May – June 2017 • Volume 38:3

Member Profile: Mike O’Neal Page 9

Interview with Aschwin de Wolf

ISSN 1054-4305 Page 14

Case Report: James Baglivo $9.95 Page 22 Improve Your Odds of a Good You have your funding and contracts in place but have you considered other steps you can take to prevent problems down the road? ü Keep Alcor up-to-date about personal and medical changes. ü Update your Alcor paperwork to reflect your current wishes. ü Execute a cryonics-friendly Living Will and Durable Power of Attorney for Health Care. ü Wear your bracelet and talk to your friends and family about your desire to be cryopreserved. ü Ask your relatives to sign Affidavits stating that they will not interfere with your cryopreservation. ü Attend local cryonics meetings or start a local group yourself. ü Contribute to Alcor’s operations and research.

Contact Alcor (1-877-462-5267) and let us know how we can assist you. Visit the ALCOR FORUMS www.alcor.org/forums/ Discuss Alcor and cryonics topics with other members and Alcor officials. • The Alcor Foundation • Financial • Cell Repair Technologies • Rejuvenation • Cryobiology • Stabilization • Events and Meetings Other features include pseudonyms (pending verification of membership status) and a private forum. Visit the ALCOR BLOG www.alcor.org/blog/ Your source for news about: • Cryonics technology • Speaking events and meetings • Cryopreservation cases • Employment opportunities • Television programs about cryonics Alcor is on Facebook Connect with Alcor members and supporters on our official Facebook page: www.facebook.com/alcor.life.extension.foundation Become a fan and encourage interested friends, family members, and colleagues to support us too. May – June 2017 • Volume 38:3 COVER STORY: PAGE 9 Member Profile: Mike O’Neal Travel with us to Louisiana to meet computer science professor, cat lover, tech startup founder, and Alcor Board Member Mike O’Neal.

Member Profile: Mike O’Neal Page 9

Interview with Aschwin de Wolf

ISSN 1054-4305 Page 14

Case Report: James Baglivo On the cover: at the MBN Y Forum $9.95 Page 22 in Seoul, South Korea

14 Interview with Aschwin de Wolf Sven Bulterijs, a post-graduate researcher at Yale University, interviewed Aschwin de Wolf for the LongeCity website. Topics covered include the state of cryopreservation research, research objectives for brain cryopreservation, stabilization protocols, and repair scenarios.

22 Case Report: James Baglivo The Cryopreservation of Alcor Member James Baglivo is special for a number of reasons. James Baglivo was the winner of the 1994 Omni magazine cryonics essay contest for which he was rewarded with cryonics arrangements (through life insurance) which were maintained until legal death. His case is also an example of rapid “post-mortem” deployment and the use of Alcor’s “field cryoprotection” capabilities.

www.alcor.org Cryonics / May-June 2017 3 CONTENTS Editorial Board 5 Quod incepimus conficiemus Ralph C. Merkle, Ph.D. Premedication in Cryonics Revisited R. Michael Perry, Ph.D. In 1994, former Alcor President Michael Darwin wrote Editor “Premedication in the Human Cryopreservation Patient,” We Aschwin de Wolf revisit the topic of premedication in the light of new research and insights. Contributing Writers Aschwin de Wolf 6 CEO Update Christine Gaspar In his latest CEO Update, Alcor CEO Max More discusses Max More, Ph.D. R. Michael Perry, Ph.D. membership gains in 2016, Alcor’s finances, upgrades to the Mark Plus patient care bay, and recent and upcoming media appearances. Nicole Weinstock 18 Modern Survivalism 2.0 Copyright 2017 Modern Survivalism 2.0 is a theory which posits that there by Alcor Foundation exists a spectrum of survivalist sentiment which begins with the All rights reserved. preservation of what one has (via disaster mitigation) and segues Reproduction, in whole or part, without permission is prohibited. into regaining what one has lost (via cryonics) and how if one is truly intent on having an indefinite lifespan, one must embrace Cryonics magazine is published bi-monthly. all of it. It encourages survivalists to think like cryonicists and cryonicists to consider survivalism. Please note: If you change your address less than a month before the magazine is mailed, it 32 Membership Statistics may be sent to your old address. How many members, associate members, and patients does Alcor

Address correspondence to: have and where do they live? Cryonics Magazine 34 FOR THE RECORD 7895 East Acoma Drive, Suite 110 Scottsdale, Arizona 85260 A Year of Jubilees: Some Important Cryonics Phone: 480.905.1906 Anniversaries Toll free: 877.462.5267 We look at four historically important cryopreservations whose Fax: 480.922.9027 “jubilee” anniversaries, by an unusual coincidence, all occurred recently, two at the 50-year-mark, one from 40, and the other Letters to the Editor welcome: [email protected] from 25 years back.

Advertising inquiries: 42 A review of Jesus Wept by Bridget Nash 480.905.1906 x113 This “young adult” novel with a cryonics theme explores issues [email protected] of the self, identity, and especially memory in ways that real ISSN: 1054-4305 cryonicists have argued about for years. Visit us on the web at www.alcor.org 44 Revival Update Mike Perry surveys the news and research to report on new Alcor News Blog http://www.alcor.org/blog/ developments that bring us closer to the revival of cryonics patients.

4 Cryonics / May-June 2017 www.alcor.org Quod incepimus conficiemus

Photo: Cryo-Care Equipment Corporation at 2340 E. Washington St., Phoenix, AZ. Dr. Bedford’s “home” about 1970.

Premedication in Cryonics Revisited By Aschwin de Wolf

Disclaimer: Alcor cannot provide medical care for living patients and must regard the care and medication of legally living members as the sole responsibility of members and their treating physicians. To avoid conflict of interest Alcor cannot advocate premedication protocols for cryonics patients.

f there are medications, nutrients, Broadly speaking, there are two If we reflect on these results with the minerals, and/ or vitamins that can categories of premedication drugs: two categories of drugs discussed above mitigate the adverse effects of ischemia (1) Drugs aimed at preventing events in mind, it is tempting to conclude that Iafter circulatory arrest, it stands to reason following circulatory arrest and (2) drugs only drugs that can prevent a specific that some of these strategies may even aimed at mitigating the damage that ischemia-induced effect (like blood confer greater benefits if they are already follows circulatory arrest. An example of clotting) can improve the cryopreservation being pursued prior to pronouncement of the former is prevention of blood clots of the patient. This would be premature legal death. and an example of the latter is ischemia- to conclude at this stage. Not just because Two surveys of the topic of induced free radical generation. of our choice of animal model and sample premedication, the only such writings that When our lab Advanced Neural size, but because some of the medications I know of, were penned by Michael Darwin Biosciences conducted stabilization in Alcor’s stabilization protocol may better many years ago. The first is “Reducing medications research we administered help to sustain biological viability after the Ischemic Damage in Cryonic Suspension medications prior to or concurrent with start of cryonics procedures and/or inhibit Patients by Premedication” (Cryonics, circulatory arrest. This model is effective in biochemical events that degrade brain April 1991). The second, more extensive looking at the efficacy of drugs but in real ultrastructure. treatment is “Premedication of the Human human cryopreservation administration of Stabilization medications research can Cryopreservation Patient,” Chapter 7 of medications is often delayed. An interesting provide data to formulate an evidence- the 1994 reference Standby: End-Stage feature of this model, however, is that it based premedication program, but there Care of the Human Cryopreservation Patient may tell us something about the efficacy of are issues that are unique to premedication. (https://alcor.org/Library/html/standby7. these medications had they been part of a For example, a highly effective agent like html). One case report showing use of premedication regime. sodium citrate cannot be administered premedication is that of James Gallagher, As reported in our research summary prior pronouncement of legal death because 1995 (Alcor Patient A-1871). in the January-February issue of Cryonics it immediately stops the heart. There are In his contributions Darwin covers topics magazine, we only found consistent and also medications that may be effective such as medico-legal issues, risks and benefits, beneficial effects for two medications; for the critically ill patient (for example, patient evaluation, drug categories, specific heparin and sodium citrate. Both agents drugs aimed at preventing arrhythmias and medications, evidence, contraindications, prevent the formation of blood clots, sudden death during decline) that have etc. Here I briefly review some recent although sodium citrate may also exhibit no meaningful role to play in cryonics stabilization medications research for its general neuroprotective properties as a stabilization procedures.  relevance to premedication protocols. calcium chelator. www.alcor.org Cryonics / May-June 2017 5 CEO Update By Max More

Alcor’s 150th Patient Korea’s acting prime minister in August I made some good contacts from several Meihuei Kao, A-2998, a non-confidential 2002 under President Kim Dae-Jung, countries (including China and Japan) and whole body member, was pronounced on The main event took place the following from diverse but high-level backgrounds. February 19, 2017 in Tijuana, Mexico. day at the Jangchung Arena. The audience Several people seemed genuinely interested Meihuei became Alcor’s 150th patient on for the talk was 3,000 to 4,000 Korean in making cryonic arrangements. South February 22. students. (The capacity of the arena is Korea seems to be a promising place 4,618 and it looked to be filled close for cryonics to catch on, given more Seoul, South Korea – again! to capacity.) The one-day MBN Forum exposure. As I noted when I reported on Just three months after my first trip to South consisted of four sections: The Hero Show my November 2016 trip, also to Seoul, the Korea, I invited to another, entirely distinct (“Enjoy the Impossible”), The Future country’s culture is strongly pro-technology event: The MBN Y Forum 2017 at the Show (“The Future Where Everything is and pro-innovation. Jangchung Arena in Seoul, from February Possible”), the Dream Show (“Dream, Do 21-22, 2017. This was the sixth such It!”), and the Anchor Show (“Challenge event and consisted of two quite different the World”). My talk and discussion was “You might expect such a gatherings. The first was the VIP Reception part of the Future Show. The session was on the evening of Tuesday February 21 at moderated by Dr. Dennis Hong, Professor group in a country with the Shilla Seoul Hotel. The second was the and the Founding Director of RoMeLa almost-zero exposure to main event at the Jangchung Arena. (Robotics & Mechanisms Laboratory) of The VIP Forum was a dinner with the Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering cryonics to be baffled or introduction and a panel discussion Department at UCLA. Other speakers were unreceptive. On the contrary, including only four speakers, one of them Gary Geunbae Lee, Senior Vice-President me. The audience for the panel discussion of Samsung Electronics, and Dr. Jane Oh, both during the question was 100 CEOs, government ministers, Principal Investigator at NASA. session and over dinner, and other senior figures. You might expect I’m told that my cryonics talk and panel such a group in a country with almost- discussion were a big hit, stimulating a lot interest was genuine and zero exposure to cryonics to be baffled or of discussion. Dr. Dae-Whan was especially attitudes friendly. “ unreceptive. On the contrary, both during interested and I was told he talked about the question session and over dinner, interest it positively at every meeting he was in. was genuine and attitudes friendly. It didn’t Apart from picking me for the Tuesday The trajectory of membership dues, hurt that I was one of few speakers for that VIP reception, we had a private half-hour updated: In estimating the cost of your limited session and the selection was made solo conversation which he asked me many membership dues over your lifetime, it by Dr. Chang Dae-Whan, Chairman of the questions about Alcor and cryonics. As would be a mistake to take the amount Maekyung Media Group, which includes a further sign of favor, during opening of you are paying today and multiply that the Maeil Business Newspaper and Maeil the main event the next day, he selected a by the number of years before you expect Broadcasting Network (MBN), a leading few speakers to highlight, starting with me. to be cryopreserved. There are two main business news media group in Korea. He According to one of the main organizers, he reasons for this. First, any such calculation served as Acting Prime Minister of Korea enthusiastically raised the subject in several must take into account the fact that long- (2002). He also served a brief stint as South meetings. term members now receive discounts that

6 Cryonics / May-June 2017 www.alcor.org grow over time. Second, the real (inflation- From 1986 to 2017 (31 years), dues and tsunamis, and remarkable supportive adjusted) level of dues may be more or less went from $200 to $525 = 3.16%. [2.58% political environment. than the general rate of inflation. general inflation in the USA.] Q. “Is cryonics ethical?” Here are Alcor’s membership annual From 1995 to 2017 (22 years), dues A. This question cannot reasonably be dues (nominal, not inflation-adjusted) over went from $360 to $525 = 1.73%. [2.1% answered in a simple “yes” or “no” form. The the years: general inflation in the USA.] answer is that it depends on the cryonics 1982 – $130 organization and on what is being offered. From 2002 to 2017 (15 years), dues In practice, at least with respect to cryonics 1984 – $160 went from $398 to $525 = 1.86%. [1.97% as practiced by the Alcor Life Extension 1986 – $200 general inflation in the USA.] Foundation, the largest and most advanced cryonics organization, the answer is “yes.” 1990 – $252 From 2010 to 2017 (7 years), dues went from $478 to $525 = 1.35%. [1.5% general Alcor makes no promises that anyone 1992 – $288 inflation in the USA.] will ever be revived. That is because (a) we cannot know under what conditions 1995 – $360 From 2011 to 2017 (6 years), dues went any specific individual will enter from $620 to $525 = -4.07%. [1.13% 2002 – $398 cryopreservation. Some will be in excellent general inflation in the USA.] 2005 – $398, $120 CMS added condition with full perfusion of the brain, 2010 – $478, $120 CMS eliminating ice formation (as shown in CT scans), while others will suffer delays or 2011 – $620, $180 CMS “South Korea seems to have damage from stroke, aneurysm, brain 2013 – $590, $180 CMS be a promising place for cancer, or Alzheimer’s; (b) Alcor’s published materials, including the detailed contracts, 2015 – $530, $180 CMS cryonics to catch on, clearly identify numerous ways in which 2016 – $525, $180 CMS given more exposure.” things could go wrong. Informed consent 2017 – $525, $180 CMS (or zero CMS is required – a crucial element of ethical if CMS waiver chosen) practices. Offering a means by which there is a real These are the most expensive rates for Answering questions about although uncertain possibility of extending single members or first members of families, cryonics your life is absolutely ethical. What is with no length-of-membership discounts or Such questions pop on Quora frequently. unethical are the pronouncements of those CMS waivers. The percentages below do not It’s one of the more thoughtful sites of its who have not bothered to do their research reflect those lower rates. (I’m also using only kind and you can find good answers to a who declare cryonics to be impossible. the dues number and ignoring CMS.) So, for stunning range of questions. I’ve recently Unethical, uninformed, and irresponsible members who have stuck with Alcor for an written brief answers to two questions: criticisms were recently made in England extended time or who are family members, Q. “Cryonics: Isn’t it a waste of energy following a case (not by Alcor). Here is the following numbers overstate increases.) for Alcor to be cryo-preserving bodies in a a fact-based response: http://alcor.org/ It’s interesting to calculate the average place as hot as Arizona?” (February 10.) Statement-on-Cryonics.pdf annual percentage and to compare it to A. Not in the least. Outside temperatures general inflation. This is useful since it gives are unimportant. For one thing, the Patient members and prospective members some Care Bay is air conditioned, since people sense of the trajectory of that cost. However, have to work inside it. (Note added: the cost “From 1986 to today, it should be noted that, since 2013, dues of this A/C is minor compared to the cost of have only decreased, not increased. (The maintaining patients in cryopreservation, membership dues have average per annum change since 2011 is given the A/C.) Much more importantly, increased at a rate only -4.07%.) From 1986 to today, membership the vacuum flask Dewars insulate internal dues have increased at a rate only modestly temperatures from external temperatures modestly ahead of general ahead of general inflation (3.16% compared very thoroughly. So, cryopreserved patients inflation (3.16% compared to 2.58%). Given economies of scale (and, are not, in any relevant sense, “in Arizona.” we hope, a growing Endowment), I venture They are in a special room that is generally to 2.58%).” to say that dues will increase less than general quite cool, and inside vessels whose vacuum inflation henceforth and, eventually, on layer makes the external temperature average since the start. essentially irrelevant. More important is the For a more detailed set of answers, see: If you look at increasingly recent years, Phoenix/Scottsdale area’s lack of seismic Alcor: FAQ – Moral: http://alcor.org/ the rate of increase of membership dues activity, lack of tornadoes and hurricanes tends to go down: FAQs/faq03.html

www.alcor.org Cryonics / May-June 2017 7 Neuro patient CT scanning soon. The event was such a success, that we https://www.facebook.com/60SecDocs/ continues expect another two groups of similar size, videos/1716358052010352/ Many thanks to Don Laughlin for his just to accommodate all the attorneys who Alcor receives a huge amount of publicity continued support of the Research Fund. expressed interest even before the first tour/ compared to the tiny fraction of interviews This has made possible several projects, discussion/class. we grant. Several people have pointed including the CT scan project. Mike Perry Despite requests from media on a daily out how this represents many millions of selected two good candidates for the next basis (typically more than daily), we have dollars’ worth of free advertising. But others scan – tentatively scheduled for March granted few interviews recently, especially worry about the consequences of attracting 18. This allows us to economically scan if they involved filming. Filmed interviews attention to ourselves. But I don’t want to a sample of nM22 and then adjust our always take more time than is promised. For repeat what I wrote in my Update for the calibrations for future neuro cases. The instance, on February 27, my supposedly previous issue…  M22 vitrification solution is the same 30-minute time with the VPRO film crew for both neuro and whole body cases, from the Netherlands expanded with a but they differ in the carrier solution for sense of inevitability to between two and the cryoprotectant mixture. Our study three hours. needs to be done before we can accurately interpret future cases of neuro patients who have been cryoprotected with the nM22 “Offering a means by which formulation. Media and Public Education there is a real although Readers of this magazine find the idea of uncertain possibility of cryonics familiar and sensible. Sometimes, it’s hard to comprehend just how outside extending your life is the mainstream we are, even after so much absolutely ethical. progress. That’s why we continue, very selectively, to give interview after repetitive What is unethical are the interview. And also why we publish case pronouncements of those who reports and other materials on our website, to be as transparent and non-strange as have not bothered to do their possible. It’s also why we give tours twice research who declare cryonics per week. These can be one person – an inquirer of unknown interest; an individual to be impossible.” who seems like a potential member; or a relative of a patient – or they can be couples, multiple independent visitors – or they can On January 26, I was supposed to spend be classes or professional organizations or 15 minutes with Discovery, Canada. It other groups (such as the Scottsdale Violent ended up being close to two hours. I also Crime Unit). In late January, we enjoyed a spent more time than planned – several return visit from curious students from hours – being filmed for “60 Second Arizona State University. Docs.” As the name suggests, all that On March 2, we talked and gave a tour recording time is boiled down to just 60 to 22 attorneys as part of their continuing seconds. (Apart from the recording time, legal education. Surely, attorneys would I invested more time thinking of ultra- not be interested in Alcor or cryonics? brief statements that would work for their Surely, they would look elsewhere for their format while still conveying something continuing education credits? Surely, they useful.) At least for the first three-quarters, would provide almost-uniformly negative I’m fairly happy with how it turned out, or at least uninterested feedback on the even if I am now saddled with the super- (anonymous) forms? No, no, and no. The villain name of “Doctor Freeze.” Although far more positive reality is doubtless due recently uploaded, as of March 4, the video partly to the host of the CLE (continuing has received 168,000 reviews. If just 1% legal education) event, a well-established of those viewers – even 0.1% – eventually company specializing in trusts and financial follow through and pursue cryonics more advice which I hope to talk about more very seriously, it will have been well worth it:

