARCH LIBRARIES C ELEBRATING S EVENTY Y EARS

Celebrating Seventy Years of the Association of Research Libraries, 1932–2002

Compiled by Lee Anne George and Julia Blixrud

Association of Research Libraries 21 Dupont Circle, NW, Suite 800 Washington, D.C. 20036-1118 202-296-2296 (phone) 202-872-0884 (fax) [email protected]

ISBN 0-918006-95-3

Copyright © 2002, 2008 First edition 2002 Corrected edition 2008

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Foreword

he Association of Research Libraries was established in 1932 to serve its members and represent their interests. Its goal was to develop, through cooperative effort, the resources and usefulness of research collections in North American libraries. During the past 70 years, ARL has grown from its original 42 members to include 124 major research institutions throughout the United States and Canada. Its programs and activities address all facets of its original goal in its broadest sense, encompassing scholarly communication and research library assessment. TThis compilation was prepared for the celebration of the 70th anniversary of the Association. It begins with a bird’s eye overview of ARL’s history prepared by Lee Anne George and Julia Blixrud. This is followed by a reprint of the remarks given by David H. Stam, Syracuse University, ten years ago this month. Drawing on the ARL archives, he provides an entertaining glimpse into the early history of ARL and the flavor of some of the early exchanges among member leaders. This is followed by a Selected Chronology of the last 70 years of ARL. The compilation concludes with lists of ARL member libraries in the order of their joining the Association, and of the individuals who provided leadership for the research library community. Many of the issues facing the Association and its members remain the same— promoting and facilitating equitable access to, and effective use of, recorded knowledge in support of teaching, research, scholarship, and community service—but the technological, economic, and social environments have been transformed. The information needs of the scholarly and research communities, of government and industry, have become more far- reaching and sophisticated, using technologies barely dreamed of in 1932 and extending into areas of knowledge that were unknown only a short time ago. That is the excitement of our world and a constant source of new opportunities and challenges. It is not always easy; the choices can be hard and the decisions difficult. But the basic tenet of the Association’s founding—cooperative action—remains a solid and effective basis for addressing the many issues facing research libraries. As ARL and its members look forward to the next 70 years, we are confident in our ability to serve, and serve well, the world of knowledge and scholarly communication.

Paula T. Kaufman, President

Duane E. Webster, Executive Director

October 2002 C ELEBRATING S EVENTY Y EARS

Contents

ASSOCIATION OF RESEARCH LIBRARIES: ABRIEF HISTORY ...... 6 by Lee Anne George and Julia Blixrud

Background ...... 6 ARL Statement of Values ARL Mission ARL Strategic Objectives

Scholarly Communication ...... 7 The Serials Crisis Office of Scholarly Communication Electronic Publishing Collaborative Efforts Open Access SPARC Advocacy and Education Institutional Repositories SPARC Europe

Federal Relations, Information Policies, Intellectual Property and Copyright ...... 10 Federal Relations Information Policy Intellectual Property and Copyright Court Cases and Legislation Appropriations

Collections, Access, and Resource Sharing ...... 13 Foreign Publications Special Collections Serials Cataloging Collection Analysis Resource Sharing Portals

Preservation ...... 17 Microforms Training Programs Digital Information

4 A SSOCIATION OF R ESEARCH L IBRARIES

Technology ...... 18 Coalition for Networked Information ARL Technology Infrastructure

Staffing, Management, and Leadership ...... 19 Office of Leadership and Management Services Online Lyceum Diversity Career Information

Statistics and Performance Measures ...... 21 Descriptive Statistics New Measures

Research and Development ...... 23

Membership and Governance ...... 23

Meetings, Communications, and Publications ...... 24

PLUS ÇA CHANGE: SIXTY YEARS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF RESEARCH LIBRARIES ...... 26 Remarks by David H. Stam on the Occasion of ARL’s 60th Anniversary, October 22, 1992

SELECTED ARL CHRONOLOGY ...... 33

MEMBERS AND LEADERS ...... 37

ARL Charter Members, 1932

Growth of ARL Membership

ARL Officers, 1932 and 2002

ARL Leadership, 1932–2002

ARL Presidents 1962–2002

5 C ELEBRATING S EVENTY Y EARS

Association of Research Libraries: A Brief History by Lee Anne George and Julia Blixrud, ARL

BACKGROUND ARL Statement of Values OR 70 years, the Association of Research Libraries There are certain basic values within the ARL (ARL) has addressed issues of concern to the enterprise that continue to be essential elements of library, research, higher education, and scholarly Association success. ARL’s mission and future communities. The Association was established at a strategies must build on and extend these values. Fmeeting in Chicago on December 29, 1932, by the Enduring beliefs that bring together Association directors of several major university and research members in common cause are: libraries who recognized the need for coordinated • Open and equitable access to information is action and desired a forum to address common a fundamental tenet of our society. problems. Forty-two libraries adopted a constitution • Research libraries are active agents central to that stated “the object shall be, by cooperative effort, to the process of the transmission and creation develop and increase the resources and usefulness of of knowledge. the research collections in American libraries.” On December 5, 1961, the Association was incorporated • Research libraries have a responsibility to under the laws of the District of Columbia and certified anticipate and prepare for the information that “the particular business and objects of the society needs of present and future users. shall be: Exclusively for literary, educational and • Collaboration among libraries improves the scientific purposes by strengthening research libraries.” prospects for individual library success in A grant from the National Science Foundation in 1962 fulfilling local needs. enabled the Association to establish a full-time secretariat in Washington, D.C., with a paid ARL Mission executive director and staff. ARL is a not-for-profit membership organization In 1987, a series of membership discussions led to comprising over 120 libraries of North American the construction of a vision statement that portrayed research institutions. The mission of the Association the future aspirations for the Association. Following is to shape and influence forces affecting the future the statement’s review by the membership and of research libraries in the process of scholarly adoption by the Board of Directors, ARL undertook a communication. ARL programs and services planning process to develop the Association’s strategy promote equitable access to, and effective use of, for the 1990s. These efforts culminated in a values recorded knowledge in support of teaching, research, statement and, based on those values, a new mission scholarship, and community service. The Association statement, revised programmatic objectives, and a set articulates the concerns of research libraries and 1 of financial principles to guide the ARL leadership. their institutions, forges coalitions, influences 6 A SSOCIATION OF R ESEARCH L IBRARIES information policy development, and supports Objective 8. Performance Measures innovation and improvement in research library To describe and measure the operations. ARL operates as a forum for the performance of research libraries exchange of ideas and as an agent for and their contributions to teaching, collective action. research, scholarship, and community service. ARL Strategic Objectives To support the renewed values, mission, and Objective 1. Scholarly Communication & objectives, a new framework of capabilities was Information Policies developed that has mobilized considerable growth of To understand, contribute to, and Association activities over the last decade. The improve the system of scholarly current ARL agenda has its roots in this framework communication and the information and continues to be guided by it. policies that affect the availability and usefulness of research resources. SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATION Objective 2. Access to Research Resources The Serials Crisis To make access to research resources ARL has demonstrated a long-standing interest in more efficient and effective. issues of scholarly communication, particularly in Objective 3. Collection Development the economics of scholarly publishing. Concerned To support member libraries’ efforts with the rapidly increasing volume and price of to develop and maintain research scholarly journals, the ARL Statistics Committee collections, both individually and began collecting more precise data on serials in the aggregate. acquisitions in the 1980s that graphically Objective 4. Preservation demonstrated the seriousness of the serials prices To support member libraries’ efforts problem and its impact on library budgets. ARL has to preserve research collections, both maintained this trend data for monograph and serial individually and in the aggregate. costs since 1986. The data show in dramatic fashion the increasing unit cost of serials and the significant Objective 5. Technology decrease in monograph purchasing by research To assist member libraries to exploit libraries. technology in fulfillment of their After several years of significant increases in the mission and assess the impact of price of journals, ARL commissioned two studies to educational technologies on identify factors contributing to the rising costs and to scholarly communication and suggest possible remedies. The first study reviewed on the role of research libraries. price data of four major commercial publishers Objective 6. Staffing against estimated publishers’ costs. The report found To identify on an ongoing basis that from 1973–87, publishers’ profits increased the capabilities and characteristics between 40 percent and 137 percent. The results required for research library indicated that cost increases did not justify the price personnel to best serve their increases paid by research libraries. The second constituencies, and to assist member study identified multiple factors that contributed to libraries and educational programs the serials crisis and outlined the effects the crisis in the recruitment, development, was having on library collections and the future of and effective use of staff. scholarship in North America. Objective 7. Management Three recommendations were made as a result To assist member libraries in of these two investigations. First, that ARL lead augmenting their management efforts with external constituencies to communicate capabilities. the nature of the problem and the actions needed to 7 C ELEBRATING S EVENTY Y EARS address the causes of it. Second, that ARL orchestrate directory—from 110 titles and 517 discussion lists in actions to introduce greater competition to the 1991 to 5,375 titles and 3,807 lists in 1997—illustrated commercial publishers. Third, that ARL form a the significant growth in e-journal publishing. The partnership with scholarly groups to examine the last edition, Directory of Scholarly Electronic Journals scholarly publishing process and to find ways to and Academic Discussion Lists (2000), limited the list manage the explosion in research and knowledge of electronic journals to those that are peer-reviewed and the concomitant explosion in publishing. and still included more than 3,900 titles. Since 1996, OSC has offered publications, workshops, and Office of Scholarly Communication satellite teleconferences to help guide libraries in Following the release of these two studies in the negotiating license agreements for access to these 2 Report of the ARL Serials Pricing Project in 1989 , the and other electronic resources. membership voted to establish a formal office to address their concerns. The Office of Scientific and Collaborative Efforts Academic Publishing (OSAP) was established in Since the range of scholarly communication issues 1990 to understand and influence the forces affecting extends far beyond libraries, ARL collaborates with the production, dissemination, and use of scientific others in the higher education and publishing and technical information. During its existence, the communities to transform the nature of the current office’s agenda has expanded to address all forms scholarly communication system. A brief description of scholarly information. In 1995, the name was of some of these efforts in just the last decade shows changed to the Office of Scholarly Communication the breadth and complexity of the issues. In the early (OSC) to reflect the broadened scope. The office 1990s, OSAP partnered with the Association of promotes innovative and affordable ways of sharing American University Presses (AAUP) on a series of scholarly findings, particularly through new four symposia on scholarly publishing in electronic 4 electronic techniques. networks. The Association of American Universities To build a better understanding of the evolving (AAU) collaborated with ARL in a two-year effort to publishing environment, OSC tracks mergers and explore how the education community might acquisitions in the scholarly publishing arena and respond to the issues identified through the continues its efforts with antitrust authorities to raise University Libraries and Scholarly Communication awareness of library concerns about the increased study on the economics of research libraries that was consolidation of the publishing industry. OSC is conducted by The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation 5 working to build a collaborative capacity for data in 1992. Task forces were formed to study needs collection and maintenance that will provide in the areas of foreign acquisitions, scientific and libraries with the information necessary to support technological information, and intellectual property. anti-trust arguments and advance other educational Reports of their findings were published by ARL 6 and advocacy initiatives related to scholarly in 1994. communication. In 1995, the Council on Library Resources (CLR), the State University of New York at Albany, the Electronic Publishing Coalition for Networked Information (CNI), the Early on, ARL recognized that the Internet was National Association for State Universities and Land changing the way scholarly information was Grant Colleges (NASULGC), and ARL co-sponsored delivered and began tracking the growth of a conference to address solutions to problems in the 7 electronic journals and discussion lists. In 1991, economics of information. OSC jointly sponsored a OSC began production of an annual directory of conference with the American Council of Learned these journals and discussion lists that was available Societies (ACLS) and AAUP to focus on the plight of 8 both in print and as a searchable, online database. the specialized scholarly monograph in 1997. Each directory also included an essay identifying With AAU and the Institute for Research on 3 current themes in electronic publishing. The Higher Education at the University of Pennsylvania, increasing number of entries in each year’s OSC collaborated on a Pew Higher Education 8 A SSOCIATION OF R ESEARCH L IBRARIES

