Godfrey de Bouillon

Biography Workbook Series Godfrey de Bouillon

GODFREY DE BOUILLON (1060-1100)

In the year 1094, the Turks such fathers to achieve yet greater besieged the Holy City of Jerusalem, deeds. As the burning words dropped then ruled by the Fatimid caliphs, and from his lips they lighted a flame in took it. It became rumored that every heart. Christian pilgrims were then subjected to every form of violence and 2. Who urged French nobles and insult. The Greek emperor Alexius princes to embark upon a crusade Comnenus, whom the Turks had to conquer the Holy Land? recently defeated, implored the ______assistance of the great Christian ______states of Europe against this new and ______formidable foe. Pope Urban, to whom the letter was addressed, summoned a The whole assembly suddenly council of nobles and prelates in rose, and shouted with one voice, "It is Auvergne. God's will! It is God's will!" Urban caught up the cry: "Yes, 1. Who ruled Jerusalem prior to the without doubt, it is God's will. He has Turkish conquest of 1094? dictated to you the words, let them be ______your war-cry, and be this your badge!" ______As he spoke he held up a crucifix. ______The great meeting was moved like one man. Falling on their knees, With solemn and weighty words, all confessed their sins, received Pope Urban appealed to the princes absolution, and took vows of service in and soldiers of France who were the Holy War. A red cross, seated before him. He reminded them embroidered on the right shoulder, of the national exploits of their was the common sign assumed by all fathers, whom Charles Martel and the soldiers, who thence acquired the Charlemagne led against the name of "Crusaders." Estates were Saracens, and called on the sons of pawned and sold to obtain money for

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Godfrey de Bouillon the expenses of the undertaking, and Swabia1, fell in that decisive many commercial cities purchased encounter. Godfrey's sword, swayed by important liberties from their lords at his young and powerful wrist, is said this favorable opportunity. The chief of to have shorn off the right arm of one of three great divisions into which Rudolph at a single stroke. For this the Christian army was formed was a valiant deed, Henry IV created man whom we have taken as the very Godfrey Duke of his province of type and model of a true Crusader— Bouillon; or, according to some Godfrey de Bouillon. historians, Lower Lorraine.

3. What was the common sign 5. Who made Godfrey Duke of assumed by all Crusaders? Bouillon? ______a. Gustavus of Bouillon ______b. Henry IV ______c. Pope Urban ______d. Saladin

He was the son of Gustavus, At the subsequent siege of Count of Bouillon, or Boulogne, in the Rome, Godfrey made himself again district of Ardennes and province of prominent by scaling the city walls Luxembourg, and was born about the among the first. This action colored year 1060. His profession had been his whole life. All his contemporaries from his youth that of arms, and his portray his nature as displaying the earliest services in the field were loftiest integrity and deepest piety. rendered to his lord, the Emperor of Sound and clear as his intellect was, Germany. he yet shared in the superstition of his times, and was led by reflection to 4. Who was Godfrey’s father? believe that, in bearing arms against ______God's vicegerent, and attacking a city ______where so many apostles and martyrs ______lay buried, he had been guilty of a heinous sin. Remorse worked on his In the war of Investiture he had mind so heavily that he took a vow to taken an active part against Gregory

VII, and bore the Imperial standard at 11 The land of Swabia was located in the southwestern the battle of Merseberg. By his hand portion of what is now Germany. The Suebi or Suevi migrated to the region, starting approximately 2000 the usurper, Rudolph, Duke of years ago, from near the Baltic Sea in northern Europe.