8 Cryonics / May-June 2017 www.alcor.org Member Profile Mike O’Neal

By Nicole Weinstock Mike stands amidst flurries of snow in Northern Louisiana.

ravel with us to Louisiana to meet A wry sense of humor and a weakness kindergarten at the school that he and his computer science professor, cat for feline strays are just a couple of qualities siblings attended, just first through twelfth lover, tech startup founder, long- that round Mike’s very accomplished grade, but he did his part to keep everyone’s Ttime cryonicist, and Alcor Board Member, résumé, not to mention his weakness for schoolwork on track. Thanks to his patient Mike O’Neal. sous vide steak. and dedicated instruction, his younger “Cats think they’re higher on the food Southern by birth, Mike grew up on brother Eddie had already learned the chain than you are,” says Mike on the other a farm in rural Louisiana in the town of standard kindergarten curriculum by his end of the phone, as his reportedly big- Oak Grove. Though populated by just first year in school (first grade). bellied, tawny pet of 15 years settles down for 1,700 people during his childhood, it now Fast-forward to 1987: Mike is Assistant a nap. “He’s the cat and you’re the monkey. holds a unique claim to fame in northeast Professor of Computer Science at Louisiana You gotta put it this way: he doesn’t clean my Louisiana: Oak Grove’s downtown Tech University, a Tier 1 national research cat litter so you tell me who’s right.” landmark, the Fiske Theatre, is the region’s university that conducts research for the oldest operating movie theatre, dating likes of the National Aeronautics and Space back to 1928. It is a fitting juxtaposition Administration (NASA), the National of city-meets-country, much like the union Science Foundation (NSF), and the of Mike’s parents, who met in New York Department of Defense (DoD). To say that before moving to Louisiana. it is known for its engineering and science “My mom was from Brooklyn originally, programs is an understatement. and my father was from the south. They Interestingly enough however, computer met as a result of World War II. He was in science was Mike’s second love, and in the the navy. She spotted a cute sailor across the end, surfaced by way of his first: space. way in Central Park and told a girlfriend Born in 1960, three years after the Soviet she was gonna marry him at some point.” Union launched Sputnik and the space They did indeed marry, having two race began, Mike was one year old when children quickly thereafter, and four more President JFK expanded the space program several years later. Mike was born in those by several billion dollars to safely get an later years, along with his brother Eddie, American to the moon and back. He was Life wouldn’t be the same without JC, who was one of his earliest students. two when John Glenn Jr. became the first Mike’s pet cat named after a former “I was probably destined to be a teacher American to orbit Earth. And, perhaps roommate (JC is short for “John’s Cat”). early on,” Mike admits. There was no most importantly, Mike was nine years old

www.alcor.org Cryonics / May-June 2017 9 that’s a very empowering experience. I was a good chunk of his now nearly 30 years of completely hooked on it because of that. membership. You get to feel creation.” As of 2016, Mike is also one of two Though less prominent than the theme of recent additions to Alcor’s board. One of artificial intelligence, cryogenic hibernation his central areas of focus is cost control was another element of 2001 that struck a over the long term, with hopes of chord in Mike. But over the years, despite slowing any increase in the organization’s his growing repertoire of science reads, he cryopreservation minimums. His drive to couldn’t find any real world work on the mitigate costs is motivated by a deep desire subject. When he reached graduate school to make cryonics an affordable option to all in the mid ’80’s, he decided to devote an who support it. afternoon to the hunt for some kind of “There’s a certain tragedy in the world of scholarly coverage of cryonics. His efforts people who pass away and do not embrace resulted in a few disappointing articles on the cryonics idea. Religious people have an cryobiology. answer to that, but if you are an agnostic Fortunately for Mike however, [like me] or you are an atheist, death is Mike and his mom lean in for a photo. She was close to 90 years old at the time. serendipity took hold just a few months final unless you choose the cryonics option. later. After reading a copy of Free Inquiry—a So to me, the thing that’s even sadder is magazine that he accidentally subscribed someone who embraces the idea, and for when Neil Armstrong landed on the moon. to—he saw an ad on the back page that financial reasons, is unable to pursue that. His pre-teen years were, quite literally, filled included the words “Physical Immortality” That is a tragedy of epic proportions.” with space. in bolded letters. Like any good scientist, While Mike works hard to influence “If you had asked me at 12 years old Mike reacted with no small reservations: the feasibility of cryopreservation for any where I’d be living at 40, I would’ve told “I literally laughed out loud that interested party from within Alcor, he also you ‘on the moon,’” says Mike. “But I’m someone would post so preposterous an urges members to take initiative in their five foot two with terrible eyesight, so that ad. Reading a bit farther though, I saw the wishes and embrace cryonics as a long- wasn’t in the cards.” word ‘Cryonics’ and ‘Alcor Life Extension term commitment. The recent passing of His passion for space converged with Foundation.’ I was highly skeptical, to his mother weighed heavily in shaping this the seed of interest in computer science in say the least, but the ad offered a free attitude. Stanley Kubrick’s epic sci-fi movie, 2001: information package for those interested.” “By 21st century standards she didn’t A Space Odyssey (1968). “It was a mind- He wrote off for the package, which suffer and was surrounded by people she blowing experience for me. I wanted to included an issue of Cryonics. It covered loved. But it made me think about the fact build a HAL computer.” the work of and , that, you know, you really need to have your For those of you who may not know—no who, at the time, were carrying out deep duckies in a row. You need to be prepared spoilers!—HAL 9000 was a Heuristically hypothermia experiments in the canine for contingencies since you yourself can’t programmed ALgorithmic computer. A model. provide for them at the end.” This is also, as now famous example of artificial intelligence “What impressed me was that Alcor was Mike is quick to add, a reason to make your as depicted in cinematic history, HAL is a truly trying to do science. And it wasn’t wishes known to others that are near and principal character and central antagonist just that. They were approaching it from dear, so ignorance and foul play are avoided in the movie. He controls the operation of a very professional way, and I had mad when your time comes. a spacecraft en route to Jupiter, interacting respect for that… What I especially liked He encourages members to approach with the human crew onboard by voice, his that made me take it seriously was that they cryonics from a long-term lens, minding only physical characterization being the red were very careful not to make claims that finances, yes, but also giving thought to or yellow light of a camera lens. were unsupported. You can attract a crowd just what type of arrangement you should For Mike, the fascination with HAL to anything by telling people what they select. and the desire to replicate this sentient want to hear. Alcor and cryonics are brave “Try to plan your finances accordingly,” computer went deeper than an interest in enough to tell people the truth and what urges Mike, “so that when you are most space travel. they need to hear. It takes a lot of integrity likely to need the services you can still “People tend to think that computer to do that.” afford them. If you are young and are science is for boring people, but the truth Mike became a member at Alcor just a funded through term insurance, think of the matter is that it’s a very creative kind few years later, when he began his position about switching to whole life. If you are of thing. It’s extremely precise but very as Assistant Professor at Louisiana Tech. middle aged, think about saving not only creative. When you build something and He was the only dot in Louisiana on for retirement, but also putting away some you run it, and it takes on a life of its own, Cryonics magazine’s member heat map for extra money as a hedge against potential

10 Cryonics / May-June 2017 www.alcor.org future inflation of cryopreservation minimums.” Though financing your future is important, Mike also touches on how this long-term lens can influence the ideological landscape of your cryonics arrangements. He encourages members to give whole body cryopreservation fair consideration. Though it is more expensive than neuro preservation—Mike is the first to empathize with this, which is one reason why he is so dedicated to cost control in his board member responsibilities—he shares some very compelling arguments in favor of this arrangement.1 One point that Mike raises is the potential value of the body in maximizing information about the person. If the identity of the person emphasizes their physicality in some special way, there could be a distinct advantage in cryopreserving the rest of the body along with the brain. Mike studies the digital horizon during the dot com years of his life. “I’m not a musician,” Mike admits, “but I can imagine a musician. That’s all muscle memory. And if your brain was and more specifically, change, generally “but I was waiting for the moment when transplanted into a different body, making runs counter to human nature. What’s the you could break out and actually explore a all of those connections back, I have a hard antidote? “The way organizations grow is 3D environment.” time believing that it’s just going to be a they need new people who come in with Real Myst (2000) was the answer to seamless process, and you’ll wake up and new energy and new ideas. You get both of his wishes. According to his description, feel exactly the same.” those things from the young.” it allowed players to explore the whole Mike also raises the value of whole body For Mike, the value of young people environment instead of just pre-rendered cryopreservation as a backup source of extends beyond the realm of cryonics into scenes. But after downloading the demo and information in the event of a complication his daily life, where they are a welcome playing for an hour, Mike ended up with a in your neuro cryopreservation or source of inspiration and camaraderie. “I case of video game induced seasickness, and resuscitation. “Neuro is a lower bar to entry, learn more from my students and from had to stay away from this hobby for several but one that doesn’t really have a safety net. friends of mine who are younger than me years, until a slow reintroduction allowed It doesn’t really have a fallback plan.” sometimes than what I teach.” him to partake in Heavy Rain (2010). Since Ever the economist-inclined computer In fact, he credits his first use of the then, he has played a host of third person scientist, he also urges whole body World Wide Web to these relationships. games and RPGs (Role-Playing Games), consideration for pragmatic reasons. In “I can remember the day when one of my tending toward complex storylines that the event of drastic market change and, students rushed into my office to tell me empower the player with the ability to accordingly, shifts in cryopreservation about this new thing called the ‘World determine the game’s direction. minimums, “[whole body cryopreservation] Wide Web’. I said, ‘What is that?’ He said, “It’s absolutely fascinating to me that forces you to put aside more money ‘It’s this hierarchical way of organizing we’re at the point where characters have for cryonics. On neuro,” he continues, information, and one article can link to their own simulated lives… And you can “individuals can find themselves in a very another article.’ He brought up a website in see the thread there, because it takes me uncomfortable place.” Mozilla I think it was—in beta—and I said, back to AI. AI in gaming is something that Apart from targeted cost control, Mike ‘No Don. You’re wrong, this has turned the I do find fascinating.” is also focused on growing Alcor over Internet into magazine pages.’” This thread of futurism runs deep in time. This, in and of itself, can help reduce Another interest that’s kept Mike in the Mike’s movie preferences as well. Akin to member costs, but more importantly, it know is gaming. He played video games the blog, Paleo Future, he too is drawn to helps keep the organization alive. As Mike quite heavily in the ’90s, including the the theme of past visions of the future; puts it, “Any group that’s not growing is famous Myst (1993) and its sequel Riven indeed, this forms a unique critical lens for dying. There’s no in-between.” Yet growth, (1997). “I loved those games,” says Mike, some of his favorite films. In Fred Wilcox’s

www.alcor.org Cryonics / May-June 2017 11 now. In his own words, “I would love to live to see Man in general, and Mike in particular, explore the galaxy to see what’s out there. Signing up for cryonics is the only practical step one can currently take to improve one’s chances of seeing such a future.” And take it he has. 

REFERENCES 1 To review them in detail, you can read, “The Case for Whole Body Cryopreservation,” originally published in Cryonics magazine, and later revised and co-authored with Aschwin De Wolf for publication in Preserving Minds, Saving Lives.

When you have a PhD and a sense of humor, the average birthday cake just won’t do.

Forbidden Planet (1956) for example, Mike smile on his lips he asks, “How do they notes the rather extensive relationship afford to air condition the outdoors there?” between the alien technology that was Like many cryonicists, the future discovered and its functions—or rather, has many meanings for Mike, the most lack thereof: important of which extend beyond typical “There was a different device for every notions of tomorrow, or even years from single function. There’s a power-indicating device, there’s a modeling tool device— there are all these separate devices. And you look at today and we don’t think of things that way anymore. We’ve evolved in the way we think about objects and technology. Look at your phone. We call it ‘technology,’ but what is it really? I have a clock, a weather app, a calculator, a map program… And that’s just the first couple.” Speaking to his own life, Mike senses change on the horizon. “I’ve been teaching for about 30 years, and Louisiana, when I started, had a wonderful retirement system. So I’m eligible to retire here in two years at full salary. I’m thinking the West Coast.” He has fond memories of the Pacific-adjacent states of the U.S. ever since his sabbatical to Los Angeles in 2000. During that time he and his nephew created a web start- up company together, giving him ample opportunity to enjoy the sunshine state. Friends are an important part of Mike’s life, whether they’re sharing “The weather is perfect,” he says. With a a backyard BBQ or relaxing in the Bahamas as seen above.

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MKAQAV170207 Alcor_SuperOmega.indd 1 2/8/17 10:11 AM Interview with Aschwin de Wolf

Conducted in February 2017. Reprinted with permission from LongeCity

1. How has the cryopreservation circumstances (no prior ischemia) cryoprotectants to the brain without procedure evolved since the it can also be used in whole-body such significant changes in brain first human was placed in patients without edema – a problem volume. Resolving these two issues cryostasis? that seemed to plague prior DMSO- will bring us much closer to reversible based cryoprotectants in cryonics. brain cryopreservation. The most important element in Elimination of ice formation and the progress of cryopreservation reduced toxicity has substantially 4. People have experimented in procedures in cryonics is the reduced the degree of damage the past with a wide variety progressive elimination of ice associated with cryopreservation. of antioxidants, chelators formation. When cryonics started, and membrane stabilizing patients were often cryopreserved 3. Which foreseeable advances molecules to reduce the damage without any cryoprotection or very in the field of cryobiology to the body at the start of the low concentrations of cryoprotectant. do you believe will lead to procedure (so just after legal In the 1980s and 1990s organizations improvements in how humans pronunciation of death). Have such as Alcor started adapting are preserved and decrease the any of these been successful mainstream perfusion technologies damage done on the bodies? and are people still trying to to introduce high concentrations of find such substances to reduce cryoprotectants (such as glycerol) I foresee further advances in two areas; damage at the early moments of to mitigate ice formation. In 2000 a more detailed understanding of the procedure? Alcor formally introduced vitrification the nature of cryoprotectant toxicity with the aim of eliminating freezing and the design of brain-optimized I think it is important to recognize that altogether. cryoprotectants. Cryoprotectant all these anti-ischemia interventions toxicity is currently the most are more important when there is 2. Have changes in the procedure formidable obstacle preventing a delay between pronouncement over the last decades reversible cryopreservation of of death and the start of cryonics (composition of cryoprotectant, complex mammalian organs. With procedures. If there is a rapid and rate of cooling, etc.) led to a the exception of the work of Dr. Greg smooth transition between the two, measurable decrease in the Fahy and his colleagues at 21st Century immediate restoration of circulation, damage that occurs during Medicine, it is rather surprising how rapid induction of hypothermia, and vitrification? little theoretical and experimental aggressive anti-thrombotic therapy research has been done to illuminate should be sufficient to maintain Yes. The elimination of ice formation, the mechanisms of cryoprotectant viability of the brain by contemporary which can be achieved in good cases, toxicity. It is also increasingly medical criteria. removes one major form of mechanical recognized that the poor penetration damage in the cryopreserved brain. of cryoprotectants across the blood- Our lab, Advanced Neural Biosciences, One very attractive feature of a low- brain barrier causes dehydration of has collaborated with Alcor to conduct toxicity vitrification agent like M22 is the brain. We need to develop brain- a rather comprehensive study of that it does not require rapid cooling optimized vitrification solutions and/ the effects of Alcor’s stabilization to prevent ice formation. Under good or identify better methods to deliver medications protocol and the most