Roundtable on Managing Intellectual Property to agenda to promote open access. Activities were 9 move the community from discussion to action. identified in seven major areas: education, advocacy, ARL co-sponsored a second roundtable with AAU legal, legislative, new funding models, global and the University of Kansas in 2000 that resulted alliances, and research. The task force also identified in a set of “Principles for Emerging Systems of essential partners to engage in these efforts, Scholarly Publishing” that are being used widely including scholars and scientists, the higher to generate discussion and action on campuses education and library associations, university 10 throughout North America. In addition, a third counsels, scholarly societies, and numerous others. roundtable co-sponsored with the National In addition, the ARL Board supported ARL signing Humanities Alliance and the Knight Higher on to the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI). Education Collaborative in March 2001 addressed This initiative seeks to accelerate progress in the issues specific to scholarly communication in the international effort to make research articles in all humanities and social sciences. academic fields available on the public Internet at no Because both the publishing industry and the cost to the user. Hundreds of individuals and research community are global, OSC began working organizations around the world, including scientists with colleagues in the newly formed International and researchers, universities, laboratories, libraries Scholarly Communications Alliance (ISCA) to and library organizations, foundations, journals, develop an agenda for addressing scholarly publishers, and learned societies have signed communications issues globally. In February 2002, the initiative. research library associations in Australia, Canada, Europe, Japan, Hong Kong SAR, New Zealand, the SPARC United Kingdom, and the United States announced OSC, in support of the efforts of several ARL they had formed an action-oriented global network member leaders, was instrumental in establishing that will collaborate with scholars and publishers to the Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources establish equitable access to scholarly and research Coalition (SPARC) in 1998. SPARC is an alliance of publications. universities, research libraries, and organizations built as a constructive response to market Open Access dysfunctions in the scholarly communication system Motivated by the decreasing ability of research that have reduced dissemination of scholarship and libraries to provide access to the world’s increasing crippled libraries. SPARC serves as a catalyst for output of scholarly information, ARL has invested action to create a system that is more responsive to significant resources to ensure equitable access to the needs of scholars and academe. Today, SPARC and effective use of recorded knowledge in support has approximately 240 member institutions in of teaching, research, scholarship, and community North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia and service. In early 2002, an ad hoc task force composed is affiliated with major library organizations in of representatives from the Working Group on Australia, Canada, Denmark, New Zealand, the Copyright Issues, the Scholarly Communication UK and Ireland, and North America. Committee, the Information Policies Committee, SPARC’s agenda focuses on enhancing broad and the ARL Board met to review ARL’s strategy for and cost-effective access to peer-reviewed managing intellectual property in the best interests scholarship. This objective is pursued via three of the academic community and the public. The task strategic thrusts. The first is incubation of force recommended that ARL promote “open access competitive alternatives to current high-priced to quality information in support of learning and commercial journals and digital aggregations. This scholarship.” Open access, in this context, refers to is implemented by publisher partnership programs works created with no expectation of financial and advisory services that promote competition for remuneration available at no cost to the reader on authors and buyers, demonstrate alternatives to the the public Internet for purposes of education and traditional journal business model, and stimulate research. The task force developed a five-year action expansion of the non-profit sector’s share of overall 9 C ELEBRATING S EVENTY Y EARS scholarly publishing activity. The second is public facilitate efforts that have the potential to move advocacy of fundamental changes in the system scholarly publishing toward this outcome. In 2002, and the culture of scholarly communication. SPARC took a step toward this goal with the release This encompasses outreach targeted at various of a major white paper, “The Case for Institutional stakeholder groups (e.g., librarians, faculty, and Repositories: A SPARC Position Paper.” ARL, editorial boards), as well as ongoing communi- SPARC, and CNI, have also sponsored a forum for cations and public relations activities that publicize academic and research library and IT directors on the key issues and initiatives. The advocacy thrust cultural and management dimensions of establishing leverages the impact of SPARC’s publishing an institutional repository to house faculty works, partnerships, providing broad awareness of the such as articles, data sets, images, video, and possibilities for change and emboldening scholars courseware. to act. The third is education campaigns aimed at enhancing awareness of scholarly communication SPARC Europe issues and supporting expanded institutional and SPARC’s successful advocacy and education scholarly community roles in and control over the programs have attracted notice far beyond North scholarly communication process. America. As a result, delegates at the 2001 LIBER annual meeting in London voted unanimously for Advocacy and Education LIBER to serve as the umbrella organization for In 2000, OSC, SPARC, and the Association of College SPARC Europe, a new enterprise to facilitate and Research Libraries launched the Create Change competition in the European scientific journals educational campaign to help faculty transform the marketplace and introduce advocacy initiatives system of scholarly communication. The campaign tailored to the European research and library provides content, tools, and strategies to inform communities. Several national organizations and faculty on the issues and to encourage them to take institutions in Europe joined with LIBER to sponsor specific actions that can help change the system. In the startup of SPARC Europe, which was formally 2001, SPARC and the Triangle Research Libraries launched from its new office in Oxford, England, Network (TRLN) launched Declaring Independence: in 2002. A Guide to Creating Community-Controlled Science Journals, a how-to handbook and Web site that EDERAL ELATIONS NFORMATION guides editors and editorial board members of F R , I OLICIES NTELLECTUAL ROPERTY scientific journals toward responsible journal P , I P AND OPYRIGHT publishing. This was followed in 2002 by Gaining C Independence: A Manual for Planning the Launch of a Federal Relations Nonprofit Electronic Publishing Venture. It was no accident that the ARL offices were established in Washington, D.C. Research libraries Institutional Repositories are part of a larger community of higher education SPARC has launched a vigorous international and scholarly societies that tended, in the 1960s, to drive for creation of “institutional repositories” for congregate offices in the nation’s capital to influence scholarship. Such repositories offer an immediate federal policy. Initially, ARL rented space in a large and valuable complement to the existing scholarly row house at 1527 New Hampshire Avenue near publishing model, while stimulating innovation that Dupont Circle. The building was and still is owned will cause the publishing structure to evolve and and occupied by the American Political Science improve over time. SPARC envisions a long-term Association (APSA). Until ARL outgrew the space in scenario in which scholarly and scientific research is 1993, APSA was an important landlord. Physical openly available to users through interoperable proximity helped the staffs of both organizations to institutional and disciplinary repositories, hosted by understand their constituencies better and to see universities, societies, and consortia. SPARC’s goal where interests were shared and in some cases during the next several years is to encourage and intertwined. The collegial relationship between 10 A SSOCIATION OF R ESEARCH L IBRARIES

ARL and APSA laid the groundwork for ARL to Information Policy connect with the leaders of other scholarly societies, To influence information policy issues, the Federal higher education, and not-for-profit associations in Relations and Information Policy program works order to engage them in issues raised by the with various agencies and offices including the transformation of the system of scholarly National Science Foundation, United States communication. Geological Survey, Government Printing Office, Since one of ARL’s key roles is to represent Office of Science and Technology Policy, Institute members’ interests before Congress and other for Museum and Library Services, the Office of federal agencies, the Association has a history of Management and Budget, and others. The program engagement with federal legislation affecting also participates in the Library Services and information policies and appropriations. Initially, it Technology Act reauthorization coalition that is was exclusively the role of the executive director to composed of representatives from library associations monitor developments and look for occasions when and other parts of the library community. Through the interests of research libraries should be the Canadian Association of Research Libraries articulated before the federal government. In some (CARL), the Federal Relations program monitors years, trying to influence legislation was an all- Canadian information policies. In 2000, the ARL consuming activity for the Association’s executive membership endorsed a direct investment in a director and elected officers. For example, the Canadian-based advocacy effort led by CARL. executive director and member libraries played By the early 1990s, research libraries, especially major roles in the seven years of deliberations that those that were depositories for U.S. government led to the 1976 revision of the U.S. Copyright Law. documents, were receiving large quantities of By the early 1980s, ARL members concluded that geographical spatial reference information in the range of federal relations issues was expanding electronic form. But many libraries lacked the system enough to warrant a dedicated program to follow components necessary to allow the information to be and analyze these developments. In 1984, ARL used effectively. The Federal Relations program, in added a Federal Relations Program Officer to focus partnership with Environmental Systems Research on the wide array of issues. At the time, in addition Institute, Inc. (ESRI), launched the Geographic to matters related to copyright, some of the more Information Systems (GIS) Literacy Project in 1992. dominant issues confronting research libraries This multi-phased project has been introducing, included: reauthorization of the Higher Education educating, and equipping librarians with the skills Act (especially Title II-C, Strengthening Research necessary to provide access to digital cartographic Library Resources); changes in the rates charged to and spatially referenced data. In 1995, the project libraries for telecommunication services; proposed expanded participation to Canadian libraries. ARL restrictions on public access to government also was represented in discussions leading to the information and on government agency roles in development of a national spatial data standard. disseminating information; and federal support for preservation of research resources. Intellectual Property and Copyright In 1996, the Federal Relations Program Officer In the early 1990s, the ARL Board of Directors registered as a lobbyist. The current Federal identified intellectual property and copyright Relations program tracks activities of legislative, as defining issues for the future of scholarly regulatory, and government agencies and related communications and research libraries. In response, organizations in North America and abroad that the Association developed a five-year strategic plan impact research libraries. The program analyzes, on copyright and intellectual property issues and responds to, and seeks to influence information, established the Working Group on Copyright Issues. intellectual property, and telecommunications During this decade, the Association participated in policies; promotes funding for numerous U.S. the Conference on Fair Use (CONFU) and was agencies and national institutions; and advances instrumental in assuring that the rights of both ARL positions that reflect member interests. owners and users of copyrighted materials could be 11 C ELEBRATING S EVENTY Y EARS accommodated in the World Intellectual Property of other organizations and alliances including DFC Organization (WIPO) treaty discussions. In addition, and the National Humanities Alliance (NHA). the Association worked to ensure that the Digital ARL also works collaboratively with the six Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) also balanced major presidential associations—the American owner and user rights and addressed term extension Association of Community Colleges (AACC), and database legislation on behalf of the library American Association of State Colleges and community. While these issues have been a priority Universities (AASCU), Association of American for several years, activity has accelerated in recent Universities (AAU), American Council on Education years because of developments in the U.S. Congress, (ACE), National Association of Independent state legislatures, and the courts. Colleges and Universities (NAICU), and National As part of the Association’s interest in raising Association of State Universities and Land Grant library and scholarly community awareness of issues Colleges (NASULGC)—on national policies associated with copyright and intellectual property governing digital networks, intellectual property, management, the Federal Relations program and information technology. participates in a number of collaborative efforts The Database Coalition is composed of members to advance its agenda in these critical areas. For of the leading library associations and higher example, ARL was instrumental in establishing the education community, high-tech portals such as Digital Future Coalition (DFC) composed of a Yahoo! Inc., financial services companies such as diverse constituency of library, education, legal, Bloomberg Financial Markets and Charles Schwab scholarly, consumer, and public interest associations; and Company, Inc., and telecommunications hardware and software manufacturers; and companies such as AT&T. In partnership with this telecommunications providers. DFC members ad hoc coalition, ARL supports balanced, narrowly share many common concerns with copyright and targeted legislation that would provide additional intellectual property legislation and the Uniform protections to databases. Computer and Information Transactions Act (UCITA) and believe that any legislation must strike Court Cases and Legislation a balance between owners, users, and creators In 2001, the Federal Relations program represented of copyrighted works. ARL is also a member of ARL interests in a number of amici curiae briefs that Americans for Fair Electronic Commerce were filed in copyright and intellectual property Transactions (AFFECT), a broad-based coalition of court cases. ARL and ALA filed an amici curiae brief end-users and developers of computer information in the case of The New York Times v. Tasini to present and technology opposed to UCITA. the library perspective to the U.S. Supreme Court In 1995, in response to a growing focus on concerning the practical effects of the issues at stake copyright and intellectual property issues in the in the case. The brief supported the authors as did the national and international arenas, ARL formed the Supreme Court ruling in favor of Tasini. ARL, ALA, Shared Legal Capability (SLC) with the American the American Association of Law Libraries, and the Library Association (ALA), the American Medical Library Association filed an amici curiae Association of Law Libraries (AALL), the Medical brief in support of the National Geographic Society Library Association (MLA), and the Special Libraries petition for certiorari before the U.S. Supreme Court Association (SLA). SLC seeks to ensure a unified in the case of Greenberg v. National Geographic Society. voice and common strategy for the library The court declined to hear the case. community in responding to and developing Several court cases provided visibility to Section proposals to amend copyright and intellectual 1201 of the DMCA, the provision concerning anti- property law and policy for the digital environment. circumvention of technical protection measures. To help educate the community, SLC sponsors ARL, together with ALA, DFC, the American Civil teleconferences on key issues such as the DMCA, Liberties Union, and others, filed an amici curiae UCITA, the USA PATRIOT Act, and related brief in the case Universal City Studios v. Eric Corely initiatives. SLC collaborates closely with a number et al.—commonly known as the “DVD case”—to 12 A SSOCIATION OF R ESEARCH L IBRARIES address First Amendment and fair use concerns National Library of Medicine, the National raised in the case. Endowment for the Humanities, the Library of The Sony Bono Copyright Term Extension Act Congress, the National Archives and Records extended the term of copyright from life of the Administration, the Institute for Museum and author plus 50 years to life plus 70 years. The court Library Services, and the Government Printing case Eldred v. Ashcroft challenges the constitutionality Office Superintendent of Documents. of the Act. The U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear the case in 2002. In support of the challenger’s case, OLLECTIONS CCESS the five major national library associations and ten C , A , AND ESOURCE HARING other groups submitted an amici curiae brief. In R S By focusing on both local and collaborative addition to showing how the law exceeds the strategies, the Collections Services program “limited times” of protection authorized by the enhances the availability of ARL member libraries’ Constitution’s Copyright Clause, the brief highlights collections, regardless of their location. Over the the substantial harms that flow from keeping works years, the program’s efforts have included under copyright protection almost perpetually, improving the structures and processes for effective thereby stifling the public domain. cooperative collection development, along with Results of the implementation of the DMCA access to digital resources; collaboration with other were a major focus of the program during 2001. The organizations in collections-related projects, both in U.S. Copyright Office released the DMCA Section 104 Report on the impact of the DMCA and electronic North America and internationally; attention to commerce and associated technologies on Sections general issues of collections policies and budget 109 and 117 of the Copyright Act in August. In the management; and the promotion of government report, the Registrar of Copyrights recommended no and foundation support for collections of national change in the law, especially with respect to prominence in the United States and Canada. extending the first sale doctrine into the digital age. In 2002, Digital Rights Management systems Foreign Publications (DRMs) emerged as a critical concern for libraries. One of the first and most influential activities Several recent developments have focused attention of the Association was in the area of collection on the impact of DRMs on access to and use of development, bibliographic control, and resource electronic resources. Several DRM related bills have sharing. Libraries, and research libraries in been introduced in Congress and are under active particular, recognized the importance of sharing consideration while the FCC has been asked to both their expertise and their resources in order to consider issues relating to redistribution of digital improve operations and extend services. This was broadcasts over the Internet. In addition, an industry especially the case for foreign-language publications. The Farmington Plan was particularly important in group is moving ahead with efforts to develop rights 11 language that could end up as the standard in a the Association’s early history. Proposed in 1942 by government mandated DRM system. Efforts are a committee of the Librarian’s Council of the Library underway in higher education to develop DRMs that of Congress, it was sponsored by ARL in 1944 and would meet the needs of the research, networking, began operation in 1948. The plan was a voluntary and library communities. agreement under which some 60 libraries attempted to bring to the United States at least one copy of each Appropriations new foreign monograph of research value. Although Since its beginning, the Association has had a role in important in its time for making foreign books advocating appropriations for U.S. government available in the U.S., by 1972 tensions between agencies that have an impact on scholarly cooperative collection responsibilities and information. The program currently works in institutional priorities, the complexities of the support of appropriations for the National Science subject allocations, the high costs of acquiring and Foundation, the National Agricultural Library, the processing materials, and the perceived inclusion of 13 C ELEBRATING S EVENTY Y EARS materials marginal to local interests all contributed (May 2002) and the development of the next phase to the decision to terminate the Farmington Plan. of activities and a new funding structure for the The importance of foreign materials to research program. The meeting signaled a reaffirmation of the libraries continued to be of concern to the importance of global resources, the growing need to Association. In 1968, with a grant from the Ford maintain and develop collections and services, and Foundation, ARL established its Center for Chinese strong support for a continued close relationship Research Materials (CCRM), to help bring rare and with the AAU in efforts to expand the GRP. scattered Chinese materials to libraries at a reasonable cost. The Center became a separate Special Collections organization in 1986. The ARL Foreign Acquisitions For most research libraries, special collections are a Program, begun in 1991 with support from The point of considerable pride. Indeed, these collections Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, assessed the state are what distinguish and differentiate research of global resources in research libraries in North libraries. ARL conducted surveys of special America. The project found a pattern of retrenchment collections in member libraries in 1979 and 1998. across most collecting areas and an aggregate The goals of the 1998 survey were to equip members reduction on the number of unique titles acquired to protect and promote special collections as an from overseas. A variety of strategies to monitor essential element of research libraries; to articulate 12 and respond to this situation were recommended. the role of special collections within the library In 1995, the ARL Board approved the strategic plan program; and to visibly integrate special collections for the AAU/ARL Global Resources Program (GRP) with the goals of the library and the university. The 13 as part of the Association’s collections activities. survey results, which were published in 2001, Funding came from The Andrew W. Mellon found that special collections constitute a vast and Foundation. This program’s principal goals are to varied resource that is growing not only in size, but improve access to international research resources also in scope. The symposium “Building on Strength: and help libraries contain costs. Developing an ARL Agenda for Special Collections” Among the program’s components are: a set of brought together ARL directors, special collections six regional projects; multiple digitization efforts; the librarians, invited scholars, and guests to discuss the identification of lead institutions responsible for status of special collections, explore their potential collecting and preserving materials, as well as for enhancing research and education, and address developing digital repositories and linkages; efforts the factors that facilitate or impede the realization to ensure a future supply of area library specialists of this potential. with both strong subject and technical knowledge; A new ARL Special Collections Task Force was and partnerships with libraries, associations, and formed in late 2001 and charged to engage and other organizations in North America and abroad advance the agenda that emerged from the “Building to facilitate the awareness and use of international on Strength” symposium. This group brings together resources. The six projects within the program are: ARL directors and special collections librarians, Latin Americanist Research Resources Project; including representatives of the ALA Rare Books German Resources Project; Japan Journal Access and Manuscripts Section (RBMS) and the Society of Project; Digital South Asia Library Project; Southeast American Archivists (SAA). The task force will Asian Journals Project; and Cooperative African develop a report and an action plan that addresses Newspapers Project. A Slavic document delivery key points in the symposium agenda, including: project is under development. enhancing access to collections and backlogs; In June 2002, directors and AULs of 37 ARL coordinating planning for collecting 19th and 20th member libraries met to discuss priorities for the century materials and those in new formats; defining program and to advise on its future directions. Nine core competencies among special collections institutions also pledged funds to support a part- librarians and creating training opportunities; time program officer at ARL to bridge the gap and incorporating special collections topics into between the full expenditure of Mellon grant funds the agenda of ARL standing committees. 14 A SSOCIATION OF R ESEARCH L IBRARIES