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Godfrey de Bouillon join in the Crusade, from a conviction Godfrey’s knightly heart and that his glaring crime could only be statesman's mind never ran counter, blotted out by a heroism equally and whatever generous policy the one conspicuous. dictated, was carried into effect by the wisdom of the other. Although averse 6. Describe the guilty feelings that led to distinction, it was thrust upon Godfrey de Bouillon to join the Godfrey by the votes of his fellow- First Crusade. chiefs, and their decision was gladly ______hailed by the common soldiers, who ______loved Godfrey as a father. He would ______not, therefore, refuse the post of ______general, but applied himself to its ______duties with activity. ______Godfrey first set an example of ______unselfish zeal to his brother nobles, by ______disposing of his duchy for the purpose ______of his expedition—an example faithfully followed by the leading Godfrey’s noble birth, and yet nobility of France and the Rhine. He nobler character, won for him so high then summoned his army to join him a place in the estimation of his fellows, in August, 1096, on the banks of the that, on announcing his intention of rivers Meuse and Moselle. At the undertaking the Crusade, hundreds appointed time, a force of 80,000 foot flocked to his standard. A worthy and 10,000 horse assembled under his general, truly, of soldiers thus ardent banner, and set out on its march in a cause which they deemed divine! through Germany—the two other To the qualities of bodily strength and divisions of the Christian army taking beauty, which in those days were a different route. chiefly valued in the head of an army, Godfrey happily united the more 8. When did Godfrey assemble his durable strength of intellect and army on the banks of the rivers beauty of soul. Meuse and Moselle? ______7. Few wanted to join the Crusade ______because Godfrey was hated. ______a. True ______b. False ______

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Godfrey de Bouillon On reaching Hungary, therefore deemed it politic to guard Carloman, who then ruled that against danger to himself by country, showed some signs of demanding homage from all the objection to the passage of so Crusaders who entered his dominions. formidable a body, remembering the The two other divisions of the licentious excesses that had been Christian army were now on their way committed by the rabble which to Constantinople (modern Istanbul in followed Peter the Hermit. Here Turkey), by a different road from that Godfrey's wisdom was admirably taken by Godfrey. One of the French displayed. By his firm measures of nobles, the Count de Vermandois, was restraint on the impetuosity of his shipwrecked on the coast of Epirus, troops he first proved that they were and Alexius unjustifiably detained under the influence of strict discipline. him as a prisoner or hostage for the Then, confiding himself to the justice good faith of the other leaders. and good faith of Carloman, he disarmed that monarch's suspicions by 10. Who was shipwrecked on the frankness and simplicity. The result coast of Epirus? was that, instead of opposition, the ______Hungarian prince gave him help, and ______escorted the Crusaders with a body of ______cavalry into the territories of Greece. On learning these tidings, 9. Who ruled Hungary in 1096? Godfrey, who was now in Thrace, sent ______to the emperor, requiring the count's ______release. This was not accorded, and ______Godfrey therefore treated the country as hostile, levying contributions on the Alexius Comnenus was by this people as he marched through. The time alarmed at the eagerness with emperor immediately saw his error, which the Christian states had and promised to grant the count's responded to his appeal for aid against release on the arrival of the French the infidel. He mistrusted, not without army. This promise satisfied Godfrey, reason, the intentions of some of the and his march was once more chiefs of the expedition—mere peaceful. adventurers, like the Norman The wily emperor, in the Bohemond of Tarentum for example, meanwhile, obtained from his prisoner who was his avowed foe—and an oath of homage, hoping to induce

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Godfrey de Bouillon the other Crusaders to follow the served for a season to promote the example. Godfrey, on his arrival, at success of the Crusade. first refused this, as unbecoming the rank and character which he bore. 11. Imagine that you are Godfrey de But, finding that the act would Bouillon. Would you agree to make appease the jealousies which had an oath of homage to Alexius already broken out between the Comnenus? Why or why not? Greeks and Franks, and put a check ______on the schemes of those leaders in the ______crusading ranks whom Alexius ______especially dreaded, he at last ______consented. The other chieftains made ______a like submission. This sacrifice of ______pride, by healing internal discords, ______

------Vocabulary Terms: Match each term (found in the text above) with its meaning.