14 Cryonics / May-June 2017 www.alcor.org robust finding in this research accused of being too optimistic about alternative vision of nanomedicine has been that the combination of future science, but perhaps skeptics are will involve the use of biological repair heparin and citrate allows for ice-free too pessimistic. machines such as modified viruses or cryopreservation of the brain when modified white blood cells that operate these compounds are administered 6. Do any changes take place in using conventional diffusion-driven immediately after pronouncement the bodies during cryogenic chemistry rather than molecular of legal death. When medication storage? And if such changes mechanical nanotechnology. Repair administration is delayed by more take place does that mean is more challenging in this biological than 15 minutes, things get more that the chance of successful scenario because tissue first needs challenging and breakdown of the reanimation will decrease over to be warmed to temperatures at blood brain barrier and whole-body time? which the cryoprotectant solution edema during cryoprotective perfusion inside cells and tissue becomes liquid. is a typical outcome. Preventing edema No. To our knowledge (which is This risks movement of damaged of the patient during cryoprotective based on cryobiological studies and structures, possible growth of ice, and perfusion after prolonged periods theoretical calculations), deterioration cryoprotectant toxicity accumulation of ischemia remains one of the most of patients stored at cryogenic occurring at the same time as repairs difficult research challenges to solve. temperatures should be non-existent are being made. To my knowledge, or negligible. Things get a little bit there have not been many serious 5. Preventing damage to the more complicated when we store studies of how such devices can operate brain during cryopreservation patients at intermediate temperatures and navigate through these problems is most definitely the top (intermediate temperature storage at the same time. priority. However some or “ITS”) instead of liquid nitrogen damage remains inevitable. temperatures. It has been suggested “Many people feel What evidence is there that that nucleation may still occur slightly quite comfortable the brain is not damaged by below the temperature where the with reconstruction of the cryopreservation process vitrification solution turns into a to such an extent that the glass (-123°C). At that temperature, ancient DNA or forensic information in it may be lost however, nucleation does not translate inference, but when forever? into ice formation but it might create it comes to cryonics, more challenging repair and revival people tend to treat I can answer this in two ways. To start scenarios. the brain in a somewhat with, if we can eliminate ice formation in the brain, the damage associated 7. Do you have any hypotheses on superstitious fashion with cryoprotectant toxicity is assumed how the cryoprotectant could be and cannot imagine to be mostly of a biochemical nature removed from the body during forms of medicine that (i.e. denatured proteins) and does not the reanimation procedure and operate with molecular how hypoxic injury during this alter the ultrastructure of the brain precision.” in a way that precludes inferring the removal procedure could be original state. Cryoprotectant-induced prevented? dehydration of the brain is a little 8. What is in your opinion the more of a wild card because we do Roughly speaking, there are two chance that a cryopreserved not have much detailed information distinct approaches to the repair and person would be revived in a about the kind of ultrastructural revival of cryonics patients. In the human state versus an uploaded changes associated with it. Hence, the vision of researchers such as Robert version as uploading may priority to avoid the brain shrinking Freitas and Ralph Merkle, a mature be a way around irreparable that is routinely observed in “good” form of mechanical nanotechnology cryopreservation damage? cases. Ultimately, our incomplete will be used to conduct the initial knowledge of the neuroanatomical stages of repair and cryoprotectant I am personally partial to the idea basis of identity, and about the exact removal at cryogenic temperatures. of doing molecular level repairs capabilities and limits of future If this vision of nanotechnology through mechanical or biological medicine, prompt us to be agnostic is plausible, cryoprotectant can be nanomedicine because it does not about the degree of damage that is still removed while providing (local) require a paradigm shift in how we compatible with meaningful revival. metabolic and structural support think about the nature of identity and Advocates of cryonics are sometimes to prevent damage or freezing. An consciousness. The feasibility of mind

www.alcor.org Cryonics / May-June 2017 15 uploading is ultimately about the field of storing human biological the same obstacles: minimizing feasibility of substrate-independent samples (e.g. sperm, fertilized cryoprotectant toxicity, chilling injury, minds and I do not think that the eggs, etc.)? dehydration of the brain, ischemia debates surrounding this can be during cooling, and cryoprotective resolved prior to empirical verification. Yes. As a general rule, the obstacles perfusion, etc. The majority opinion In my opinion, the proposal of that are faced by researchers of storage in cryonics is to solve these individual cryonics is intrinsically linked to the of biological samples and complex problems more thoroughly before idea that the non-damaged state of mammalian organs are the same attempting reversible cryopreservation the brain can be inferred from the obstacles that need to be overcome for of a complete animal. damaged state through some form of reversible cryopreservation of humans molecular medicine. Many people feel (medical biostasis). Any insights into 12. In his ruling on the 14-year old quite comfortable with reconstruction the mechanisms of cryoprotectant girl wanting cryonics, Justice of ancient DNA or forensic inference, toxicity, chilling injury, and the effects Peter Jackson stated that there’s but when it comes to cryonics, people of cryopreservation on gene expression a lack of regulation concerning tend to treat the brain in a somewhat are of great relevance to cryonics. I cryonics. If the government superstitious fashion and cannot should add, however, that I expect this would ask your advice on imagine forms of medicine that operate exchange to be mutually beneficial. creating such regulations then with molecular precision. One of the least recognized and what would you tell them? appreciated aspects about the field of 9. Even if reanimation after cryonics is that researchers sympathetic I think the first thing I would cryopreservation becomes to the idea of human cryopreservation recommend is that experts (which technologically possible, what have made meaningful and innovative should include researchers and would make you believe that contributions to mainstream fields practitioners of the field) create a future generations will spend such as cryobiology and cerebral protocol to conduct cryonics as a the money and resources on resuscitation. hospital-based, elective, medical reanimating all people from procedure. Reviewing the technical cryostasis rather than just one or 11. Cryogenic storage of genetic requirements and supporting evidence a few as an experiment? mutants in laboratory animals for cryonics will lead to a greater could reduce the cost of recognition of the need of improved This is an easier question to answer biomedical research. This is legal protection for cryonics patients. because it is the aim of cryonics already a common procedure Too often, cryonics is dismissed organizations themselves to resuscitate in the roundworm C. elegans. because people do not understand their patients, not the general Are you aware of any research the conceptual arguments in favor public, or curious scientists. The taking place that tries to expand of it, or its multi-disciplinary nature. Alcor Life Extension Foundation cryogenic storage to other In particular, the idea of molecular parks a rather substantial portion model organisms? medicine is usually ignored in of the cryopreservation fees in a so- discussions about the (potential) called Patient Care Trust that should Natasha Vita-More, who conducted damage of cryonics procedures. If permit patients to be maintained recent studies on the effects of regulations and protocols are created in perpetuity (in theory) and vitrification on memory in C. elegans, based on a dispassionate examination revived when the technologies are has suggested that the next step would of the arguments and evidence in available and affordable. Of course, be a slightly more complex organism favor of cryonics, I think we do not if the technologies to revive cryonics such as the Greenland Woolly Bear necessarily need to fear regulation of patients will come to fruition, it seems Caterpillar or the ozobranchid leech. the field.  quite reasonable to assume that the One of the most common suggestions legal status of cryonics patients will I get is to attempt suspended also change and patients at cryonics animation on a mouse or rat. This organizations will be considered living would definitely provide powerful people in a critical condition. proof of principle for the feasibility of human , but 10. Do you see a mutual I do not think that the challenges in exchange of techniques and achieving reversible biostasis in a small knowledge between the human mammal are that much smaller than in cryopreservation field and the humans. We would need to overcome

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MKAQAV170207 Alcor_CoQ10r4.indd 6 2/8/17 10:03 AM Modern Survivalism 2.0 By Christine Gaspar

or a long time now, I have considered how it might be possible to convince my fellow cryonicists and survivalists Fin the preparedness community that cryonics is a necessary component of the mentality of Modern Rational Survivalism, (or Modern Survivalism 2.0). I have been a proponent of both for many years, and have observed a curious blind spot in members of each group, which include some of the most avid cryonicists, as well as many of the most seasoned survivalists around. They just do not get each other, or identify with the mindset of the other, even though in principle, their goal is the same, which is to not die. Photo Credit: Penelope Cruz in Vanilla Sky (2001), Cameron Crowe, Terminology Cruise/Wagner Productions, Vinyl Films, Summit Entertainment Perhaps a good way to start is by clarifying the nomenclature. The phrase Modern Rational Survivalism was coined to separate it will offer any measure of success in The winds seem to be slowly changing in what are commonly seen as acts of Doomsday the future. The challenge of solving the terms of finding that people are becoming paranoia, carried out often by mentally reanimation problem will rely heavily more tolerant of the idea of cryonics, and fragile or deeply fearful individuals, and on scientific research in many disparate more open to the notion of prepping. They paraded on cable television; from something disciplines, which will rely on support – be can see the potential that technology has any thoughtful, non-radical individual can it from a government, private or corporate to be utterly transformative in every aspect relate to. Modern Rational Survivalism benefactor. of life and as such, cryonics does not feel is an ideology that tries to judiciously like such an alien concept. Equally, many examine and evaluate the potential for Common Ground sense an increasing instability in political risk to one’s health, life, and security, and There seems to be more indifference than institutions and growing distrust in the then, apply an effective, appropriate, and resistance to the suggestion that one should ability of government to look after its balanced response. consider adopting both strategies – which people in the face of disaster. This has Cryonics is the ultimate in blue-sky is actually somewhat reassuring. Contempt led to a recent resurgence of interest in thinking. It is the act of preserving a is infinitely harder to overcome than homesteading, off-grid living, and people legally deceased individual at ultracold apathy. Cryonics and survivalism are still seeking training in areas such as wilderness temperatures (-196°C) when the limits considered fringe topics reserved for the medicine, self-defence, and disaster of modern medical knowledge have been outliers of society by our culture-at-large. management. reached. This is done in good faith to As a result, they can be a hard sell to the provide the patient with a chance to access average individual, who has not already Threat Probability future medical care and to be potentially been exposed to these ideas or experienced Survivalism, when approached in a rational restored to health. Currently, cryonics an emergency that left him feeling manner, views the likelihood of experiencing is irreversible, and it is not known if vulnerable and unprepared. a disaster as inversely proportional to the

18 Cryonics / May-June 2017 www.alcor.org impact of such an event. What this means is that the lower the impact in terms of how many people are affected, or how extensive the crisis is, the more likely the event is to happen.1 So for example, a tsunami that affects 100,000 people is incredibly rare and unlikely to affect any given individual. If it did occur, it would very likely have devastating consequences on a broad scale and would, therefore, require an extensive, multi-year survival plan. Conversely, there are some events rarely thought of when making a list of probable prepper scenarios, and their impact is often underestimated. These are crises such as the critical illness of a family member, the death of a breadwinner, the loss of a job, or inadequate preparation for retirement. These types of disasters would be small in impact in terms of the number of people affected, but inversely, they would have a high, if not almost guaranteed likeliness https://uscrow.org/2014/10/18/top-10-prepper-supplies/ of happening at some point in any given family. These disasters require greater consideration than those that are more the threat is so large and so inextricable, the constraints of a democratic, free society. photogenic. If one can adequately prepare that one could spend all one’s time and For the most part, it works: in some places to manage them, they have already gone a energy trying to defend against it, and get better than in others. However, careful long way toward preparing for a larger scale nowhere. An extinction level event, such as observation reveals that good civics and event. a large comet striking the earth, or a nearby group cooperation are governed under the gamma-ray burst is not something one can constant eye of law enforcement, and the survive, no matter how we feel about it or threat of punitive measures. The checks how much we prepare for it. and balances that keep our way of life In the meantime, small and medium running smoothly can fail, and the thin scale threats which can be mitigated are veil of civility which protects us from not addressed, leaving people as vulnerable barbarism can fall away in the blink of an as if they had done nothing at all. A more eye. Hurricane Katrina which struck New rational, thoughtful approach is to maintain Orleans in 2004 was evidence that order an attitude and a mentality of survivalism, can quickly spin into chaos in the harshest but rationally work toward primarily possible way.2 This point is illustrated because being self-sufficient. A person who is self- Another relatively recent example where a commonly, people become interested in sufficient self-inoculates against the more social safety net failed to protect its citizens, survivalism when their attention is piqued common threats to their safety. Precautions and in fact contributed to the disaster by by concerns over a large-scale disaster. that are more complex can always be added initiating a second wave of victims, was Examples of such disasters might include as time, budget and inclinations permit. during the SARS epidemic that occurred electromagnetic pulses (EMP) from high in Toronto in 2003.3 Politics literally got altitude nuclear blasts, and strong solar Social Safety Net in the way of public safety by placing discharge, both of which could damage the Survivalists concern themselves with economics ahead of disease protocol at the electrical grid over large areas – potentially designing a life that accounts for the cost of hundreds of new outbreaks and the taking years to repair. Additionally, plausible possibility of disaster. We live in a civilized loss of many lives.4 scenarios for large-scale civil disruption society, where most of us have agreed to Humans are fallible. They can be could include infectious pandemic, enter into a social contract which allows driven by motivations which cloud their earthquake, or unexpected warfare. our society to function. We obey laws, judgment, are deeply selfish, and cause The difficulty with trying to plan for such pay taxes, and acknowledge the authority catastrophic suffering. Survivalists tend a cataclysmic event is that in many cases of the police and the justice system within to acknowledge this and prepare for this

www.alcor.org Cryonics / May-June 2017 19 possibility. They strive for self-sufficiency and growth of the cryonics industry. The and disaster preparedness because they mistake, though, is forgetting the rest of have a fundamental distrust that people one’s life, and how those details can render will remain noble when the world stops any cryonics plan useless. You cannot live turning. indefinitely if you run out of food in a long-term disaster, become fatally ill from Connection to Cryonics contaminated water during a flood, or get What kind of person becomes interested killed by a person taking advantage of the in cryonics? Most simply, I believe that it chaos in order to rob you or otherwise is someone who wishes to live as long as do you harm. A cryonicist who is also a possible, perhaps even indefinitely. They proponent of modern rational survivalism want and expect to live in robust health, will look at both ideas from the same and inhabit a reality that appreciates and lens and strive to ensure that all risks are encourages scientific progress and an open, managed. free, and peaceful society. They are willing Essentially this type of discussion is an to go to extraordinary lengths to secure examination of the whole spectrum of the and execute such an ambitious goal, often modern survivalist sentiment. We start with risking a lifetime of controversy, doubt, and the preservation of what one has (disaster uncomfortable pleasantries. mitigation) and segue into the possibility As described above, the evaluations of of regaining what one has lost (cryonics). If threat probability that can be found in one is truly intent on having an indefinite prepper literature only take into account quickly than their remaining number of lifespan, one must embrace all of it.  an expectation of a natural lifespan. A years? What if cryonics then became the supporter of radical life extension and disaster plan which covered the difference REFERENCES cryonics technologies used as a means to if their efforts failed? extend one’s natural lifespan, and defend 1 http://tspwiki.com/index.php?title=Threat_ Probability against catastrophic illness or injury has a Final Thoughts more formidable task in front of them. The My closing argument in favor of promoting 2 http://www.cnn.com/2013/08/23/us/ hurricane-katrina-statistics-fast-facts/ more successful they are at extending their this knowledge to the futurist-minded in 3 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ lives, the longer the timeline they create, the group is to point out that we are still PMC1269424/ which then increases the probability that fragile creatures. We easily succumb to 4 http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/e_records/ bad things may happen to them. It would illness or trauma. The time has not yet sars/report/ then seem entirely logical that a cryonicist arrived where we can replace the parts of us should embrace the notion of survivalism, which have failed with new ones. We seem and the mindset of self-sufficiency. to be getting so tantalizingly close, but for On the flipside, in an effort to promote now, we are what we are. We still have to the idea of cryonics to the average prepper, it eat, move, breathe, and sleep. We can still could be argued that the average survivalist so easily die. devotes a significant amount of energy into For that reason, consider the fact that planning for disaster and then just survives large undertakings can often be destroyed a mere handful of years anyway. What could by small overlooked details. It is vital that, if it mean to them if they were presented with one wishes to be cryopreserved, they make strategies which could extend their lives all the necessary arrangements, plan for long enough that they could reach a time standby in some geographic regions, and when their life expectancy accelerated more focus their attention on the development

Further Reading: 1. https://blogs.cdc.gov/publichealthmatters/2011/05/preparedness-101-zombie-apocalypse/ 2. https://www.doomandbloom.net/ 3. http://rationalsurvivor.com/resources/prepper-library/ 4. SARS Commission Inquiry http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/e_records/sars/report/

20 Cryonics / May-June 2017 www.alcor.org Bring in a new member and save a year of dues!

embership growth has been slowly accelerating since bottoming out in 2013. But we would benefit from faster Mgrowth. Alcor is now at a point where we could enjoy considerable economies of scale: We could manage many more members with minimal or no increase in staffing costs. That would enable us toreduce membership dues while building up our resources. A modest acceleration in membership growth would move us into a virtuous circle where growth enables reductions in dues which further spurs membership growth. Growth will also make it easier to hire highly skilled people in medical and technical areas.

The most effective way to bring in new members has been through direct encouragement by existing members. Many of us realize this, but may not make it a priority to nudge our friends a little more to sign up and potentially save their lives. How can we spur more members to gently persuade those they care about to move ahead with making cryonics arrangements? Perhaps some financial incentive will help.

Anyone who is primarily responsible for getting a new member to sign up will, at their request, be given a one- year waiver of membership dues.

For an existing member to receive the dues waiver, they must (a) be credited by the person who has signed up; (b) ask for the waiver; (c) not be otherwise profiting from the signup; (d) wait until the new member has completed all essential cryopreservation paperwork and has paid at least six months of dues; and (e) the new member must not be a member of their family. If the member signs up two new members, they are eligible for a two-year waiver of dues. If the new member is a student, the existing member is eligible for a waiver of six months of dues.

Who do you know who could do with some encouragement to sign up? Please, give it some thought, then help yourself and help the organization by helping to stimulate membership growth. Bring in one new member per year, and you will never pay dues again!

www.alcor.org Cryonics / May-June 2017 21 Sources: Aaron Drake, NREMT-P, NAEMSE, Alcor Medical Response Director Hugh Hixon, Alcor Research Fellow Steve Graber, Alcor Technical/ Readiness Coordinator

Prepared by: Christine Gaspar

Alcor A-1624 James Baglivo Case Report

Overview placed on dry ice. The team returned the 700,000 copies per month, as reported. *Names and specific identifying information following day, 26 Aug., with the same flight Offering a free cryopreservation as the prize have been removed in places to protect the crew to Scottsdale, bringing the member to for winning an essay contest generated privacy of third parties. All times are expressed Alcor His cooldown was then completed an unprecedented degree of exposure for in Mountain Standard Time (Arizona Time) and he was placed in long-term storage as cryonics and Alcor. (MST) unless otherwise indicated. our 140th patient. James, as winner of Omni’s “Immortality In January 1994, Alcor Life Extension Prize,” received a $120,000 insurance Foundation (Alcor) ran an essay contest Personnel policy which was purchased by Alcor for in Omni magazine. Readers from around Alcor Team: his cryopreservation arrangements. The the US entered submissions as to “Why Aaron Drake, NREMT-P, NAEMSE, arrangements still had to be completed, they wanted to be cryopreserved.” The Alcor Medical Response Director; however, and took some time, until 18 winning writer, James Baglivo, was only Acting Surgeon, Cryoprotective Surgery; Jan 1996. He also remained a member 22 years old. His grand prize was a life represented by (AD) in the report. even though he had never responded to insurance policy intended to pay Alcor for Steve Graber, Alcor Technical/Readiness any notices, requests or communications his cryopreservation, at the time services Coordinator; Cryoprotective Perfusionist; of any kind in ten years. That lack of would be required. (SG). communication made responding to him James Baglivo, who was member A-1624, Hugh Hixon, Alcor Research Fellow; later with speed and effect considerably was pronounced legally deceased on 25 Cooldown Coordinator; (HH). more challenging. The first notice that Aug 2015 at a hospital in New Jersey. He Max More, PhD, Alcor Chief Executive Alcor received from him after many years was 44 years of age. A nurse with an organ Officer; Direction and Oversight; (MM). was the emergency call. procurement company saw the member’s Steve Harris, MD, Alcor Chief Medical Alcor medical alert bracelet and notified Advisor; Direction and Oversight; (SH). Pre-Deployment and Health them accordingly. History Alcor personnel were successful in Omni Magazine Essay Contest *Note: The narrative will be expressed in the preventing the member’s autopsy, and a field Back in the early 1990s, Charles Platt member’s local time (EDT) for continuity, and cryoprotection was authorized.. Otherwise, created a promotional campaign for then MST in the timeline and graphic data if the member had been transported to cryonics: An “Immortality Prize” hosted Two TeleMed calls on 25 Aug 2015 at Alcor first, a straight freeze procedure by Omni Magazine, the winner of which 05:03 hrs MST (08:03 hrs EDT) notified would have been necessary, in view of the would receive a cryopreservation free of Alcor that the member had experienced additional time required. Alcor secured an charge. Omni magazine was a science and cardiac arrest and been pronounced air ambulance to fly their personnel and science fiction magazine published in print legally deceased. One call came from a equipment to the member’s bedside more form from 1978 to 1995. It was shut down nurse representing an organ procurement quickly. The cryoprotection was performed in early 1996 following the death of one organization, the other from the member’s and the member, now a neuropatient, was of its founders, with a print run of over mother.