Serials Cataloging and collecting intensity through a survey using ARL was instrumental in establishing CONSER worksheets based on the Library of Congress’s (CONversion of SERials) in the early 1970s when classification scheme. The project’s long-term goal many of its members were converting manual was to develop an online North American inventory serial catalogs into electronic databases. An ARL of research collections that could assist scholars in committee on union lists recognized the importance locating materials needed to support their research. of collectively working together to create a national As a corollary result, the inventory was expected to database that would support local cataloging efforts. enhance coordinated maintenance of these vital Managed by the Library of Congress with funding resources. In the early 1990s, the Western Library from CLR, the project evolved into an ongoing Network (WLN) developed PC-based software that program to create and maintain high quality enables libraries to create and/or maintain a local bibliographic records for serials. In 1983, ARL began collection assessment database. Currently, the CONSER Abstracting and Indexing Coverage OCLC/WLN offers conspectus-derived Collection Project, which added information about indexed Assessment and Analysis Services. and abstracted titles to the CONSER database. This project, cooperatively developed with the National Resource Sharing Federation of Abstracting and Information Services Between 1989 and 1992, the Association recognized and the Library of Congress, was an early precursor that resource sharing concerns had moved beyond to the recognition of the importance of linking bibliographic control. In 1992, the Access to bibliographic references to library catalogs. Today’s Information Resources Committee was established hyperlinking between and among databases is a to address the growing array of issues. The current manifestation of the ideas first presented in that ARL Access Services program works to strengthen project 20 years ago. In keeping with its evolutionary interoperability among library systems and to process, the CONSER Project was renamed in 1986 as promote policies that increase user access to the CONSER (Cooperative ONline SERials) Program. information both onsite and remotely in order to The database resides within the OCLC Online Union promote resource sharing among research libraries Catalog and CONSER members worldwide now and minimize costs. contribute, authenticate, and modify serial cataloging Interlibrary loan activity was an early focus of records for the collective benefit of libraries. the program. Data collected by ARL since 1986 shows the significant and growing reliance on Collection Analysis borrowing materials to support research activities. To assist individual libraries in reviewing, In 1994, the program developed a strategic direction describing, evaluating, and analyzing their collection statement that articulated the basic and ultimate program, the Collection Analysis Project (CAP) was goals of its ongoing activities. A centerpiece of the developed during 1977–78 and underwent several program was the North American Interlibrary Loan years of testing and refinement. CAP employed an and Document Delivery (NAILDD) Project. This assisted self-study process. From its inception, about project was initiated in 1993 to facilitate the 20 ARL libraries completed the self-studies, and a development of standards, software, and system significant number of member libraries used CAP design capabilities to improve interlibrary loan and resources and methodology. CAP continues to offer a document delivery services for users and to make useful structure and conceptual framework for the them more cost effective for research libraries. The study of collection management by research and NAILDD Project involved the collaboration of over other academic libraries. 40 key ILL/DD vendors and system suppliers. In 1983, working with the Research Libraries A key standard that the Access program has Group (RLG), ARL began the North American worked to advance is the International Standards Collections Inventory Project (NCIP). The project Organization (ISO) ILL Protocol. At the 2001 IFLA used the RLG Conspectus, a tool for making an Conference in Boston, five vendors exchanged inventory of a library’s existing collection strengths ISO ILL messages to an overflow crowd of over 15 C ELEBRATING S EVENTY Y EARS

70 librarians from more than a dozen countries. This and deliver licensed and openly available digital was an historic moment, as it represented the first content across a broad range of subject fields and time that more than two vendors exchanged ILL from multiple institutions. Members of the working messages. This workshop demonstrated the group agreed early on that it would not be desirable successful implementation by these five vendors as for ARL to develop the tool itself but rather to well as other members of the NAILDD Project’s ILL identify potential partners with whom to collaborate Protocol Implementors Group (IPIG). The Access in the tool’s development. The working group program also promotes use of the ISO ILL Protocol in conducted an environmental scan that identified a the AAU/ARL GRP Japan Journal Access Project wide range of companies and products that have and the German Resources Project. been described as “portals.” The Interlibrary Loan/Document Delivery On May 1, 2002, ARL announced the launch of (ILL/DD) Performance Measures Study was a the Scholars Portal Project, a three-year collaboration two-year effort to measure the performance of ILL between several ARL member libraries and Fretwell- departments in 119 North American research and Downing Inc. (FD). The goal of the Scholars Portal college libraries in 1995–96. The study, funded by Project is to provide software tools for an academic The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, examined four community to have a single point of access on the performance measures: direct cost; fill rate; turnaround time; and user satisfaction. The results Web to find high-quality information resources of the study were published as Measuring the and, to the greatest extent possible, deliver the Performance of Interlibrary Loan Operations in North information and related services directly to the 14 American Research and College Libraries in 1998. user’s desktop. The initial focus of the Scholars Techniques to implement the best practices of high- Portal Project will use FD’s ZPORTAL and several performing borrowing and lending operations in related FD products to deliver cross-domain research libraries were the basis for the “From Data searching of licensed and openly available content to Action” workshops. Over 400 librarians and in a range of subject fields and from multiple representatives from the commercial community institutions. Over the course of the three years, the attended the 12 workshops offered between October project will expand to include other services that 1998 and March 2001. ARL plans to update, replicate, improve user access to and use of information and expand the 1997 ILL/DD Performance Measures resources, such as integration of the searching tool Study to obtain current data on the performance within the local online learning environment for a of mediated and user-initiated interlibrary course and linkage to a 24/7 digital reference loan/document delivery operations in research service to consult with a reference librarian. and academic libraries. This 12-month project, With the beginning of the Scholars Portal Project, undertaken as part of ARL’s New Measures the Scholars Portal Working Group issued its final Initiative, will begin in September 2002. 15 report and recommended that it be disbanded and replaced with a working group on portal Portals applications. The new group, Portal Applications A Scholars Portal Working Group was established in Working Group, was established in May 2002. It 2000 to advance the concept of a collective research library presence on the Web. The concept was first fosters the definition and development of portals for identified at the 1999 ARL/OCLC Strategic Issues research libraries and the communities they serve, Forum in Keystone, Colorado, and was further and ensures ARL’s presence in discussions of similar articulated by Jerry Campbell in April 2000 in initiatives advocating the integration of information “The Case for Creating a Scholars Portal to the technology and content for the benefit of the Web: A White Paper.” During the first half of 2001, academic and research communities. The working the working group narrowed its focus to the group also monitors how libraries are applying development of specifications for a “super-discovery portal technology and seeks to identify common tool.” This tool would search, aggregate, integrate, issues or barriers to successful implementations. 16 A SSOCIATION OF R ESEARCH L IBRARIES

PRESERVATION In 1961, ARL endorsed a report and recommendations conducted under another CLR Microforms grant—this one on the bibliographic control of 17 Microreproduction projects were advocated at one microforms. Nearly all the recommendations were time by ARL as an important means of preserving carried out, chiefly by the Library of Congress, research materials. The Foreign Newspaper Project which established the National Register of was inaugurated in 1955 and handled by the Center Microform Masters (NRMM) in 1965. The Library for Research Libraries for ARL. Subscribers to the of Congress published the NRMM through 1984, at project could borrow microfilm copies of any of the which time the wide availability of catalog records more than 140 newspapers filmed or purchase in OCLC and RLIN made publication unnecessary. positive film copies. In 1958, a similar project for In 1986, ARL and the Library of Congress cooperated filming foreign official gazettes was started and on another project, this one to convert all of the managed by the New York Public Library. With monograph and serial preservation microform ARL in an advisory role, University Microfilms, Inc. master records listed in the NRMM to machine (UMI) took on a project for filming American readable format. The project, funded by the National doctoral dissertations. Beginning with the years Endowment for the Humanities, was completed in 1955-56, UMI also assumed publication of the Index 1997. More than 579,000 online records were created to American Doctoral Dissertations, which ARL, with as part of this project. These and other newer NRMM the help of a grant from the ACLS, had published as reports are now available online in the OCLC and Doctoral Dissertations Accepted by American RLIN databases. Universities on an annual basis for the years 1933 through 1955. Training Programs The Association’s concern for the preservation In the early 1980s, ARL provided some of the earliest of works on deteriorating paper also led to its training for preservation programs. Preservation important role in the development of the National Planning Program: An Assisted Self-Study Manual for Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections (NUCMC). Libraries, published in 1987 and revised in 1993, Two grants from CLR in the early 1960s enabled ARL provides a well-tested methodology for to fund studies that first analyzed the magnitude of comprehensive preservation planning and aims to the problem and then proposed a solution: the assist libraries with their efforts to establish or 18 establishment of a central agency, federally augment local preservation programs. The manual supported, to provide preservation services to is complemented by seven Preservation Planning research libraries using the best technical means Program Resource Guides that offer a conceptual available, to disseminate copies of what was framework to facilitate preservation decision making preserved, and to provide bibliographic control within specific program areas and serve to help 16 through the National Union Catalog. Late in 1965, libraries assess current practices. The seven guides the Library of Congress agreed to undertake a pilot address Staff Training and User Awareness in project in accordance with this proposal, and the Preservation Management, Options for Replacing project began in 1967 with further financial assistance and Reformatting Deteriorated Materials, Disaster from CLR. NUCMC has evolved into a free-of-charge Preparedness, Collection Maintenance and cooperative cataloging program operated by the Improvement, Organizing Preservation Activities, Library of Congress. NUCMC catalogers create Collections Conservation, and Managing a Library MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging) bibliographic Binding Program. records for manuscripts in eligible repositories (those In response to the dramatic changes that have lacking the means of creating their own catalog taken place in preservation over the past decade, records) for inclusion in the Research Libraries ARL has reasserted the importance of preservation Information Network (RLIN) database. Information as a fundamental responsibility of research libraries. about the manuscripts is available in RLIN and The ARL Committee on the Preservation of Research accessible to researchers throughout the world. Library Materials held retreats in June 2000 and 17 C ELEBRATING S EVENTY Y EARS

