Shuttle/Progress in Aircraft Design Since 1903
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The Luftwaffe Wasn't Alone
PIONEER JETS OF WORLD WAR II THE LUFTWAFFE WASN’T ALONE BY BARRETT TILLMAN he history of technology is replete with Heinkel, which absorbed some Junkers engineers. Each fac tory a concept called “multiple independent opted for axial compressors. Ohain and Whittle, however, discovery.” Examples are the incandes- independently pursued centrifugal designs, and both encoun- cent lightbulb by the American inventor tered problems, even though both were ultimately successful. Thomas Edison and the British inventor Ohain's design powered the Heinkel He 178, the world's first Joseph Swan in 1879, and the computer by jet airplane, flown in August 1939. Whittle, less successful in Briton Alan Turing and Polish-American finding industrial support, did not fly his own engine until Emil Post in 1936. May 1941, when it powered Britain's first jet airplane: the TDuring the 1930s, on opposite sides of the English Chan- Gloster E.28/39. Even so, he could not manufacture his sub- nel, two gifted aviation designers worked toward the same sequent designs, which the Air Ministry handed off to Rover, goal. Royal Air Force (RAF) Pilot Officer Frank Whittle, a a car company, and subsequently to another auto and piston 23-year-old prodigy, envisioned a gas-turbine engine that aero-engine manufacturer: Rolls-Royce. might surpass the most powerful piston designs, and patented Ohain’s work detoured in 1942 with a dead-end diagonal his idea in 1930. centrifugal compressor. As Dr. Hallion notes, however, “Whit- Slightly later, after flying gliders and tle’s designs greatly influenced American savoring their smooth, vibration-free “Axial-flow engines turbojet development—a General Electric– flight, German physicist Hans von Ohain— were more difficult built derivative of a Whittle design powered who had earned a doctorate in 1935— to perfect but America's first jet airplane, the Bell XP-59A became intrigued with a propeller-less gas- produced more Airacomet, in October 1942. -
FAA Order 8130.2H, February 4, 2015
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL AVIATION ADM INISTRATION ORDER 8130.2H 02/04/2015 National Policy SUBJ: Airworthiness Certification of Products and Articles This order establishes procedures for accomplishing original and recurrent airworthiness certification ofaircraft and related products and articles. The procedures contained in this order apply to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) manufacturing aviation safety inspectors (ASI), to FAA airworthiness AS Is, and to private persons or organizations delegated authority to issue airworthiness certificates and related approvals. Suggestions for improvement of this order may be submitted using the FAA Office of Aviation Safety (AVS) directive feedback system at http://avsdfs.avs.faa.gov/default.aspx, or FAA Form 1320-19, Directive Feedback Information, found in appendix I to this order. D G!JD Cf1 · ~ David Hempe Manager, Design, Manufacturing, & Airworthiness Division Aircraft Certification Service Distribution: Electronic Initiated By: AIR-1 00 02/04/2015 8130.2H Table of Contents Paragraph Page Chapter 1. Introduction 100. Purpose of This Order .............................................................................. 1-1 101. Audience .................................................................................................. 1-1 102. Where Can I Find This Order .................................................................. 1-1 103. Explanation of Policy Changes ................................................................ 1-1 104. Cancellation ............................................................................................ -
Critical Mach Number, Transonic Area Rule
Critical Mach number - Compressibility Effects on Lift The design parameter that influences compressibility effects on lift is the Critical Mach number (Mcr). This is the free stream Mach number when sonic conditions (M = 1) is reached at some point on the airfoil surface The figure illustrates the same airfoil, at the same angle of attack at different free stream Mach numbers leading to the definition of the critical Mach number The critical Mach number can be obtained through the curve for the minimum pressure coefficient as a function of Mach number. It can be determined through the intersection of the two equations The lift coefficient correction for compressibility is The figure above illustrates that If you plan to fly at high free stream Mach number, you airfoil should be thin to (a) increase your critical Mach number as this will keep your drag rise small This will also result in lower minimum pressure: Therefore your lift coefficient will decrease Note that the minimum pressure coefficient on thick airfoil is high; this means that the velocity is also correspondingly high. Therefore the critical Mach number is reached for lower value of the free stream Mach number. Swept wing A B-52 Stratofortress showing wing with a large sweepback angle. A swept wing is a wing planform favored for high subsonic jet speeds first investigated in Germany from 1935 onwards until the end of the Second World War. Since the introduction of the MiG-15 and North American F-86 which demonstrated a decisive superiority over the slower first generation of straight-wing jet fighters during the Korean War, swept wings have become almost universal on all but the slowest jets (such as the A- 10). -
