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Sunflower Production A-1331 (EB-25 Revised) SSunflunfl oowerwer PProductionroduction SEPTEMBER 2007 2 Foreword The fi rst edition of “Sunfl ower Production and Mar- unless otherwise specifi ed. This publication con- keting Extension Bulletin 25” was published in 1975. tains certain recommendations for pesticides that This publication provided general information for are labeled ONLY for North Dakota. The users of growers, seedsmen, processors, marketing agencies any pesticide designated for a state label must have and Extension personnel. Revised editions followed in a copy of the state label in their possession at the 1978, 1985 and 1994. Interest and knowledge about time of application. State labels can be obtained sunfl ower production and marketing in the U.S. has from agricultural chemical dealers or distributors. increased greatly in the past 30 years. Marketing and USE PESTICIDES ONLY AS LABELED. processing channels have stabilized and have become fairly familiar to growers since 1985, but pest prob- lems have shifted and new research information has Acknowledgements become available to assist in production decisions. The editor is indebted to the contributors for writing This publication is a revision of the “Sunfl ower Pro- sections of this publication. The editor also appreci- duction and Marketing Bulletin” published in 1994. ates the efforts made by previous contributors, as The purpose is to update information and provide a these previous sections often were the starting point production and pest management guide for sunfl ower for current sections. growers. This revised publication is directed primarily to the commercial production of sunfl ower, not to mar- keting and processing. It will attempt to give specifi c guidelines and recommendations on production prac- tices, pest identifi cation and pest management, based on current information. This publication also is directed primarily toward sun- fl ower production in the northern Great Plains of the U.S. However, much of the information is relevant to other production areas. All pesticides recommended have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency label i Contributors Roger Ashley, Area Extension Agronomist, Dickinson Jan Knodel, Extension Entomologist, NDSU Research Extension Center, Dickinson, ND 58601 Extension Service, North Dakota State University, Duane R. Berglund, Professor Emeritus and Former Fargo, ND 58105 Extension Agronomist, NDSU Extension Service, Greg Lardy, Extension Beef Cattle Specialist, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Carl Bradley, Former Extension Plant Pathologist, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State George Linz, Wildlife Biologist, USDA-APHIS, University, Fargo, ND 58105 Bismarck, ND 58501 Gary Brewer, Former Department Chair and Professor, Sam Markell, Extension Plant Pathologist, NDSU Department of Entomology, North Dakota State Extension Service, North Dakota State University, University, Fargo, ND 58105 Fargo, ND 58105 Lawrence Charlet, Research Entomologist, Jerry Miller, Retired Sunfl ower Breeder, USDA-ARS, ARS-USDA, North Dakota State University, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 Fargo, ND 58105 John Sandbakken, Marketing Specialist, National Greg Endres, Area Extension Agronomist, NDSU Sunfl ower Association, Bismarck, ND 58503 Research Extension Center, Carrington, ND 58421 Tom Scherer, Extension Irrigation Engineer, NDSU George Flaskerud, Extension Agricultural Economist, Extension Service, North Dakota State University, NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State Fargo, ND 58105 University, Fargo, ND 58105 Don Tanaka, Soil Scientist, ARS-USDA, Northern Dave Franzen, Extension Soils Specialist, NDSU Great Plains Research Laboratory, Mandan, ND Extension Service, North Dakota State University, 58554 Fargo, ND 58105 Richard Zollinger, Extension Weeds Specialist, Thomas Gulya, Research Plant Pathologist, NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State ARS-USDA, North Dakota State University, University, Fargo, ND 58105 Fargo, ND 58105 Former Editors: David W. Cobia, David E. Zimmer, James Hanzel, Sunfl ower Breeder, Proseed Inc., Marcia McMullen and Duane R. Berglund Harvey, ND 58341 Former Contributors: Ron R. Allen, William S. Ball, Kenneth Hellevang, Extension Agricultural Engineer, James Bauder, Al Black, David W. Cobia, William