22 Cryonics / May-June 2017 www.alcor.org The organ procurement nurse had negative. Once the ME’s office received a a history of diabetes, heart disease and noticed the member’s medical alert tag faxed copy of information regarding the numerous complications following an and wondered if they could harvest some Uniform Anatomical Gift Act (UAGA) as automobile accident that occurred in 1991. tissue depending on whether Alcor was able it pertained to the member, they took his His mother stated this morning that he to fulfill his donation request. This would wishes into consideration. The ME’s office developed a seizure disorder following prove unfeasible. did advise that the autopsy would not his accident and was non-compliant with The second caller, the member’s necessarily be absolute and that they could respect to taking his prescribed medication. mother, related that her son had been out remain flexible, especially “in the name of Hopefully, this information along with any with friends the previous evening and at science.” AD sent a letter to the ME’s office, diagnostic imaging that was performed by approximately 22:00 hrs EDT, 24-Aug- along with the UAGA, which is described the hospital and toxicology screening will 2015, had collapsed. This collapse was below. be sufficient to consider this request. witnessed by his friends who called an ...... (…) ambulance as he appeared to be in cardiac Letter from Aaron Drake, Regarding the last attachment, Mr. arrest. Alcor Medical Response Baglivo won an essay contest in 1993, The medical team was successful in Director to Atlantic County sponsored by Omni Magazine, where we resuscitating the member. They then Medical Examiner wrote about his desire to be cryopreserved conducted a CT scan of Mr. Baglivo’s head upon his death so that as medical and and abdomen, both of which were negative August 25th, 2015 technological advancements progress, he for abnormal findings. A blood toxicology Atlantic County Medical Examiner may have the opportunity to be resuscitated screen was negative for all drugs except Attention: XXX and restored to health at some unknown alcohol which was already known as he had New Jersey time in the future. His submission was collapsed in a bar. They concluded that he published (Los Angeles Times, among other had likely suffered an anoxic brain injury RE: James Baglivo news publications) and $100,000 [actually as a consequence of his cardiac arrest, $120,000, see above] was awarded to help resulting from too much time passing Dear Ms. XXX, fulfill his directives. without oxygen. Thank you for taking my call this Thank you in advance for your James Baglivo experienced a second morning. This communication concerns consideration, cardiac arrest when already in the hospital, the disposition of the human remains of Aaron J. Drake, NREMT-P, NAEMSE at approximately 01:00 hrs EDT. He James Baglivo, who died on August 25th, ...... was on a ventilator although details of 2015. At the time of his death, Mr. Baglivo this event are limited. According to the was a member of the Alcor Life Extension When the member completed his Alcor member’s mother, he was considered brain Foundation, a 501(c) (3) Non-profit application, he was 5’11”, 24 years old, and dead by hospital staff. At 05:55 hrs EDT Scientific Research Foundation, based in weighed 91 kg. His 1991 auto accident he was removed from the ventilator and Scottsdale, Arizona. (see above letter) resulted in injuries to experienced his third and final cardiac Mr. Baglivo donated his body to Alcor his head, spine, right hip, and legs. In arrest. James Baglivo was then pronounced under the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act for addition it caused a seizure disorder, and legally dead. the purpose of having his body immediately other unspecified complications, on top of The member’s mother advised Alcor cooled and then cryopreserved by Alcor. In which, as noted, he was noncompliant with that because he was only 44 years old, accordance with Mr. Baglivo’s post-mortem his medications. the medical examiner was planning to directives, it is our request to the Medical According to his Alcor application, perform an autopsy. AD called the Medical Examiner not to abrogate his civil rights written 16 Feb 1995, the member had Examiner’s (ME) Office to inform them of and instead consider waiving the authority two plates in his right orbital socket, the member’s intention to donate himself to perform a destructive autopsy to Harrington rods in his lumbar spine, a to Alcor upon his legal death. Alcor’s determine the cause of death. Mr. Baglivo screen in his jugular vein [sic], and ankle objective was to work with the ME’s office already declared that he did not want an reconstruction. The member reported a in the hope that they could waive their autopsy carried out on him, and there is family history of diabetes and heart disease. right to perform an autopsy, as this would absolutely no public interest which would He denied having any allergies or taking be contrary to the member’s directives. be served by the performance of an autopsy. any medications. The ME advised that they needed to This is confirmed by the medical alert tag find out why the member experienced (bracelet/necklace) that he was purported Preparation and Deployment cardiac arrest. They suspected a pulmonary to have been wearing at the time. Flights from Scottsdale to Atlantic City embolism but did not have very much (…) were limited, and direct flights were evidence to support this as the CT Within the paperwork, on page two unavailable. The closest major airport was scans, and the toxicology screens were (2) of his application, Mr. Baglivo states in Philadelphia, and the last available flight

www.alcor.org Cryonics / May-June 2017 23 was at 18:00 hrs EDT on 25 Aug. 2015, fax, filled out, notarized, and returned, instead of Atlantic City, NJ. There was a which created a logistical challenge. As a authorizing the release of the member from van waiting for the team. result, AD contacted a local air ambulance the Medical Examiner to Alcor. Stopping the invasive autopsy was a company, which provided a one-way and a Back in Scottsdale, the team continued good start and (among other things) saved return trip quote. to put together the field neuro kit and time, yet time was still short and it drove Alcor received notification from the confirmed the flight with the air ambulance. the decision-making process. There was ME’s office that the coroner was going to As the team was unable to prepare quickly insufficient time to retrieve the physical waive the right to do an autopsy and that enough to get to the airport by 13:30 hrs entirety of James Baglivo and bring him to the member would be released to Alcor’s MST, the air ambulance was the only Alcor for a whole body cryoprotection. As it care. The coroner was planning to do a option. As well, many of the flights were was, options were limited to a straight freeze non-invasive examination of the member connections, which meant spending too (with massive attendant damage from ice and thus was not prepared to release him much time in transit to be feasible. The crystals) or a field neuro cryoprotection and until the next day. AD reiterated that they only other commercial flight was at 22:30 transport on dry ice. MM made the decision really could not wait, as the window to hrs MST that would not arrive at the to authorize the field neuro cryoprotection perform surgery was only 24 hours long. location until 09:00 hrs MST the next day. protocol. This would enable the Alcor team Concurrently, the team at Alcor prepared to cryoprotect the member’s brain with for the field perfusion according to the minimal delay even if an operating room direction of Alcor’s CEO, Dr. Max More would not be available. The move from (MM). The timeframe for flying to the whole-body with no cryoprotection (with a member meant that Alcor’s only options long delay), to neuro cryopreservation with would be to do a field neuro cryoprotection field cryoprotection (with a much faster or a straight freeze. There would be no time timeline), also enabled Alcor to pay for to fly to the member and get back in time an air ambulance specifically to meet the for a perfusion at Alcor. member’s time sensitive needs. A short time later, AD received a callback from the ME’s office, stating that they Field Cryoprotection Surgery would go ahead and allow for the member’s Aaron Drake and Steve Graber and Washout release the same day, but with some time loading the air ambulance at *Note: The member is now the patient; Times constraints. The morgue space at the Scottsdale Airport 25 Aug 2015. are now all expressed in MST. [time] means hospital where the member was being kept that the intervention time was not provided. was rented, and the personnel there ended Alcor went ahead and authorized the air their day at 15:00 hrs EDT. After that, the ambulance company to notify their pilots, Summary member would not be able to be released. as there was a two-hour advance window Through the night, AD, in the role That gave Alcor about 90 minutes to find a necessary for flight preparations. The team of Acting Surgeon, performed the field mortuary that was willing to participate and was to meet the plane at Phoenix Sky neuro cryoprotection and cannulation retrieve the member within that timeframe. Harbor, on the private side of the airport by while SG ran the portable pump-powered Fortunately, they had a referral for a 15:00 hrs MST. The flight was scheduled to perfusion equipment. He achieved small family-owned mortuary that they said last four and a half hours, with a one-hour target concentration through a 15-step would probably be interested in helping. fuel stop in St. Louis, MO. cryoprotection ramp. The team then used AD reached out to them. They were very The team arrived at Phoenix Sky Harbor dry ice to provide rapid cooling in Alcor’s interested in helping and willing to comply Airport just a few minutes before 15:00 hrs specially designed neuro shipper container. with the time restrictions. MST. Loading took a bit longer than usual The mortuary was advised that Alcor’s as they had more equipment than they 25 Aug 2015 requirements would be that they would would normally carry on a typical flight. The team arrived at the funeral home at need a mortuary prep room to use for The plane was a Lear 35 Air Ambulance/ 22:43 hrs MST. The documentation was about six hours for surgery and perfusion, Medical Airlift Configuration. Much of the dropped off, and the patient was visually and a need for coolers, purchased water ice, Alcor equipment had to be strapped down, assessed. He was found to be morbidly and dry ice to keep the member as cold so the departure was at 15:30 hrs MST. obese, with no visible neck. His shoulders as possible throughout the entire process. The approximate arrival time was 23:00 hrs were elevated in an attempt to visualize his They agreed and said that they would pick MST or a bit later. neck better, with his arms above his head. up the member within the time restriction. It ended up that the mortuary was about An intraosseous needle was initiated in This message was conveyed back to 45 minutes outside of Atlantic City. It was the patient’s left shoulder. Mannitol was the ME’s office which was in agreement. 24 miles from the Philadelphia airport, so administered, and the patient’s head was Documentation was transmitted by the flight re-routed to Philadelphia, PA, shaved.

24 Cryonics / May-June 2017 www.alcor.org By 23:10 hrs both of the carotid arteries The right carotid artery had become nicked, The temperature of the perfusate was now were raised, and the burr holes were and AD was repairing it. 8.2°C because more pressure needed to be initiated. The decision was made to perform The system pressure was 138 mmHg supplied to the patient which would reduce the cephalic isolation after the burr holes along with a pressure of 335.5 Hixon units the number of times the perfusate could be were made, and prior to cannulation, due (115 mmHg) (time not noted) run past the heat exchanger. The unusually to the size of the patient’s neck. The burr At 00:10 hrs, AD inserted a thermocouple slow flow was noted across the body of the holes were completed by 23:13 hrs. into the patient’s left jugular vein. The patient and into the cephalon, with the At 23:29 hrs, the nasopharyngeal thermocouples from the left jugular vein conclusion that the room temperature was (NP) thermocouple was inserted, and and the burr hole were switched. At this warming up the perfusate. A satisfactory temperature logging was started. The point, the burr hole temperature reading solution for this has yet to be found. patient’s NP temperature was 14.8°C. became the left jugular vein reading during At 00:45 hrs, salt was added to the chiller AD cannulated the left side of the the procedure, and at the end, it was to lower its temperature to below 0°C. Bag patient’s neck and started the washout with switched back for cooldown transport. #8 was flowing. The system pressure was the first bag of the ramp. Their plan was This was done to enable HH to collect the 110 mmHg, and the refractive index was to run two bags of B1 for washout. The jugular vein readings. 33.3 Brix. The left jugular vein temperature pressure in the system was 111 mmHg, By 00:16 hrs, half of bag #4 was infused. was 4.1°C, and the right jugular vein and the NP temperature was 1.0ºC. The A refractive index reading was taken from temperature 7.0°C. The temperature of burr hole thermocouple temperature was the left jugular vein: 13.3 Brix. the perfusate was 2.5°C. Opening the reading 14.3°C, NP temperature 14.6°C, At 00:20 hrs, the right jugular vein recirculating clamp on the perfusate caused and HH’s pressure monitoring value refractive index was 15.6 Brix at the end of the temperature to drop. This told the team (expressed informally as Hixon units) was bag four. what temperature the heat exchanger was 321.3 (99 mmHg) and dropping. 1 (time At 00:24 hrs the refractive index was capable of supplying versus the temperature not noted) 17.4 Brix from the left jugular vein. The then being observed in the patient. The system pressure was 140 mmHg, system pressure was 140 mmHg. It held At 01:03 hrs, the refractive index and there was no visible jugular flow. The steady the entire time. The left jugular was 40.4 Brix, and Bag #8 was halfway surgical team focused on trying to improve vein temperature was 4.1°C, and the right complete. The left jugular vein temperature this by clamping the bypass. This created jugular vein temperature was 6.5°C. The was 3.9°C, the right jugular vein was 6.8°C, a pressure of 170 mmHg once the bypass temperature of the perfusate was 2.5°C. and the temperature of the perfusate was was off. It was noted that unclamping the The pressure was 338.4 Hixon units (118 1.6°C. The team tried to get the perfusate bypass dropped the pressure and increased mmHg). below 0°C but was unsuccessful. flow. (time not noted) At 00:29 hrs bag #7 was hung, but it At 01:13 hrs the refractive index was 1 *Note: The Hixon unit represents a had not been spiked yet, as Bag #6 was 42.7 Brix, and the system pressure was 112 pressure which was recorded by adapting a still flowing. The system pressure was mmHg. The left jugular vein temperature thermocouple measurement meter to read 138 mmHg, and the pressure was 335.5 was 3.8°C, the right jugular vein input from a pressure sensor. The pressure Hixon units (115 mmHg). The left jugular temperature was 7.4°C, and the perfusate figures are an alias which must be translated vein temperature was 4.0°C, the right temperature was 2.2°C. The pressure was by an empirical equation: jugular temperature was 6.8°C, and the 316.4 Hixon units (93 mmHg). P= 1.1092 T – 257.46 (Where T is the temperature of the perfusate was 2.5ºC. At 01:23 hrs SG announced that a value displayed on the pressure channel) At 00:31 hrs the refractive index was correction had to be made. After speaking 22.5 Brix. At this point, half of bag #6 was with AD, they discovered that a thermocouple 26 Aug 2015 infused. was not inserted into the right jugular vein; By 00:02 hrs the left vertebral artery was At 00:37 hrs the pressure was 130 thus, all of the temperature readings for the clamped, and the right was being sought, mmHg, and the refractive index was 24.3 right jugular vein were incorrect. The team which marked the first time this had been Brix. Bag #7 was initiated. The left jugular set out to correct the error and provide the performed in a field neuro cryoprotection vein temperature was 4.2°C, the right proper readings. procedure. The ramp had also been started jugular vein temperature was 6.5°C, and Concurrently, the remaining readings at the same time. the temperature of the perfusate was 3.2°C. were as follows: A refractive index of 52.7 Also at the same time, the patient’s The pressure was 330.2 Hixon units (109 Brix on the left-hand side and 43.5 Brix perfusate temperature was 2.4ºC, his mmHg). on the right-hand side. There was a left neural temperature was 4.9ºC, and his NP At 00:44 hrs the refractive index was 30.6 jugular vein temperature of 3.8 ºC, and a temperature was 10.4ºC. His pressure was Brix. Bag #7 was ¾ completed (emptied). perfusate temperature of 2.8 ºC. There was 334.1 Hixon units (113 mmHg). At this At this time bag #8 was opened. The left no temperature reading available for the point, the team was halfway through the jugular vein temperature was 4.2°C, and the right jugular vein. The system pressure was second bag, and the third bag was hung. right jugular vein temperature was 7.2°C. 112 mmHg.