Gene Banning Collection Donated to PAHF — Edward Trippe
Spring 2021 www.panam.org NEWSLETTERCLI OF THEPP PAN AMER HISTORICAL FOUNDATION From The Chairman, Gene Banning Collection Donated to PAHF — Edward Trippe... Volunteers Help Retrieve, Catalogue and Preserve Historic Materials By Doug Miller his story goes back decades to a Ttime when a new Pan Am pilot named Gene Banning became fascinated with the growing empire of Pan Ameri- can World Airways. His interest soon grew into a studied pursuit and then a life-long passion. The COVID-19 virus has stressed us all, but as I write this letter, Spring and Fast forward decades, to the 1990’s. Now a return to normal life are both in sight. retired, Captain Banning had amassed I hope that our extended PAHF fam- a trove of historic Pan Am materials, ily and friends have survived and are not only his own but those of colleagues such as George Price, Bill Seeman and healthy. As we look ahead, and I know Capt. Banning, courtesy Univ. of Miami I speak for many, we will be happy others. The material in his collection Special Collections to turn the page and return to some was instrumental in helping Banning to author what has become one of the very from Mrs. Banning’s residence. The col- semblance of normalcy — whatever the lection was temporarily stored in a space ‘new norm’ is for each of us. best books ever written about “the world’s most experienced airline”: ‘The Airlines of at the AWARE store in Miami. Remembering Stephen Lyons, Pan American Since 1927’. (Paladwr Press; When it was time to downsize AWARE’s Producer for Across the Pacific Maclean, VA; 2000). -
Bell 429 Product Specifications
BELL 429 SPECIFICATIONS BELL 429 SPECIFICATIONS Publisher’s Notice The information herein is general in nature and may vary with conditions. Individuals using this information must exercise their independent judgment in evaluating product selection and determining product appropriateness for their particular purpose and requirements. For performance data and operating limitations for any specific mission, reference must be made to the approved flight manual. Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. makes no representations or warranties, either expressed or implied, including without limitation any warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose with respect to the information set forth herein or the product(s) and service(s) to which the information refers. Accordingly, Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. will not be responsible for damages (of any kind or nature, including incidental, direct, indirect, or consequential damages) resulting from the use of or reliance on this information. Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. reserves the right to change product designs and specifications without notice. © 2019 Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. All registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. FEBRUARY 2019 © 2019 Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. Specifications subject to change without notice. i BELL 429 SPECIFICATIONS Table of Contents Bell 429 ..................................................................................................................................1 Bell 429 Specification Summary (U.S. Units) ........................................................................4 -
Some Supersonic Aerodynamics
Some Supersonic Aerodynamics W.H. Mason Configuration Aerodynamics Class Grumman Tribody Concept – from 1978 Company Calendar The Key Topics • Brief history of serious supersonic airplanes – There aren’t many! • The Challenge – L/D, CD0 trends, the sonic boom • Linear theory as a starting point: – Volumetric Drag – Drag Due to Lift • The ac shift and cg control • The Oblique Wing • Aero/Propulsion integration • Some nonlinear aero considerations • The SST development work • Brief review of computational methods • Possible future developments Are “Supersonic Fighters” Really Supersonic? • If your car’s speedometer goes to 120 mph, do you actually go that fast? • The official F-14A supersonic missions (max Mach 2.4) – CAP (Combat Air Patrol) • 150 miles subsonic cruise to station • Loiter • Accel, M = 0.7 to 1.35, then dash 25nm – 4 ½ minutes and 50nm total • Then, head home or to a tanker – DLI (Deck Launch Intercept) • Energy climb to 35K ft., M = 1.5 (4 minutes) • 6 minutes at 1.5 (out 125-130nm) • 2 minutes combat (slows down fast) After 12 minutes, must head home or to a tanker Very few real supersonic airplanes • 1956: the B-58 (L/Dmax = 4.5) – In 1962: Mach 2 for 30 minutes • 1962: the A-12 (SR-71 in ’64) (L/Dmax = 6.6) – 1st supersonic flight, May 4, 1962 – 1st flight to exceed Mach 3, July 20, 1963 • 1964: the XB-70 (L/Dmax = 7.2) – In 1966: flew Mach 3 for 33 minutes • 1968: the TU-144 – 1st flight: Dec. 31, 1968 • 1969: the Concorde (L/Dmax = 7.4) – 1st flight, March 2, 1969 • 1990: the YF-22 and YF-23 (supercruisers) – YF-22: 1st flt. -