February 2001 to craft a new action agenda that digitizing activities, as well as institutional context was finalized in May 2001. The priorities focus on for the non-ARL libraries represented in the group. strengthening the commitment of ARL members to The ARL Preservation Statistics survey served as the preserve collections basic to an understanding of our basis for this inquiry. The second phase of the intellectual and cultural heritage through an active project, designed to document preservation needs, stewardship that enables current and future was undertaken through visits to 20 representative consultation and use of library resources. ARL and libraries, including six ARL member institutions. the University of Michigan cosponsored a conference The final report is due by the end of 2002. in March 2002 to educate the community on these ARL established a Web-based registry for high-priority preservation issues. Addressing descriptions of digital initiatives in or involving another priority item on its new action agenda, libraries. The Digital Initiatives Database was the preservation committee developed a statement developed in collaboration with the University of on the role and responsibilities of research libraries Illinois at Chicago in response to comments made in relation to preservation. The statement was during the October 1997 membership meeting approved by the committee at its May 2002 meeting calling for greater information sharing about 19 and subsequently approved by the ARL Board. lessons learned from ongoing digitizing projects. The ARL community is investigating how best Digital Information to employ the range of preservation strategies to As more research libraries become engaged in preserve born digital information and the artifact, 20 managing digital information, the focus of the when appropriate. The Preservation program will Preservation program has expanded to include work to encourage the best use of the array of identification of the challenges faced by libraries as preservation strategies presently available and they try to preserve expanding print collections, as support the development of promising new methods well as experiment with the use of digital technology and to develop preservation staff in ARL institutions. as a preservation medium. A survey on preservation and digitizing in ARL libraries was sent to members ECHNOLOGY in June 2000 to help the Preservation committee T identify specific issues that need to be addressed Coalition for Networked Information and actions that might be taken by ARL to advance As a strategic response to the realization that its preservation goals. Eighty-three ARL libraries telecommunications networks would play a major responded and the results were published in SPEC role in the reform and enrichment of teaching, Kit 262, Preservation and Digitization in ARL Libraries. learning, and education in the 21st century, ARL, In 2001, ARL staff worked with the Council on CAUSE, and EDUCOM formed the Coalition for Library and Information Resources (CLIR) and other Networked Information (CNI) in 1990. CNI is an library associations to conduct a survey of member organization dedicated to advancing the policies on preserving digital information. This transformative promise of networked information information will help inform the Library of Congress technology for the advancement of scholarly as it develops a plan for a National Digital communication and the enrichment of intellectual Preservation Program. productivity. In establishing CNI, the sponsor ARL has actively participated in an Institute for organizations recognized the need to broaden the Museum and Library Services (IMLS) project with community’s thinking beyond issues of network CLIR, the University Libraries Group, and the connectivity and bandwidth to encompass Regional Alliance for Preservation to research and networked information content and applications. document current conditions and challenges in Reaping the benefits of the Internet for scholarship, preservation programs in American college and research, and education demands new partnerships, research libraries. The first phase of the project, new institutional roles, and new technologies and conducted during the winter of 2002, focused on infrastructure. The Coalition seeks to further these collecting quantitative data on preservation and collaborations, to explore new roles, and to catalyze 18 A SSOCIATION OF R ESEARCH L IBRARIES the development and deployment of the necessary STAFFING, MANAGEMENT, technology base. AND LEADERSHIP The Coalition is supported by a task force of about 200 dues-paying member institutions Office of Leadership and Management Services Of critical importance to the future of research representing higher education, government, libraries is the availability of programs to support publishing, scholarly and professional societies, the continuous improvement of library organizations libraries, networking and telecommunications, and their leaders. The importance of effective library and information technology. CNI works on a wide organization was recognized as early as 1968 when range of issues structured around four themes: ARL and CLR began discussions on university developing and managing networked information library management problems. Subsequent content; transforming organizations and professions; discussions with the American Council on Education building technology, standards, and infrastructure; (ACE) led to the creation of the Joint Committee on and actively advocating networked information University Library Management. With funding from strategies. CLR, the committee sponsored a comprehensive study of university library management with the ARL Technology Infrastructure consulting firm Booz, Allen & Hamilton. The Telecommunications networks not only played a role objective of the study, which began in April 1969, in transforming education, they also transformed the was to identify opportunities to improve the ways way the Association conducts its business. CNI university libraries plan and use their resources. brought a network fileserver up on the Internet in A report on the study was published as Problems 21 fall 1991. This server provided e-mail for CNI and in University Library Management in 1970. Acting on ARL staff and access to Association information via the report recommendations, ARL created the Office FTP, Gopher, and a BRS/SEARCH full-text retrieval of University Library Management Studies and hired system. In 1994, this network connectivity provided a full-time director for the office. One of the first by CNI enabled ARL to implement a strategic goal of tasks of the office was to join with Booz, Allen & expanding the Association’s presence and outreach Hamilton in a detailed investigation of the through the Internet. A full-time Electronic Services organization and staffing of the libraries of Columbia University. The study was carried out in 1970–71 and Coordinator was hired and quickly developed an 22 ARL Gopher server that provided access to the full report was published in 1973. As a result of information on Association programs, services, and the study, CLR awarded the office a three-year grant to develop, test, and implement the Management publications. In 1998, ARL retired the Gopher service Review and Analysis Program (MRAP), a detailed and moved more than 3,000 documents to the Web. management self-study technique. In 2001, the Information Technology Support With the success of this program, the office soon capability was established to create, manage, and began to develop additional self-improvement expand ARL Internet services, including the Web programs that addressed core library programs, site, and support the computing needs of the including the Collection Analysis Program (CAP), Association. The capability advances Association the Preservation Planning Program (PPP), and the electronic publishing by making documents and Public Services Study (PSS). Subsequently, the office other resources of importance to the research library developed self-study programs that reached out community available online and by creating and beyond ARL to the broader academic community. maintaining a variety of databases that serve a wide Among these were the Academic Library Develop- range of member information needs. This supporting ment Program (ALDP), for medium-sized libraries, capability also fosters communication among the and the Planning Program for Small Academic ARL membership and with the public through the Libraries. creation and maintenance of dozens of electronic In 1988, the office became the Office of discussion lists. Management Services (OMS) in recognition of the 19 C ELEBRATING S EVENTY Y EARS office’s mission to provide service, not just studies, on management techniques, technology, and staff to research libraries and their staffs. The name development; and conducts other projects geared change to the Office of Leadership and Management toward solving the organizational and leadership Services (OLMS) in 1998 recognized the office’s long- problems of research libraries. standing commitment to developing library leaders, as well as organizations. Since 1976, the office has Online Lyceum developed an array of workshops, institutes, and To take advantage of the availability of new tools that help individuals become leaders in their technology and meet the demands for new forms of organizations. Through leadership training training, the ARL/OLMS Online Lyceum was programs, basic management skills are taught to established in 1999. A collaborative partnership new managers, and well-designed, professional between ARL’s Office of Leadership and leadership development opportunities are provided Management Services and Southern Illinois to higher-level leaders, particularly Associate University at Carbondale’s Instructional Support University Librarians. Since these programs began, Services, the Online Lyceum provides affordable and more than 20,000 participants have benefited. In innovative professional development opportunities addition, OLMS offers custom designed consulting via distance learning technology. The Online Lyceum services to address an individual library’s specific specializes in the development of interactive, Web- development needs. based learning that provides critical content and To support the organizational and leadership instruction related to issues and trends in research development programs, OLMS publishes libraries, including management skills and information on current operating practices and leadership development. In 2001, nearly 150 library policies in research libraries. Publications in its SPEC and information technology professionals took Kit series, for example, serve as guides for libraries advantage of these online learning opportunities. as they face ever-changing management problems as Several new courses have been developed for 2002. diverse as recruiting and retaining library staff, starting up new services such as electronic reserves Diversity and chat reference, reorganizing traditional library The need for support in the recruitment and training units to respond to changing service demands, and of librarians, especially minority librarians, was managing the security of collections and facilities. expressed as early as the 1960s and 1970s in funding Through the OLMS Collaborative Research and provisions of the Higher Education Act Title II-B. For Writing Program, participating librarians work with many years, OLMS worked with ARL members to ARL staff to design the surveys, evaluate the address their growing concerns about recruiting and responses, write the analysis, and edit the retaining a diverse workforce in research libraries. components of the completed SPEC Kit. Originally Two grants from the H. W. Wilson Foundation in established as an information resource for ARL 1990 and 1991 enabled OLMS to establish the project member libraries, the more than 270 titles in the “Meeting the Challenges of a Culturally Diverse SPEC Kit series now serve the needs of the library Workforce” and hire a part-time Diversity community worldwide. The writing program also Consultant. Demand for seminars, resource supports the Occasional Papers series and other materials, and consulting services on diversity topics writing projects. continued to grow. By 1993, the ARL membership OLMS is currently assisting research libraries to recognized the need for a full-time program to improve their management and service capabilities as address minority recruitment and retention. A grant they adapt to a changing world of scholarship and from the Gladys Krieble Delmas Foundation in 1994 information, new technological developments, and assured a stable beginning for the program. increasingly stringent economic conditions. To achieve Today, the Diversity program has two major these ends, OLMS offers consultation and assisted self- activities: the Leadership and Career Development study services; provides training opportunities on a Program (LCDP) and the Initiative to Recruit a variety of topics; publishes a wide range of materials Diverse Workforce. Both programs focus on the 20 A SSOCIATION OF R ESEARCH L IBRARIES recruitment and retention of persons from diverse new and transitioning professionals who are 23 racial, ethnic, and national backgrounds. Since interested in academic and research library careers. research supports the belief that successful The ARL Career Resources Online Service was recruitment and retention of minority personnel established in 1996 to provide job hunters with an depends in large measure on the work environment, easy-to-use tool for finding positions in ARL member climate issues must be an ongoing concern for libraries and to assist institutions in attracting a libraries. qualified, talented, and diverse applicant pool. LCDP prepares talented mid-career librarians It allows users to search a database of current of color for leadership roles and positions in the announcements by service category, region, state research library community. Since it was launched or province, or institution. Since its inception, the in 1997–98, the program has completed two service has hosted over 2,300 announcements from 24 successful offerings with a total of 38 participants. member and nonmember libraries alike. A combination of theory—presented by key leaders in the research library community—and experiential STATISTICS AND learning opportunities allow for exploration of ERFORMANCE EASURES critical issues facing leaders in the research library P M and higher education communities. Twenty Descriptive Statistics librarians, representing a variety of library One of the longest-running and most recognizable backgrounds, years of experience, and racial and activities of ARL is the statistics program. national origins, were selected to participate in the Quantitative and descriptive statistics have been 2001–2002 program class. New participants will be collected and published annually by ARL since recruited for 2003–2004. The Medical Library 1961–62. The publication ARL Statistics describes Association (MLA) has asked to participate in the the collections, expenditures, staffing, and service program and has proposed sponsoring two LCDP activities of the member libraries of ARL. Before participants from the medical library community 1962, annual statistics for university libraries were by providing mentors and financial support. collected by James Gerould, first at Minnesota and The Initiative to Recruit a Diverse Workforce later at Princeton. These data cover the years 1907–08 grants stipends to students from minority through 1961–62 and are now called the Gerould backgrounds to assist in the completion of their Statistics. The whole data series from 1908 to the MLS degree. Grantees agree to a minimum two-year present represents the oldest and most compre- working relationship with an ARL library upon hensive continuing library statistical series in graduation. Four stipends were awarded in 2000. In North America. 2001, the program focused on enhancing the base The ARL Annual Salary Survey, first published fund by seeking grant funds and other contributions. for 1972–73, currently compiles data for over 12,000 This activity will continue in 2002 and beyond. In professional positions concerning average, median, addition, four new grantees were selected for the and beginning salaries; salaries by position and 2002–2003 academic year. An advisory group of experience, sex, and race/ethnic background; and deans from ARL and other libraries and the ARL salaries in different geographic regions and sizes of Diversity Committee continue to provide guidance libraries. Published annually from 1992–93 to and support for the program. 1998–99, ARL Academic Law and Medical Library Statistics reported data on collections, expenditures, Career Information staffing, and user services in the law and medical The Diversity Program and OLMS have worked libraries of ARL university members. For the 2000–01 closely to create the Research Library Residency and edition, the publication was split into two parts, the Internship Program Database. The database lists ARL Academic Law Library Statistics and the ARL residency and internship information available on a Academic Health Sciences Library Statistics. Preservation broad range of career opportunities for future and Statistics, published annually since 1988–89, includes new professionals. This tool was created to attract data tables on personnel, expenditures, conservation 21 C ELEBRATING S EVENTY Y EARS treatment, preservation treatment, and preservation New Measures microfilming, as well as an in-depth analysis of data In 1999, the ARL Statistics and Leadership by size of library. In 2000, ARL Supplementary Committees and other interested member leaders Statistics, with data on the size and kind of member’s began what has become the ARL New Measures electronic resources, was first made available to the Initiative. The initiative is an effort to address the public, after being used since 1983 as a test for need to develop methods to measure how well collecting information on new measures in libraries. libraries meet institutional and user needs, and how Developing Indicators for Academic Library Performance: well libraries use their resources and services. One Ratios from the ARL Statistics, which presented 30 area of interest is how to measure user expectations selected ratios that describe changes in internal and perceptions of library services. The 1999–2000 library operations, as well as resources per faculty LibQUAL+™ pilot project tackled these questions. In and per student, for the ARL university libraries over 2000, ARL and Texas A&M were awarded a grant by a two-year period, was published for the years 1992 the U.S. Department of Education Fund for the through 1999. Those ratios can now be generated Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE) to from the interactive Web site that is maintained by continue development work on the LibQUAL+™ the Geospatial & Statistical Data Center at the protocol for three years. The goals of the project University of Virginia Library. include the development of tools and protocols for For many years, the traditional statistics projects, evaluating library service quality, development of ARL Statistics and the Salary Survey, were supported effective Web-based delivery mechanisms for those through volunteer efforts from member institutions. tools, identification of best practices in providing library service, and the establishment of an ongoing, Kendon Stubbs, of the University of Virginia, served cost-recovery, service quality assessment program at as the consultant for the main statistics and Gordon ARL. Forty-three university libraries from across the Fretwell, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, U.S. and Canada participated in the spring 2001 was the salary survey consultant. They were survey implementation and a total of 20,416 surveys instrumental in establishing the data collection were completed. The spring 2002 LibQUAL+™ activities and ensuring the consistent high quality survey was completed by more than 78,000 people at of the data. In 1994, the program was expanded to 164 libraries. include a full-time program officer and the data An outgrowth of the LibQUAL+™ project is the gathering activities were transferred in-house. development of a National Science Digital Library Activities increased substantially: additional surveys (NSDL) user-based assessment protocol. This new were undertaken; the statistics were made available project, a collaborative proposal from the Texas over the Web; more extensive custom reports were A&M University Libraries and ARL, was approved made available to members; and the Association for funding in November 2001 by the National became ever more active in other national library Science Foundation (NSF). Under the grant, ARL and and higher education data gathering efforts. Texas A&M will jointly receive funding over a three- The Association’s statistics and descriptive data year period to adapt the LibQUAL+™ instrument for about research libraries have been used both for use in the science, math, engineering, and comparative purposes and also to track the trends of technology education digital library community. investment in research libraries for the better part of Another area of interest is how to measure the th the 20 century ARL has also sought to look for collection and use of electronic resources. The ARL more than descriptive data. In the early 1980s, the E-Metrics project developed and tested selected Statistics Committee began to look for ways to statistics and performance measures to describe objectively measure organizational performance and electronic services and resources in ARL libraries; began to collect supplementary statistical data that engaged in a collaborative effort with selected provided information on a variety of measures database vendors to establish an ongoing means to including those that address access to information produce selected descriptive statistics on database 25 resources. use, users, and services; and developed a proposal 22 A SSOCIATION OF R ESEARCH L IBRARIES for external funding to maintain the development and to the ARL membership. The VPO program and refinement of networked statistics and provides a very visible staff development performance measures. In 2002, E-Metrics project opportunity for an outstanding staff member and participants will further develop and test the serves the membership as a whole by extending the proposed measures on electronic networked services capacity of ARL to undertake additional activities. and resources. The goal of the Higher Education Outcomes MEMBERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE Research Review Project is to investigate strategies ARL membership is invitational and has always for assessing the library’s value to the community been exclusively on an institutional basis. The and to explore the library’s impact on learning, membership stayed relatively stable for the first 25 teaching, and research. The Learning Outcomes years, growing from 42 in 1932 to only 55 by 1957. At Working Group, established to promote the project that time, it became apparent that the demographics objectives, is working to (a) identify assessment of higher education had changed during the decade expertise on campuses (these can be people who are following World War II, and the number of involved in the accreditation process at the institutions with research institutes and graduate institution level and/or departmental/professional programs had increased enormously. In 1962, when level); (b) work with national campus-wide surveys a secretariat was established in Washington, D.C., to identify which ARL institutions have participated 20 libraries were invited to join, and over the next in these efforts; and (c) work with the Standardized 26 years, 48 more libraries were added. ARL Assessment of Information Literacy Skills (SAILS) established quantitative criteria for membership research team at Kent State University for further in 1972 and modified the criteria in 1987. development of an instrument to measure After many years of handling membership information literacy skills. issues through the Board and ad hoc task forces, ARL established a standing committee for RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT membership in 1999. An impetus for the Many of ARL’s projects and programs could not establishment of the committee was an ARL Board have been accomplished without grant or contract task force recommendation to increase the emphasis support. The Association is particularly indebted to on qualitative and service measures in future the National Science Foundation, the National considerations of potential new member libraries. Endowment for the Humanities, The Andrew W. The agenda for the committee’s first meetings in Mellon Foundation, the Council on Library and 2000 included the development of a set of principles Information Resources, The Gladys Krieble Delmas and tenets for ARL membership, which were Foundation, The H. W. Wilson Foundation, the subsequently approved by the ARL Board; the Institute of Museum and Library Services, and the review and revision on qualifications and procedures Fund for the Improvement of Post Secondary for membership; responding to membership Education. Many of the early grant-funded projects application requests; and the development of focused on bibliographic control or preservation procedures to review current members that no 26 activities, while later projects supported technology, longer meet the membership criteria. copyright education, data gathering and statistics, Most of the 124 current members are academic and most recently scholarly communication. The libraries, the remainder are the national libraries of grants allow ARL to extend its reach by providing the United States and Canada, along with several funds to pursue developmental or other special public and special libraries with substantial, broad- 27 activities that can not readily be absorbed by ARL’s based research collections. The Board of Directors annual program budgets. ARL also has a Visiting is the governing and policymaking body for the Program Officer (VPO) program that allows staff Association. Each year, three directors from member from member libraries an opportunity to work with libraries are elected by the membership to serve on ARL on issues of interest to their home institution the 12-member board for three-year terms. The 23 C ELEBRATING S EVENTY Y EARS

