Mother Mime: Siegfried, the Fairy Tale, and the Metaphysics of Sexual Difference Author(S): Adrian Daub Source: 19Th-Century Music, Vol
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Mother Mime: Siegfried, the Fairy Tale, and the Metaphysics of Sexual Difference Author(s): Adrian Daub Source: 19th-Century Music, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Fall 2008), pp. 160-177 Published by: University of California Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/ncm.2008.32.2.160 Accessed: 08-11-2017 01:27 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms University of California Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to 19th-Century Music This content downloaded from 70.103.220.4 on Wed, 08 Nov 2017 01:27:53 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 19TH CENTURY MUSIC Mother Mime: Siegfried, the Fairy Tale, and the Metaphysics of Sexual Difference ADRIAN DAUB In a letter to Theodor Uhlig, Richard Wagner fried’s central contradiction. In particular, act I writes in 1851 that his Young Siegfried “has of Siegfried sees the story of the Nibelungs and the enormous advantage, that it presents the the gods of Valhalla grind to a virtual halt, as important mythos to the audience in a playful the cast pauses to stage a production of the manner, the way one presents a fairy tale to a Grimms’ story of the “youth who went forth to child.”1 Even when Young Siegfried, the pre- learn what fear was.”3 lude to a projected Siegfried’s Death, trans- formed into the “second day” of the Ring cycle,2 the opera retained this doubleness: Siegfried is 3In fact, it is clear from Wagner’s correspondence that Der Junge Siegfried was initially conceived as a fairy-tale op- mythos condensed into a fairy-tale setting, or era. Siegfried started out simply as the nameless “Bursche conversely a fairy tale that hides a mythos. The . der auszog das Fürchten zu lernen,” and Wagner only doubleness that Wagner seems to find so ad- subsequently hit on the idea that this “Bursche” could be identical with the hero of Siegfrieds Tod. In May 1851, vantageous, however, also constitutes Sieg- Wagner wrote to Theodor Uhlig: “Didn’t I tell you earlier about this light subject matter? It was the youth who went forth ‘to find out what fear was’ and who is so dumb that he never wants to learn it. Imagine my start when I 1Richard Wagner, Sämtliche Briefe—Band IV: Mai 1851 suddenly realized that this boy is none other than—the bis September 1852, ed. Gertrud Strobel and Werner Wolf young Siegfried who wins the treasure and wins (Leipzig: Deutscher Verlag für Musik, 2000), p. 44: “Der Brünnhilde” (Habe ich Dir nicht früher schon einmal von ‘junge Siegfried’ hat den ungeheuren Vortheil, daß er den einem heitren stoffe geschrieben? Es war dieß der bursche wichtigen Mythos dem publikum im spiel, wie einem kinde der auszieht ‘um das fürchten zu lernen’ und so dumm ist, ein märchen, beibringt.” es nie lernen zu wollen. Denke Dir meinen schreck, als 2On the transformation Wagner’s original text underwent ich plötzlich erkenne, daß dieser bursche niemand anders to become “Siegfried,” see Daniel Coren, “The Texts of ist, als—der junge Siegfried, der den hort gewinnt und Wagner’s Der junge Siegfried and Siegfried,” this journal 6 Brünnhilde erweckt!) (Wagner, Sämtliche Briefe, Band IV, (1982), 17–30. 44). 160 19th-Century Music, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 160–77. ISSN: 0148-2076, electronic ISSN 1533-8606. © 2008 by the Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Please direct all requests for permission to photocopy or reproduce article content through the University of California Press’s Rights and Permissions Web site, at http://www.ucpressjournals.com/ reprintInfo.asp. DOI: 10.1525/ncm.2008.32.2.160. This content downloaded from 70.103.220.4 on Wed, 08 Nov 2017 01:27:53 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms As Carl Dahlhaus suggested with respect to only a fairy tale, but one upon which some- ADRIAN DAUB Siegfried, a classic fairy tale is characterized by thing foreign, namely the mythos, is always Siegfried, both timelessness and immanence.4 In setting already encroaching: “This particular fairy tale Fairy Tale, up its protagonist, in outlining that protagonist’s does have a sequel, but it takes place outside of Metaphysics travails and their eventual resolution, a fairy the world of the fairy tale and destroys it. The tale draws on no external resources, whether fairy tale of young Siegfried is like one of the social, historical, or even logical. It answers Fortunate Islands, which is swallowed up by exactly the questions it poses, without remain- the myth[os].”6 der. When Wagner distinguished between The stark