Les Théories Des Philosophes Occidentaux (1836)

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Les Théories Des Philosophes Occidentaux (1836) Les théories des philosophes occidentaux (1836). La première histoire épistémique de la philosophie occidentale en japonais, par Takano Chōei Frédéric Girard To cite this version: Frédéric Girard. Les théories des philosophes occidentaux (1836). La première histoire épistémique de la philosophie occidentale en japonais, par Takano Chōei. Ebisu - Études Japonaises , Maison franco-japonaise, 2014, pp.213-248. 10.4000/ebisu.1480. hal-02542008 HAL Id: hal-02542008 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02542008 Submitted on 14 Apr 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Ebisu Études japonaises 51 | 2014 Le rapprochement franco-japonais dans l’entre-deux- guerres Les théories des philosophes occidentaux (1836). La première histoire épistémique de la philosophie occidentale en japonais, par Takano Chōei Frédéric Girard Édition électronique URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ebisu/1480 DOI : 10.4000/ebisu.1480 ISSN : 2189-1893 Éditeur : Institut français de recherche sur le Japon (UMIFRE 19 MAEE-CNRS), Maison franco-japonaise Référence électronique Frédéric Girard, « Les théories des philosophes occidentaux (1836). La première histoire épistémique de la philosophie occidentale en japonais, par Takano Chōei », Ebisu [En ligne], 51 | 2014, mis en ligne le 01 novembre 2014, consulté le 03 mai 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/ebisu/1480 ; DOI : 10.4000/ebisu.1480 © Institut français de recherche sur le Japon à la Maison franco-japonaise Les théories des philosophes occidentaux (1836) La première histoire épistémique de la philosophie occidentale en japonais, par Takano Chōei Frédéric GIRARD* La philosophie occidentale était connue sous certaines de ses formes au Japon dès avant l’ouverture du pays qui s’est produite, dit-on, au moment de la restauration impériale en 1868. Il est peu aisé de savoir dans quelle mesure les théories philosophiques européennes y avaient pénétré, car l’on ne dispose guère que de matériaux documentaires livresques et encore sont- ils en nombre limité. En outre, qu’un livre se trouve sur les rayons d’une bibliothèque japonaise ne nous dit que peu de choses sur la manière dont il a été, le cas échéant, utilisé et encore moins sur son éventuelle inluence dans l’histoire des idées, d’autant que la déiance régnait à l’encontre des idées étrangères qui risquaient d’être entachées de christianisme. Néanmoins, nombre d’idées philosophiques avaient été introduites dans l’archipel, en premier par les jésuites dans l’important Compendium de cos- mologie, de philosophie et de théologie qu’ils avaient élaboré en latin puis tra- duit en japonais à la in du xvie siècle (Girard 2009, 2010, 2011a, 2011b, 2011c). La pénétration au Japon d’ouvrages chrétiens traduits en chinois, en dépit d’une censure à vrai dire peu alerte, est aussi pour beaucoup dans l’introduction des idées philosophiques. Par ailleurs, le savoir européen, scientiique et technique, a connu un succès à travers des ouvrages en néer- landais ou traduits en cette langue. Il a été véhiculé également par le biais des encyclopédies (Cryns 2003). Entre cette première et cette seconde * École française d’Extrême-Orient. Ebisu 51 | 2014 | p. 213-248 214 | Frédéric GIRARD | Les théories des philosophes occidentaux (1836) vague d’introduction, des eforts ont été faits pour traduire les concepts philosophiques importés : on observe une certaine continuité non sans une disparité qui tient bien entendu à une diférence de milieux intellectuels ainsi qu’à une interruption due à la répression du christianisme ; toute cette époque se caractérise par la volonté de se démarquer de la terminologie bouddhique, sans toujours toutefois y parvenir. Il n’est dans ces conditions pas étonnant que, au début du xixe siècle, en 1836, un hollandisant, Takano Chōei 高野長英 (1804-1850), rédige un mémoire qui retrace de manière très concise et vivace l’histoire de la philo- sophie en Europe, de l’antiquité jusqu’à l’époque contemporaine. La préci- sion des connaissances dont il fait preuve pour son époque est étonnante. Il ne s’agit pas à proprement parler d’une histoire descriptive, mais d’un bref historique qui fait état d’une évolution conçue comme inéluctable des idées philosophiques : d’une époque antique où l’on se préoccupait de métaphy- sique, de l’au-delà du monde sensible, l’on passe insensiblement, grâce à un progrès salutaire des connaissances, à une philosophie qui se préoccupe du monde sensible, de ce qui est perceptible par les sens, à commencer par la physique et les sciences de la nature. On voit dès