12. _____ a marking off as different 13. _____ a temporary stay 14. _____ adherence to ethical principles 15. _____ causing apprehension or fear 16. _____ collecting or imposing by authority 17. _____ esteem, judgment, or opinion 18. _____ heroic or spirited feats 19. _____ Islamic spiritual leaders who claim succession from Muhammad 20. _____ quality of being impulsive 21. _____ release from blame or guilt 22. _____ righteous anger 23. _____ the offering of something to a deity in homage 24. _____ to delay or keep waiting

(a) absolution (f) exploits (k) levying (b) caliphs (g) formidable (l) sacrifice (c) detain (h) impetuosity (m) sojourn (d) distinction (i) indignation (e) estimation (j) integrity

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Godfrey de Bouillon

After a sojourn of some time at occasion during this assault. A Constantinople, the Crusaders, now gigantic Turk, who was the hero of the formed into one army, crossed the Muslim army, had greatly harassed Bosporus, and entered Bithynia. Here the Christians by his wondrous the sight of the carnage which the success in the use of the javelin. Turks had inflicted on the weak and Having spent his shafts one day, he disorderly body that Peter had led ascended a tower, and showered forth, stimulated the zeal and masses of rock on the besiegers, whom indignation of the Christian host. Its he at the same time abused and defied passage through the Turkish kingdom to combat. The Christian archers of Roum was not unresisted. David, played upon his person, without then Sultan, a valiant prince, had bringing him down; until Godfrey already prepared an army, and grasped a cross-bow, and at one shot fortified his capital of Nice—a position pierced the giant's heart. of great natural strength. The siege lasted seven weeks. It was prosecuted with such vigor and 25. Who was sultan of Roum at this ingenuity by the Crusaders that the time? Turks were on the point of yielding, ______when Alexius, who had sent a body of ______Greeks with the army, craftily ______procured to himself the glory of conquest by instructing his general to The Crusaders advanced in intrigue with the enemy secretly, and excellent order. After twice routing persuade them to yield to his power, the Turkish army of defense, the on condition of protection. The Greek Crusaders commenced the siege. general so worked upon the fears and Godfrey is said to have distinguished hopes of the garrison, that his advice himself by a feat of skill on one was accepted. To the surprise and

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Godfrey de Bouillon anger of the Franks, the emperor's In spite of the heroic valor of flag one day appeared on the towers of Bohemond, Robert, and other knights, Nice, and the city surrendered. This the battle was turning against them, act of perfidy reopened the jealousy when Godfrey's division, to which a between the Eastern and Western message had been dispatched, came Christians, which Godfrey had labored up. He shouted aloud the Crusaders' to extinguish. From this time may be war-cry: "It is God's will!" and the dated the rise of those internal whole army, echoing the shout, by a divisions which eventually proved so gallant charge retrieved the fortunes fatal to the Crusaders. of the day and completely routed the Turks. After this success the 26. The siege of Nice lasted how long? Crusaders resolved to march in a a. Seven days single body, and thus prevent a b. Seven weeks recurrence of the hazard which they c. Seven months had escaped. d. Seven years 27. Weigh the pros and cons of Leaving Nice, the Crusaders traveling as a one group and as two advanced in two divisions, both groups. without guides, and through a hostile and desert country. The Turks, in Traveling As Traveling As great numbers, followed in their rear. One Group Two Groups Godfrey and the Count of Toulouse •Pros headed one division; Bohemond, •Pros

Prince of Tarentum, and Robert, Duke of Normandy (son of William the

Conqueror), the other.

The latter body had separated from the former at some distance, and •Cons •Cons was traversing the plains near

Dorylæum, in Phrygia, when a sudden attack was made upon it by a powerful army of Turks. The Christians were taken by surprise, while exhausted with heat and fatigue, and in an unfavorable situation.