dualism that seems to character- Mythos and Märchen, he was clearly drawing ize Wagner’s understanding of mythos and fairy on the distinction between the historical axis tale therefore asserts itself in the plot of the and dynastic concerns of the epic/mythos, and opera. Siegfried stages an opposition between the compressed and self-contained temporality an epic plot, namely the story of the Nibelungs of the fairy tale. and the end of the gods of Valhalla, and a fairy- Of course, recent scholarship has argued tale plot, the story of Siegfried leaving his for- against a stark dichotomization of mythos and est and reaching (sexual) maturity. And since fairy tale. It is, these scholars argue, just as the intersection between the epic plot that needs misguided to regard the fairy tale as entirely to be advanced and the fairy-tale anti-plot that ahistoric as it is to set up the mythos as its attempts to suspend its development occurs exact opposite, fully divorced from immanentist precisely in the realm of sexuality, sexuality concerns.5 For a fairy tale almost always has to emerges as a central thematic node of Siegfried. do with, if not overtly sexual, at least familial What is more, the dualism of self-enclosure relationships, such as siblinghood, parenthood, and epic development plays itself out in and descent. It was this conjunction of attributes Siegfried’s music as well. that made the fairy tale one of the prime sites The hero of both mythos and fairy tale per- and resources for psychoanalytic interpretation sists in, or rather exists as, the intersection of around the turn of the twentieth century. It fairy-tale timelessness and mythic provenance. offers, on the one hand, a static, atemporal He emerges from somewhere outside concrete structure that, on the other hand, exists only in historical sequence yet comes to influence and iteration and so furnishes a ground for histori- even inaugurate historical sequence. The magic cal sequence. Especially for a period so preoc- spot of intersection is inherently contradictory, cupied with questions of descent, (de)generation, and the hero’s position at that point in the and breeding as the nineteenth century, the story overdetermined. In Siegfried, more im- sexual was the historical par excellence. The portantly, the hero is not alone at the intersec- familial resources that give rise to the imma- tion of myth and fairy tale: his foster parent nence of the fairy tale thus threaten to explode and cunning exploiter, Mime, occupies that very the genre whose very lack of presuppositions they are supposed to vouch for. In Wagner’s Ring des Nibelungen, this con- 6“Timeless though a fairy tale may be, it has its frontiers. tradiction between genetic temporality and The waking of Brünnhilde, just like that of Sleeping Beauty, marks an ending that admits no future development be- pure, ostensibly static form becomes a contra- cause it represents perfection and fulfil[l]ment. This par- diction of genres. The cycle’s “second day,” ticular fairy tale does have a sequel, but it takes place Siegfried, as Dahlhaus argued, constitutes not outside of the world of the fairy tale and destroys it. The fairy tale of young Siegfried is like one of the Fortunate Islands, which is swallowed up by the myth” (So zeitlos eine Märchenhandlung ist, so geschlossen ist sie andererseits. Die Erweckung Brünnhildes stellt, nicht 4Carl Dahlhaus, Richard Wagner’s Musical Dramas (Cam- anders als die Dornröschen, ein Ende dar, das keine bridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), pp. 126–28; Fortsetzung zuläßt, weil es Vollendung bedeutet. Was idem, Richard Wagners Musikdramen (Stuttgart: P. dennoch folgt, liegt jenseits der Märchenwelt, die es Reclam, 1996), p. 183. zerstört. Das Märchen vom jungen Siegfried gleicht einer 5See, e.g., Jack Zipes, The Brothers Grimm: From Enchanted glücklichen Insel, die vom Mythos verschlungen wird) Forests to the Modern World (New York: Palgrave (Dahlhaus, Wagner’s Musical Dramas, pp. 127–28; idem, Macmillan, 2002), pp. 208–30. Wagners Musikdramen, p. 183). 161 This content downloaded from 70.103.220.4 on Wed, 08 Nov 2017 01:27:53 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 19TH same vexed spot. In Mime’s case, the opera the causal chains of instrumental reason. And CENTURY MUSIC obsessively asserts the impossibility of his po- it is sexual causation, of which Mime appears sition, turning him into the tortured citizen of incapable, that proves to be his downfall. two worlds. In the case of Siegfried, however, it Mime’s dizzying carousel of sexual personae just as strenuously denies the impossibility of is at once strangely desexualized (in many ways the youth’s position within the narrative.