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C/64-10b News Broadcasting on Soviet Radio and Television F. Gayle Durham Research Program on Problems of Communication and International SecU-itv Center for International Studies Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts June, 1965 Preface The present paper is one result of several months' research on radio and television broadcasting in the Soviet Union. It is viewed by the author as a preliminary survey of the subject, which will be expanded and developed in the coming months. In addition to a general updating of material on policy and mechanical actualities, more atten- tion will be given to the proportion of different types of news which are broadcast, and to the personnel who handle news. Of extreme importance is the position which news broadcasting occupies in the process of informing the individual Soviet citizen. This aspect will be considered as part of a general study on information-gathering in Soviet society. The research for this paper was sponsored by the Advanced Research Projects Agency of the Department of Defense (ARPA) under contract #920F-9717 and monitored by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) under contract AF 49(638)-1237. Table of Contents Page I. Introduction:The Soviet Conception of the Functional Role of Broadcasting Media and II. Radio News Broadcasting................................7 A. Mechanics of News Broadcasts.........................7 3. The Newsgathering Apparatus .................... .22 4. Party Influence.................,.. .26 B. Content of Broadcasts....................,*....*.. .. 29 l. Characteristics...................,..........,........29 2. Forms.... ....... .... * e .......... 32 3. Types of News. .................................. 3 III. Television News Broadcasting.......... .............. 0 .39 IV. Summary and Conclusion............................. V. Footnotes ...... .. ... ... .... ... ... .4 VI. Appendices One: Monitor Summaries of News Broadcasts (1963)........51 Two:Chart:Broadcasts on Moscow Radio with News Content. -
A Comparative Analysis of Media Freedom and Pluralism in the EU Member States
DIRECTORATE GENERAL FOR INTERNAL POLICIES POLICY DEPARTMENT C: CITIZENS' RIGHTS AND CONSTITUTIONAL AFFAIRS CIVIL LIBERTIES, JUSTICE AND HOME AFFAIRS A comparative analysis of media freedom and pluralism in the EU Member States STUDY Abstract This study was commissioned by the European Parliament's Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee. The authors argue that democratic processes in several EU countries are suffering from systemic failure, with the result that the basic conditions of media pluralism are not present, and, at the same time, that the distortion in media pluralism is hampering the proper functioning of democracy. The study offers a new approach to strengthening media freedom and pluralism, bearing in mind the different political and social systems of the Member States. The authors propose concrete, enforceable and systematic actions to correct the deficiencies found. PE 571.376 EN ABOUT THE PUBLICATION This research paper was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (LIBE) and commissioned, overseen and published by the Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs. Policy Departments provide independent expertise, both in-house and external, to support EP committees and other parliamentary bodies in shaping legislation and exercising democratic scrutiny over EU external and internal policies. To contact the Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs or to subscribe -
To the Pandemic Cases of China, Iran, Russia, Belarus and Hungary