NDSU Extension Service, North Dakota State Danke, Alan Dexter, Carl Fanning, Gerhardt N. Fick, University, Fargo, ND 58105 Basil Furgala, Phil Glogoza, James Helm, Harvey Vernon L. Hofman, Professor Emeritus and Former J. Hirning, Edna T. Holm, David H. Kinard, Arthur Extension Agricultural Engineer, NDSU Extension Lamey, Darnell Lundstrom, Dean McBride, Hugh Service, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND McDonald, John Nalewaja, Berlin Nelson, David M. 58105 Noetzel, William K. Pfeifer, Lyle Prunty, Charlie E. Rogers, LeRoy W. Schaffner, Albert Schneiter, Robert Larry Kleingartner, Executive Director, National and Jay Schuler, John T. Schulz, Tommy E. Thompson, Sunfl ower Association, Bismarck, ND 58503 Sebastian Vogel, Howard D. Wilkins, David E. Zimmer and Joseph C. Zubriski ii Contents page Sunfl ower Foreword . i Acknowledgements . i Production Contributors . ii I. Introduction . 1 Historical perspective . 1 Edited and Compiled by Taxonomy. 2 Growth stages . 2 Duane R. Berglund Growing degree days . 3 Professor Emeritus and II. Production . 6 Former Extension Agronomist World production . 6 U.S. production . 6 North Dakota State University Acreage . 6 Extension Service Seed yields/acre . 7 Pounds of seed production . 7 Processing plants . 7 Prices . 8 Sunfl ower marketing strategy . 9 III. Hybrid Selection and Production Practices . 10 Hybrid selection . 10 Oilseed (NuSun), traditional and confectionary . 11 Criterial for hybrid selection . 11 Semidwarf sunfl ower . 12 Sunfl ower branching . 13 Production practices . 13 Seed quality . 13 Soils . 13 Soil fertility . 13 Fertilizer recommendations . 14 Fertilizer application . 15 Water requirements for sunfl ower . 15 Soil water management for dryland sunfl ower . 16 Irrigation . 16 Tillage, seedbed preparation and planting . 18 Crop rotation . 23 Pollination . 24 IV. Pest Management. 26 Insects . 27 Diseases . 54 Weeds . 80 Birds . 85 Other . 88 Extension Publication A-1331 (EB-25 revised) V. Hail Injury . 91 September 2007 VI. Herbicide Drift and Chemical Residue . 95 VII. Harvesting . 101 Maturity . 101 North Dakota Agricultural Harvesting attachments . 101 Experiment Station Combine adjustments . 103 and VIII. Drying and Storage . 105 North Dakota State University IX. Feeding Value of Sunfl ower Products Extension Service in Beef Cattle Diets . 109 X. U.S. Grades and Standards . 112 North Dakota State University XI. Other Information Sources. 113 Fargo, North Dakota 58105 Glossary . 115 Appendix 1. Diseases . 117 iii iv Introduction Introduction (Duane R. Berglund) Two primary types of sunfl ower are grown: (1) oilseed Nonoilseed sunfl ower generally has a relatively thick for vegetable oil production and (2) nonoilseed for hull that remains loosely attached to the kernel, per- human food and bird-food markets (Figure 1). The oil- mitting more complete dehulling. Seed of the nonoil- seed hybrids may be of three fatty acid types: linoleic, seed hybrids generally is larger than that of the oilseed mid-oleic (NuSun) or high oleic. They are usually types and has a lower oil percentage and test weight. black-seeded and have a thin hull that adheres to the Sunfl ower is a major source of vegetable oil in kernel. Seed of the oilseed varieties contains from 38 the world. Worldwide production of sunfl ower has percent to 50 percent oil and about 20 percent protein. increased since the last revision of this publication Some black-seeded oil types go into the hulling mar- and peaked during the 1998-1999 period. The former ket for birdseed. Nonoilseed sunfl ower also has been Soviet Union remains the highest producer, followed referred to as confectionery sunfl ower, and is usually by Argentina and then the U.S., which is third in white striped and/or comes in large-seeded varieties. production worldwide. Domestic use and exportation of nonoilseed sunfl ower also have increased. The ma- jority of U.S. production of sunfl ower oil is exported, although domestic use is increasing. The following chapters provide a historical perspec- 1 tive and background of the sunfl ower as a viable economic crop and provide the current information on worldwide and U.S. production, U.S. production practices, current pest identifi cation and pest manage- ment practices, hail injury, herbicide use and dam- age, harvesting, drying, storing, and U.S. grades and standards for market..
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