“Sam” Uhl Aviation Photograph Collection .7 Linear Feet Accession
Guide to the A. J. “Sam” Uhl Aviation Photograph Collection .7 Linear Feet Accession Number: 78-04 Collection Number: H78-04 Prepared By Paul A. Oelkrug, C.A. Malcolm Swain 18 October 2005 CITATION: The A. J. “Sam” Uhl Aviation Photograph Collection, Box Number, Folder Number, Special Collections Department, McDermott Library, The University of Texas at Dallas. Special Collections Department McDermott Library, The University of Texas at Dallas Table of Contents Biographical Sketch............................................................................................................ 1 Sources:........................................................................................................................... 1 Related Sources in The History of Aviation Collection: ................................................ 1 Series Description ............................................................................................................... 2 Scope and Content .............................................................................................................. 2 Provenance Statement......................................................................................................... 2 Note to the Researcher........................................................................................................ 2 Literary Rights Statement ................................................................................................... 2 H78-04 The A. J. “Sam” Uhl Aviation Photograph Collection: Container List.............. -
The Coastwatcher
AEROSPACE CURRENT EVENTS Missions for Airships are Back America Semper vigilans! The US army has announced that it will deploy an Semper volans! airship designed to provide early warning of a cruise missile attack on the northeastern United States. The system will undergo a two year test to determine its efficacy. The Coastwatcher The new system is called Joint Land Attack Publication of the Thames River Composite Squadron Cruise Missile Defense Elevated Netted Sensor Connecticut Wing System (Jlens) and has cost $2.8 million to Civil Air Patrol develop the prototype. 300 Tower Rd., Groton, CT http://ct075.org . LtCol Stephen Rocketto, Editor [email protected] C/CMSgt Virginia Poe, Scribe C/SMSgt Michael Hollingsworth, Printer's Devil Lt David Meers & Maj Roy Bourque, Papparazis Vol. IX 9.01 07 January, 2015 Jlens and its Mobile Mooring Station During Testing in Utah. (Credit: US Army) SCHEDULE OF COMING EVENT A Jlens system consists of two tethered aerostats 06 JAN-TRCS Staff Meeting which are 243 long and filled with a mixture of 07 JAN-CTWG Commander's Call helium and air. The test aerostats will float at 13 JAN-TRCS Meeting-Commander’s Call 10,000 feet near the Army's Aberdeen Proving 20 JAN-TRCS Meeting Grounds in Maryland. This will provide coverage 21 JAN-CTWG Staff Call over a 340 mile circle. 27 JAN-TRCS Meeting 31 JAN-01 FEB-CLC@Bridgeport One aerostat carries the surveillance radar and the second vehicle bears a fire control radar. The information will be sent to the North American SQUADRON STAFF MEETINGS Air Defense Command which will compare it 06 January, 2015 with data received from the Federal Aviation Administration. -
Gallery of USAF Weapons Note: Inventory Numbers Are Total Active Inventory Figures As of Sept
Gallery of USAF Weapons Note: Inventory numbers are total active inventory figures as of Sept. 30, 2011. ■ 2012 USAF Almanac Bombers B-1 Lancer Brief: A long-range, air refuelable multirole bomber capable of flying intercontinental missions and penetrating enemy defenses with the largest payload of guided and unguided weapons in the Air Force inventory. Function: Long-range conventional bomber. Operator: ACC, AFMC. First Flight: Dec. 23, 1974 (B-1A); Oct. 18, 1984 (B-1B). Delivered: June 1985-May 1988. IOC: Oct. 1, 1986, Dyess AFB, Tex. (B-1B). Production: 104. Inventory: 66. Aircraft Location: Dyess AFB, Tex.; Edwards AFB, Calif.; Eglin AFB, Fla.; Ellsworth AFB, S.D. Contractor: Boeing, AIL Systems, General Electric. Power Plant: four General Electric F101-GE-102 turbofans, each 30,780 lb thrust. Accommodation: pilot, copilot, and two WSOs (offensive and defensive), on zero/zero ACES II ejection seats. Dimensions: span 137 ft (spread forward) to 79 ft (swept aft), length 146 ft, height 34 ft. B-1B Lancer (SSgt. Brian Ferguson) Weight: max T-O 477,000 lb. Ceiling: more than 30,000 ft. carriage, improved onboard computers, improved B-2 Spirit Performance: speed 900+ mph at S-L, range communications. Sniper targeting pod added in Brief: Stealthy, long-range multirole bomber that intercontinental. mid-2008. Receiving Fully Integrated Data Link can deliver nuclear and conventional munitions Armament: three internal weapons bays capable of (FIDL) upgrade to include Link 16 and Joint Range anywhere on the globe. accommodating a wide range of weapons incl up to Extension data link, enabling permanent LOS and Function: Long-range heavy bomber. -