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Godfrey de Bouillon The Turks preceded them, who was defending himself from the burning the crops as they went. The attack of a bear. Godfrey struck at the Christians, in consequence, suffered beast, which at once turned on its new fearful privations from famine during assailant, inflicting a deep wound in the march. Hundreds perished from his thigh. Another stroke from the exhaustion. The horses died for want skilful hunter's arm terminated the of sufficient food and water. Knights contest. But the blood streamed from were seen either walking on foot, or his wound so rapidly, that he scarcely riding on oxen and asses, carrying reached the camp alive. The grief of their own armor. his soldiers was intense, as they beheld their beloved leader stretched 28. Imagine that you are a European on a litter, and borne into his tent as if soldier traveling on this First dead. The skill of his physicians and a Crusade. At this point, would you long interval of rest triumphed over want to continue your quest? Why the weakness occasioned by the loss of or why not? blood, and Godfrey once more ______appeared at the head of his army. ______Antiochetta, the capital of ______Pisidia, attempted no resistance. Here ______the main body of the Christians ______recruited for some time. Meanwhile, a ______party of Crusaders, headed by ______Baldwin, brother of Godfrey, and a ______famous knight named Tancred, had ______been sent forward to clear a passage ______for the army. Tancred subdued the ______city of Tarsus. But Tancred’s victory ______was usurped by Baldwin, whose ambitions and covetous nature bore no In passing through Pisidia, an resemblance to that of his brother. anecdote is related of Godfrey which is Tancred, a man after Godfrey's heart, characteristic of his courage and surrendered this conquest for the sake gallantry. He was wandering among of peace. But, when Baldwin showed the recesses of a forest in pursuit of symptoms of repeating his injustice, game, which was needed for the Tancred resisted by force. supply of the troops, when he came Tancred was defeated, but a upon a private soldier of the army, reconciliation took place between the

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Godfrey de Bouillon combatants. Baldwin, who had no real 30. Who ruled Antioch at this time? interest in the success of the Crusade, ______soon afterwards turned aside into ______Mesopotamia, where he made himself ______master of Edessa, and formed a Christian state there. Though founded The Turks adopted the by merely personal ambition, this stratagem of apparently neglecting to eventually proved of great assistance defend the city. The Christians, to the Crusaders, by checking the falling into the snare, scattered their progress of the Turkish arms in Asia. forces. The licentiousness of some of their number, moreover, proved fatal 29. Who was Godfrey’s brother? to their vigilance, and a sudden sortie a. Baldwin of the garrison inflicted deadly havoc. b. Gustavus The siege was then commenced in c. Robert earnest. But the city was so strongly d. Tancred guarded, that months elapsed without any impression being made upon its The main body now crossed the walls. Taurus, after a tedious and painful Disease, famine, and the passage, and presented itself before inclemency of the season, united with the walls of Antioch, then ruled by an the missiles of the Turks to weaken independent Turkish emir named the Christian force. Many of the Accien. This city was especially dear leaders (Robert, Duke of Normandy, to the Christians, as the first in which among them), withdrew in cowardly their title had been assumed. The disgust at the failure of the siege and sight of its walls roused their flagging the pressure of want. Despair drove spirits. Some of the generals advised many of those who remained to that the siege should be deferred for courses of reckless vice. some months, until reinforcements arrived, and the winter was over. But 31. Who was Duke of Normandy at the majority of the chiefs, among this time? whom Godfrey was conspicuous, ______confident of success, and dreading the ______depressing influences of delay, urged ______an immediate attack, which was accordingly made. Godfrey, firm to his duty and strong in faith, aided the exertions of

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Godfrey de Bouillon the clergy in encouraging the spirits of garrison was immediately made, and a his troops, and restraining their fearful conflict ensued under the walls profligate excesses. A timely supply of of the city. The Turks were put to provisions from some of the Armenian flight with immense loss, and the monasteries, and a brilliant victory Christians pursued them up to the obtained by Bohemond and the Count very gates. of Toulouse over an army which the In this scene of carnage, Sultans of Aleppo and Damascus had Godfrey's recorded feats of valor sent to the succor of Antioch, rewarded approached the incredible. His sword Godfrey's confidence and infused new clave the stoutest armor asunder at a vigor into the hearts of his army. This blow. A gigantic Arab horseman was needed to sustain the brunt of a offered him single combat, and broke desperate encounter which shortly his shield by way of challenge. Godfrey afterward took place between the rose in his stirrups, and smote the besieged and their besiegers. Arab on the shoulder with such A reinforcement of Italian tremendous force as to split his whole Crusaders having arrived, it was body in twain; half of which, with the suddenly attacked by a large Turkish head, fell into the river Orontes, while force, and thrown into disorder. the remainder, yet clinging to the Godfrey, who had been engaged on the terrified horse, was carried back into siege, rapidly marshaled his men, and the city. fell upon the enemy. A sortie of the

Artistic Expression: Illustrate the siege of Antioch.