AUTHORITARIAN RESPONSE TO THE PANDEMIC CASES OF CHINA, IRAN, RUSSIA, BELARUS AND HUNGARY Edited by Vladislav Inozemtsev AUTHORITARIAN RESPONSE TO THE PANDEMIC CASES OF CHINA, IRAN, RUSSIA, BELARUS AND HUNGARY FREE RUSSIA FOUNDATION JUNE, 2020 Free Russia Foundation Editor Vladislav Inozemtsev Authors Elizabeth Chen Clément Therme Vladislav Inozemtsev Arseny Sivitsky Bálint Madlovics Proofreading Courtney Dobson, Blue Bear Editing Layout Free Russia Designs CONTENTS Introduction 5 Elizabeth Chen. China 7 Clément Therme. Iran 27 Vladislav Inozemtsev. Russia 38 Arseny Sivitsky. Belarus 58 Bálint Madlovics. Hungary 77 Conclusion 94 economic disruptions; China’s GDP contracted by 6.8% INTRODUCTION in the first quarter;6 all major airlines cut up to 90% of their regular flights by April 1;7 the American economy virtually stalled with 38.6 million jobless by the end of 8 The global pandemic caused by a coronavirus, May. In June 2020, the IMF predicted that the American widely known as COVID-19, officially broke out in the economy would contract by 5.9% in 2020 and the EU 9 city of Wuhan in China in late 2019, but most probably it projection stood at 6.7%. While it is difficult to calculate originated from the Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Wu- the overall economic effect of the crisis, even the most conservative estimates begin at $6 trillion with an addi- han-based Institute of Virology1 aauthorized to conduct the most sophisticated experiments with different viruses. tional $15 trillion in assets expected to evaporate due to It is also widely believed that the outbreak started three the declining prices of stocks, real estate, and produc- to four months before it was confirmed by the Chinese of- tion facilities. -
SOVIET ADVOCACY and the U.S
SOVIET ADVOCACY AND THE u.S. MEDIA A Report of the United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy TO THE CONGRESS AND TO THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES In accordance with Section 8, Reorganization Plan No.2 of 1977 and Public Law 96-60, the United States Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy submits herewith a report on Soviet Advocacy and the U.S. Media. Respectfully submitted, :tiJ4rf Edwin J. Feulner, jr., Chairman President, The Heritage Foundation Virginia (R) e. robert (bob) wallach Tom C. Korologos Vice Chairman President Lawyer-Counselor Timmons and Company, Inc. Dean, Hastings Law School Virginia (R) Center for Trial and Appellate Advocacy California (D) \d~ \'(\~ Priscilla L. Buckley Richard M. Scaife Senior Editor Publisher, The Tribune Review National Review Publishing Co. New York (R) Pennsylvania (R) /~~~ Hershey Gold Herbert Schmertz Chairman of the Board Vice President, Public Affairs Super Yarn Mart Mobil Oil Corporation California (D) New York (D) TABLE OF CONTENTS Transmittal Letter 1 Message from the Chairman 3 Summary of Recommendations 4 Introduction 5 Soviet Journalists and Officials as Advocates 5 The Nature of Soviet Journalism and lnformation 6 Soviet Journalists in the u.S ,; 8 u.S. Journalists in the USSR 9 Voice of America (VOA) Reporters in the USSR 10 Appendix A: CSeE Final Act, 1975 (Excerpts) 12 Appendix B: Table 1: Total Significant U.S.-Soviet Official Appearances in Opposite-Country Print Media 13 Table 2: Survey of Significant Soviet Official Appearances on U.S. Networks, 1983-85 14 A MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN emocracies are built on the principle of the free flow of information, and we have come to enjoy the benefits D generated: the free exchange of ideas, technological achievement, full enfranchisement of the citizenry, and intellectual excellence, to name just a few. -
Esi Manual, the Russian Debate on the South Caucasus: Who Is Who?