www.alcor.org Cryonics / May-June 2017 25 Of note, at 01:26 hrs, while attempting to At 01:59 hrs the refractive reading was 24 Aug 2015 insert the right jugular vein thermocouple, 52.9 Brix. The left jugular vein temperature ~19:00 hrs — James Baglivo, patient the left jugular vein thermocouple was was 5.0°C, but this value may have been A-1624, collapsed in a bar, experienced momentarily pulled out but was then inaccurate. The cephalon temperature cardiac arrest, was resuscitated and reinserted immediately. Once reinserted, was 2.7°C, and perfusate temperature transported to the hospital by paramedics. the thermocouple showed a temperature of was 2.2°C. The system pressure was 102 4.8°C despite previously reading at a lower mmHg. The Hixon unit reading was 304.4 ~22:00 hrs — The patient experienced a temperature. At this point, there was no (80 mmHg). second cardiac arrest, in the hospital. He right jugular vein temperature reading. The temperature of the salted ice water was placed on a ventilator. At 01:29 hrs the right jugular vein coming out of the heat exchanger was thermocouple was completely removed, -2.4°C. (time not noted) 25 Aug 2015 and the burr hole thermocouple was The temperature of the salted ice water 02:55 hrs — The patient was taken off plugged into slot #2 on the instrument. coming from the heat exchanger was of the ventilator, and then immediately Previous to this, from the beginning of the -2.2°C. (time not noted) experienced his third and final cardiac procedure the burr hole thermocouple was At 02:24 hrs the perfusion was arrest. He was pronounced legally deceased. plugged into slot #1. completed. Cleanup was underway, and the Another change was made to the cephalon was transferred into the cooldown 05:03 hrs — Alcor received two notifications thermocouple leads: The nasopharyngeal transport case with dry ice. via TeleMed of the patient’s legal death; one and burr hole thermocouples were removed. from the organ procurement service and Then the jugular vein thermocouple leads Shipping the other from the patient’s mother. were plugged in, with the left jugular vein The team departed with their equipment in #1 and the right jugular vein in #2. The and with Patient A-1624’s cephalon in the 05:19 hrs — TeleMed called again to verify right jugular vein thermocouple was then customized cooldown transport case. They that the original text messages were received. removed, and the burr hole thermocouple boarded the plane at 11:12 hrs MST. While was plugged into #2. The temperature they were en route, Alcor acquired 18 lbs 05:29 hrs — AD spoke with the Medical reading was 2.9°C. There was no of dry ice in preparation for the patient’s Examiner assigned to the patient. nasopharyngeal temperature reading at the arrival. The aircraft landed at Scottsdale time, but the left jugular vein temperature Airport and unloaded without incident 05:59 hrs — AD advised that the ME was was 4.8°C, perfusate temperature was 2.5°C, at 17:45 hrs. By 17:50 hrs they arrived at amenable, but needed more information. and burr hole temperature was 2.9°C. Alcor. AD then went to the Alcor facility. At 01:46 hrs a visual examination was performed of the burr holes. Normally they Cooling to Liquid Nitrogen 09:15 hrs — Alcor received permission are visible immediately, but because of the The patient’s cephalon was unwrapped, and from the ME to proceed. The ME’s procedure and the position of the cephalon, an eye screw was placed in the neck stump investigation consisted of a body surface they were oriented in a downward position. at 18:00 hrs for lifting the cephalon. By inspection and drug screen. When lifting the cephalon to examine the 18:14 hrs, the cooldown was initiated. burr holes, they appeared flat. There was Per HH: No isotherm was apparent in 11:58 hrs — The team was cleared to leave; no extrusion, but also no retraction of the the dry ice transport cooldown data, but the ME, hospital, mortician and aircraft brain within the burr hole space. cooling was hampered by the patient’s were ready. At the same time, the system pressure cephalon being wrapped in a towel. There was 107 mmHg, perfusate temperature was seemed to be substantial cryoprotection. 15:00 hrs — The team departed Alcor for 2.3°C, and the left jugular vein temperature Phoenix Sky Harbor (PHX) airport. was 4.8°C, although the vein was moved Timelines from its original location when the *Times are standardized to MST/ Arizona 22:43 hrs — The team arrived at the cephalon was lifted. Burr hole temperature time per protocol mortuary and the patient was present. was 2.6°C, and pressure was 308.7 Hixon units (85 mmHg). ~1993 — James Baglivo won the Omni 23:10 hrs — AD raised the carotids. The last Brix reading was fluctuating. Magazine Immortality Prize, which was a The SPER Scientific refractometer was not $120,000 life insurance policy, paid for by 23:13 hrs — The burr holes were drilled. providing a good reading. Alcor might have Alcor to fund a cryopreservation. 23:29 hrs — Began logging. to find a different refractometer or go to an 18-Jan-1996 — Mr. Baglivo finalized analog refractive unit. It read 52.3 Brix, and his membership arrangements with 26 Aug 2015 the next time the button was pressed it read Alcor and then ceased responding to any 00:02 hrs — Cephalic isolation was 45.7 Brix. communication attempts by Alcor. performed; the team was working to clamp

26 Cryonics / May-June 2017 www.alcor.org off the second vertebral artery. Perfusion was initiated.

00:10 hrs — A thermocouple (TC) was GRAPHS & CHARTS placed in the left jugular vein.

00:20 hrs — Bag #4 completed. 1. A-1624 Stabilization Temperatures Graph not available as the patient was not a suitable candidate for stabilization. 00:37 hrs — Bag #7 initiated. 2. A-1624 Transport Temperatures 00:44 hrs — Bag #8 initiated.

01:46 hrs — Burr holes were examined. No retraction of neural tissue was visible.

01:59 hrs — Above desired terminal concentration.

02:24 hrs — Perfusion completed.

10:38 hrs — As reported by SG, the cephalon was significantly swollen with a temperature just below 0°C. He surrounded the cephalon with dry ice for the return trip to Alcor.

11:12 hrs — The team was ready to board the plane.

13:18 hrs — Alcor acquired 18 lbs of dry 3. A-1624 Cryoprotectant Perfusion Concentration Graph ice in preparation for the patient’s arrival. not available as patient received step ramp perfusion.

17:45 hrs — The aircraft landed at 4. A-1624 Cryoprotectant Perfusion Temperatures and Scottsdale Airport and unloaded. Pressure 17:50 hrs — The team and the patient arrived at Alcor.

18:00 hrs — The patient was unwrapped. The eye screw was placed.

18:14 hrs — Cooldown was initiated.

Cooldown: No isotherm apparent in the dry ice transport cooldown, but cooling was hampered by the patient’s cephalon being wrapped in a towel. There seemed to be substantial cryoprotection.

CT Results: No shrinkage; erratic and incomplete cryoprotection.

Times * Times are expressed in the number of hours

www.alcor.org Cryonics / May-June 2017 27 01:20 — From arrival at the mortuary to the onset of perfusion, including performing GRAPHS & CHARTS burr holes and cephalic isolation. 02:22 — From the start of perfusion to dry ice cooling. 5. A-1624 Perfusion Pressure: Flow Not Provided ~09:00 — From dry ice cooling to departure.

06:15 — Return flight, including refueling stop.

00:30 — Meeting at aircraft to the beginning of cooldown.

~29:00 — First cardiac arrest to the beginning of the ramp.

~47:00 — First cardiac arrest to the beginning of cooldown.

Perfusates used: Field neuro step ramp; 1x 2 L of B1 Ramp 1-8, 2x M22x1.08 B1 - 13.8 L M22x1.25 in B1 carrier solution- 7.65 L

6. A-1624 Cryogenic Cooling Temperatures Issues & Actions

Issue: As per the Cooldown Coordinator, no isotherm was apparent in the dry ice transport cooldown, but cooling was hampered by the patient’s cephalon being wrapped in a towel. There seemed to be substantial cryoprotection. Corrective Action: Do not cover or wrap the patient’s head for transport.

Post Cryopreservation CT scan link CT scans were conducted at liquid nitrogen temperature. However, the results are not ready for publication due to the need to complete the calibration of CT density to cryoprotectant concentration for the cryoprotectant solution used for this case. Once the scans have been and minutes as shown on this list, and they ~04:10 — From notification to release of calibrated appropriately for nM22 (M22 are not to be added together. the patient by Medical Examiner. cryoprotectant mixture prepared in the carrier solution presently favored for neuro ~10:30 — From notification to when the (hh:mm) cases), a link will be added to the results.  ~08:00 — From first cardiac arrest to legal team boarded the aircraft in Scottsdale, AZ. pronouncement. 07:13 — From aircraft boarding to arrival ~02:00 — From pronouncement of legal at the mortuary, including refueling stop. death to Alcor receiving notification.

28 Cryonics / May-June 2017 www.alcor.org GRAPHS & CHARTS

7. final Cooling Temperatures

A-1624 Additional Data

www.alcor.org Cryonics / May-June 2017 29 ORDER Preserving Minds, NOW! Saving Lives The Best Cryonics Writings of The Alcor Life Extension Foundation

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ryonics is an experimental medical procedure that Cuses ultra-low temperatures to put critically ill people into a state of metabolic arrest to give them access to medical advances of the future. Since its inception in the early 1960s, the practice of cryonics has moved from a theoretical concept to an evidence-based practice that uses emergency medical procedures and modern vitrification technologies to eliminate ice formation.

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This book presents some of the best cryonics writings from Cryonics magazine from 1981 to 2012. There are clear expositions of the rationale behind cryonics, its scientific validation, and the evolution of Alcor procedures. Also covered are repair and resuscitation scenarios, philosophical issues associated with cryonics, and debates within the cryonics community itself.

Soft Cover Edition: $20 – Hard Cover Edition: $35 To order your copy, go to: www.alcor.org/book or call 1-877-GO ALCOR (462-5267) Table of Contents Foreword: Cryonics and Hope • Introduction

WHAT IS CRYONICS? Why We Are Cryonicists • Cryonics: Using Low Temperatures to Care for the Critically Ill • Medical Time Travel • The Bricks in the Wall HISTORY OF CRYONICS John Hunter, Cryonics Forerunner • The Society for the Recovery of Persons Apparently Dead • Riding the Jameson Satellite • The First Cryonicist • : Some Brief Historical and Personal Notes • Notes on the First Human Freezing • The Realities of Patient Storage • Suspension Failures: Lessons from the Early Years • Dear Dr. Bedford • Robert Nelson and the Bedford Freezing: A Comment • Cold War: The Conflict Between Cryonicists and Cryobiologists HISTORY OF ALCOR A Brief History of Alcor • Where did the name Alcor come from? • New Home, New Life: Alcor Moves to Arizona • The Alcor Patient Care Trust RESEARCH IN CRYONICS Evaluation of the Condition of Dr. James H. Bedford after 24 Years of Cryonic Suspension • A Brief History of Alcor Research • The Seminar: Amazing Breakthroughs in Cryobiology and Resuscitation Systems for Intermediate Temperature Storage for Fracture Reduction and Avoidance ALCOR PROCEDURES AND TECHNOLOGIES How Cold is Cold Enough? • History of DMSO and Glycerol in Cryonics • Mathematical Analysis of Recirculating Perfusion Systems, with Application to Cryonic Suspension • Getting to 8M Glycerol and Other Perfusion Problems • How Cryoprotectants Work • Vitrification Arrives: New Technology Preserves Patients without Ice Damage • New Cryopreservation Technology • Cooling Down • Elements of a Transport • Cardiopulmonary Support in Cryonics: The Significance of Legal Death in Cryonics • Rapid Stabilization in Human Cryopreservation • Securing Viability of the Brain at Alcor • Case Reports in Cryonics RESCUSCITATION OF CRYONICS PATIENTS To Wake Refreshed • The Anabolocyte: A Biological Approach to Repairing Cryoinjury • Cell Repair Technology • Realistic Scenario for Nanotechnological Repair of the Frozen Human Brain • A Cryopreservation Revival Scenario Using MNT • Neural Archaeology • Cryonics, Cryptography, and Maximum Likelihood Estimation • Information Storage and Computational Aspects of Repair PERSPECTIVES ON CRYONICS A Message for Terminal Patients • The Death of Death in Cryonics • Why Suspension Members Need More Than Minimum Funding • Conservative Medicine • Binary Statutes, Analog World: Burke’s Paradox and the Law • Why a Religious Person Can Choose Cryonics • Cryonics and Emergency Medicine • Ethics of Non-ideal Cryonics Cases • Let’s Talk About Cryonics • How to Protect Your Cryonics Arrangements from Interference by Third Parties DEBATES WITHIN CRYONICS But What Will the Neighbors Think? A Discourse on the History and Rationale of Neurosuspension • The Neurocryopreservation Option: Head First Into the Future • The Case for Whole Body Cryopreservation • Responsibility, Probability, and Durability • The “I” Word • The Road Less Traveled: Alternatives to Cryonics • The Myth of the Golden Scalpel • Has Cryonics Taken the Wrong Path?

Afterword • Biographies of Contributors

“Society’s failure to take cryonics seriously is a tragedy “Alcor appears to be the leading organization that is probably costing countless lives. Alcor, notably in the application of cryonics in medicine. via its magazine, is leading the fight to change that.” I’m proud to be a part of this effort.” – Aubrey de Grey, Ph.D. – Michael D. West, Ph.D. Biomedical Gerontologist and Chief Science Officer Stem Cell Scientist and Chief Executive of the SENS Research Foundation Officer of BioTime, Inc.

www.alcor.org Cryonics / May-June 2017 31

1020

TOTAL 140 12

Number of Alcor patients Alcor of Number

United Kingdom United 31 3

United Arab Emirates Arab United 1 0

Thailand 5 1

Spain 3 1

Singapore 1 0

Portugal 4 0

Norway 1 0

New Zealand New 1 0

Netherlands 1 0

Monaco 1 0

Mexico 4 0

Luxembourg 1 0

Japan 4 0

Italy 3 0 Number of Alcor members Alcor of Number

Israel Israel 1 1

Hong Kong Hong 2 0

Germany 10 0

China 0 1

Chile 2 0

Canada 51 2

Australia Australia 13 3

Country

Patients Members

International

Total 1634 1618

362 354 Associate

150 149 Patients

1122 1115 Members

EC D NOV OCT SEP G U A UL J N U J MAY APR MAR EB F JAN 2017 Membership Statistics Membership Reduce Your Alcor Dues With The CMS Waiver

Alcor members pay general dues to cover Alcor’s neurocryopreservation members under this election would operating expenses and also make annual contributions to be $110,000). Once this election is made, the member the Comprehensive Member Standby fund pool to cover the cannot change back to the original minimums in the future. costs of readiness and standby. Benefits of Comprehensive To have the CMS fee waived, these are the minimums: Member Standby include no out-of-pocket expense for standby services at the time of need, and up to $10,000 for • $220,000 Whole Body Cryopreservation relocation assistance to the Scottsdale, Arizona area. ($115,000 to the Patient Care Trust, $60,000 for Instead of paying $180 per year in CMS dues, Alcor also cryopreservation, $45,000 to the CMS Fund). provides members the option to cover all CMS-associated • $100,000 Neurocryopreservation ($25,000 to the costs through life insurance or pre-payment. Members who Patient Care Trust, $30,000 for cryopreservation, provide an additional $20,000 in minimum funding will no $45,000 to the CMS Fund). longer have to pay the $180 CMS (Comprehensive Member Standby fund) fee. This increase in minimums is permanent If you have adequate funding and would like to take (for example, if in the future Alcor were to raise the cost of advantage of the CMS waiver, contact Diane Cremeens at a neurocryopreservation to $90,000, the new minimum for [email protected].

Become An Alcor Associate Member! Supporters of Alcor who are not yet ready to make cryopreservation arrangements can become an Associate Member for $5/month (or $15/quarter or $60 annually). Associate Members are members of the Alcor Life Extension Foundation who have not made cryonics arrangements but financially support the organization. Associate Members will receive:

• Cryonics magazine by mail • Discounts on Alcor conferences • Access to post in the Alcor Member Forums • A dollar-for-dollar credit toward full membership sign-up fees for any dues paid for Associate Membership

To become an Associate Member send a check or money order ($5/month or $15/quarter or $60 annually) to Alcor Life Extension Foundation, 7895 E. Acoma Dr., Suite 110, Scottsdale, Arizona 85260, or call Marji Klima at (480) 905-1906 ext. 101 with your credit card information. Or you can pay online via PayPal using the following link: http://www.alcor.org/BecomeMember/associate.html (quarterly option is not available this way). Associate Members can improve their chances of being cryo- preserved in an emergency if they complete and provide us with a Declaration of Intent to be Cryopreserved (http://www.alcor.org/Library/ html/declarationofintent.html). Financial provisions would still have to be made by you or someone acting for you, but the combination of Associate Membership and Declaration of Intent meets the informed consent requirement and makes it much more likely that we could move ahead in a critical situation.

www.alcor.org Cryonics / May-June 2017 33 FOR THE RECORD

A Year of Jubilees: Some Important Cryonics Anniversaries By R. Michael Perry

very movement of any size and The First Freezing, April 19662 for possible later revival, in keeping with duration is likely to have its days Cryonics got its start in the early 1960s, a Robert Ettinger’s ideas which were then of commemoration in which milestone event being the formation of the being popularized through his 1964 book, Eimportant past events are remembered. Washington, D.C.-based Life Extension The Prospect of Immortality. There Ettinger In cryonics we have Bedford Day— Society (LES) in December 1963, headed had confidently predicted that a widespread January 12—when the first person was by Evan Cooper.3 For the first year or practice would soon spring up,6 and Hope cryopreserved under (crudely) controlled two there was much discussion about the wanted to cash in on it if possible by conditions. This was back in 1967, 50 freezing (cryopreservation) idea. There was supplying the means for doing it—leaving years ago this last go-around, a “golden even an offer by LES to “freeze the first the further details to the organizations that jubilee” event.1 Other such anniversaries person for free” who had understood and would be carrying it out. occurred during the year preceding. There expressed a wish for the cryopreservation To help him Hope enlisted two MIT- was a prior “golden” in April 2016, for option4—but no one was actually frozen. graduate engineers who lived and worked the 50th milestone of the first human Finally, there was a success, reported by in the area, Ted Kraver and Frank “Rick” cryonics-related freezing, that one cruder Cooper in the LES newsletter, May 1966, Rickenbacker. (The help of the two was than Bedford’s. And in the following where he jubilantly reports: “Someone has voluntary and unpaid; both also hoped July there were two more dates, the 40th been frozen at last!” He goes on to caution the operation would show success in the (“ruby”) jubilee of Fred Chamberlain II, against too much optimism, however, end and they would benefit.) Starting Alcor’s first patient and father of Alcor though still sounding a hopeful note: with their first meeting with Hope in cofounder Fred III; and the 25th (“silver”) “There is little or no thought that this first September 1965, the two went to work jubilee of the cryopreservation of cryonics frozen pioneer will rise again in the 21st or and had a functioning prototype capsule pioneer Jerry Leaf. 22nd century as considerable time elapsed by Christmas. Mounted horizontally on Nobody’s suggesting that the four above between death and freezing. … Yet this casters, the main component consisted of a had any thought that their clinical deaths imperfect beginning may be a step forward hollow, cylindrical steel tube eight feet long would be conveniently spaced for later toward bringing an extended life to others and 32 inches in diameter – an off-the-shelf historical retrospection or cared about it via cryogenics.”5 storage tank – together with a custom-built, one way or the other. But the coincidence The freezing was arranged and funded aluminum inner liner to hold the occupant of round-numbered anniversaries does by a relative of the patient (the “free along with liquid nitrogen. The annular make a convenient backdrop to consider freeze” offer of LES does not seem to have space between the outer tank and inner the four in one article, as we are doing here. figured at all) and carried out by Cryo-Care liner was evacuated to provide insulation in Much of what is included has appeared Equipment Corporation. This organization thermos-flask fashion. A week later, January in other publications through the years, had been started the previous year in 1, 1966, the capsule was shown at an LES though now collected into one place. And Phoenix, Arizona by a local entrepreneur conference in Washington, D.C., and over there is some information not previously and wig maker, Edward Francis “Ed” the next several weeks it was shown on the made public, notably about the first Hope. Hope’s idea at the start was just to Merv Griffin Show and the Mike Douglas freezing, where the patient is tentatively make body-sized insulated capsules for Show. You could climb inside it and it was identified. Biographical and other human- the cryogenic storage of people after legal a great publicity success, but it had its share interest details are emphasized rather than death. Other organizations would buy the of defects, and would never be used to store technical or other matters. capsules and use them to store the clients a human body or for any long-term storage.

