Propaganda Americana, Regime Salazarista E Diplomacia Pública: a “United States Information Agency” (USIA) Em Portugal Durante a Guerra Fria (1953-1968)

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Propaganda Americana, Regime Salazarista E Diplomacia Pública: a “United States Information Agency” (USIA) Em Portugal Durante a Guerra Fria (1953-1968) Escola de Sociologia e Políticas Públicas Propaganda Americana, Regime Salazarista e Diplomacia Pública: A “United States Information Agency” (USIA) em Portugal durante a Guerra Fria (1953-1968) Olga Maria Oliveira Duarte Tese submetida como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutor em História, Defesa e Relações Internacionais Orientador: Professor Doutor Luís Nuno Valdez Faria Rodrigues, Professor Catedrático ISCTE-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa agosto de 2019 Escola de Sociologia e Políticas Públicas Departamento de História Propaganda Americana, Regime Salazarista e Diplomacia Pública: A “United States Information Agency” (USIA) em Portugal durante a Guerra Fria (1953-1968) Olga Maria Oliveira Duarte Tese submetida como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Doutora em História, Defesa e Relações Internacionais Presidente do Júri: Doutora Maria João Vaz, Professora Auxiliar, ISCTE-IUL Vogais: Doutora Mónica Alves Dias Tishler, Professora Auxiliar, UCP Doutor Pedro Aires Ribeiro da Cunha Oliveira, Professor Auxiliar, FCSH-UNova Doutor Daniel da Silva Costa Marcos, Professor Auxiliar, FCSH-UNova Doutor Bruno César Santos Cardoso Reis, Professor Auxiliar, ISCTE-IUL Orientador: Doutor Luís Nuno Valdez Faria Rodrigues, Professor Catedrático, ISCTE-IUL agosto de 2019 iii AGRADECIMENTOS Finalizada uma etapa particularmente importante da minha vida, não poderia deixar de expressar o mais profundo agradecimento a todos aqueles que me apoiaram nesta longa caminhada e contribuíram para a realização deste trabalho. Ao meu orientador, Professor Doutor Luís Nuno Rodrigues, por tudo o que me ensinou, pelo incentivo transmitido, pelo acompanhamento efectuado ao longo desta investigação e com quem fui partilhando dúvidas e angústias, e a quem agradeço pelas observações, comentários e sugestões, que em muito enaltecem este empreendimento e sem os quais não seria possível a sua realização. Aos membros do CINAMIL, pelo apoio prestado na realização da viagem a Washington, o que me permitiu reunir as condições para a realização da pesquisa efetuada nos National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). Aos meus colegas e amigos do Curso de Doutoramento, em especial à Sofia Meneses, a minha fiel companheira nesta viagem, e aos colegas e amigos com quem trabalho diariamente na Academia Militar, todas as palavras de apoio e incentivo que sempre manifestaram, e por terem estado sempre ao meu lado. Agradeço ainda, a todos os familiares e amigos que me apoiaram e incentivaram a dedicar-me à elaboração desta dissertação, e a perseverar em momentos mais difíceis. Um obrigado especial ao meu marido e à minha filha, pela compreensão que a elaboração desta tese tantas vezes exigiu, e pelo tempo ausente. E por último, e de modo algum menos importante, ao meu médico neurocirurgião, o Dr. Sérgio Figueiredo, pelo seu entusiasmo e incentivo neste desafio e longa caminhada, e cujo alto profissionalismo médico me permitiu um dia realizar uma tese de doutoramento. iv v RESUMO O fim da II Guerra Mundial, em 1945, deu origem a uma nova ordem nas relações internacionais, a União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas (URSS) e os Estados Unidos da América (EUA). Durante grande parte do século XX, os responsáveis pela política norte-americana, fazendo uso da propaganda como uma ferramenta para aproximar as audiências internacionais dos valores do sistema democrático, e como forma de convencer o mundo da sua capacidade de liderança internacional e luta contra o comunismo soviético, levaram a cabo vários programas de cooperação técnica, económica, cultural e científica, que envolveram vários departamentos e agências estatais e privadas. Uma dessas agências foi a USIA – United States Information Agency. Criada em 1953 pelo presidente Eisenhower, conduziu a diplomacia pública de suporte à política externa dos EUA por todo o mundo, inclusive em Portugal. Para compreendermos melhor o que levou à criação da USIA e às operações de propaganda do governo dos EUA, que envolveram atividades ideológicas no exterior, temos de recuar até à I Guerra Mundial e ao Committee on Public Information (CPI), durante a administração de Woodrow Wilson, depois até à II Guerra Mundial, na presidência de Franklin Roosevelt com o Office of War Information (OWI), para chegarmos à United States Information Agency (USIA), no período da Guerra Fria, o objeto de estudo do nosso trabalho. Centrando a nossa atenção no período de criação da agência (1953), e no período de grande mudança política em Portugal, o Estado Novo, sob a governação de Salazar (1968), procuramos com esta investigação, compreender de que forma o governo americano agiu, por meio da USIA, usando a propaganda disfarçada de diplomacia pública, para influenciar, ou não, a opinião pública portuguesa. Palavras-chave: United States Information Agency (USIA); Diplomacia Pública; Propaganda; Relações Estados Unidos da América-Portugal. vi ABSTRACT The end of World War II in 1945 