ESI MANUAL THE RUSSIAN DEBATE ON THE SOUTH CAUCASUS: WHO IS WHO? Part 1: Russian Print Media Berlin – Istanbul, December 2009 2 Russia’s Foreign Policy and the Caucasus ~ Contents ~ NEWSPAPERS ..................................................................................................................................................... 3 DAILIES .............................................................................................................................................................. 4 WEEKLIES ......................................................................................................................................................... 12 NEWS AGENCIES............................................................................................................................................. 14 WEB-MEDIA ...................................................................................................................................................... 17 ENGLISH LANGUAGE MEDIA ..................................................................................................................... 26 Russia’s Foreign Policy and the Caucasus 3 NEWSPAPERS Most widely read Russian newspapers by circulation and Average Issue Readership (AIR). Paper Owner Circulation Average Issue Readership (AIR) DAILY NEWSPAPERS Moskovsky Komsomolets Pavel Gusev 2.040,000 ---- Komsomolskaya Pravda YeSN 640,900 2.171,500 Rossiyskaya Gazeta Russian government 218,905 1.160,900 Izvestiya SOGAZ 177,000 420,200 Novaya Gazeta* Staff -
The Cause of the Chernobyl Accident 1. USSR State Committee on The
NOTES Introduction: The Cause Of The Chernobyl Accident 1. USSR State Committee on the Utilization of Atomic Energy, "The Acci dent at Chernobyl' Nuclear Power Plant and Its Consequences," presented at the International Atomic Energy Agency Post-Accident Review Meeting, Vienna, August 25-29, 1986. 2. USSR State Committee, "The Accident at Chernobyl"; A. Dastur, R. Osborne, D. Pendergast, D. Primeau, V. Snell and D. Torgerson, "A Quick Look at the Post-Accident Review Meeting (PARM)," Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, AECL-9327, September 1986. 3. P.S.W. Chan, A.R. Dastur, S.D. Grant, J.M. Hopwood, and B. Chexal, "The Chernobyl Accident: Multidimensional Simulations to Identify the Role of Design and Operational Features of the RBMK-1000," paper presented to the ENS/ ANS Topical Meeting on Probabilistic Risk Assess ment, Zurich, Switzerland, August 30-September 4, 1987. 4. V.G. Asmolov eta!., "The Accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant: One Year After," preliminary translation of principal Soviet paper presented by N.N. Ponomarev-Stepnoj to the International Atomic Energy Agency International Conference on Nuclear Power Plant Performance and Safety, Vienna, September 28-0ctober 2, 1987. 5. Chan eta!., "The Chernobyl Accident." 6. Ibid. 279 280 Notes 7. V.G. Asmolov et al., "The Accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant." 8. "CANDU Nuclear Generating Station Technical Summary," Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, PA-4, CANDU Operations, Mississauga. 9. V.G. Snell, "Safety of CANDU Nuclear Power stations," Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, AECL-6329, January 1985. 10. For a detailed technical evaluation, see J.Q. Howieson and V.G. -
Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments NUCLEAR- and MISSILE-RELATED TRADE and DEVELOPMENTS for SELECTED COUNTRIES, JULY-OCTOBER 1998
Nuclear and Missile Trade and Developments NUCLEAR- AND MISSILE-RELATED TRADE AND DEVELOPMENTS FOR SELECTED COUNTRIES, JULY-OCTOBER 1998 by Michael Barletta, Clay Bowen, Gaurav Kampani, and Tamara Robinson The material in this overview is drawn from selected abstracts that appear in the Center for Nonproliferation Studies’ nuclear and missile databases. Transactions of nuclear and missile technologies, parts, and materials are listed according to the recipient country. Other developments are listed according to the country where the event or development took place. would be to facilitate nuclear commerce be- the Chinese had no way of knowing which tween China and Europe. It is believed that chips held the encryption codes. According ASIA the EC will also seek to convince China “to to industry officials, only Loral employees enlarge China’s offer to the [International in California would have been able to tell Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)] under its the chips apart by comparing company voluntary safeguards agreement and put records with code numbers on the half- specific Chinese facilities under IAEA safe- melted hardware. A Clinton administration CHINA guards, as well as to submit an expanded official was quoted as saying that the Na- Nuclear declaration of its nuclear activities to the tional Security Agency did not think the IAEA,” as a part of its Model Additional missing chips were a major concern. He also Japanese police searched more than 20 loca- Protocol. The negotiations will not cover raised the point that if the Chinese wanted tions related to Hitachi Electronics Ltd. for nuclear accident liability because China is the encryption chips, they would have taken possible connections to the suspected illegal not a member of the Vienna International all the chips, since all the chips looked alike. -