Aircraft Collection
A, AIR & SPA ID SE CE MU REP SEU INT M AIRCRAFT COLLECTION From the Avenger torpedo bomber, a stalwart from Intrepid’s World War II service, to the A-12, the spy plane from the Cold War, this collection reflects some of the GREATEST ACHIEVEMENTS IN MILITARY AVIATION. Photo: Liam Marshall TABLE OF CONTENTS Bombers / Attack Fighters Multirole Helicopters Reconnaissance / Surveillance Trainers OV-101 Enterprise Concorde Aircraft Restoration Hangar Photo: Liam Marshall BOMBERS/ATTACK The basic mission of the aircraft carrier is to project the U.S. Navy’s military strength far beyond our shores. These warships are primarily deployed to deter aggression and protect American strategic interests. Should deterrence fail, the carrier’s bombers and attack aircraft engage in vital operations to support other forces. The collection includes the 1940-designed Grumman TBM Avenger of World War II. Also on display is the Douglas A-1 Skyraider, a true workhorse of the 1950s and ‘60s, as well as the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk and Grumman A-6 Intruder, stalwarts of the Vietnam War. Photo: Collection of the Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum GRUMMAN / EASTERNGRUMMAN AIRCRAFT AVENGER TBM-3E GRUMMAN/EASTERN AIRCRAFT TBM-3E AVENGER TORPEDO BOMBER First flown in 1941 and introduced operationally in June 1942, the Avenger became the U.S. Navy’s standard torpedo bomber throughout World War II, with more than 9,836 constructed. Originally built as the TBF by Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, they were affectionately nicknamed “Turkeys” for their somewhat ungainly appearance. Bomber Torpedo In 1943 Grumman was tasked to build the F6F Hellcat fighter for the Navy. -
FROM the GROUNDUP September 2004 CAPABILITIES BROCHURE
Vought Aircraft Industries, Inc. www.voughtaircraft.com INTEGRATED AEROSTRUCTURES FROM THE GROUNDUP September 2004 CAPABILITIES BROCHURE Airbus A330/A340 In 1988, we became the Boeing 747 We’ve built panels for the main first major U.S. structural assemblies supplier to fuselage, doors and the empennage section for more Airbus with the award of wing components for than 1,350 Boeing 747 aircraft since the program the A330/A340 long-range aircraft. Deliveries began in 1968. began in 1990, exceeding the 500 shipset mark in 2002. 2 PROVEN Lockheed Martin C-130J Hercules Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit Our company has delivered more than 2,200 We were one of three team members on the empennage sections to Lockheed Martin B-2 program, with responsibility for more since becoming a supplier on the C-130 structure than any other team member. program in the 1950s. Through our heritage companies, we have been a premier supplier to the aerospace industry for nearly nine decades. Vought is a proven leader in providing aerostructures of superior quality to our customers. We’ve helped shape many major aircraft programs over the years – from small business jets to jumbo airplanes, and tactical fighters to cargo aircraft. From the ground up, Vought creates quality structures that help our customers take flight. 3 Boeing C-17 Globemaster III Robotic Tack Cell Machine We have consistently driven down the price of the Our new robotic tack cell transforms a six-step C-17 components we build through continuous process into a single operation. The six-axis producibility improvements. -
The Aircraft Propulsion the Aircraft Propulsion
THE AIRCRAFT PROPULSION Aircraft propulsion Contact: Ing. Miroslav Šplíchal, Ph.D. [email protected] Office: A1/0427 Aircraft propulsion Organization of the course Topics of the lectures: 1. History of AE, basic of thermodynamic of heat engines, 2-stroke and 4-stroke cycle 2. Basic parameters of piston engines, types of piston engines 3. Design of piston engines, crank mechanism, 4. Design of piston engines - auxiliary systems of piston engines, 5. Performance characteristics increase performance, propeller. 6. Turbine engines, introduction, input system, centrifugal compressor. 7. Turbine engines - axial compressor, combustion chamber. 8. Turbine engines – turbine, nozzles. 9. Turbine engines - increasing performance, construction of gas turbine engines, 10. Turbine engines - auxiliary systems, fuel-control system. 11. Turboprop engines, gearboxes, performance. 12. Maintenance of turbine engines 13. Ramjet engines and Rocket engines Aircraft propulsion Organization of the course Topics of the seminars: 1. Basic parameters of piston engine + presentation (1-7)- 3.10.2017 2. Parameters of centrifugal flow compressor + presentation(8-14) - 17.10.2017 3. Loading of turbine blade + presentation (15-21)- 31.10.2017 4. Jet engine cycle + presentation (22-28) - 14.11.2017 5. Presentation alternative date Seminar work: Aircraft engines presentation A short PowerPoint presentation, aprox. 10 minutes long. Content of presentation: - a brief history of the engine - the main innovation introduced by engine - engine drawing / cross-section -