Board elects a vice president/president elect from dues for the coming year and elects new Board among its members. The Executive Committee members. The spring meeting agenda is built around (president, vice president/president elect, and past a specific topic of concern to research libraries. president) annually appoints member directors to Minutes, and later Proceedings, of meetings 1–133 serve on standing committees, working groups, and are available in print. Proceedings since meeting advisory boards which oversee issues relating to 124 are available online. current priorities. In between Membership Meetings, the The current standing committees are Access Association communicates regularly with members to Information Resources Committee, Diversity and with the larger communities of higher education 28 Committee, Information Policies Committee, and libraries through a variety of channels, 29 Membership Committee, Preservation of Research including electronic and print publications. Library Materials Committee, Research Collections Committee, Research Library Leadership and Management Committee, Scholarly Communication MORE INFORMATION ON THE HISTORY OF ARL Committee, and Statistics and Measurement An engaging overview of the Association’s first Committee. The working groups and advisory 60 years is “Plus ça Change: Sixty Years of the boards are OLMS Advisory Group, Working Group Association of Research Libraries,” originally a on Copyright Issues, Working Group on Portal speech by David H. Stam. It may be found Applications, Collections and Access Issues Task elsewhere in this compilation and also online. Force, Special Collections Task Force, SPARC A more detailed history is Frank M. McGowan’s Steering Committee, and CNI Steering Committee. doctoral dissertation, The Association of Research In 2002, the Board decided to replace the Copyright Libraries 1932–62 (University of Pittsburgh, 1972). Issues Working Group with a new standing committee on Intellectual Property and Copyright. This new committee will be established in 2003.

MEETINGS, COMMUNICATIONS, AND PUBLICATIONS The primary forum for communication among members is the semi-annual Membership Meeting. On these occasions, the directors or deans of the member libraries gather to focus on a small number of issues that are of importance to North American research libraries. The programs and discussions at these meetings, formal and informal, have demonstrated themselves to be exceptionally valuable opportunities to establish and strengthen communications among member leaders. There are two Membership Meetings each year to transact business, provide a forum for discussion of emerging issues, and build the Association’s agenda. Since the 1970s, member representatives and invited guests have gathered at an October meeting in Washington, D.C., and a May meeting hosted by and near a member library. During the fall meeting, in addition to committee meetings and group discussion sessions, the membership approves the 24 A SSOCIATION OF R ESEARCH L IBRARIES

17 ENDNOTES Simonton, Wesley. The Bibliographic Control of Microforms. 1 Library Resources & Technical Services 1962, 6(1), 29–40. Strategy for the 1990s, Association of Research Libraries: 18 Washington, DC, 1991; 22 pp. Darling, Pamela. Preservation Planning Program: An Assisted Self

2 Study Manual for Libraries, Association of Research Libraries: Report of the ARL Serials Prices Project, Association of Research Washington, DC, 1993; 138 pp. Revised by Jan Merrill-Oldham Libraries: Washington, DC, 1989; 110 pp. and Jutta Reed-Scott.

3 19 Mogge, Dru. Seven Years of Tracking Electronic Publishing: The Responsibilities of Research Libraries for Preservation can be The ARL Directory of Electronic Journals, Newsletters and found at

Academic Discussion Lists. Library Hi Tech, 1999, 17(1), 17–25. 20 Reed-Scott, Jutta. Preserving Research Collections: A Collaboration

4 Between Librarians and Scholars, Association of Research Visions and Opportunities in Electronic Publishing: Proceedings of Libraries, Modern Language Association, and American the Second Symposium, Association of Research Libraries: Historical Association on behalf of the Task Force on the Washington, DC, 1993; 175 pp. . Gateways, Gatekeepers, and Roles 21 in the Information Omniverse: Proceedings of the Third Symposium, Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Inc. Problems in University Library Association of Research Libraries: Washington, DC, 1994; 176 Management, Association of Research Libraries. Washington, pp. . DC, 1970; 63 pp. 22 Filling the Pipeline and Paying the Piper: Proceedings of the Fourth Booz, Allen & Hamilton, Inc. Organization and Staffing of the Symposium, Association of Research Libraries: Washington, DC, Libraries of Columbia University: A Case Study, Redgrave 1995; 260 pp. Information Resources Corp., Westport, CN, 1973; 210 pp. 5 23 Cummings, Anthony M.; Witte, Marcia L.; Bowen, William G.; See .

Lazarus, Laura O.; Ekman, Richard H. University Libraries & 24 Scholarly Communication. Published by The Association of See . Research Libraries for The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation: 25 Washington, DC, 1992; 205 pp. . 26 scomm/mellon/> Current information about membership qualifications can be 6 Association of American Universities Research Libraries Project: found at . 27 Reports of the AAU Task Forces, Association of Research Libraries: For a list of members, see .

aau/frontmatter.html#TOC> 28 7 For a list of current services and communication channels, The Economics of Information in the Networked Environment, see .

Association of Research Libraries: Washington, DC, 1996; 218 29 pp. Edited by Meredith A. Butler, Bruce R. Kingma. For a complete list of ARL print publications, see

8 . Specialized Scholarly Monograph in Crisis or How Can I Get Tenure If You Won’t Publish My Book? Association of Research Libraries: Washington, DC, 1999; 169 pp.

9 To Publish and Perish. Policy Perspectives, 1998; 12 pp.

10 Case, Mary M. Principles for Emerging Systems of Scholarly Publishing. ARL: A Bimonthly Research Library Issues and Actions from ARL, CNI, and SPARC, 2000, 210, 1–4. ;

11 Wagner, Ralph D. A History of the Farmington Plan, The Scarecrow Press, Inc.: Lanham, Maryland, 2002.

12 Reed-Scott, Jutta. Scholarship, Research Libraries, and Global Publishing, Association of Research Libraries: Washington, DC, 1996; 160 pp.

13 Panitch, Judith M. Special Collections in ARL Libraries: Results of the 1998 Survey, Association of Research Libraries. Washington, DC, 2001; 123 pp.

14 Jackson, Mary E. Measuring the Performance of Interlibrary Loan Operations in North American Research & College Libraries, Association of Research Libraries: Washington, DC, 1998; 122 pp.