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Godfrey de Bouillon Vocabulary Terms: Match each term (found in the text above) with its meaning.

32. _____ a plan for deceiving or surprising an enemy 33. _____ a short account of an event or incident 34. _____ act of appearing or occurring again 35. _____ act of causing someone to accept something undesired 36. _____ act of draining of energy or strength 37. _____ an unavoidable risk 38. _____ attacker 39. _____ easily noticed or seen 40. _____ intervening time period 41. _____ lack of the usual comforts of life 42. _____ lewdness 43. _____ pertaining to an enemy 44. _____ to captivate

(a) anecdote (f) hostile (k) reconciliation (b) assailant (g) interval (l) recurrence (c) conspicuous (h) intrigue (m) stratagem (d) exhaustion (i) licentiousness (e) hazard (j) privation

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Notwithstanding all these 45. The Crusaders agreed to give exploits, the Turks held out, and were whom the principality of Antioch? only defeated at last by stratagem. ______This was achieved by the skill of ______Bohemond, who intrigued with ______Phirous, one of the leaders of the garrison, for the surrender of the city, Phirous managed the perilous upon favorable terms to himself. task of admitting the Crusaders with Bohemond stipulated with his fellow- the utmost adroitness. At the dead of chiefs that the principality of Antioch night the walls were scaled by should be granted him in return for Bohemond and his followers, and his services. And, after some Antioch was taken, in June, 1098, opposition, this was conceded. after a siege of eight months. Accien,

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Godfrey de Bouillon its prince, and 6,000 Turks, are said to Godfrey and the clergy again have fallen on this eventful night. exerted themselves successfully. They ventured to challenge the Turkish 46. When was Antioch taken? army to a combat of picked troops. ______When the proposal was spurned, they ______boldly advanced to attack the whole ______force. The appearance of the The Crusaders had no sooner Crusaders, as they marched out of the obtained this signal success than they city, must have been indeed pitiable. were in their turn besieged by an Privations had so reduced them, that army raised by the Sultans of Mossoul many had no clothing. Some were and other cities. Antioch had just nearly fainting from weakness. The sustained so long a siege, that the barons and knights proceeded chiefly Christians found scarcely any on foot, and camels and asses supplied provisions on their entrance, and their the place of horses to most of those besiegers now cut off all supplies from who rode. Yet the burning zeal of the without. Famine soon raged in the city Christians made the march seem like to such an extent, that horses, roots, a triumphal procession. While the leaves, leather shoes, and even human clergy sang hymns of consolation and bodies, were eagerly devoured by the victory, the soldiers responded with starving soldiers. Godfrey shared his the war-cry, "It is God's will! It is scanty meals with his comrades, and God's will!" is related to have slain his last charger for food. 47. Imagine that you are a Turk, Desertion from the ranks now watching these Crusaders occurred in great numbers, and approach. Would you be despair led many to blaspheme who intimidated? Why or why not? were ashamed to fly. To add to the ______misery of the Christians, they learned ______that the Emperor Alexius, who was ______advancing with reinforcements, had ______judged their case hopeless, and ______retraced his steps. The city was now ______scarcely defended, and many proposed ______to surrender it, even on degrading ______terms, so that their lives were spared. ______

