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When Forgetting Is Dangerous Transitional Justice, Collective Remembrance and Brazil’S Shift to Far-Right Populism

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When Forgetting Is Dangerous Transitional Justice, Collective Remembrance and Brazil’S Shift to Far-Right Populism QUEEN’S UNIVERSITY BELFAST European Master’s Programme in Human Rights and Democratisation A.Y. 2019/2020 When Forgetting is Dangerous Transitional justice, collective remembrance and Brazil’s shift to far-right populism Author: Eduardo Monteiro Burkle Supervisor: Alice Panepinto ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I believe that writing a master’s thesis is not an easy thing by itself. However, this year added some obstacles – which I do not need to remember here - in an already difficult task. While I am proud of myself for being able to attend this programme and write about my country, I would not be able to do so without the following people which I cannot thank enough for their support. My parents Carlos and Helena, with their love and patience who even far away proved to be more present than ever. Also, a special thanks for my grandfather José Carlos for checking with me every day. All that is good in my heart was taught by them and I would not be here – or anywhere else – without you all. My supervisor Alice Panepinto, which not only assisted me in this research but on how to research. If my wish is to continue my path on an academic career is because of professors like Alice, with her professionalism, kindness and competence. Needless to say, any merits of this thesis are a direct influence from my supervisor. To the team from the Global Campus of Human Rights (Wiebke, Chiara, George, Daniella and others) that gave to me this life-changing opportunity to attend this programme. A special thanks to Wiebke Lamer and Stephan Parmentier for helping me to define the topic of this thesis. To the team from Queen’s University Belfast (Thérèse, Margaret, Sonya) whom without their support on the second semester I would not be able to complete this research. A special thanks to the EMA director at Belfast Thérèse Murphy. To my friends back in Brazil, which were always present for me no matter what, I carry you all in my heart. To the friends I made along to way, that taught to me not only how big is this world, but how it is filled with amazing people. Lastly, a special thanks for Carlos, João Pedro, Felipe, Ana Teresa, Filipe, Ana Monteiro and Gabriel which all discussed this thesis and its topics with me during the last months. I I was sailing in the Milky Way Losing track of memories that weren't that day Right by her side As the stars flew by I did collide with memory But somehow I survived And became free - Neil Young You have to begin to lose your memory, if only in bits and pieces, to realize that memory is what makes our lives. Life without memory is no life at all, just as an intelligence without the possibility of expression is not really an intelligence. Our memory is our coherence, our reason, our feeling, even our action. Without it, we are nothing - Luis Buñuel II ABSTRACT Transitional justice measures such as, inter alia, trials, truth commissions and institutional reforms or a lack thereof have an impact on how societies deal with the past and help to shape the collective memories of these societies and their different groups. The aim of this paper is to analyze the Brazilian transition to democracy and how the lack of implementation of transitional justice measures, or their shortcomings, can explain the non-existence of a consensus towards its authoritarian past. By not having a shared understanding of its own past we argue that the Brazilian democracy is prone to revive its authoritarian past, as shown by the recent wave of autocratization it suffers. The rise of far-right populism in Brazil is linked to a dictatorship nostalgia, embodied in President Jair Bolsonaro and the intense presence of the military in his government. Without the proper reckoning with its past the Brazilian democracy display an inherent weakness associated to its amnesia towards the military Dictatorship (1964- 1985). Keywords: Transitional Justice, Collective Memory, Brazilian Military Dictatorship, Populism III TABLE OF ABREVIATIONS AGU Advocacia Geral de União AI-5 Institutional Act Five ARENA Aliança Renovadora Nacional (National Renewal Alliance) BRICS Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa CEMDP Comissão Especial sobre Mortos e Desaparecidos Políticos (Commission on Political Deaths and Disappearances) DOI-Codi Department of Information Operations – Centre for Internal Defence Operations DOPS Department of Political and Social Order ECtHR European Court of Human Rights Gen. General IACtHR Inter-American Court of Human Rights ICC International Criminal Court (ICC) LDI Liberal Democracy Index LSN Law of National Security MBL Movimento Brasil Livre (Free Brazil