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O Desconcerto Anarquista De John Cage

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O Desconcerto Anarquista De John Cage Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Ciências Sociais Gustavo Ferreira Simões o desconcerto anarquista de john cage Doutorado em Ciências Sociais São Paulo 2017 ! Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em Ciências Sociais Gustavo Ferreira Simões o desconcerto anarquista de john cage Tese apresentada à Banca Examinadora da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, como exigência parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Sociais sob orientação do Prof. Dr. Edson Passetti. São Paulo 2017 ! ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ! RESUMO Em 1988, John Cage inventou Anarchy , livro em que, a partir de escritos experimentais, valorizou as vidas de mulheres e homens anarquistas que marcaram seu percurso ético-estético libertário desde meados dos anos 1940 até a década de 1990, quando em seus últimos trabalhos, “number pieces” (1987-1992), apresentou o que denominou “harmonia anárquica”. Foi a partir da coexistência com artistas e militantes na Black Mountain College, no final da década de 1940, assim como em Nova York com o The Living Theatre (TLT) , que o artista já conhecido por seu corajoso “piano preparado” passou a elaborar o anarquismo como prática de vida. “4’33” (1952), ação direta contra a representação musical dos sons e em favor da incorporação dos ruídos excluídos pelas salas de concerto, irrompeu empolgada por essa aproximação libertária. Nas décadas seguintes, vivendo ao lado de artistas e anarquistas, afastado da cidade, em Stonypoint, iniciou a publicação de how to improve the world (you only make matters worse) (1965-1982), diário mantido por mais de quinze anos e no qual apresentou a lida com os escritos de Henry David Thoreau, preocupações antimilitares e ecológicas. Apesar de quase ausente das biografias e estudos sobre o trabalho do artista, John Cage experimentou o anarquismo como o que Edson Passetti definiu heterotopias de percurso . Assim, para além de Anarchy e de obras nitidamente antiautoritárias, o artista realizou a anarquia na maneira própria de levar adiante a existência, fazendo da vida também uma invenção, afirmando um caminho outro , noção valorizada pelos filósofos cínicos, segundo Michel Foucault, para diferenciar o traço de vidas escandalosas daquelas que reiteram convenções e valores usuais. Foi este o caminho que esta tese acompanhou, estabelecendo reverberações de John Cage em atitudes anarquistas contemporâneas. Palavras chave: John Cage; heterotopias libertárias; anarquismos; artistas anarquistas ! ABSTRACT In 1988, John Cage invented Anarchy , an experimental-writing book in which he praised the lives of anarchist women and men who had influence his anarchist ethical- aesthetical trajectory from mid-1940s to the 1990s. This influence was explicit until the last of his works, entitled “number pieces” (1987-1990), in which he presented what he called the “anarchical harmony”. During the 1940s, John Cage, by then an already famous artist after his “prepared piano”, started experiencing anarchism as a life practice in contact with artists and militants in the Black Mountain College and with The Living Theatre troupe in New York. In 1952, his piece 4’33” appeared as an anarchist-oriented direct action against the musical representations of sounds and in favour of the incorporation of noises excluded from the concert rooms. The following decades, living alongside artists and anarchists in the country side location of Stonypoint, Cage started publishing ‘how to improve the world (you only make matters worse), a diary kept from 1965 to 1982 in which he engaged with Henry David Thoreau’s writings, and antimilitary and ecological concerns. Although absent of almost all biographies and studies on Cage’s work, the artist experimented the anarchism in a fashion Edson Passetti calls “pathway heterotopies”. Beyond the book Anarchy and other explicit antiauthoritarian works, Cage lively experienced anarchy in the singular way he faced his existence, making out of the everyday life an invention in which he affirmed an otherwise path . According to Foucault, the cynical philosophers valued that notion to distinguish their scandalous lives from the other ones that reify regular values and conventions. This dissertation followed this path by establishing the reverberations between John Cage and the contemporary anarchist attitudes. Keywords: John Cage; anarchist heterotopies; anarchisms; anarchist artists ! AGRADECIMENTOS pEla viDa Sim caminh Os aNarquistas Ao Nu-Sol pela existência. Acácio Augusto, pela força tamanha; Salete Oliveira, pela vida anarquista, lajedo tão grande; Thiago Rodrigues pelas traduções e