Freies Deutschland«
Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung Manuskripte 53 Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung GOTTFRIED HAMACHER unter Mitarbeit von André Lohmar, Herbert Mayer, Günter Wehner und Harald Wittstock Gegen Hitler. Deutsche in der Résistance, in den Streitkräften der Antihitlerkoalition und der Bewegung »Freies Deutschland« Kurzbiografien Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin Gottfried Hamacher unter Mitarbeit von André Lohmar, Herbert Mayer, Günter Wehner und Harald Wittstock: Gegen Hitler. Deutsche in der Résistance, in den Streitkräften der Antihitlerkoalition und der Bewegung »Freies Deutschland«. Kurzbiografien (Reihe: Manuskripte/Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung; Bd. 53) Berlin: Dietz, 2005 ISBN 3-320-02941-X © Karl Dietz Verlag Berlin GmbH 2005 Satz: Jörn Schütrumpf 2., korr. Auflage Umschlag, Druck und Verarbeitung: MediaService GmbH BärenDruck und Werbung Printed in Germany Zum Geleit Wenn wir es nicht machen, wird es niemand tun – so lässt sich am besten die Haltung beschreiben, die den letzten Überlebenden, unterstützt von wenigen selbstlosen Enthusiasten, die Kraft verlieh, den Stoff, der dieses Buch aus- macht, zusammenzufügen. Den Frauen und Männern, die bis 1945 außerhalb Deutschlands gegen das alle Freiheit und Menschenwürde zermalmende deutsche NS-Regime – die brutalste, heimtückischste und aggressivste Spielart des Faschismus – kämpf- ten, ist in diesem Deutschland nur selten gedankt worden. Die meisten sind nicht nur vergessen, sondern wurden vorsätzlich vergessen gemacht. Die Differenz zwischen dem sich antifaschistisch verstehenden Deutsch- land in den Grenzen der DDR und der sich selbst als Fortführerin des Deut- schen Reiches deklarierenden Bundesrepublik wirkt noch immer fort. Dabei gab es Verdächtigungen, Verunglimpfungen, selbst Verfolgungen zu unter- schiedlichen Zeiten in beiden deutschen Staaten, wenn auch zumeist ge- gensätzlich politisch motiviert, für ehemalige Widerstandskämpfer, die auf »Feindesboden« gegen den Hitlerfaschismus gekämpft hatten. -
18321078.Pdf
I C/77-10 THE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM IN THE USSR Zev Katz Department of Russian Studies Soviet and East European Research Centre and School for Overseas Students The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Research Program on Communications Policy Center for International Studies Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 May 1977 Contents Page A. THE SYSTEM I. The Communications Revolution in the USSR: Expansion 1 II. The Communications Revolution: Changes in Content 8 and Function III. Communication Policy and Decision Making: The Five 14 Year Plan IV. The Soviet Communications System: Ownership and 20 Control V. Censorship -- Glavlit and Others 26 VI. The Men in Charge of Communications 33 B. THE MEDIA I. Government Bodies In Charge Of Communications 39 II. Soviet Radio 41 III. Soviet Television 45 IV. Postal and Telephone Services 48 V. The Media Owned by the Party and by Public 51 Organizations VI. The Book Trade 55 VII. Financial Aspects of Media Operations 58 Footnotes 65 Bibliography 71 THE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM IN THE USSR A. THE SYSTEM I. The Communications Revolution in the USSR: Expansion Since the death of Stalin a veritable revolution in the system of mass communications took place in the USSR.1 The revolution entailed two basic aspects: (a) a revolutionary expansion of communications networks, (b) a meaningful change in the role of the media, of their impact on the authorities and on the population.2 Both aspects are reviewed in newly available statistical material3 and in the evidence from recent emigres. As can be seen from the adjoining Table No. 1 communications expan- sion was very rapid. -
II the Eichmann Affair