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Godfrey de Bouillon The Turkish general, fearing which the Crusaders not only steadily nothing from an army so scantily sustained, but vigorously returned. provided with the means of war, was Godfrey, who commanded their right taken by surprise, but hastily wing, broke the left wing of the arranged his troops in order of battle. Muslims. But the latter had The sight of several natural prodigies, encompassed the river with a large such as the sudden appearance of a force, and attacked the Christians in meteor, and the favorable direction of the rear. the wind, acting upon the In spite of the heroism of superstitious fancy of the Christians, Godfrey and Tancred, who slaughtered impelled them to extraordinary all that ventured to compete with exertions. The Muslim forces, on the them, and the brave resistance of the other hand, were weakened by the whole army, the enemy was evidently existence of rivalries and discords in gaining ground, when (according to their midst, and lacked the stimulus the historians) three horsemen, in which the Christians derived from brilliant armor, suddenly appeared at desperation. the head of a reinforcement descending from the adjacent 48. How can one reconcile the religious mountains. Some of the clergy seized nature of the Crusades with the on this circumstance to reanimate the Christians’ superstitious beliefs? Crusaders. ______"Behold your heavenly succor!" ______cried a bishop. "Heaven has sent the ______holy martyrs, George, Demetrius, and ______Theodore to fight for you!" ______As he spoke, the whole army ______seemed inspired with irresistible ______strength; and, shouting the well- ______known war-cry, made another ______vigorous charge which broke the ______Muslim ranks. The Sultan of Mossoul ______fled, and his immense force dispersed ______in the utmost disorder. The extravagant number of 100,000 is said The attack was commenced by a to have fallen in this engagement. volley of arrows, followed by a charge The Crusaders, instead of of the Turkish and Arabian archers, proceeding at once to Jerusalem,

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Godfrey de Bouillon remained for several months in admitted into the city. The Antioch, employing the time in re- ambassadors were sent back with the establishing Christianity in that city, answer that the Crusaders were on and sending to their brethren in the their march, and, if opposed, might West for further aid. The delay was extend their conquests even to the prejudicial, as the disputes between Nile. the rival chiefs, which the din of war By daybreak on June 10, 1099, had silenced, again broke out, and the Christian army came in sight of disease committed terrible ravages in Jerusalem. The spectacle transported the camp. Certain expeditions, all with mingled feelings of joy, however, were made in the reverence, and remorse. Some fell on neighborhood, and several towns fell their knees and prayed. Others kissed into the hands of the Christians. the sacred soil. Many wept for their Meantime, news arrived that an sins. The air ever and anon resounded army of Egyptian Arabs—who with the shout: "It is God's will!" acknowledged the Fatimid caliphs, and had as yet resisted the attempt of 50. The Crusaders reached Jerusalem the Turks to usurp dominion over all on June 10, 1099. the followers of the Prophet—had a. True captured Jerusalem. The Crusaders, b. False filled with indignation, resumed their march to the Holy City, conquering on The siege was commenced at their way several towns. once, Godfrey fixing his camp on Mount Calvary. The Egyptians had 49. Who has captured Jerusalem? prepared for a protracted defense, by ______strengthening the fortifications and ______furnishing the garrison with ample ______provisions. They had likewise ravaged the neighboring country, and filled up Ambassadors were sent from the the cisterns so as to harass the Caliph of Cairo with superb presents besiegers as much as possible. Owing to the Christian leaders, and proposals to these impediments the Christians of peace between them and the made slow progress. After various Egyptians. But Godfrey would not be disappointments, however, they at bribed to accept the humiliating terms length manufactured engines of great proposed; one of which was, that only size and strength, shaped like towers, unarmed Christians should be which were to be wheeled up to the