15 Scholars Portal Working Group Final Report, May 2002, may be found at .

16 Williams, Edwin E. Magnitude of the Paper-Deteriorization Problem as Measured by a National Union Catalog Sample. College & Research Libraries, 1962, 23(3), 499, 543. Williams, Gordon R. The Preservation of Deteriorating Books: An Examination of the Problem with Recommendations for Solution. Library Journal, 1966, 91(1&2), 52–56, 189–194.

25 C ELEBRATING S EVENTY Y EARS

Plus ça Change… Sixty Years of the Association of Research Libraries by David H. Stam, Syracuse University

What follows is an engaging overview of the Association’s may forget that we stand on the shoulders of giants, first 60 years, originally a speech by David H. Stam, it was lives of struggle which brought us to where we at the Association’s 121st Membership Meeting, are today. My theme tonight is that continuity October 22, 1992. between the early history of the Association and what we struggle with now, laced I hope with some of the N honor of our British colleagues here tonight, humor that helped our early predecessors to cope. I would like to begin with a morality tale well- As part of a committee charged with planning known in historical circles. The facts aren’t quite for this Diamond Jubilee, I agreed to do some right, but the story as told to me many years ago by historical sleuthing through the ARL Archives of the IProf. Max Savelle, an eminent American historian early years of the Association, now at the Library of from the University of Washington, concerned the Congress, in preparation for this talk. This too was a first meeting of the American Historical Association lesson in humility, for my time in Washington was to be held in the midwest, far from the eastern limited and the archives are extensive: forty-four establishment that had dominated that association manuscript containers through 1962 comprising for fifty years. At a cocktail party at the University of over 11,000 items, with additions of ca. 5000 and Wisconsin meeting in the mid-1930s, shortly after ca. 50,000 items in 1968 and 1979. Please note the ARL was organized, Harvard historian Samuel Eliot precise statistics. Since it took me about a day to Morison chatted with Wisconsin historian Merle browse through a single manuscript box, cope with Curti about their work. Morison, who was tall and LC’s new and admirably stringent rules of use, imposing, looked down on Curti, who though an renew my photocopy vendacard in the Law Library, intellectual giant was short of stature, and asked, balance the ease of photocopying against the time “How far east do you have to go to get to a good waiting for a free machine, etc., I hope you’ll be library?” Curti took no time to reply, “The British tolerant of the fragmentary nature of what follows. Museum”! Helping to synthesize what I did find, however, were That story may or may not tell us anything about the succinct minutes of the early meetings, and a fine the state of research libraries in this country when dissertation by Frank McGowan on the early history our Association was founded in 1932, but it does of the Association, which I am pleased to evoke an image of a changing bibliothecal map that acknowledge as a work which belongs in each has been filled in and redrawn constantly in the of our libraries. intervening period. It also provides a current lesson What strikes one most in going through some of in humility, and not the last, for however much we this material is the similarity of past and present 26 A SSOCIATION OF R ESEARCH L IBRARIES agendas. Apart from changing social issues such as and from 1932 to 1943, surely some kind of record in gender and race, the same issues recur constantly. long-suffering devotion. The forms of technology have changed, but the Staff folklore at headquarters tells the story of search for technologies to aid research libraries was Virginia Whitney, our first female president, certainly present. So were the topics of cooperation, introducing a resolution at a membership meeting serials, statistics, relationships to other organizations, in the late 1960s calling for the use of name badges, membership criteria, resource sharing, serials, “because, frankly gentlemen, you all look alike to bibliographical control, preservation, copyright, me.” For all the continuity we see in the access to public information, serial price increases, development of this Association, gender is and mirabile dictu, even dues. This afternoon we fortunately an area in which the language of discussed a modest dues increase of 15%, so you can discourse has changed. imagine the outcry in 1938 when they were raised by What could possibly substitute for this female 100% from $5 to $10, or again in 1944 when they absence but booze. Bill Dix once recalled the increased to $25 to help defray the editorial costs of abundance of Heaven Hill bourbon at his early Doctoral Dissertations. That increase was duly meetings of the Association. A bit later, in 1951, the protested by Dartmouth College and McGill, prospect of a meeting at the University of Princeton, and Kansas Universities. By 1962 dues Minnesota’s Center for Continuation Study, where had reached $200. The percentage increase in dues liquor sales were banned within a mile of the since 1932 as of today has now reached just under campus, caused a quiet panic for Executive Secretary 240,000%, or an average annual increase of 4000%. Charles David of the University of Pennsylvania: On the brighter side, we should note that members “What are the rules about any liquor? Is there a place in earlier days had to pay separately for their annual near by where it is available, or is there any rule dinners. The December 28, 1934, dinner at the about a moderate amount of it being brought into Cosmos Club here in Washington was $1.25 the Center? I imagine we have some members who exclusive of drinks. The 1951 meeting at the would find it a little difficult to go through with such University of Chicago cost $10.50 for two nights in a party for two days without any alcoholic facilities the dormitory and two days’ meals, topped in value, whatever.” I suspect, the following year at the University of Reading the files fills one with sympathy for the Iowa: “The University is reserving 50 beds in Association staff in the amount of detail its daily Hillcrest Dormitory at $2.00 per individual per mail had to cope with: menus for annual dinners, night…. Two beds to a room, pair off when you come representation at ceremonial events, various in…. The Hotel Jefferson can be endured if you do protocols, inappropriate inquiries about membership not wish to stay with the group in the dormitory.” (“Would the Rosicrucian Research Library be eligible By now you will have guessed that it was only for membership in the Association of Research men who were, in the memorable title by Julian Libraries?”), complaints about dues, the cyclical Moynihan, “Pairing Off” in Iowa City and at the navel-gazing about the organization, the periodical Cosmos Club. The early correspondence in the lists of periodical price increases, such things as the archives is filled with the discourse of men about April 1951 request for member’s names and men. With the exception of two acting librarians addresses from the “Miss a Meal Movement” in New from the midwest, all of the member representatives Delhi, as endorsed by Mahatma Gandhi. Executive were men. The two acting librarians were Effie A. Secretary Charles David graciously responded on Keefe, Acting Librarian of Northwestern University June 6: “I have read your letter of April 7th with from 1941 to 1944, and Grace von Warner, Acting interest and deep sympathy, but since the Librarian of the State University of Iowa who, if Association for Research Libraries is an exclusively McGowan’s biographical note is to be trusted, served scientific organization and does not in any way exist as acting librarian from 1922 to 1924, 1927 to 1930, for charitable purposes, I feel it would not be proper 27 C ELEBRATING S EVENTY Y EARS for me to give you a list of our membership.” membership of the Association of American Scientific perhaps, but I should note that the catalog Universities, possibly a half dozen other large entry at LC for the ARL Archives describes the university and public libraries offering wide and association as “literary-cultural.” Donald Gilchrist, rich facilities to scholars. This couldn’t be said of all Librarian of the University of Rochester, was our members of the Association of American first Executive Secretary, elected in absentia as so Universities…. I’m happy to enclose a list of the many were, in January of 1933. He too had some membership; and wish you luck in your pursuit of problems about describing just what we are, the research library.” especially in responding to probing questions from a That was not the end of the issue for Gilchrist; Columbia University Press official and from a library after the end of his tenure as Executive Secretary in student at George Washington University. In some of 1938, he received the following letter, dated March the more entertaining correspondence in the files, 29, 1939, from Wallace A. Jones of Washington, D.C.: Gilchrist tried to respond to two different requests “Dear Mr. Gilchrist: In connection with my work at for the definition of a research library. To the first he George Washington University, one of the professors replied on May 13, 1937, “I am very much at a loss to has asked me to obtain a definition of a ‘Research define the word ‘research’, particularly when applied Library.’ It will be appreciated if some member of in descriptive terms to libraries. I disclaim all your staff can furnish me with the desired responsibility for interpreting it as a part of the title definition.” of the association which I happen to be serving at March 31, 1939, Gilchrist to Jones: “Probably present as secretary.” nothing which the Association of Research Libraries Donald Porter Geddes of the Columbia Press has ever done in its six years of existence has was scarcely satisfied and replied to Gilchrist the aroused so many queries as the name which it next day: “I must admit that I had a premonition of selected. I don’t know what a research library is; I the sort of answer I would get…. Scholars and don’t even know how to define the word ‘research’. scholarly publishers seem to talk very glibly of It seems to be one of those words in the process of research libraries. I have even been guilty myself of modification through practice. I hear it used by my saying that there were fifty in the country. Where I son who does research (so he says) in a number of got the idea, I can’t say. But when I saw that there different fields for his first year in junior high school. was an Association of Research Libraries, I was quick Certainly, everybody in college does research, and to make inquiry…. I should add that Mr. Howson the faculty do Research [with a capital R]. [the Librarian at Columbia] has always discouraged “Personally and confidentially, I think the us from thinking that there was such a thing as a selection of that term for the association which research library. At least, he has said that he is comprises some forty-odd large university and unable to tell us what it is. Nevertheless, our public libraries was a little unfortunate and certainly curiosity still consumes us, and we think that the not crisply definitive. The title has been a source of information which you have might enable us to embarrassment ever since it was chosen. Perhaps whittle down our definition a little better.” someday someone will think of a better word for the Gilchrist made a more leisurely response on the association’s official title. 19th: “My private opinion is there’s no such thing “…Have I answered your question?” as a research library;… If you will compare the March 31, 1939, Gilchrist to Keyes Metcalf, definitions of the word ‘research’ in Murray’s recently elected Executive Secretary, with enclosures ‘Oxford Dictionary’ and Webster’s ‘New of the preceding exchange: “Metcalf: For your International’, you can even make out a case for your information and amusement. D.B. Gilchrist.” own office reference shelf as a research collection. It’s April 15, 1939, Wallace Jones to Gilchrist: “Your a pretty threadbare word in American education. As letter of March 29, 1939…has been received. I regret far as our Association is concerned, it includes the to admit that I am still confused as to just what a 28 A SSOCIATION OF R ESEARCH L IBRARIES