poesia viva de combate a sintaxe; Luíza Uehara, porquê nossos japoneses são mais subversivos e ainda por aquela Deleuze IPA; Beatriz Carneiro pela arte da e na pesquisa e também pela biblioteca generosa; Lúcia Soares parceira constante em momentos decisivos; Eliane Carvalho pela cumplicidade nas sobremesas e deliciosas histórias anarquistas; Sofia Osório pelo olhar e lida com o texto; Helena Wilke pela atenção rigorosa; Flavia Lucchesi por armar as flechas, pelas garotas punks; Rogério Nascimento pela conversa durante a caminhada na madrugada de Buenos Aires; Vitor Osório pelas ondas libertárias. Mayara Cabeleira, Leandro Siqueira, Ricardo Abussafy, Cecília Oliveira pelas questões suscitadas nas dissertações e teses. Dorothea Voegeli Passetti, pelas aulas com arte e batalhas contra o Estado. Tony Hara e Silvio Ferraz pelas leituras atentas e sugestões durante a Qualificação. ! Judith Malina, pelo que não tem tamanho, por me enviar, aos 88, um arquivo de áudio com sua voz falando de anarquia; Pietro Ferrua pelo trabalho vital de arquivista dos artistas anarquistas; Ilion Troya pelas histórias que a história não registra. Laura Kuhn, Emy Martin, pela disposição, pelo John Cage Trust. CNPq pela bolsa. Leninha e Inimá, pelo apoio e interesse vivo nesta pesquisa, pelas noites bebendo e conversando. Aos meus amigos de casabrasamora, Trupe Chá de Boldo, músicos com quem divido o terreiro, pelas dores e as delícias. À Júlia, rocha, pelo Tesão durante a tese. Por dançar o amor comigo, agora, neste instante. ! SUMÁRIO ABERTURA, 8 CAMINHANDO, 22 SILENCE, 49 DIÁRIO, 117 ANARQUIA, 156 BIBLIOGRAFIA, 195 ! ABERTURA ! A! a vida como escrita anarquista A recusa incisiva da autoridade é o que situa a anarquia, título de um dos livros de John Cage. AN significa não e ARKHÉ, autoridade. No início do século XX, no Brasil, Edgar Leuenroth indicou anarquia como “não governo, não autoridade (...) organização social que se rege sem a necessidade da existência de governo, de chefe, de poder” (Leuenroth, 1963: 30). Tanto Cage como Leuenroth prosseguiram as reflexões instauradoras de Pierre Joseph-Proudhon, reconhecendo, como fazem os anarquistas, que a recusa da autoridade não se confunde com liberdade absoluta. Em 1840, Pierre Joseph-Proudhon declararou-se anarquista, quando “ninguém naquela época, sonhava atacar a unidade e reivindicar a federação” (Proudhon, 1986: 163); mostrou que desde a emergência da sociedade, a ordem, tenha ela a forma patriarcal ou hierárquica, baseou-se no princípio de autoridade que, segundo ele, nada mais é que o governo (Proudhon, 2011). Para Pierre Joseph-Proudhon : “ser governado significa ser vigiado, inspecionado, espiado, dirigido, valorado, pesado, censurado, por pessoas que não tem o título, nem a ciência, nem a virtude. Ser governado significa, por cada operação, cada movimento, cada transação, ser anotado, registrado, listado, tarifado, carimbado, apontado, coisificado, patenteado, licenciado, autorizado, apostrofado, castigado, impedido, reformado, alinhado, corrigido. Significa, sob o pretexto da autoridade pública, e sob o pretexto do interesse geral, ser amestrado, esquadrinhado, explorado, mistificado, roubado; ao menor sinal de resistência, ou a primeira palavra de protesto, ser preso, multado, mutilado, vilipendiado, humilhado, golpeado, reduzido ao mínimo sopro de vida, desarmado, encarcerado, fuzilado, metralhado, condenado, deportado, vendido, traído e como se isso não fosse suficiente, desarmado, ridicularizado, ! B! ultrajado, burlado. Isto é o governo, esta é a sua justiça, esta é a sua moral” (Proudhon, 2003: 10). Mais tarde, ainda sobre o combate a autoridade, Sébastien Faure, militante libertário responsável, no início dos anos 1890, pela retomada do jornal Le Libertaire , e, no começo do século XX, pela invenção da experiência educacional anarquista La Ruche , completou: “não há, nem pode haver, um credo ou catecismo libertário (...) Ao mesmo tempo, pode haver, e realmente há, muitos tipos de anarquistas, mas todos têm uma característica comum que os distingue do resto da humanidade[:] (...) a recusa da Autoridade nas organizações sociais e a [repulsa] a tudo que origina instituições baseadas nesse princípio” (Faure in Woodcock, 1981: 58). John Cage, bem como Proudhon, Faure, Leuenroth e tantos outros militantes, muitas mulheres e homens anônimos, não cessou de lutar contra a autoridade hierarquizada. Conta-se que no final da vida, nos anos 1990, após receber o convite para tornar-se professor convidado de poesia na universidade de Harvard, mesmo convite feito a e.e.cummings na década de 1950, perguntado sobre como se sentia com tamanha honraria, respondeu que não muito diferente do que antes. A resposta, distante de qualquer retórica, reafirma um percurso de décadas, pois, como expôs Richard
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