le départ que, de l’époque des jésuites à celle des hollandisants, la philosophie n’a cessé de désigner en premier lieu les sciences de la nature et la philosophie de la nature et non pas l’ontologie ni la métaphysique qui s’intéressent à l’être en tant qu’être, ou à la discussion de l’être et de l’essence, ainsi qu’à l’acte même de philoso- pher qui interroge cet être en tant que tel. Le terme même usité dans le texte de Chōei pour désigner les philosophes, gakushi 學師 (maître de sciences) renvoie à l’usage attesté au cours du Siècle chrétien, dans les ouvrages et les lexiques rédigés par les jésuites, de gakushō 學匠, gakusha 學者, kōgaku 好 學, gakumon 學問, qui, dans l’original latin est soit absent soit correspond à philosophe et philosophie. Il se réfère, en l’occurrence, au savoir naturel auquel accède par ses propres moyens l’intelligence naturelle de l’homme, par opposition au savoir provenant de la Révélation. Les composés incluant l’élément gaku sont privilégiés pour rendre les notions de philosophie et de philosophe, même si cet élément a, cela va de soi, une extension plus large. Ils sont usités également à propos des docteurs de l’église, dans la mesure où ils font usage de la raison (Girard 2011b : 169-170). Dans ce Siècle chrétien, la philosophie est bel et bien déinie comme la science qui s’enquiert des principes premiers de l’univers et permet d’expli- quer des phénomènes comme les éclipses et autres anomalies apparentes : TRADUCTION | 215 « Le terme de philosophie (hirozoho) se rapporte à cette règle constante que l’homme, lorsqu’il voit une chose nouvelle, s’en étonne et n’a de cesse qu’il n’en connaisse l’origine. Ainsi par exemple, s’il observe une éclipse solaire ou lunaire, il n’aura de cesse qu’il n’en connaisse la raison ; de là vient chez lui l’acte de philosopher (hirozo- haru). Aussi, voit-on bien que la philosophie consiste à connaître le fondement des choses. » (Girard 1993 : 115-116). Lorsque, par exception, il est fait mention dans un texte chrétien de l’être en soi, l’on ne peut croire qu’il ait eu une incidence ni exercé une réelle inluence sur l’intelligentsia japonaise. La philosophie a été comprise dès le départ au Japon comme une philosophie naturelle et une science de la nature ; c’est cette acception qui perdure tout au long de l’époque des Tokugawa et qui est alimentée par le savoir encyclopédique en langue hollandaise. C’est semble-t-il seulement à partir de l’ère Meiji que l’ontologie, la science de l’être en tant qu’être, devenant constitutive de la philosophie, commence à être connue sur le sol nippon de façon notable. C’est pour- quoi, à notre avis, Chōei comme ses contemporains n’entendaient la philo- sophie pas autrement que comme science de la nature. Le terme de gakushi qu’il a choisi – y en a-t-il d’autres exemples ailleurs ? – traduit en consé- quence bien celui de philosophe, entendu comme spécialiste de la philo- sophie naturelle. Les auteurs les plus modernes sélectionnés par lui sont d’ailleurs tous inclus parmi les philosophes dans les ouvrages européens. Dans ceux que nous avons pu consulter parmi les textes hollandais, on retrouve à peu près la même liste d’auteurs. Parmi les œuvres japonaises traditionnelles traitant de médecine, les théories chinoises des cinq éléments et de la circulation des énergies appa- raissent comme de pures spéculations auxquelles manquent des assises expé- rimentales, des preuves vériiables ou des observations qui les confortent. Les résultats des sciences médicales européennes apparaissent aux yeux des Japonais, en l’occurrence des hollandisants, bien mieux étayés et beaucoup plus développés que les connaissances traditionnelles qui avaient cours au Japon. Dans le nouveau système de savoir qui s’impose de plus en plus, les sciences physiologiques (seirigaku 生理學, seibutsugaku 生物學 ou simple- ment rigaku 理學) apparaissent comme les sciences reines. Les idées de principes mécaniques appliqués à l’étude et à l’analyse de la physiologie humaine, dans le cadre de la médecine européenne envisagée sous un angle empirique, ont été difusées en Europe notamment grâce à Ebisu 51 | 216 | Frédéric GIRARD | Les théories des philosophes occidentaux (1836) Herman Boerhaave (1668-1738), dans plusieurs de ses œuvres1. Il a rendu courante l’idée que le corps humain était un mécanisme explicable à l’aide des seules données mesurables que sont en particulier la masse, la forme et la fermeté de ses parties formant une unité, en accord parfait avec les lois de la mécanique. Les maladies sont des défaillances d’une partie du méca- nisme et le médecin est celui qui est en mesure de remettre en route les sections endommagées du moteur qu’est l’organisme humain.
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