34 Cryonics / May-June 2017 www.alcor.org Instead the two engineers set to work Who was this woman? Up to now there fit the freezing hypothesis; she seems to on an improvement, driven by an outside has been nothing in print as to her identity. have been rather secretive. (Did she die in demand. A young man in Los Angeles The family requested anonymity, as Cooper Arizona rather than California? In Arizona, wanted his mother who had just died informs us, but after half a century I am unlike California, death records do not frozen, and contracted with Cryo-Care. tentatively breaking the silence, based on become public until fifty years after the The woman, who had been embalmed some recent research that, among other event, and then may be hard to access until about 18 hours after death, was stored in a things, suggests the main relatives in the finally being put online, which may take mortuary refrigerator in Phoenix for about matter are all deceased.8 years, as I confirmed with the Maricopa two months at near freezing temperature Ted Kraver informed me that the man County Public Records Office.) while the two engineers finished the new who arranged and paid for the capsule and In any case Sarah Frances Gilbert, who capsule and noted its greatly improved the freezing, probably the son, was a certain was briefly Mrs. Wilde, is my best guess as performance in holding liquid nitrogen. W. M. Wilde9 who lived in the Los Angeles to the first person frozen. From the limited Finally, on Friday, April 22, all was in area. A check of records shows a reasonable records seen thus far she seems to have been readiness, and the body of the woman fit with just one individual, William Martin a feisty lady, not content with the status in its casket was brought into the Cryo- Wilde. Mr. Wilde was born March 9, 1928 quo—did she eventually decide to challenge Care facility in a refrigerated truck. As it in Bell, California, Los Angeles County, and mortality also? As time passes more records happened, as evening approached and it died April 23, 2011 in Hemet, Riverside should come to light and either confirm or was time to start the freezing, Hope and County, a few tens of miles away. He was refute this tentative identification, and add Rickenbacker were not comfortable and the son of Robert Ogden Wilde and Sarah biographical details. found reasons to depart. This left Ted Frances Gilbert, and does not appear to Kraver and the woman’s son to handle have had any siblings. everything. With some difficulty the heavy Mrs. Wilde his mother did not stay body was lifted from the casket into the married to her husband very long. In the horizontal capsule, the capsule was sealed, 1930 census, Huntington Park, Los Angeles and liquid nitrogen was admitted to the County, there is an entry for “Robert Wild” inner liner that held the woman. It appears who is divorced, with other data confirming that the freezing started about ten p.m. his identity as the father. In San Antonio and the operation was complete by one Township, same county, there is an entry o’clock the next morning. Cryo-Care had for “Sarah F. Gilbert,” peculiarly claiming not wanted to be involved in actual human at first that she is single, then, with that freezing but, with no other facility at the crossed out, claiming she is married to a time ready to accept patients, found itself “G. E. Gilbert,” whose entry now replaces reluctantly committed. (One reason for hers, with hers shifted to one line below. Cryo-Care’s reluctance is that it had no She reports she is working as a waitress as means to do anything but a straight-freeze, is her husband, both 21 years old. I find The first person frozen, April 1966, unlike the more usual practice in cryonics no G. E. Gilbert, a rare combination of approximate face reconstruction by the of using cryoprotective perfusion.) For a initials and surname, in the area after this author, based on archival photos. few months the woman remained at the or before. Did Ms. Gilbert contrive a ploy facility, expenses covered by the son, then on the spot to disengage further from the she was removed from cryogenic storage.7 man who lately had been her real husband? , January 19679 Hope said afterward he was “getting It seems so, in effect resuming her maiden The freezing of James Bedford in Glendale, pestered quite a bit” (by the presumed name after the divorce. In the same census California on January 12, 1967 was a relatives of the woman) and told them “she an infant, William M. (or “N” or “W” crucially important event in the early could never be resuscitated,” inasmuch as depending on how the record is read) history of cryonics, because it was the first “she’d already been embalmed when I got Wilde, age 2, is shown living with his cryogenic preservation of anyone under her.” Embalming, however, could have grandfather Harry Gilbert and Mary, wife controlled conditions. The event was preserved brain tissue, assisted by the cold of Harry, the three at a different but nearby organized by Robert F. Nelson of the newly- storage of the body prior to freezing, so residence to Sarah, in the same township. formed Cryonics Society of California, with it’s not clear what the woman’s chances Another record of Sarah Gilbert gives her technical supervision by Dante Brunol, might have been, and it’s sad the case birth date as August 8, 1908, with parents biophysicist and M.D., and additional was abandoned. The relatives did clearly Harry and Mary (McLaughlin) Gilbert, assistance by , a reduced have an interest in preservation for future place of birth Marcus Hook, Pennsylvania, metabolism expert. Due to some technical revival and not just cosmetic preservation, a borough near Philadelphia. Other records difficulties the preservation was very crude which Hope, with at least good intentions, show Sarah had several siblings, some by modern standards, possibly little better went to some length to discourage. In any surviving into the closing decades of the than a straight freeze. Still, Bedford’s case, supporting Cooper’s speculation, this twentieth century. I have not yet found a freezing was more credibly the first “true” aborted first step was indeed a beginning to record of her after 1930, though her death cryonics preservation since it was planned what has developed as cryonics today. would have been about February 1966 to for and carried out starting with his cardiac

www.alcor.org Cryonics / May-June 2017 35 arrest, using some attempt at perfusion of Barbara, and Norman. Norman was lands. Despite the hardships, he found the cryoprotectant, followed by immediate instrumental in cryopreserving his father, journeys fun and came back with stories cooling to cryogenic temperatures. Happily, following the elder Bedford’s testamentary and camera slides so he could pass on his after a long, eventful journey Bedford was wishes, and in maintaining the preservation hard-won information to others. Then accepted as a patient at Alcor and remains for many years on his own, including he tried a wilderness tour in the Amazon so today. January 12 is celebrated today by fending off a court challenge from some country of South America and varied this cryonicists as Bedford Day and Anti-Death other family members who wanted the research with an African safari which gave Day. 10 preservation terminated and the funds him close acquaintanceship with lions and James Hiram Bedford, PhD, was born returned to the estate.16 Dr. Bedford was other animals usually confined to zoos in in Pittsfield Massachusetts, April 20, 1893, transferred to Alcor’s custody in September civilized areas. the son of Hiram Johnson and Fannie 1987, where he remains today. When he Such experiences might have made even Louisa (Bryant) Bedford.11 The future Dr. was placed in a modern, upright cryogenic as mild-mannered a man as Dr. Bedford Jim did undergraduate work at Valparaiso capsule in 1991 after 24 years of storage in give a serious thought to what may happen University, Indiana where he graduated in older, horizontal vessels, the still-unmelted when the curtain comes down on a worldly 1917. The yearbook of that year shows his ice cubes placed on his body the day of existence. Still, one of Jim’s closest friends photo and notes his contributions to the his cryopreservation showed he had been expressed surprise at the unusual, icy student handbook and the yearbook itself, maintained at subfreezing temperature the aftermath of Dr. Jim’s career. “It seems including photography. It adds, “‘Jim’ is one whole time.17 fantastic,” he remarked, “and I can’t explain of our hardest and most consistent workers. Jim received a master’s degree from it. I can offer a guess, however, knowing The bard must have been thinking of ‘Jim’ the University of California, Berkeley in Jim as I did, that he might well have been when he said: ‘He was a gentleman on 192818 and a Ph.D. from the University of thinking of others more than of himself.” whom I built an absolute trust.’”12 He was Southern California in 1934.19 He wrote According to another commentator, married that same year to Anna Chandler such books as Youth and the World’s Work “Actually, he felt his own chances for revival Rice who reportedly died the same year.13 and The Veteran and His Future Job. For were slim, but by offering himself this While his wife was ill he registered for the many years he taught at Glendale Junior way, as the first human being in history to draft, claiming an exemption to care for her. College, Los Angeles County, Calif., and embark on this venture, he would improve He was then living in Chicago and working there founded a work experience program the conditions for others, members of his as a traveling salesman for a publishing that emphasized on-the-job training. He own family, perhaps, or a small child.”21 company, John A. Herter.14 According also directed vocational guidance studies to a later report, however, he finally did at John Brown University (Siloam Springs, serve in World War I and afterward helped Ark.) where his son Donald studied servicemen fit themselves for return to daily aeronautics.20 He and a school friend, Dr. life at home.15 Bert F. Steelhead, collaborated on articles About 1920 he married Ruby May and books with vocational themes. McLagan; their five children, oldest to A serious-minded man of pleasant youngest, were Doris, Donald, Frances, disposition, Jim made many friends. Mostly his talk was about practical ideals such as vocational guidance for young people and his ongoing interest in the readjustment of war-worn servicemen to civilian life, which extended to veterans of World War II after that conflict erupted. His heavy commitment to these subjects accounted for the habitual frown that marked his Professor James Bedford, PhD, at Glendale Junior College, about 1949. otherwise good-natured countenance. It was a frown of concentration not ill temper. “Progress must be made on the educational Fred Chamberlain II, July 197622 front,” he once said, “to meet the challenge From the Bedford freezing we jump of the atomic age.” “Don’t be afraid to wear forward a few years; in important ways overalls,” he would tell his students. “There cryonics had fallen on hard times. Though is less competition in the overalls division Bedford would remain preserved, most of life than in the white-collar section and of the early freezings, which were poorly also greater opportunities and better pay.” planned and massively underfunded, would Occasionally Jim took a radical terminate by 1980. Cryo-Care would cease departure from his course of life by going operations, to be followed by the two main adventuring. He was among the earliest cryonics organizations of the 1960s, the James Bedford, Valparaiso University, 1917. travelers to try out the Alcan road to the Cryonics Society of New York (CSNY) Canadian Northwest and to Alaskan and that of California (CSC).23 Fred and

36 Cryonics / May-June 2017 www.alcor.org Linda Chamberlain had initially become fat, and we were in wonderful condition Action Reports during the Third Army’s active in CSC under Robert Nelson but before summer. We camped for a while in campaign of 1944-45. The campaign would now break away and form their the Great Ravine. It was five miles to the itself played a major role in defeating and own organization, Alcor, in 1972. Fred, nearest town where we got mail, and we eliminating Nazi Germany. His reports fill who was actually Fred III, had an ailing used to run it both ways over rough rocky many pages, including detailed maps of father he wanted to cryopreserve, and he trails.” engagements, a book-length work of great and Linda were determined that their new A few months later, in the fall of 1915, historical interest. Here is a small sample, organization would succeed where others he was off to college at Brown University, the opening paragraph of the report for were failing or had already. Providence, Rhode Island, where he played January 1945, when the Third Army was in Fred II, who was cryopreserved by Alcor football. (He was ineligible his second year the vicinity of Luxembourg: July 16, 1976, was the first Alcor patient because he flunked French.) But with the “The savage attacks by the Luftwaffe, in and also the first cryonics patient anywhere entry of the U.S. in World War I in 1917, the attempt to slow down Third US Army’s to be preserved as a neuro or head only. (The two years before he would have graduated, drive, reached their peak on 1 January rationale was that the rest of the body could he left school and enlisted in the Rhode when more than 308 hostile aircraft were be rebuilt later, and meanwhile there would Island National Guard. He saw active duty over the area in 133 raids during the twenty be a great saving of cost and inconvenience that summer as a U.S. Army private and later four hour period. Attacks were heavy in the which was causing such problems with the as a corporal at Ft. Wetherill, Rhode Island. II Corps zone but the heaviest single attack patients thus far.) By this time replacement He then went to Ft. Monroe, Virginia for of the day was on an airfield southwest of body fluids with cryoprotectant, in this officer training, and was commissioned in of METZ (U8858). Here twenty five case a DMSO solution, had become the March 1918. Ordered to Puget Sound, aircraft came in from all directions at low standard practice. Fred was attended by his Washington, he spent several months there level and strafed the parked F-47’s, twenty son and others of the Alcor team, an early and then was sent to Fort Eustis, Virginia, of which were destroyed and seventeen example of standby. to join the 49th Artillery regiment then damaged. Of the twenty five enemy aircraft Frederick Rockwell Chamberlain II was being organized. In September his regiment attacking however, sixteen were shot down born in San Francisco, California, March was ordered overseas and they marched by Antiaircraft Artillery and one more was 28, 1897, the son of Frederick Senior and from Fort Eustis to nearby Camp Stewart claimed as probably destroyed.” Julia Tewksbury (Robeson) Chamberlain. to board the transport ship. While at Camp At an early age his family moved east to Stewart there was a deadly outbreak of New Jersey, and settled after a few years influenza in this pre-vaccine era, and nearly in Plainfield where Fred finished middle a third of the men in his battery died. More school and went on to high school. There died on the transport before reaching its he was involved in school dances, sports, destination, Brest, France. After a week and other activities, but also recalled, no at Brest he was one of the officers sent to doubt with some embarrassment, how “I the French Artillery School, though the managed to flunk a few subjects, so, instead war was over before he saw any combat. Gen. Patton (front row, fourth from of graduating in 1914, I graduated at last Returning home and retiring from the left) and staff, Luxembourg, Jan. in 1915.” This had an unexpected benefit, service, during a short interval he was 1945. Col. Chamberlain is in the however, since “each year the science involved in oil prospecting in New Mexico, second row, third from right. teacher would pick a couple of boys from and also became a heavy equipment the graduating class and take them on a operator for a dam construction project. After his retirement in 1946, Fred trip.” He was picked, along with another Then “the War Department announced renovated and operated a farm in Keswick, student, Ted Ryder, who would become his that applications from former officers Virginia for a number of years. Over the college roommate. The trip was through the would be considered for reappointment.” next two decades he lived in Charlottesville, Presidential Range of the White Mountains Sensing an opportunity, Fred applied Virginia; on North Manesota Key near of New Hampshire. Fred has left a vivid and was accepted as a First Lieutenant in Venice, Florida; and in Rockbridge Baths, description: September 1920, becoming a career army Virginia. He devoted a lot of his time “It was a wonderful trip and taught officer, and remaining in the service until to architecture and art. Gradually the us how little it was really necessary to his retirement in November 1946. In 1929 years took their toll, however, and by eat. We carried all our supplies on our he married Elizabeth Beverly Morecock; 1967 he had suffered a crippling stroke backs, including a small tent. Our normal their son, Fred III, was born in 1935. (remaining mentally competent). Late the breakfast was 2/3 of an 8-inch pancake, At the start of World War II, Fred following year, his wife Elizabeth died.24 1/3 of an egg-powder omelet, and a cup of was in charge of an experimental radar The unexpected loss of Betty to a sudden coffee. Lunch was usually a chunk of bread network protecting Washington, D.C. coronary, when she was otherwise healthy about the size of your fist washed down Later he became the Third Army’s General and vigorous, was a heavy blow both to with water from a trail-side spring. Supper Staff Antiaircraft Artillery Officer, serving father and son. Fred III soon got involved was a bowl of rice and coffee. Needless to under General George S. Patton. Colonel in cryonics, determined that at least his say, we did not suffer from indigestion, Chamberlain was responsible, among other remaining parent would benefit from this and we did get rid of every bit of surplus things, for filing Antiaircraft Artillery After procedure, when the time came. In 1972

www.alcor.org Cryonics / May-June 2017 37 he and his wife, Linda, were dissatisfied Jerry Leaf, July 199126 each hand. The young Jerry wasn’t crying with existing cryonics organizations which or asking for his mommy, just angry he had were guttering out, including Nelson’s I have been to war, and fought with valor. gotten caught. As he grew to manhood his group they had been involved with. They I have explored the unknown, and discovered. attributes developed: a rare combination of would start a new organization, the Alcor I have friends, and I care for them. dependability and independence, a desire Society for Solid State Hypothermia I have found a fine woman, and I love her. for adventure, a cool competence informed (name changed to the present Alcor Life I have fulfilled my commitments, and my by a rational outlook, a calm courage in the Extension Foundation in 197725). Fred name is integrity. face of personal danger; a sensitivity to life, the father was sympathetic and financially I could not share my grief nor my anger, and its values, and its problems. supported the fledgling effort, including now I am alone. After graduating from high school in helping also establish the for-profit Manrise I now have to decide, and live or die. 1959, Jerry and a friend, Doug Beverly, Corporation as a contractor for the not-for- worked two months to buy equipment profit membership organization, Alcor. —Jerry D. Leaf and supplies, then set off for the wilds of (Alcor now does its own cryopreservations Guatemala, where they spent a month and has done so for many years.) When Fifteen years minus a few days separate roughing it. Much later he would often Fred arrested from a respiratory infection the cryopreservation of Fred II from that talk about this trip, as Ralph Whelan on July 16, 1976, all was in readiness and of Jerry Leaf, the last of our “jubilee” remembered, and it seemed his opinions, his cryopreservation occurred without cases. A lot happened in cryonics and in values and ideals began to solidify with major incident. Alcor during that time. Jerry is unique, the adventure, “floating down a jungle among those reported here, and almost river, meeting natives, hunting up dinner, more generally, for the extent of his encountering communists.” Though technical and other contributions to the “he would later hold his own presenting very practice that finally was called to assist scientific papers at the Society for in his hour of need.27 By the time Jerry Cryobiology,” Ralph said, “I will forever was cryopreserved, Alcor’s protocols had have the sense that this is what Jerry was progressed to a glycerol-based perfusion all about. This was the sort of environment that provided better protection than that allowed him to continually, moment older approaches using DMSO. Partial to moment, prove to himself that whatever efficacy had actually been demonstrated— life had in store for him, he could take dogs had been recovered from the initial it. In fact, he would welcome it.” Jerry stages of body washout and hypothermia, himself would rather modestly comment, lending confidence that revival from the “I’m probably like most people who enjoy additional steps of cryoprotective perfusion living; I like to use all my senses. I like to and cryogenic cooldown would also be see things that look good, smell things that possible someday. In addition to the smell good and use my body and mind to technical progress legal challenges had been the fullest.” weathered, and cryonics was on a stronger On returning from Guatemala, Jerry footing than ever, again thanks in part to faced three job opportunities, none of contributions from Mr. Leaf himself. which he liked, so he chose a fourth: the Jerry Donnell Leaf was born April 5, U.S. Army. Sent to Germany, he witnessed Col. Chamberlain 1941 in Artesia, California, close to Los atrocities attributable to the East German Angeles, the son of Frederick Oliver and communist regime, and was there when Alice Rowena (Barnes) Leaf. He spent they built the Berlin Wall. He wanted to much of his life in the Los Angeles area, strike back against world communism, so punctuated by excursions to places far he volunteered for a Special Forces unit, and around the globe. At the time of his was sent on a secret operation to Vietnam. cryopreservation he had been living in Bluntly, he became an assassin, “delivering nearby Downey for many years.28 death,” though under circumstances he felt As a toddler Jerry was already showing were justified. “I do not regret having fought traits that would figure prominently in his against an organized political system,” he later years. There was the time, aged three, said in 1986, “which, even today, threatens that he went to the chicken pen to get some the freedom of its own citizens and those of eggs and was chased back screaming by neighboring countries.”29 Betty Chamberlain and an angry rooster—but he got the eggs out Combat took its toll; the casualty rate in husband Fred, 1960s. undamaged! Another time, about age four, his own unit would eventually exceed 50%. he went “exploring” while at a street fair The extreme hardship provided its own and was found, about an hour later, by his hard-won perspectives that would later bear dad and older brother, a police officer on fruit. “There is a special kind of chemistry