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Godfrey de Bouillon walls, so as to enable the besiegers to An incident, supposed to be enter by means of drawbridges. supernatural, was the immediate On July 14, 1099, at daybreak, cause of the Christians' success. the Crusaders were in arms, and at Godfrey and the Count of Toulouse at the same moment the assault was the same time observed the figure of a made on various points. Godfrey stood knight on the Mount of Olives, who on his wooden tower, which was with his buckler signaled to the stationed near one of the gates, and by Christians that they should enter the voice and action stimulated his city. The two leaders, animated by a soldiers to deeds of daring. His death- common feeling, cried out, "Behold St. dealing javelin never missed its aim. George!" The Egyptians employed every The enthusiasm of the possible agent of defense—showering Crusaders from this moment was down boiling oil, combustible irresistible. Godfrey's tower was first materials, and various descriptions of pushed close beside the walls, and in missile, on the heads of their spite of flame and missile the assailants. During the first day the drawbridge was lowered. Then, Crusaders were repulsed at every accompanied by several of his bravest point. But on the morrow, fortune knights, he dashed into the city. turned. Others followed at the same point. The gates were broken down, and 51. Godfrey is most adept with what Jerusalem was taken. A horrible weapon? carnage of the Muslims ensued, in ______which Godfrey, although unable to ______check, refused to share. ______52. The vision of what saint spurred The first half of the day was the Crusaders to success? with the Egyptians, who cast lighted ______torches against the wooden engines of ______the Crusaders, and effected the ______destruction of many. Godfrey was, as usual, conspicuous, and became the Godfrey’s first act was to retire mark of repeated attacks—the cross of from his comrades, and with three gold which surmounted his tower attendants to repair, unarmed and especially enraging the Muslims. barefooted, to the Church of the Sepulchre. His vow was accomplished,

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Godfrey de Bouillon and the desecration of one holy site to the same church in penitential atoned for by the preservation of procession. another yet holier. This act of devotion, so worthy of the true 53. Godfrey went to what church Crusader, recalled from carnage those immediately following his victory? who had forgotten their vows in the ______thirst for vengeance, and the whole ______army, led by the clergy, followed him ______

Vocabulary Terms: Match each term (found in the text above) with its meaning.

54. _____ aid, help, or relief 55. _____ begun or started 56. _____ butchery or massacre 57. _____ dangerous or hazardous 58. _____ killed 59. _____ lamentable 60. _____ nimbleness in the use of the body 61. _____ ruinous damage 62. _____ storminess 63. _____ thoroughly dissolute 64. _____ to speak irreverently of something sacred 65. _____ two 66. _____ watchfulness

(a) adroitness (f) inclemency (k) succor (b) blaspheme (g) perilous (l) twain (c) carnage (h) pitiable (m) vigilance (d) commenced (i) profligate (e) havoc (j) slaughtered

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Godfrey de Bouillon

Godfrey De Bouillon entering Jerusalem.

Godfrey's work was now nearly own claims. But the clergy and the ended, and his reward came. The mass of the soldiers were devoted to leaders of the army, soon after the him—endeared as he was by a capture of the city, held a council for thousand memories of his piety, the purpose of deciding to whom courage, and generosity. should be given the crown of On all hands the electors heard Jerusalem. No decision was arrived at; Godfrey’s praises sounded, and, to the so many various opinions being joy of the whole army, they concluded expressed, and so many interests at their labors by announcing the choice stake. to have fallen upon him. But, to the Ten of the most esteemed chiefs surprise of all, he declined the offered were then formed into an elective rank. "I will not wear a golden crown," body, and proceeded to make careful said he, "in a city where my king and inquiries into the fitness of those who Savior has been only crowned with were proposed for the kingly office. thorns." Godfrey took no part, it would seem, in All that his fellow-chiefs could either discussion or inquiry, and persuade him to accept was the title of displayed no sort of anxiety as to his Defender and Baron of the Holy