Movement) MDB Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (Brazilian Democratic Movement) MFA Movimento Feminino pela Anistia (Feminist Amnesty Movement) NGO Non-governmental Organization NTC Brazilian National Truth Commission OAB Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (Brazilian Bar Association) PM Military Police PMDB Partido do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (Brazilian Democratic Movement Party) PSDB Partido Social Democrata Brasileiro (Brazilian Social Democratic Party) IV PSL Partido Social Liberal (Liberal Social Party) PT Partido dos Trabalhadores (Worker's Party) PTB Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (Brazilian Labour Party) SNI National Intelligence Service (SNI) STF Supremo Tribunal Federal (Brazilian Supreme Court) STM Superior Tribunal Militar (Military Superior Tribunal) TCU Tribunal de Contas da União (Supreme Audit Agency) TERNUMA Terrorismo Nunca Mais (Terrorism Never Again) US United States Of America UN United Nations V-Dem Varieties of Democracies V TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................................................. I ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................................... III TABLE OF ABREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................................... IV INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1 – TANKS AND BALLOTS: FROM THE MILITARY DICTATORSHIP (1964-1985) TO BOLSONARO (2018) ..................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 THE COUP OF 1964 AND THE FORMATION OF THE MILITARY REGIME ..................................................... 4 1.2 THE COUNTRY IS BEING SWEPT BY STRONG WINDS: THE AI-5 AND THE ANOS DE CHUMBO ................... 9 1.3 A CONTROLLED TRANSITION AND THE REBIRTH OF CIVIL SOCIETY: THE AMNESTY LAW AND DIRETAS JÁ MOVEMENT .................................................................................................................................................. 12 1.4 BOLSONARO: THE MILITARY BACK IN POWER THROUGH DEMOCRATIC ELECTIONS .............................. 16 CHAPTER 2 - DEALING WITH AN AUTHORITARIAN PAST: TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE MECHANISMS AND THE COLLECTIVE DIMENSIONS OF MEMORY ..............................................19 2.1 TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE: RECKONING WITH THE PAST ............................................................................ 19 2.2 POLITICS OF MEMORY AND TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE ............................................................................... 22 2.3 THE COLLECTIVE DIMENSIONS OF MEMORY ........................................................................................... 24 2.4 TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE MECHANISMS FOSTERING COLLECTIVE MEMORIES ....................................... 28 2.4.1 Trials: Justice and memory ................................................................................................................ 29 2.4.2 Truth Commissions: Truth and memory ............................................................................................ 30 2.5 TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE AND THE MEMORY ASSUMPTION: IT IS ALWAYS BETTER TO REMEMBER? ..... 33 2.6 POLITICS OF MEMORY AND THE PROCESS OF DEMOCRATIZATION ......................................................... 35 CHAPTER 3 - SHADOWS AND LIES CANNOT PROMOTE HARMONY: TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE AND THE BRAZILIAN CASE .....................................................................................................................39 3.1 A NEGOTIATED TRANSITION AND A DELAYED TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE: THE BRAZILIAN CASE ........... 39 3.2 AMNESTY LAW: A BRIDGE TO DEMOCRACY OR A PACT FOR AMNESIA? .................................................. 45 3.3 THE NATIONAL TRUTH COMMISSION (NTC): AN UNTAPPED POTENTIAL ............................................... 48 3.4 ASSESSING THE TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE IN BRAZIL: AN INCOMPLETE MEMORY TURN ......................... 52 CHAPTER 4 – BOLSONARISMO AND THE DICTATORSHIP NOSTALGIA: FAR-RIGHT POPULISM IN BRAZIL AND A RETURN TO AUTHORITARIANISM .................................................57 4.1 FROM LULISMO TO BOLSONARISMO: AN IRRUPTION OF MEMORY AND THE RISE OF THE FAR-RIGHT IN BRAZIL .............................................................................................................................................................. 57 4.2 THE MILITARY MEMORY: FROM THE BARRACKS TO THE MAINSTREAM ................................................ 62 4.3 BOLSONARISMO AND FAR-RIGHT RIGHT POPULISM: THE DICTATORSHIP NOSTALGIA ........................... 66 4.4 A PAST AHEAD: AUTOCRATIZATION IN BOLSONARO'S BRAZIL ..............................................................
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