38 Cryonics / May-June 2017 www.alcor.org and feeling that is shared by people who face After receiving a bachelor’s degree in Unfortunately, this would prove elusive. death together over a period of time. I came philosophy, Jerry began doing graduate In 1982 he campaigned, courageously if away from these missions with the face of work in low-temperature biology at the unsuccessfully, against an anti-cryonics death having a very specific meaning; it was University of Nevada, but within two years faction within the Society. They were able defined by a roll call of men we carried out gave it up. The university was oriented to rewrite the Society’s bylaws to deny of North Vietnam. They went home; there toward ecological studies; Jerry “began membership, and expel existing members, were no MIA’s. I lived because of these to realize that I knew more about low for “any practice or application of freezing friends, and it was the worst feeling not to temperature biology from my independent deceased persons in anticipation of their be able to reciprocate.” studies than they did! That, coupled with reanimation.” Though Jerry was never Jerry’s wartime experiences would in the lack of equipment available for graduate expelled, known cryonicists were afterward fact orient him toward an unusual career research caused me to make the decision to excluded. It was clear that the scientific in trying to extend human life. He lost return to Southern California.” mainstream was not the place to turn to for his own fear of death “somewhere in the support.31 jungles of Vietnam” but retained “the fear In the years following, Cryovita would of not being able to save someone else that instead work closely with Alcor, which I care about”—and also a love of life. After would also be headquartered at the Vietnam he returned to Germany, and then Fullerton address. (The two organizations to the U.S. “I began to become increasingly moved to a facility in nearby Riverside concerned over the issue of life and in 1987.) In July 1984, Alcor/Cryovita death—over the tremendous importance under Jerry’s direction, assisted by Mike and preciousness of life.” When he left the Darwin and others, revived a dog after military he tried gold panning for a few total-body washout and hypothermia. weeks in northern California and roughed it It became a longterm survivor without for a few more weeks in Honduras, alone. In detectable deficits, which again was the first 1965 he married Kathleen J. Connaughton; achievement of its kind by a cryonics group. they would have two children. Meanwhile (A non-cryonicist, Gerald Klebanoff, had he had enrolled in Cerritos College. “I pioneered this work in the 1960s.) Soon began to ask questions about life itself—I Jerry and Mike were reviving dogs from started studying biology and philosophy in 4 hours of bloodless perfusion at 4°C, college and I became particularly interested which lent much confidence that at least in suspended animation.” Then in 1966 Jerry Leaf at Trans Time dog the initial stages of cryonics preservation he heard a lecture on cryonics (by Robert experiment, July 25, 1977. were reversible. Their work led to such Nelson), and was intrigued. He started innovations as use of an extracorporeal corresponding with cryonics groups. Jerry never did get an advanced degree. membrane oxygenator for body washout, Instead he started working in the operating a better base perfusate, and silicone oil or rooms at UCLA. In time he would become “silcool” instead of isopropyl alcohol as a an instructor in thoracic surgery, coauthor heat exchange medium in patient cooldowns over 25 papers from the UCLA laboratory, as then performed (nonflammable and less and set up a program for the cryogenic injurious on contact with tissue).32 storage of heart valves and arteries for When a legal crisis erupted at the end transplantation into children. Meanwhile of 1987 over the alleged premortem he began to acquire equipment for his own cryopreservation (“homicide”) of Dora use. In 1977 at Trans Time he directed Kent, Alcor’s promising research was put the first total body washout and recovery largely on hold, and Jerry’s courage found a of a dog by cryonicists. (The animal lived new outlet. His staunch dedication to Alcor 17 hours.) Later that same year he was the and its patients during this well-publicized team leader in Alcor’s first experiment, a confrontation cost him his job at UCLA, cryopreservation of a dog whose tissues were but his support never wavered, and it tested afterward for quality of preservation. helped pull the organization through. By (Recovery of live neurons from liquid mid-1991 the crisis had been weathered nitrogen temperature was demonstrated.) and Jerry was eager to resume cryonics Jerry soon set up an independent company, research—but it was not to be. He was a Cryovita, to further pursue this work, heavy smoker who had tried to quit but not opening an office in Fullerton in 1978.30 succeeded. On the night of July 10, 1991, Jerry was also a longtime member of the at the age of fifty, he suffered a massive Jerry with wife Kathy and Society for Cryobiology, where he tried heart attack and was cryopreserved. Alcor their daughter Kristen. to educate the scientific establishment suffered because of his untimely demise, but about cryonics and win its acceptance. benefited greatly while he was active, and

www.alcor.org Cryonics / May-June 2017 39 cryonics achieved a new level of technical imagine that the very exposure to death and wanted a premortem cryopreservation competence and respect. destruction that comes with war provided to save himself from an advancing brain a special motivation to try for something tumor. (Though he failed in his attempt, better. Jerry Leaf in particular lost his fear Donaldson’s effort gained publicity for of death in a place where there was much cryonics and also dramatized the need for danger of it, which, it appears, made it more legislative reform with end-of-life choices.) compelling in turn to focus on trying to do Soon Ralph himself was signed up with something physically about the problem. Alcor, had become a board member, and This will not account for everyone’s interest was editor of this magazine. Over the who has embraced cryonics, of course. years, however, his enthusiasm for cryonics Nor is there a guarantee that a military dwindled and, facing a financial problem, background, with or without actual time he dropped his membership and ended his Jerry Leaf at the transfer of James Bedford to on the battlefield, will keep a cryonicist involvement, though not ruling out the a new dewar, May 25, 1991, seven weeks dedicated until they, too, become a patient. possibility of resuming it later. But he is before Jerry himself was cryopreserved. We note in passing the sad case of Ralph now buried, felled by a sudden coronary at Whelan, once an Alcor member and even age 46 in 2013. Afterthoughts a board member. Ralph is an authority Life is a fragile thing. Trying to do With the exception of the abortive first for some of the material here, and the one something special and significant to prolong freezing, all of the cases reported here are under whose urging that I started this very it, as we are doing with cryonics, can be a now Alcor patients and have been for many column back in 1990.33 (He also made tough proposition. We can draw inspiration years. At least two, maybe all three of these an important contribution in gathering from the daring attempts reported here, remaining had military backgrounds with archival materials on James Bedford.) however, even as we care for the ones who significant wartime experience, which Earlier in 1990, and in his early twenties, he are with us, and maybe, someday, bring our may seem ironic in view of the aim of was a soldier on duty in Germany who had enterprise to a gratifying success.  cryonics to circumvent clinical death and heard about Alcor as the result of a lawsuit greatly extend one’s healthy life. Yet we can filed on behalf of Thomas Donaldson who

SOURCES OF ILLUSTRATIONS First person frozen. Based on photos from Ted Kraver, Alcor archival material. James Bedford, Valparaiso University. The Number (Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, Ind. yearbook), 1917, 57. Professor James Bedford. La Reata (Glendale Junior College, Glendale, Calif. yearbook) 1949, 39. Gen. Patton and staff. U.S. Army photo, shown and subjects identified in George Forty, Patton’s Third Army at War, Havertown, PA: Casemate, 2015, Kindle edition, locations 1799-1804. Col. Chamberlain. Alcor News 1(4) (Aug. 1976) 1. Betty Chamberlain and husband Fred. Alcor archives. Jerry with wife Kathy and their daughter Kristen. Cryonics 12(9) (Sep. 1991) 11. Jerry Leaf at Trans Time Dog Experiment. Long Life Magazine Nov.-Dec. 1977, 138. Jerry Leaf at the transfer of James Bedford. Alcor archives.

References and Notes 1. JU. 8. WW. 18. CS. 26. MP6 entire section + 2. TK1. 9. JB1; RN; RP; MP7. 19. JB6. references as noted. 3. FWR 1(1) 1 (Jan. 1964). 10. GG. 20. DB. 27. SB. 4. FWR 2(13) 1 (Jun. 11. JB2. 21. RN, 56; MP7 28. RW, AA (Jerry Leaf Death Certif.). 1965); 2(15) 1-2 (Aug. 12. JB3, AA. 22. AA entire section + 1965). 29. JL. 13. JB1. references as noted. 5. FWR 3(24) 1-2 (May 30. MP6. 14. JB4. 23. MP4. 1966). 31. MD2. 15. GG. 24. AN, 1(4) (Aug. 1976) 6. RE. 1-2. 32. MP2. 16. JB5. 7. TH; FWR 3(32) (Feb. 25. AN no. 17 (Nov. 1977) 1. 33. MP8, AA. 1967) 4. 17. MP3; MD1.

40 Cryonics / May-June 2017 www.alcor.org SOURCES

AA. Alcor Archival materials, in non- JB6. (James Bedford 1934 Ph.D. MP7 R. Michael Perry, “For the Record” confidential cases available to researchers. thesis and graduation record, USC) Cryonics 35(2) (Feb. 2014) 10-15 (“Notes (Contact author.) https://library.usc.edu/uhtbin/cgisirsi/ on the Cryopreservation of James x/0/0/5?searchdata1=1288015{CKEY}, Bedford”). AN. Complete Back Issues of Alcor News, accessed 17 Feb. 2017. ed. Linda Chamberlain (1976-78). MP8. R. Michael Perry, “For the Record” JL. (Mike Darwin and Hugh Hixon,) Cryonics 36(1) (Jan. 2015) 6-13 (“Why CS. Chris A. Smith, “Into the Deep “Interview with Jerry Leaf,” Cryonics 7(7) Not? Cryopreservations that Might Have Freeze: What Kind of Person Chooses 26-34 (Part 1, Jul. 1986); 7(8) 21-28 Been”). to Get Cryonically Preserved?”, https:// (Part 2, Aug. 1986); 7(9)23-29 (Part 3, alumni.berkeley.edu/california-magazine/ Sep. 1986). RE. Robert Ettinger, The Prospect of summer-2015-confronting-future/deep- Immortality, New York: Doubleday, 1964; freeze-what-kind-person-chooses-get, JU. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jubilee, http://www.cryonics.org/resources/the- accessed 16 Feb. 2017. accessed 14 Feb. 2017. prospect-of-immortality, accessed 15 Feb. 2017. DB. Donald Bryant Bedford, http:// MD1. Mike Darwin, “Evaluation of juneauempire.com/stories/021410/ the Condition of Dr. James H. Bedford RN. Robert Nelson with Sandra Stanley, obi_562851136.shtml, accessed 15 Feb. after 24 Years of Cryonic Suspension,” We Froze the First Man, New York: Dell, 2017. Cryonics, Aug. 1991, http://www.alcor. 1967. org/Library/html/BedfordCondition. FWR. Complete Back Issues of Life html, accessed 15 Feb. 2017. RP. Robert Prehoda, Suspended Extension Society News and Freeze-Wait- Animation: The Research Possibility That Reanimate, ed. Evan Cooper (1964-69), MD2. Mike Darwin, “Cold War: The May Allow Man to Conquer the Limiting http://archive.is/75F1s, accessed 18 Feb. Conflict Between Cryonicists and Chains of Time, Philadelphia: Chilton, 2017. Cryobiologists,” Cryonics Jun., Jul., Aug. 1969, 111-120. 1991, http://www.alcor.org/Library/html/ GG. George S. Goshorn, “Doctor of coldwar.html, accessed 17 Feb. 2017. RW. Ralph Whelan, “Elegy for Jerry,” Idealism,” News-Press (Glendale, Calif.) Cryonics 12(9) (Sep. 1991) 9-15. 19 Jan. 1967, reprinted in Cryonics July MP1. R. Michael Perry, “For the Record,” 1991, 12 (http://www.alcor.org/cryonics/ Cryonics 37(3) (May-Jun. 2016) 14- SB. Steve Bridge, “An Appreciation of cryonics9107.txt); extensively excerpted 26 (“Ev Cooper and the Conference Jerry Leaf,” Cryonics 12(9) (Sep. 1991) here. that Didn’t Happen: Trials of an Early 17-18. Freezing.”) JB1. James Bedford, https://en.wikipedia. TH. Ted Howe, “Man Who Freezes org/wiki/James_Bedford, accessed 15 Feb. MP2. R. Michael Perry, “For the Record,” Bodies,” San Francisco Chronicle, 26 Jan. 2017. Cryonics 19(3) (3rd Q 1998) 29-31 1967, 1, 14. (“In the Name of Liberty: The Thomas TK1. Ted Kraver, “Notes on the First JB2. Genealogical data on James Donaldson Case”). Hiram Bedford are mainly taken Human Freezing,” Cryonics 10(3) (Mar. from: Mazzio Family Tree, http:// MP3. Author’s personal recollections on 1989) 11-21. trees.ancestry.com/tree/32967197/ the transfer of James Bedford to a new TK2. Ted Kraver, private communication family?fpid=18363219850, accessed dewar, 25 May 1991. 24 Apr. 2012 (email). 16 Apr. 2012; 1930 Federal Census, MP4. R. Michael Perry, “Suspension Enumeration District 19-965, sheets 6B, WW. William Martin Wilde and family. Failures: Lessons from the Early Years,” 7A; California Birth Index 1905-1995. https://mega.nz/#F!9Y8lEQAA!II_gqK- http://www.alcor.org/Library/html/ lJxERbfNe9jojQw, accessed 15 Feb. JB3. The Number, Valparaiso University, suspensionfailures.html, accessed 16 Feb. 2017. (Has references to and some copies Indiana college Yearbook, 1917, 57. 2017. of numerous records, mostly but not all JB4. James H. Bedford draft registration MP5. R. Michael Perry, “For the Record,” available online through www.ancestry. card dated 18 Dec. 1917, Registration Cryonics 15(4) (4th Q 1994) 5-9 (“A Brief com, concerning William Martin Wilde, State: Illinois; Registration County: Cook; History of Alcor Research”). his parents, spouse, son and others.) Roll: 1503737; Draft Board: 40. MP6. R. Michael Perry, “Remembering JB5. Superior Court of the State of Jerry Leaf,” Cryonics 26(6) (Nov.-Dec. California #P-518938 Proposed Findings of 2005) 19-20; original version appeared in Fact and Conclusions of Law (Aug. 1972). The Alcor Phoenix, Jul.-Aug. 1998.

www.alcor.org Cryonics / May-June 2017 41 “Sing me a song of a lass that is gone.” Jesus Wept by Bridget Nash [CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016. ISBN 978-1539340553]

Book Review by Mark Plus

reat is this power of memory, Twilight novels, and she told me way more and exceeding great, O my God— than I ever cared to know about them. she an inner chamber large and However this novel came up in an “Gboundless! Who has plumbed the depths Amazon search of recently published novels thereof? Yet it is a power of mine, and with cryonics themes, so I thought I would appertains unto my nature; nor do I myself buy a copy and give it try. grasp all that I am. Therefore is the mind too I couldn’t put it down, and I don’t regret narrow to contain itself. And where should my purchase. that be which it does not contain of itself? Nash, in a story of revival from Is it outside and not in itself? How is it, cryopreservation, explores issues of the then, that it does not grasp itself? A great self, identity and especially memory in the admiration rises upon me; astonishment ways real cryonicists have argued about seizes me. And men go forth to wonder at for years in our online forums and print the heights of mountains, the huge waves publications. It looks as if Nash had done of the sea, the broad flow of the rivers, the her homework before writing this novel, extent of the ocean, and the courses of the and I have to marvel at her sympathetic stars, and omit to wonder at themselves...” portrayal both of revived cryonauts (called “reanimates” in the novel) and of the cryonic-revival physician who puts his own career and freedom at risk to protect “Nash, in a story of revival the rights of reanimates and look out for from cryopreservation, their welfare in a society when a demagogic politician wants to deprive them of their explores issues of the self, legal personhood. wakes up alone about a century afterwards identity and especially Reanimates suffer from an unexplained in a special facility for patients like her. retrograde amnesia where they retain their She struggles to recapture one elusive and memory in the ways real personalities, their sense of selfhood and possibly illusory memory that stands out in cryonicists have argued about their memories of the skills they acquired in all the darkness of her past, however; and their pre-cryonics lives, but they have lost she interprets it eventually as a recollection for years in our online forums all their episodic memories. Their ability of her existence in heaven during her time in and print publications.” to form new episodic memories remains cryopreservation. The mystery of Eira’s life intact, fortunately. The heroine and first- in this world deepens when she feels drawn person narrator of the story, a teenage girl to a young adult man, another reanimate Bishop Augustine of Hippo, Confessions, named Eira Donovan, died two days before like her, named Andrew; he likewise Book X. her 18th birthday from injuries she suffered recognizes Eira without understanding Normally I wouldn’t bother to read so- in an auto accident, and her distraught why. called “young adult” novels, especially parents apparently put her into cryo. As Eira and Andrew try to reintegrate ones written for girls. I used to work with But why would they do that? Her parents into a society where many things have a young woman who had read all of the didn’t make arrangements for their own cryo, changed, but human nature has remained