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Godfrey de Bouillon Sepulchre, though he did not deem it The Crusade was now right to refuse the kingly authority. completed, but Godfrey's duties as king were yet to commence. He set 67. Why did Godfrey refuse to take the about fulfilling them with activity, title of king? fortifying various important positions, ______subduing revolts of hostile tribes, ______dividing the conquered territories ______equally among his generals, according ______to the feudal system, and summoning ______an Assize, or Assembly of his wisest ______councilors to draw up a code of laws. This code, which long remained in He soon had occasion to exert operation, amply testified to the his power, for the Caliph of Cairo had legislative wisdom of the Crusaders. by this time collected a large army, But the new state was not long and was on his march to Jerusalem. favored with Godfrey’s presence to The Crusaders, though unfitted for a enforce and exemplify its constitution. fresh campaign, prepared to defend In returning from a successful their conquest, and, at the head of his expedition against some Arabs of troops, Godfrey advanced toward Galilee, he was met by the Emir of Ascalon, where the enemy was Cæsarea, who offered him a present of stationed. fruits. Godfrey tasted a cedar apple, A battle took place on the and immediately was seized with adjoining plains, in which the Muslim illness. He died, not without suspicion force was routed with terrific of poison having been thus slaughter. The city itself would have administered, shortly after reaching fallen but for the covetous spirit Jerusalem, commending to his displayed by the Count of Toulouse, comrades the care of the holy places, who, unable to obtain a promise that and the state which he had founded. the possession of the place should be His age scarcely exceeded forty years. given him, deserted Godfrey with all his men. A quarrel ensued between 68. Who was suspected of poisoning the two leaders, but was terminated Godfrey? through the influence of their brothers ______in arms—Godfrey being ready to ______forgive any injury to himself for the ______sake of the common cause. ______

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Godfrey de Bouillon One of the most celebrated and ______beautiful Italian poems, the ______"Jerusalem Delivered" of Tasso, has ______"the pious Godfrey" for the presiding ______hero of the glorious scenes which it ______narrates. But there are no grounds for ______supposing that his fame belongs to ______romance rather than history. ______Contemporary writers have painted ______his portrait in no less flattering colors ______than Tasso has used, and the poet's ______affectionate fancy has scarcely ______exaggerated the tribute which the ______soberest historian may feel warranted ______in rendering to the memory of the ______great and good Crusader, Godfrey de ______Bouillon. ______69. The Crusades were a violent period ______in world history. Thousands upon ______thousands of innocent Christians, ______Jews, and Muslims were killed in ______the Crusaders’ effort to capture ______Jerusalem. Why do you suppose ______that so many European Christians ______were eager and willing to ______participate? Can you imagine ______modern Christians participating in ______such an endeavor? Why or why ______not? ______

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Godfrey de Bouillon Map Work 74. Color the Red Sea red.

75. At this time, the city of Tarsus was located in _____. a. Antioch b. Damascus c. Jerusalem d. Roum

76. Circle the city of Antioch.

77. What is the approximate distance between Jerusalem and Antioch? ______

78. Name three cities located in the Kingdom of Jerusalem. ______

79. Color the Emirate of Damascus

pink. 70. Color the Mediterranean Sea blue. 80. Color the County of Tripoli yellow. 71. Color the Dead Sea grey. 81. This map represents the Kingdom

72. Place a star over the city of of Jerusalem as it appeared in Jerusalem. what year? ______73. Color the Caliphate of Cairo ______(Egypt) brown. ______

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Godfrey de Bouillon

Vocabulary Terms: Match each term (found in the text above) with its meaning.

82. _____ a journey made for a specific purpose 83. _____ abnormal 84. _____ compunction 85. _____ detrimental 86. _____ distress caused by fear of misfortune 87. _____ flammable 88. _____ greedy 89. _____ having the function of creating laws 90. _____ history expert 91. _____ to divest of sacred character 92. _____ to illustrate by example 93. _____ to urge someone to do something 94. _____ unrealistically magnified

(a) anxiety (f) exemplify (k) prejudicial (b) combustible (g) expedition (l) remorse (c) covetous (h) historian (m) supernatural (d) desecrate (i) legislative (e) exaggerated (j) persuade

Word Search Puzzle

C J T C M O D G N I K U TERMS

H N E Y R D G I I P K A Antioch

R A G R M U E H J J Q N caliph

I B Y X U C S I E G E T Christians S R P A S S C A N O L I Crusades T U T W L B A H D M R O Egyptians I E I B I F L L K E O C Jerusalem kingdom A P A V M A I G E N S H Muslims

N O N C S E P S L M S P Pope Urban S P S U D Z H F R M Q T siege

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