Research Library is. Will you please give me a Secretary had been “much fun and satisfaction…. concise definition of just what one is, and also tell The Advisory Committee and the membership have how to distinguish between a Research Library and been most cooperative, and apparently loyal.” any other library. I regret to bother you again with Gilchrist died suddenly later in 1939 to the great this matter, but as I explained, it is in connection sorrow of his fellow members. with one of my studies in Library Science at George In January 1962, the Association revised its Washington University, and I have been requested to By-Laws in preparation for its major expansion from secure the information.” 49 to 72 member institutions, an interesting period in April 19, 1939, Gilchrist to Jones: “Dear Mr. our development which splits the history of the Jones: You have me back against the ropes and Association into two neat thirty-year periods. There gasping for breath. I am forwarding your letter of the isn’t time to explore that NSF supported fifteenth to Mr. Metcalf, the present secretary of the development which incidentally brought Syracuse Association of Research Libraries, and the director of University into the fold and gives me eligibility for the Harvard University Libraries, in the hope that this talk. The revised By-Laws offered a new perhaps he will have the courage to give you a crisp description if not a definition: “Major university definition.” libraries are considered to be those whose parent April 19, 1939, Gilchrist to Metcalf, with institutions emphasize research and graduate enclosures: “Metcalf: I’ve told him all I know instruction at the doctoral level, and which support on the subject, suppose you try. Don.” large, comprehensive collections of library materials April 26, 1939, Metcalf to Jones: “My dear on a permanent basis.” (see McGowan, Appendix B, Mr Jones: Donald B. Gilchrist, Librarian of the p. 197). Given the now clearly recognized University of Rochester, has turned over to me impermanence of our collections and the nearly copies of his correspondence with you dealing with ubiquitous current emphasis on undergraduate the definition of a research library. I referred the instruction and the student as ultimate consumer, matter to Dr Andrew D. Osborn, a member of our there may be a question here of how many of us still library staff at Harvard, who is interested in library would qualify by that definition. I want to return to terminology. Here is a copy of his report, which I am that question later, but here I would just note that for glad to pass on to you for such use as you see fit. It all the deficiencies of the 1962 definition, it was a cannot be considered an official definition prepared step up from the more coy description of 1932: by the Harvard College Library.” Attached were five “Membership shall consist of the libraries which pages of manuscript notes, starting with a referral to have united in founding this association.” the editor of the dictionary of library terminology There is an overabundance of materials in the (Miss L.R. Reed, University of North Carolina files concerning serial price increases. It was an issue Library), continuing with an admission that suggested for the first meeting on December 29, American library terminology is vague, and ending 1932, and has been sporadically all-consuming, often with a comparison to the German concept of the depending on unfavorable currency exchange rates. “wissenschaftliche Bibliothek.” By now Jones too Although there were no apparent complaints about was presumably on the ropes, for the currency exchange windfalls, the reverse was correspondence stops at this point, though the issue often true. is hardly dead and there are still some today who In March of 1933, Secretary Gilchrist complained believe the Association is misnamed. “Perhaps that the situation was so serious that Rochester had someday someone will think of a better word for already had to cancel four Springer titles in the the association’s title.” previous two years. Later that year an ARL memo The author of those last words was also tired. In noted the resolution passed by the Medical Library January of 1938, Gilchrist had transferred the files to Association in June: “That no library subscribe to Metcalf at Harvard, saying that his job as Executive any periodicals which do not have a fixed annual 29 C ELEBRATING S EVENTY Y EARS subscription price for the entire annual output of hand, opinion about the American Library volumes or parts. That such price be stated in Association was sharply divided between those who advance, and also the number and parts to be issued wanted nothing to do with ALA, wishing to follow per year…. Unless definite word comes to that effect the unaffiliated stance of the Special Libraries MLA recommends cancellation except for one library Association, and those who were positive about in each of 6 to 10 zones throughout America.” Does ALA or at the very least wanted to do nothing to any of this sound familiar? Did Donald Koepp offend that organization. plagiarize his remarks at our Charleston meeting? By In late 1931, prospective members had been 1934 the price issue was further compounded by the canvassed through a circular memo seeking ideas dismissal of many German professors which and agenda topics for the first meeting, and members felt would lead to a decline in the quality addressing the issue of affiliation. The results were of German scientific scholarship and the need to neatly summarized in a five-page memorandum in review subscription lists for further cancellations. February 1932 from University of Illinois Librarian H.W. Wilson’s service-base pricing policy and Phineas L. Windsor to Harold L. Leupp, Librarian of the phenomenon of differential pricing for the University of California at Berkeley. Again, I institutions and individuals were related issues. can’t resist giving you a few examples of the Particularly galling was the 1951 increase of substance and tone of the debate: Chemical Abstracts from $20 to $60 for institutional Windsor to Leupp, Feb. 11, 1932: “Two or three subscriptions, while the individual subscription referred to the A.L.I., and hope that it can be price remained at $15. Early that year Executive revamped in some way to fill our needs. Eight or ten Secretary David wrote to Ralph Shaw of what is now more people will have to die before that can possibly called the National Agricultural Library: “The longer be done…. The A.L.I. is about the biggest I consider the problem of the new price of Chemical disappointment that professional libraries have to Abstracts, the more I am tempted to turn rebel and put up with.” Windsor did prefer affiliation with order it on an individual subscription. It seems to me ALA, as did librarians from Yale, Michigan, Duke, that when I was with you last you made out a pretty Washington, New York Public Library, and the good case for this, but I just can’t remember what it Newberry Library, all of whom were against was. Please repeat.” Shaw’s response was one of independence from ALA. John French of Johns unequivocal equivocation: “…each one of us has a Hopkins favored an entirely independent free choice in the method we will use…. My organization or one affiliated with ALA, but judgment, therefore, would be that you should let suggested it be called the “Association of Learned your conscience be your guide, and, if I were in your Libraries” (ALL), a name that at least would have position, my conscience wouldn’t be strained unduly created a truly comprehensive acronym. Stanford by having a member subscribe to the publication for wanted an Association of University Libraries, but the library.” that suggestion got nowhere since it excluded a But I must desist from this periodical obsession number of major reference libraries, as they were and move on to two other concluding topics. then called. Otto Kinkeldey of Cornell University, Probably the most difficult issue facing our founders speaking for independence, wrote that “My own was the question of affiliation with or independence impression of the College and Reference Section from existing library organizations, particularly the meetings of the A.L.A. is not so favorable as to lead American Library Association. While there seems to me to hope that a good research libraries have been general agreement that the new organization can be developed from this stock.” organization could only help toward the demise of Alfred Potter of Harvard University suggested that the American Library Institute (a kind of library club “we avail ourselves of the American Library about which I’ve learned little apart from its Institute, perhaps changing its scope a little,” reputation for ponderous pomposity). On the other definitely a minority opinion. Most trenchant on 30 A SSOCIATION OF R ESEARCH L IBRARIES the subject was the December 23, 1931, letter of members of ALA.” In 1942 the only members of ARL Harold Leupp of Berkeley to James Thayer Gerould who were not also members of ALA were Johns at Princeton: “I am wholly out of sympathy with Hopkins, Catholic, and North Carolina universities, present tendencies in the A.L.A., where the and the Engineering Society Library. Executive Headquarters tail has come to wag the Association Secretary Paul North Rice of the New York Public dog, partly through its control of a large—too Library duly sent a check for .40c, saying he was large—share of Andrew Carnegie’s money. I think tempted to send .80c to cover 1943 as well. that a professional association…should stand for After all of this light-hearted frivolity, you must something more than ballyhoo of the Chamber of indulge me in at least one serious point, reflected in Commerce type. If its name is to be associated in the what I consider to be one of the sadder episodes in public mind wholly with the loud speaker and the our history. At the Spring 1950 meeting a proposal dollar sign, to the exclusion of everything of a was presented from the American Literature Group scholarly kind, some other organization will have to of the Modern Language Association, asking ARL to make good the deficiency. At present I can see little work with them, the Bibliographical Society of hope that the Association will do anything for America, and the American Council of Learned scholarship, since the element in control seems to Societies, to encourage living American authors to have no idea what the word means. This conviction deposit their manuscripts in libraries. Harry Miller is not altered by the Association’s allowing its name Lydenberg of NYPL strongly advocated the project, to be used on the title-page of the Union List of but librarians from some of the other larger libraries Serials, to which it contributed nothing else, or by its including Harvard, Yale, and UCLA resisted, arguing sending out a few million mimeographed letters that such manuscript collecting was an soliciting subscriptions to the new edition of the “institutional, individual, even personal job not British Museum catalogue. In these cases as in every subject to cooperation.” On May 10, 1950, Charles other case I know of in which a genuine service to David conveyed their rejection to the plan’s scholarship might have been rendered by the proponent, Professor Harry Warfel, stating that the Association, its contribution has been practically Association was disinclined to participate in such a nothing, but it has managed afterwards to claim cooperative effort: “So you can see the only result credit for the product. This sort of thing makes me was to arouse latent jealousies that exist between one pretty qualified tired, and I should think that you institution and another, and make it quite apparent and Lydenberg and the others who have done the that this kind of cooperation so far as the principal work would feel infinitely more so.” The letter goes research institutions is concerned seems hardly a on, but I won’t. practicality. I feel ashamed, but I do not see that In the end, diplomatic counsels prevailed, and there is much that can be done about it.” we did start out with a formal affiliation with ALA, I do not present this story to excoriate the usually meeting in conjunction with ALA meetings. uncooperative but to suggest that our biggest failure I have not discovered when that practice ceased. It has been in the area that most distinguishes research was still going in 1947 when a scheduling conflict libraries. To a very large extent our statistics measure emerged. When ARL suggested the Sunday the products of research, not the raw materials of afternoon of June 29th for its San Francisco meeting research, the primary resources which make that year, Carl Milam, with inadvertent anticipation research, particularly in the humanities and the of changing terminology, wrote from ALA that social sciences, possible. As we move inexorably “It appears likely…that the California Library toward greater electronic access for more and more Association will give a gay cocktail party on that of the standard secondary literature, primarily in the afternoon,” and the meeting was rescheduled. ALA English language, supporting “plain vanilla” dues for affiliate members in the 1940s was “.10c per research in more ways than one, and diverting more capita for all members of your Association not and more of our resources from what was previously 31 C ELEBRATING S EVENTY Y EARS our mission, the computer will represent the great was the author. Whenever I consigned a volume to his leveller among libraries, making the materials custody, he was transported with joy; he pressed it to accessible through it equally available among the his bosom with signs; with great reverence he great and the puny. But it will be the massive repeated the author’s name; and seemed as if he had undigested collections of primary resources, the received an accession of learning and happiness from types of materials which I’ve tried to exploit in the sight and touch of a book.” At the bottom of the preparing this talk, collections unlikely in my view page, in his inimitable hand, Hunt added this note: to reach electronic formats, that will distinguish “The memory of this good man ought to be drunk at research libraries from all those other libraries with the anniversaries of the Bibliomaniacs.” or without walls. We ignore those other resources at In that spirit, I give you The Association of a peril to scholarship and to ourselves. Research Libraries, and the lovers of books, libraries, What you’ve heard tonight are some fragments and learning everywhere. of my research into such a resource. One related success that I’ve not mentioned is the Association’s © David H. Stam important role in the development of NUCMC, the National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections, Published here with permission of the author. which did much to make primary resources widely These remarks may also be found on the ARL Web site at known. Couldn’t we now mount an effort to put the . contents of that remarkable but unwieldy catalog into machine readable form? What better way for Note: A more detailed history is Frank M. McGowan’s doctoral ARL’s centennial historian to find the ARL Archives? dissertation, The Association of Research Libraries 1932–62 But there is so much more, from the Farmington (University of Pittsburgh, 1972). Plan to the conversion of the National Register of Microfilm Masters, from the Union List of Serials to the Commission on Preservation and Access, from the Library of Congress Printed Catalog and PL 480 to the Coalition for Networked Information, developments in which the Association has played important roles, that we are more than justified in some self-congratulation after sixty years. So I end with a toast, the fruit of some earlier research I once did in dozens of ARL and British libraries, attempting to reconstruct the personal library of Leigh Hunt, the prolific English author, whose father incidentally held degrees from two of our charter members, Penn and Columbia. During my quest I found a beautiful volume in the Beinecke Library at Yale, a translation of Ugo Foscolo’s Essays on Petrarch (London, 1823), which had once been owned by Hunt. In one of the essays, Foscolo quotes Petrarch’s description of a servant who waited on Petrarch in Vaucluse: “He knew not how to read, yet he was also the guardian of my library. With anxious eye he watched over my most rare and ancient copies, which, by long use, he could distinguish from those that were more modern, or of which I myself 32 A SSOCIATION OF R ESEARCH L IBRARIES

Selected ARL Chronology

1932 ARL founded with 42 charter members ARL’s 63 university library members report total holdings of 88.6 million volumes and 1933 First volume of Doctoral Dissertations total library expenditures of $79 million Accepted by American Universities compiled by ARL and published by H. W. Wilson 1964 *Library Services and Construction Act passed (predecessor of Dissertation Abstracts) 1965 *Higher Education Act of 1965, Title II passed, 1942 Library of Congress catalog first appears in authorizing funds for the acquisition and book form as A Catalog of Books Represented cataloging of research materials at LC by LC Printed Cards, sponsored by ARL ARL Newsletter first published 1946 British Museum Catalogue of Printed Books, 1966 Annual ARL salary survey data collection 1881–1900 (Prospectus) published, begins sponsored by ARL *National Serials Data Program initiated 1948 Farmington Plan began under ARL National Program for Acquisitions and auspices (Farmington Plan Newsletter and its Cataloging (NPAC) begins (funded under successor, ARL Foreign Acquisitions Higher Education Act of 1965; initiated by Newsletter, published from 1948–79) ARL; managed by LC) ARL Committee on Research Libraries 1967 ARL Automation Committee works with the works with LC to discuss cooperative Library of Congress to develop MARC pilot cataloging, expanded card distribution, and project other services (ultimately led to the NUC and the Documents Expediting Project) Brittle Book Project study in collaboration with ARL, the Library of Congress, and the Newspapers on Microfilm, prepared by LC Council on Library Resources and issued by ARL 1968 ARL Center for Chinese Research Materials 1956 Foreign Newspaper Microfilm Project established (became separate organization in initiated by ARL, an outgrowth of the first 1986) cooperative microfilm project established at ARL Microform Technology Project launched, Harvard University in 1937 funded by the Office of Education 1961 *PL-480 of 1954, “Sale of surplus 1969 National Serials Pilot Project initiated, which agricultural commodities,” amended to led to the National Serials Data Program authorize Library of Congress use of undertaken by the U.S. national libraries foreign currencies for cooperative acquisitions program ARL Slavic Bibliographic and Documentation Center established (continued until 1972) 1962 ARL secretariat established in Washington, DC, funded by a grant from the National 1970 Problems in University Library Management Science Foundation published *National Union Catalog of Manuscript ARL Office of University Library Collections begins publication Management Studies established (now Office of Leadership and Management 1963 ARL assumes responsibility for publishing Services [OLMS]) university library statistics based on data Organization and Staffing of the Libraries of variables established by James Gerould 1973 Columbia University published under (Minnesota and Princeton) between 1908 sponsorship of ARL in cooperation with the and 1962 33 C ELEBRATING S EVENTY Y EARS