gave rise to a new order in international relations, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and the United States of America (USA). During much of the twentieth century, those responsible for American politics, making use of propaganda as a tool to bring international audiences closer to the values of the democratic system, and as a way to convince the world of its international leadership capacity and struggle against Soviet communism, carried out various programs of technical, economic, cultural and scientific cooperation, which involved various departments and state and private agencies. One of these agencies was the USIA - United States Information Agency. Created in 1953 by President Eisenhower, it conducted public diplomacy in support of US foreign policy throughout the world, including in Portugal. To better understand what led to the creation of USIA and the US government's propaganda operations, which involved ideological activities abroad, we have to go back to World War I and the Committee on Public Information (CPI), during Woodrow Wilson's administration, then to World War II, under Franklin Roosevelt's presidency with the Office of War Information (OWI), to reach the United States Information Agency (USIA), during the Cold War period, the object of our work. Focusing our attention on the period of the creation of the agency (1953), and on the period of great political change in Portugal, the Estado Novo, under the governance of Salazar (1968), we seek with this research to understand how the American government acted, through the USIA, using propaganda disguised as public diplomacy, to influence, or not, the Portuguese public opinion. Keywords: United States Information Agency (USIA); Public Diplomacy; Propaganda; United States of America – Portugal Relations. vii viii ÍNDICE AGRADECIMENTOS iv RESUMO vi ABSTRACT vii ÍNDICE x ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS xi GLOSSÁRIO DE SIGLAS xii INTRODUÇÃO 1 1 - Objetivos 1 2 - Justificação do Tema 4 3 - Estado da Arte 5 4 - Metodologia de Análise 7 5 – Estrutura e Conteúdo 9 CAPÍTULO I – GUERRA FRIA: IMPORTÂNCIA DA DIPLOMACIA PÚBLICA 10 1.1 - Enquadramento 11 1.2 - Diplomacia Pública na Guerra Fria 23 1.2.1 – O Soft Power na Diplomacia Pública 35 1.3 - Propaganda: a diplomacia pública na estratégia seguida pelos EUA 40 CAPÍTULO II – AS RELAÇÕES TRANSATLÂNTICAS 67 2.1 - Enquadramento 68 2.2- Salazar, Portugal e a Identidade Nacional 77 2.3 - Estados Unidos da America e o American Way of Life 88 CAPÍTULO III – A CRIAÇÃO DA POLÍTICA DE INFORMAÇÃO NORTE-AMERICANA NO ESTRANGEIRO 97 3.1 - Enquadramento 98 3.2 - Wilson e o início da política de informação dos Estados Unidos 100 3.3 - Roosevelt e a consolidação dos serviços de informação existentes 105 3.4 -Truman e o início do Programa de Informação pós II Guerra Mundial 111 3.5 - Eisenhower e a criação da USIA 120 3.6 - Kennedy e a reestruturação da USIA 132 3.7 - Johnson e o início do declínio da USIA 139 CAPÍTULO IV – OS PERCURSOS LEGISLATIVOS 149 4.1 - Enquadramento 149 4.2- A Lei Smith-Mundt de 1948 150 ix 4.3- A Lei Fulbright-Hays de 1961 159 CAPÍTULO V – A USIA EM PORTUGAL DE 1953 A 1968 167 5.1 - Enquadramento 168 5.2 - O Funcionamento e a estrutura da USIA 170 5.3 - As agências de notícias e a imprensa escrita 186 5.4 - Os programas para os estudantes e profissionais da educação 193 5.5 - As bibliotecas, as exposições e os concertos 205 5.6 - A rádio, a televisão e o cinema 210 5.7 - USIA e as colónias portuguesas 213 CONCLUSÃO 219 FONTES E BIBLIOGRAFIA 225 FONTES PRIMÁRIAS 225 FONTES IMPRESSAS 228 BIBLIOGRAFIA 230 ANEXOS I ANEXO A - Public Law 80-402 – United States Information and Exchange Act of 1948 II ANEXO B - Public Law 87-256 – Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 XI APÊNDICE XXIII Citações traduzidas XXIII x ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1.1 - Diferenças entre Hard Power e Soft Power. 30 Figura 1.2 - Organizações privadas dos EUA que contribuíram para a implementação e a promoção dos American Studies na Europa entre 1945-1966. 31 Figura 2.1 - Cartazes do Committee on Public Information apresentados em Portugal. 93 Figura 2.2 - Emissões da Voice of America (VOA) em Português. 97 Figura 2.3 - Plano de operação da International Information Administration (IIA). 121 Figura 2.4 - Organograma da USIA. 128 Figura 3.1 - Estrutura de um USIS de tamanho médio. 153 Figura 3.2 - Organograma do USIS Portugal em 1956. 160 Figura 3.3 - Verbas atribuídas aos USIS na Europa Ocidental pelo Departamento de Estado (1951-1954). 166 xi xii GLOSSÁRIO DE SIGLAS A AFS – American Field Service AGNU – Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas ANI – Agência de Notícias e de Informação B BBC – British Broadcasting Corporation BBG – Broadcasting Board of Governors BFS – Board of Foreign Scholarships C CAO – Cultural Affairs Officer CBS – Columbia Broadcasting System CEA – Centro de Estudos Aeronáuticos CED – Committee for Economic Development CCF – Congress for Cultural Freedom CIA – Central Intelligence Agency CIAA – Coordinator for Inter-American Affairs CIIA – Committee on International Information Activities COI – Coordinator of Information COMSAT – Communications Satellite Corporation CPI – Committee on Public Information CR – Division of Cultural Relations D Dept.
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