II The Eichmann Affair Introduction The capture of Adolf Eichmann on 11 May 1960 in Argentina embarrassed the lead- erships of the European Communist countries: Eichmann had committed his crimes mainly on the territory of Soviet-bloc countries. Immediately after his arrest, the Israeli authorities signalled that they were counting on the assistance and co-oper- ation of the Soviet, Polish, Czechoslovak and Hungarian governments in the legal proceedings. The main political decision-making bodies of the concerned parties discussed the various issues arising from Eichmann’s capture, and consulted with each other and their Soviet superiors on several occasions. The documents below were drawn up in the course of these consultations and, much like a case study, they offer insights into the mechanisms that resulted in a uniform policy strategy towards Israel and Jewish-related issues, a strategy that was adapted to Soviet interests. Furthermore, the documents also reveal the extent and nature of policy differences between the various countries, the manner in which they sought to realise their own goals, and how far they were prepared to go in pursuit of such goals. Eichmann’s capture was first mentioned in the Soviet press in a brief report on 25 May 1960.1 It was only a few days after the capture that reports began to appear in the Hungarian, Polish and Czechoslovak press. As the B’nai B’rith analysis in this volume (Document 11) shows, significant differences of emphasis existed. In the latter half of June, the UN Security Council – of which Poland was a member at the time, in addition to the Soviet Union – debated, following a request from Argentina, the breach of Argentinian sovereignty. -
T H E S O V I E T S , G E R M a N Y , a N D T H E N E W E U R O P E Robbin
The Soviets, Germany, and the New Europe Robbin F. Laird h, Westview Press BOULDER • SAN FRANCISCO • OXFORD PRINCETON UNIVERSITY LIBRARY DUPL> 2 KM 32101 021838451 >Gb LIS To my brother and sister Harriet and Bruce Laird, who have had a much better relationship than the Soviets and the Germans This Westview softcover edition is printed on acid-free paper and bound in library- quality, coated covers that carry the highest rating of the National Association of State Textbook Administrators, in consultation with the Association of American Publishers and the Book Manufacturers' Institute. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the'publisher. Copyright © 1991 by Westview Press, Inc. Published in 1991 in the United States of America by Westview Press, Inc., 5500 Central Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80301-2847, and in the United Kingdom by Westview Press, 36 Lonsdale Road, Summertown, Oxford OX2 7EW Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Laird, Robbin F. (Robbin Frederick), 1946- et The Soviets, Germany, and the New Europe / Robbin F. K Laird. 0 p. cm. (0 ISBN 0-8133-8048-0 <n 1. Soviet Union—Foreign relations—Germany. 2. Germany—Foreign relations—Soviet Union. 3. Soviet Union—Foreign relations—1985— 0 4. Soviet Union—Foreign relations—Europe. 5. Europe—Foreign relations—Soviet Union. I. Title. DK67.5.G3L25 1991 r 327.47043—dc20 91-24783 CIP 0 <r Printed and bound in the United States of America «j> o The paper used in this publication meets the requirements o of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper (CO) for Printed Library Materials Z39.48-1984. -
The Evolution of Belarusian Public Sector: from Command Economy to State Capitalism?
CASE WORKING PAPERS The evolution of Belarusian public sector: From command economy to state capitalism? Aliaksandr Papko Piotr Kozarzewski No. 12(136)/2020 WARSAW BISHKEK KYIV TBILISI CHISINAU MINSK The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily re- flect the views of CASE. This publication is a continuation of a “CASE Network Report” series. Previous works in this series are available on CASE website: www.case-research.eu This work was supported by the National Science Centre of Poland under Grant no. 2017/25/B/HS4/01103 ‘The Phenomenon of «The Return of State-Owned Enterprises» in Contemporary Economy: Identification, Characteristics, and Consequences for the Economic Theory and for the Theory of Economic Policy.’ Keywords: state-owned enterprises, post-communist transition, state capitalism, institutions, Belarus. JEL codes: L53, O17 P21, P31 © CASE – Center for Social and Economic Research, Warsaw, 2020 Graphic Design: Katarzyna Godyń-Skoczylas | grafo-mania DTP: Campidoglio ISBN: 978-83-7178-694-5 Publisher: CASE-Center for Social and Economic Research al. Jana Pawla II 61, office 212, 01-031 Warsaw, Poland tel.: (48 22) 206 29 00, fax: (48 22) 206 29 01 e-mail: [email protected] http://www.case-research.eu Contents Authors............................................................................................................................... 4 Abstract.............................................................................................................................