American Council on Education; leads to 1986 Commission on Preservation and Access development of the Management Review established by the Council on Library Resources and Analysis Program in response to recommendation from ARL Systems and Procedures Exchange Center 1987 National Register of Microform Masters (SPEC) initiated by OLMS retrospective conversion project begun in conjunction with the Library of Congress 1974 ARL publishes Access to Periodical Resources: (contracted through OCLC), with major A National Plan with National Science funding from the National Endowment for Foundation funding (plans for a national periodicals center) the Humanities and The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation ARL Annual Salary Survey first published ARL adopts “Statement on Unlimited Use and 1975 ARL fall meeting focuses on “The Library of Exchange of Bibliographic Data” Congress as the National Bibliographic Center” ARL adopts mission and values statements, 1976 *Copyright Revision Act passed, to be effective program objectives, and financial principles to January 1978 guide the ARL leadership *Higher Education Act of 1976 passed, 1988 “Principles on Government Information in authorizing Title II-C, “Strengthening Research Electronic Format” issued Library Resources” ARL receives major grant from National First OLMS Management Training Institute Endowment for the Humanities for held preservation activities 1979 Standards for University Libraries issued, ARL Serials Prices Project initiated prepared by ARL and the Association of College and Research Libraries 1989 ARL sponsors ten-year assessment of Title II-C of the Higher Education Act 1980 ARL adopts new criteria for membership and an Index comprising 10 variables determined ARL Board creates Designated Reserve by factor analysis Fund to provide financial stability to the Association and generate revenue to 1981 ARL Microform Project initiated (moved to support Board-designated projects OCLC as the Major Microforms Project) ARL Preservation Statistics first published 1982 Preservation Planning Program developed at ARL with support from the National 1990 Coalition for Networked Information Endowment for the Humanities established by ARL, EDUCOM, and CAUSE All ARL university library members report at ARL establishes Office of Scientific and least one million volumes in holdings for the Academic Publishing (name and mission first time changed in 1995 to Office of Scholarly Communication) and Office of Research and 1983 CONSER A&I Project, operated by ARL with Development National Federation of Abstracting & Indexing Services, to enhance bibliographic records of Number of participants attending OLMS serials training programs passes 10,000 mark North American Collections Inventory Project *Permanent Paper Resolution enacted by (NCIP) begun in cooperation with the Research Congress and signed by the President Libraries Group OLMS launches Cultural Diversity Project Total combined library expenditures for ARL First ARL Certificate of Distinguished libraries tops $1 billion Achievement presented to Henry Barschall, 1984 ARL Microform Clearinghouse established University of Wisconsin, for his work in (later operated by OCLC) analyzing the cost-effectiveness of scientific journals 1985 “Plan for a North American Program for Coordinated Retrospective Conversion” Retrospective machine-readable ARL Statistics launched introduced 34 A SSOCIATION OF R ESEARCH L IBRARIES

ARL Newsletter evolves into the ARL Bimonthly recognition of his support for research Report libraries and higher education New ARL logo and unified corporate identity 1994 ARL Diversity Program established created by Kevin Osborn, Research & Design, Ltd. North American Interlibrary Loan and 1991 ARL libraries report almost 370 million Document Delivery (NAILDD) Project volumes in holdings, 3.5 million current initiated serials received, and almost $2 billion in total Electronic Services Coordinator hired; expenditures develops ARL Gopher server Senator Claiborne Pell (D-RI) and Warren J. Statistics data-gathering activity moves in- Haas, CLR, each receive an ARL Certificate of house; full-time Program Officer for Statistics Distinguished Achievement in recognition of and Measurement hired their support for research library issues University of Virginia Social Science Data The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation funds Center hosts interactive ARL statistics Web ARL Foreign Acquisitions Project site *High Performance Computing Act Developing Indicators for Academic Library establishes a National Research & Education Performance: Ratios from the ARL Statistics first Network published (last edition published in 1999) CNI brings up a network fileserver on the ARL Statistics reports that the unit cost of Internet that provides e-mail for ARL and CNI serials doubled between 1986 and 1993 staff; association information available via FTP and Gopher 82 university libraries report spending over $14 million on electronic resources—3.6% of First edition of OSAP Directory of Electronic the library materials budget Journals, Newsletters, and Academic Discussion Lists published (final edition published in 2000) E-News for ARL Directors, an e-mail newsletter, first distributed 1992 National Endowment for the Humanities awards major grant for completion of National 1995 Shared Legal Capability formed by ARL, Register of Microform Masters project ALA, AALL, MLA, and SLA to ensure a unified library community voice on copyright ARL Geographic Information Systems and intellectual property law and policy in the Literacy Project initiated digital environment *Higher Education Act Amendments of 1992 AAU/ARL Global Resources Program enacted, a five-year reauthorization with initiated; funded by The Andrew W. Mellon increased funding levels and new provisions Foundation for electronic networking initiatives First Directors Forum on Managing ILL/DD Access Services program established Operations held (final forum held 2001) ARL/RLG Interlibrary Loan Cost Study 1996 Federal Relations Program Officer registers as survey collects cost information for borrowing a U.S. Congress lobbyist and lending operations to provide benchmark data and a management decision-making tool Career Resources Online Service, a job posting database, initiated ARL Academic Law and Medical Library Statistics 1997 Leadership and Career Development Program first published launched University Libraries and Scholarly Stanley Katz, President of ACLS, receives ARL Communication, a Mellon study of the Certificate of Distinguished Achievement in economics of research libraries, is published recognition of his leadership in shaping the by ARL future of scholarly communication 1993 ARL moves to 21 Dupont Circle NRMM retrospective conversion project Congressman Vic Fazio (D-CA) receives ARL completed; more than 579,000 online records Certificate of Distinguished Achievement in were created 35 C ELEBRATING S EVENTY Y EARS

1998 Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources ARL Statistics reports that between 1986 and Coalition (SPARC) established 2000 expenditures for serials tripled while acquisitions declined steadily *Digital Millennium Copyright Act and Sony Bono Copyright Term Extension Act passed 2002 Scholars Portal Project initiated Results of the ILL/DD Performance Measures “Responsibilities of Research Libraries for Study published Preservation” adopted OSC collaborates with AAU on Pew Higher SPARC Europe formally launched under the Education Roundtable on Managing auspices of LIBER; director hired and office Intellectual Property; “To Publish and Perish” opened in Oxford published SPARC releases “The Case for Institutional ARL Gopher server retired; 3000+ documents Repositories: A SPARC Position Paper” moved to a World Wide Web server ARL develops five-year action plan to 1999 Online Lyceum established by OLMS and promote open access to quality information in support of learning and scholarship Southern Illinois University Carbondale National Science Digital Library LibQUAL+™ New Measures Initiative established project initiated; funded by NSF K. Wayne Smith, CEO of OCLC, receives ARL 106 university libraries report spending more Certificate of Distinguished Achievement in than $130 million on electronic resources— recognition of his leadership in improving 16% of the library materials budget access to information Carol Henderson, ALA Washington Office, * projects or legislation not part of ARL itself but in some receives ARL Certificate of Distinguished way sponsored by ARL or influenced by the strong Achievement in recognition of her support and collaboration of ARL staff or committees commitment to libraries throughout the U.S. 2000 FIPSE and Texas A&M provide support for LibQUAL+™ project E-Metrics Project initiated The internal report on expenditures for electronic resources, ARL Supplementary Statistics, made publicly available Second Pew Higher Education Roundtable results in “Principles for Emerging Systems of Scholarly Publishing” OSC launches the Create Change campaign to help faculty transform the system of scholarly communication The Initiative to Recruit a Diverse Workforce awards first four stipends to MLS students of color 2001 SPARC and a group of European library organizations agree to establish SPARC Europe NAILDD Project milestone reached when five library system vendors exchange ISO ILL Protocol messages at IFLA conference Designated Reserve Fund passes $900,000 mark 36 A SSOCIATION OF R ESEARCH L IBRARIES

Members and Leaders

ARL CHARTER MEMBERS GROWTH OF ARL MEMBERSHIP 1932 Brown University 1933 Boston Public Library University of California, Berkeley Catholic University of America * 1936 New York University University of Chicago University of Cincinnati 1937 University of California, Los Angeles Clark University * Columbia University 1938 Louisiana State University Cornell University Dartmouth College 1946 University of Colorado Duke University Vanderbilt University Harvard University (Joint University Libraries) Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery * University of Illinois, Urbana 1948 National Library of Medicine (Army Medical Library) Indiana University National Agricultural Library University of Iowa (U.S.Department of Iowa State University Agriculture Library) John Crerar Library + Johns Hopkins University 1952 University of Kentucky University of Kansas Library of Congress 1956 University of Florida McGill University Michigan State University Massachusetts Institute of Technology Purdue University University of Michigan Rutgers University University of Minnesota University of Missouri 1962 Boston University University of Nebraska Center for Research Libraries New York Public Library (Midwest Inter-Library Center) Newberry Library * University of Connecticut University of North Carolina Florida State University Northwestern University Georgetown University Ohio State University University of Maryland University of Pennsylvania University of Notre Dame Princeton University University of Oklahoma University of Rochester Oklahoma State University Stanford University University of Oregon University of Texas Pennsylvania State University University of Toronto University of Pittsburgh University of Virginia University of Southern California Washington University (St. Louis) Syracuse University University of Washington Temple University University of Wisconsin University of Tennessee Yale University Texas A&M University University of Utah *No longer a member of ARL Washington State University +Merged with the University of Chicago Library in 1984 Wayne State University 37 C ELEBRATING S EVENTY Y EARS

1963 Saint Louis University* 1980 University of Saskatchewan

1964 Linda Hall Library * 1981 University of California, Irvine University of Manitoba 1967 University of Alabama University of Arizona 1982 Canada Institute for Scientific University of British Columbia & Technical Information University of Georgia Southern Illinois University 1983 University of Delaware State University of New York at Buffalo Georgia Institute of Technology Tulane University North Carolina State University

1969 University of Alberta 1984 University of Waterloo Case Western Reserve University University of California, Davis 1985 Université Laval University of Massachusetts New York State Library 1988 University of Illinois, Chicago

1971 Howard University 1992 Auburn University National Library of Canada Rice University 1996 Ohio University Smithsonian Institution 1997 Texas Tech University 1973 Arizona State University University of California, San Diego 1998 George Washington University University of California, Santa Barbara 2000 Boston College 1974 Brigham Young University Kent State University 2001 Université de Montréal

1975 Colorado State University 2002 University of Louisville Emory University University of Houston *No longer a member of ARL University of South Carolina State University of New York at Albany State University of New York at Stony Brook

1976 University of Hawaii McMaster University University of Miami Queen’s University Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University University of Western Ontario

1979 University of California, Riverside University of Guelph University of New Mexico York University

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ARL OFFICERS, 1932 AND 2002 ARL LEADERSHIP, 1932–2002 1932 From 1932 to 1962, the Association of Research Libraries was governed by an Executive Secretary and an Advisory Executive Secretary: Donald B. Gilchrist Committee, both elected by the membership. When the University of Rochester ARL secretariat was established in 1962, a full-time Executive Secretary was appointed and the Advisory Advisory Committee: J. Christian Bay Committee was replaced a Board of Directors, including John Crerar Library three officers (Chairman, Vice Chairman, and Past Chairman). In 1967, the titles were changed to Executive James T. Gerould Director and President. Princeton University Harold L. Leupp University of California, Berkeley ARL EXECUTIVE SECRETARIES, Charles C. Williamson 1932–1962 Columbia University Phineas L. Windsor 1932–37 Donald B. Gilchrist University of Illinois, Urbana University of Rochester 1938–41 Keyes D. Metcalf 2002 Harvard University 1942–46 Paul N. Rice President: Paula T. Kaufman New York Public Library University of Illinois, Urbana 1947–51 Charles W. David University of Pennsylvania Vice President/ Fred M. Heath 1952–56 Robert A. Miller President-elect: Texas A&M Indiana University 1957–59 William S. Dix Past President: Shirley K. Baker Princeton University Washington University, St. Louis 1960–62 Stephen A. McCarthy Cornell University

Board of Directors: Nancy L. Baker University of Iowa ARL EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS, Joseph J. Branin Ohio State University 1963–2002 Frances Groen 1963–67 James E. Skipper McGill University 1967 Donald F. Cameron Sarah Michalak 1968–74 Stephen A. McCarthy University of Utah 1975–76 John P. McDonald Paul H. Mosher University of Pennsylvania 1977–79 John G. Lorenz Brian E.C. Schottlaender 1980–81 Ralph E. McCoy University of California, 1981–87 Shirley Echelman San Diego 1988– Duane E. Webster Sarah E. Thomas Cornell University Ann J. Wolpert Massachusetts Institute of Technology

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ARL PRESIDENTS, 1962–2002

1962–63 William S. Dix 1984 Eldred Smith Princeton University University of Minnesota 1963 Robert Vosper 1985 Richard J. Talbot University of California, Los Angeles University of Massachusetts 1964 Richard H. Logsdon 1986 Anne Woodsworth Columbia University University of Pittsburgh 1965 Edward G. Freehafer 1987 Herbert F. Johnson New York Public Library Emory University 1966 Foster E. Mohrhardt 1988 Elaine Sloan National Agricultural Library Indiana University 1967 Rutherford D. Rogers 1989 Charles E. Miller Stanford University Florida State University 1968 Andrew J. Eaton 1990 Martin Runkle Washington University University of Chicago 1969 Douglas W. Bryant 1991 Marilyn D. Sharrow University of Harvard University California, Davis 1970 Warren J. Haas 1992 Arthur Curley Columbia University Boston Public Library 1971 Thomas R. Buckman 1993 Susan Nutter Northwestern University North Carolina State University 1971–72 John P. McDonald 1994 John Black University of Connecticut University of Guelph 1973 William S. Budington 1995 Jerry Campbell John Crerar Library Duke University 1974 Ralph H. Hopp 1996 Nancy Cline University of Minnesota Pennsylvania State University 1975 Richard De Gennaro 1997 Gloria Werner University of Pennsylvania University of California, Los Angeles 1976 Virginia P. Whitney 1998 James G. Neal Rutgers University Johns Hopkins University 1977 Edward C. Lathem 1999 Betty G. Bengtson Dartmouth College University of Washington 1978 Ray W. Frantz 2000 Kenneth Frazier University of Virginia University of Wisconsin 1979 Le Moyne Anderson 2001 Shirley K. Baker Colorado State University Washington University in St. Louis 1980 Connie Dunlap 2002 Paula T. Kaufman Duke University University of Illinois, Urbana- 1981 Jay K. Lucker Champaign Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1982 Millicent D. Abell University of California, San Diego 1983 James F. Govan University of North Carolina

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