42 Cryonics / May-June 2017 www.alcor.org the same, they have to learn about each I have an issue with Nash’s interpretation of memory will elude our understanding other again and try to unravel the mystery of the cryonics idea, however. Going back indefinitely. of their shared past. They also marry, but to Robert Ettinger’s writings about cryonics Nash’s novel also hints at interesting originally for legal advantages because they in the 1960’s, we have always emphasized questions about how religions would adapt don’t really know if they love each other; and that we expect the society that can revive us in response to the technology to revive then they adopt a four-year-old reanimate would enable us to live indefinitely in good people long considered “dead.” The story of girl named Lavender who accepts them as physical and cognitive shape. I have heard Jesus and Lazarus in the Christian tradition her parents because she doesn’t remember of an individual who went into cryo with allows some elbow room for “Christian anything different. Lavender’s youth makes more modest goals, like wanting a chance cryonicists,” and I wish Nash had explored her a blanker kind of slate than Eira’s and to “finish life,” a phrase Nash actually uses this further. Robert Ettinger likewise Andrew’s, and therefore she has more in her novel for Eira’s situation. speculated about these kinds of adaptive promising prospects for a successful life in In Nash’s Future World, by contrast, theologies in his first two books about Future World. people still age and die, and they also have cryonics, written decades ago. fragile immune systems because of the way Despite the fact that the reanimates in public health and medicine developed Jesus Wept don’t have the ability to “live “Nash’s novel also hints after a devastating plague killed billions. In forever” or become “immortal supermen,” at interesting questions this world, even a stray, flea-bitten kitten Bridget Nash has made a valuable introduced into the city can cause a public contribution to the small body of cryonics- about how religions would health emergency. friendly stories which can help to make the adapt in response to the That aside, Nash’s novel deals with the cryonics proposal emotionally accessible to questions that real cryonicists have thought ordinary people.  technology to revive people about for decades now. What would we long considered ‘dead.’” cryonicists accept as “survival” from our revival from cryotransport? How attached do we feel to the episodic memories many What about the novel’s title? Eira has of us hope to take with us across time? no memory of any kind of Christian belief Would we still go into cryo if we knew or observance, and the novel gives the we would revive with our pasts apparently impression that Christianity has nearly erased like the reanimates in Nash’s novel, vanished in the world Eira has revived into. and possibly having to deal with hostile Perhaps a few enclaves of Christians survive elements in the receiving society? here and there, like the world’s remaining Each cryonicist will have to come up with Zoroastrians in our time. While shopping in a kind of antique store for parts for her 100 year old camera, she comes across an old copy of the Bible: “What would we cryonicists “I knew what it was in a basic kind of accept as “survival” from our way. A religious book that people used to guide their lives. Maybe I had even used revival from cryotransport? one to guide my life when I was alive before How attached do we feel to now.” She flips it open to the passage in the the episodic memories many Gospels where Jesus hears of the death of his of us hope to take with us friend Lazarus. She reads in the text, “Jesus wept,” then the narration of how Jesus across time?” brings Lazarus back from the dead. Eira recognizes the similarities to her situation, and she buys the old Bible on impulse. his or her own answers to these questions, While thinking about the story later, Eira given how little we know now. Memory’s wonders if Jesus wept because he knew that “inner chamber large and boundless” has he would have to extract Lazarus’ soul from fascinated thoughtful people since ancient heaven when he brought him back to life, times, as Augustine shows; and yet we still much as Eira feels has happened to her, but don’t really understand it, despite advances through scientific means. in neuroscience. Perhaps the deep mystery

www.alcor.org Cryonics / May-June 2017 43 Revival Update Reported by R. Michael Perry

Unique Visual Stimulation profiling – in a method that may finally than three million people in Britain alone, May Be New Treatment for help us get answers to these questions and and the estimated costs of fractures reaches Alzheimer’s many more. The new technology enables billions of pounds a year. Brittle bone researchers to manipulate gene functions disease is rare in newborns, but the 70 UK within single cells, and understand the babies born with the condition each year Using LED lights flickering at a specific results of each change in extremely high can suffer fractures even before they leave frequency, MIT researchers have shown resolution. A single experiment with this the womb. that they can substantially reduce the method, say the scientists, may be equal to The Guardian beta amyloid plaques seen in Alzheimer’s thousands of experiments conducted using 20 Dec. 2016 disease, in the visual cortex of mice. This previous approaches, and it may advance https://www.theguardian.com/ treatment appears to work by inducing the field of genetic engineering for medical science/2016/dec/20/pregnant-womens- brain waves known as gamma oscillations, applications. The gene-editing technique stem-cells-could-treat-osteoporosis-say- which the researchers discovered help the CRISPR is already transforming biology scientists brain suppress beta amyloid production research around the world, and its clinical and invigorate cells responsible for use in humans is just around the corner. destroying the plaques. Further research Prof. Ido Amit of the Weizmann Institute will be needed to determine if a similar of Science’s Immunology Department led approach could help Alzheimer’s patients, the study. says Li-Huei Tsai, the Picower Professor of Neuroscience, director of MIT’s Picower Weizmann Institute of Science / Institute for Learning and Memory, and Eurekalert! senior author of the study, which appears 15 Dec. 2016 in the Dec. 7 online edition of Nature. https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_ If the treatment is found to be effective, “It’s a big ‘if,’ because so many things have releases/2016-12/wios-get121516.php it could be given to affected babies at been shown to work in mice, only to fail birth, or even while they are still in the in humans,” Tsai says. “But if humans womb, to help them develop healthier behave similarly to mice in response to this skeletons. Photograph: Stocktrek/Alamy treatment, I would say the potential is just Pregnant Women’s Stem Cells enormous, because it’s so noninvasive, and Could Treat Osteoporosis, it’s so accessible.” Tsai and an associate have Say Scientists Repairing Damaged Hearts started a company, Cognito Therapeutics, with 3D Bioprinting to pursue tests in humans. People with fragile bones could have their skeletons beefed up with infusions of stem A printer that builds beating 3D hearts Anne Trafton / MIT News Office cells harvested from pregnant women, in a laboratory could soon be saving the 7 Dec. 2016 researchers say. Scientists proposed the lives of heart attack patients if a pioneering http://news.mit.edu/2016/visual- unusual therapy after studies showed that Australian trial proves successful. The Heart stimulation-treatment-alzheimer-1207 the treatment led to 78% fewer fractures Research Institute (Australia) has bought a in animals that were bred to have a brittle 3D bio-printer to engineer human heart bone disorder. The finding has raised tissue that can be stuck directly to a damaged Gene Editing Takes On hopes for treating rare bone conditions organ following an attack. The experiment New Roles that affect some babies from birth, but the could dramatically alter the cardiac same procedure has the potential to help treatment landscape, giving heart-damaged What combinations of mutations help older people with osteoporosis, and even patients a chance to fully recover and return cancer cells survive? Which cells in astronauts who lose bone mass in orbit, to normal life. “If we can make it work the brain are involved in the onset of the researchers said. “The stem cells we’ve we’ll be changing the lives of thousands Alzheimer’s? How do immune cells used are excellent at protecting bones,” of Australians and flipping the world of conduct their convoluted decision-making said Pascale Guillot, who led the study at heart attack treatment on its head” says processes? Researchers at the Weizmann University College London. “The bones Dr. Carmine Gentile, HRI research fellow Institute of Science have now combined become much stronger and the way the and world leader in 3D tissue culture. The two powerful research tools – CRISPR bone is organized internally is of much two common heart treatments, coronary gene editing and single cell genomic higher quality.” Osteoporosis affects more angioplasty and reperfusion therapy, offer

44 Cryonics / May-June 2017 www.alcor.org excellent results for patients who receive London. Following trauma or an infection, King’s College, London, Dental Institute them very soon after an attack, but those the inner, soft pulp of a tooth can become 9 Jan. 2017 who miss out often suffer irreversible heart exposed and infected. In order to protect http://www.kcl.ac.uk/dentistry/ damage. Cardiac spheroids – unique 3D the tooth from infection, a thin band of newsevents/news/newsrecords/2017/ human mini hearts – developed by Dr. dentine is naturally produced and this January/Natural-tooth-repair-method- Gentile were built from stem cells to be seals the tooth pulp, but it is insufficient to using-Alzheimer’s-drug-could- used as “bio-ink” to print cardiac patches. effectively repair large cavities. Currently revolutionise-dental-treatments.aspx dentists use man-made cements or fillings, Heart Research Institute such as calcium and silicon-based products, 31 Dec. 2016 to treat these larger cavities and fill holes https://www.hri.org.au/latest-news/ in teeth. This cement remains in the tooth december-2016/aussies-pioneer-new- and fails to disintegrate, meaning that the approach-to-mend-broken-hearts normal mineral level of the tooth is never completely restored. However, in a paper published today in Scientific Reports, Natural Tooth Repair Method scientists from the Dental Institute at Using Alzheimer’s Drug King’s College London have proven a way to stimulate the stem cells contained in the A new method of stimulating the renewal pulp of the tooth and generate new dentine of living stem cells in tooth pulp using in large cavities, potentially reducing the an Alzheimer’s drug has been discovered need for fillings or cements. by a team of researchers at King’s College

A Roadmap to Revival uccessful revival of cryonics patients will require three Gregory M. Fahy, “A ‘Realistic’ Scenario for Sdistinct technologies: (1) A cure for the disease that put Nanotechnological Repair of the Frozen Human Brain,” in the patient in a critical condition prior to cryopreservation; , Michael Darwin, eds., Cryonics: Reaching for (2) biological or mechanical cell repair technologies that Tomorrow, Alcor Life Extension Foundation, 1991. can reverse any injury associated with the cryopreservation process and long-term care at low temperatures; (3) Ralph C. Merkle, “The Molecular Repair of the Brain,” rejuvenation biotechnologies that restore the patient to good Cryonics 15(1) (January 1994):16-31 (Part I) & Cryonics 15(2) health prior to resuscitation. OR it will require some entirely (April 1994):20-32 (Part II). new approach such as (1) mapping the ultrastructure of Ralph C. Merkle, “Cryonics, Cryptography, and Maximum cryopreserved brain tissue using nanotechnology, and (2) Likelihood Estimation,” First Extropy Institute Conference, using this information to deduce the original structure and Sunnyvale CA, 1994, updated version at http://www.merkle. repairing, replicating or simulating tissue or structure in com/cryo/cryptoCryo.html. some viable form so the person “comes back.” Aubrey de Grey & Michael Rae, “Ending Aging: The The following list is a list of landmark papers and books Rejuvenation Breakthroughs That Could Reverse Human that reflect ongoing progress towards the revival of cryonics Aging in Our Lifetime.” St. Martin’s Press, 2007. patients: Robert A. Freitas Jr., “Comprehensive Nanorobotic Control Jerome B. White, “Viral-Induced Repair of Damaged of Human Morbidity and Aging,” in Gregory M. Fahy, Neurons with Preservation of Long-Term Information Michael D. West, L. Stephen Coles, and Steven B. Harris, Content,” Second Annual Conference of the Cryonics eds, The Future of Aging: Pathways to Human Life Extension, Societies of America, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Springer, New York, 2010, 685-805. April 11-12, 1969, by J. B. White. Reprinted in Cryonics 35(10) (October 2014): 8-17. Chana Phaedra, “Reconstructive Connectomics,” Cryonics 34(7) (July 2013): 26-28. Michael G. Darwin, “The Anabolocyte: A Biological Approach to Repairing Cryoinjury,” Life Extension Magazine Robert A. Freitas Jr., “The Alzheimer Protocols: A (July-August 1977):80-83. Reprinted in Cryonics 29(4) (4th Nanorobotic Cure for Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Quarter 2008):14-17. Neurodegenerative Conditions,” IMM Report No. 48, June 2016.

www.alcor.org Cryonics / May-June 2017 45 MEETINGS

About the Alcor Foundation Oregon: The Alcor Life Extension Foundation is a nonprofit tax-exempt scientific and The contact person for meetings in the educational organization dedicated to advancing the science of cryopreservation Portland area is Aschwin de Wolf: aschwin@ and promoting cryonics as a rational option. Being an Alcor member means alcor.org. See also: https://www.facebook.com/ knowing that—should the worst happen—Alcor’s Emergency Response Team is portland.life.extension. ready to respond for you, 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. British Columbia (Canada): Alcor’s Emergency Response capability includes specially trained technicians and CryoBC, a special interest group within customized equipment in Arizona, northern California, southern California, and the nonprofit Lifespan Society of BC (http:// south Florida, as well as many additional certified technicians on-call around the www.lifespanbc.ca/) holds meetings for United States. Alcor’s Arizona facility includes a full-time staff, and the Patient cryonicists in the Vancouver area. To be Care Bay is personally monitored 24 hours a day. notified of meetings join the CryoBC mailing list: https://groups.yahoo.com/neo/groups/ ARIZONA San Francisco Bay: cryobc/info. Flagstaff: Alcor Northern California Meetings are Arizona without the inferno. Cryonics held quarterly in January, April, July, and TEXAS group in beautiful, high-altitude Flagstaff. October. A CryoFeast is held once a year. For Dallas: Two-hour drive to Alcor. Contact eric@ information on Northern California meetings, North Texas Cryonauts, please sign up flagstaffcryo.com for more information. call Mark Galeck at (650) 772-1251 or email for our announcements list for meetings [email protected]. (http://groups.yahoo.com/group/cryonauts- PHOENIX announce) or contact David Wallace Croft VALLEY OF THE SUN: FLORIDA at (214) 636-3790 for details of upcoming This group meets monthly, usually in Central Florida Life Extension group meetings. the third week of the month. Dates are meets once a month in the Tampa Bay area determined by the activity or event planned. (Tampa and St. Petersburg) for discussion and Austin/Central Texas: For more information or to RSVP, visit http:// socializing. The group has been active since A new group for the Austin area has been cryonics.meetup.com/45/ or email Lisa Shock 2007. Email [email protected] for started for those interested in discussion and at [email protected]. more information. understanding of the relevant technologies and issues for cryopreservation, genomics, At Alcor: NEW ENGLAND epigenetics and medical research for increased Alcor Board of Directors Meetings and Cambridge: life/health span. Contact Tom Miller, 760-803- Facility Tours—Alcor business meetings are The New England regional group strives 4107 or [email protected]. generally held on the second Saturday of every to meet monthly in Cambridge, MA—for month starting at 11:00 AM MST. Guests information or to be added to the Alcor NE JAPAN are welcome to attend the fully-public board mailing list, please contact Bret Kulakovich Cryonics meetings are held monthly in meetings. Facility tours are held every Tuesday at 617-824-8982, alcor@bonfireproductions. Tokyo. Send queries to [email protected]. at 10:00 AM and Friday at 2:00 PM. For more com, or on FACEBOOK via the Cryonics information or to schedule a tour, call Marji Special Interest Group. ALCOR PORTUGAL Klima at (877) 462-5267 x101 or email marji@ Alcor Portugal is working to have good alcor.org. NEW YORK CITY stabilization and transport capabilities. The Alcor members in the NYC area can group meets every Saturday for two hours. For CALIFORNIA contact Javier El-Hage at javier.elhage@gmail. information about meetings, contact Nuno Los Angeles: com for information about local meetings Martins at [email protected]. The Alcor Southern California Meetings—For which are held once a month at a midtown Alcor Portugal website is: www.alcorportugal. information, call Peter Voss at location. com. (310) 822-4533 or e-mail him at peter@ optimal.org. Although monthly meetings are PACIFIC NORTHWEST UNITED KINGDOM not held regularly, you can meet Los Angeles A Yahoo mailing list is also maintained for Alcor members in the UK can contact Alcor members by contacting Peter. cryonicists in the Pacific Northwest at http:// Garret Smyth at [email protected] for tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/CryonicsNW/. information about local meetings.

If you are interested in hosting regular meetings in your area, contact Alcor at 877-462-5267, ext. 113. Meetings are a great way to learn about cryonics, meet others with similar interests, and introduce your friends and family to Alcor members!

46 Cryonics / May-June 2017 www.alcor.org What is Cryonics?

ryonics is an attempt to preserve and protect human life, not reverse death. It is the practice of using extreme Ccold to attempt to preserve the life of a person who can no longer be supported by today’s medicine. Will future medicine, including mature nanotechnology, have the ability to heal at the cellular and molecular levels? Can cryonics successfully carry the cryopreserved person forward through time, for however many decades or centuries might be necessary, until the cryopreservation process can be reversed and the person restored to full health? While cryonics may sound like science fiction, there is a basis for it in real science. The complete scientific story of cryonics is seldom told in media reports, leaving cryonics widely misunderstood. We invite you to reach your own conclusions.

How do I find out more?

he Alcor Life Extension Foundation is the world leader in cryonics research and technology. Alcor is a non- Tprofit organization located in Scottsdale, Arizona, founded in 1972. Our website is one of the best sources of detailed introductory information about Alcor and cryopreservation (www.alcor.org). We also invite you to request our FREE information package on the “Free Information” section of our website. It includes:

• A fully illustrated color brochure • A sample of our magazine • An application for membership and brochure explaining how to join • And more!

Your free package should arrive in 1-2 weeks. (The complete package will be sent free in the U.S., Canada, and the United Kingdom.)

How do I enroll? Signing up for a cryopreservation is easy! Step 1: Fill out an application and submit it with your $90 application fee. Step 2: You will then be sent a set of contracts to review and sign. Step 3: Fund your cryopreservation. While most people use life insurance to fund their cryopreservation, other forms of prepayment are also accepted. Alcor’s Membership Coordinator can provide you with a list of insurance agents familiar with satisfying Alcor’s current funding requirements. Finally: After enrolling, you will wear emergency alert tags or carry a special card in your wallet. This is your confirmation that Alcor will respond immediately to an emergency call on your behalf.

Not ready to make full arrangements for cryopreservation? Thenbecome an Associate Member for $5/month (or $15/ quarter or $60 annually). Associate Members will receive: • Cryonics magazine by mail • Discounts on Alcor conferences • Access to post in the Alcor Member Forums • A dollar-for-dollar credit toward full membership sign-up fees for any dues paid for Associate Membership

To become an Associate Member send a check or money order ($5/month or $15/quarter or $60 annually) to Alcor Life Extension Foundation, 7895 E. Acoma Dr., Suite 110, Scottsdale, Arizona 85260, or call Marji Klima at (480) 905-1906 ext. 101 with your credit card information. You can also pay using PayPal (and get the Declaration of Intent to Be Cryopreserved) here: http://www.alcor.org/BecomeMember/associate.html

Call toll-free TODAY to start your application:

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