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Spoilage and Heating of Stored Agricultural Products

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Spoilage and Heating of Stored Agricultural Products Spoilage and heating of stored agricultural products Prevention, detection, and control 1 Publication 1823E 1989 Spoilage and heating of stored agricultural products Prevention, detection, and control J.T. Millls Research Station, Winnipeg, Man. Research Branch Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada 2 ©Minister of Supply and Services Although the information contained Canada 1989 in this manual has been carefully researched, neither the author nor Available in Canada through Agriculture Canada can accept responsibility for any problems Authorized Bookstore Agents and that may arise as a result of its other bookstores application. Specific mention of a product type, brand name, or or by mail from company does not constitute endorsement by the Government of Canadian Government Publishing Canada or by Agriculture Canada. Centre Supply and Services Canada Recommendations for pesticide use Ottawa, Canada K1A 0S9 in this publication are intended as guidelines only. Any application of Price subject to change without a pesticide must be in accordance notice with directions printed on the product label of that pesticide as prescribed Cat. No. A53-1823/1988E ISBN 0­ under the Pest Control Products Act. 660-13043-2 Always read the label. A pesticide should also be recommended by Staff editor provincial authorities. Because Sheilah V. Balchin recommendations for use may vary from province to province, your provincial agricultural representative should be consulted for specific advice. Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data Mills, J.T. (John T.) Spoilage and heating of stored agricultural products: prevention, detection and control (Publication: 1823E) Includes index. Bibliography: p. 1. Farm produce -Storage - Diseases and injuries. I. Title. II. Series: Publication (Canada. Agriculture Canada). English; SB129.M54 1988 631.5’68 C88­ 099204-2 3 Contents Preface . 6 Chapter 5 Chapter 7 Detection of spoilage and heating Safety Part I Principles involved Exterior of storages ........... 23 Education and training . 41 Odor. 23 Protective wear. 41 Chapter 1 Melted snow .............. 23 Hazards .................... 41 Changes that occur during Free liquid ................ 23 Suffocation. 41 storage Steam, smoke, and flames . 23 Toxic gases ............... 42 Thermography . 23 Fumigants ................ 44 Principles .................... 9 Interior of storages above Fires and explosions . 45 Moisture . 9 stocks . 23 Relative humidity .............. 9 Heat haze ................ 23 Chapter 8 Temperature . 9 Steam ................... 23 Problem investigation Safe storage guidelines ......... 9 Sprouting, bridging ......... 23 Respiration and heat Probe resistance . 23 Spoilage and/or animal production. 10 Molds .................... 24 sickness . 46 Movement of stocks . 24 Information collection. 46 Chapter 2 Auger blockage . 24 Extent of spoilage .......... 46 Self-heating Heat fusion ............... 25 Cause of spoilage .......... 47 Smoldering ............... 25 Animal sickness. 47 Chemical heating . 11 Insects . 25 Analysis of samples. 47 Self-ignition. 12 Monitoring of stocks . 25 Advice on control and Biological spoilage and heating . 12 Temperature .............. 25 prevention . 47 Enzymes . 12 Limitations of temperature Summary . 47 Molds .................... 12 recording systems . 26 Heating, fires, and explosions . 49 Bacteria . 12 Moisture. 26 Information collection. 49 Insects . 12 Carbon dioxide (CO2) . 27 Extent of problem .......... 49 Mites .................... 13 Sampling . 28 Cause of heating . 49 Advanced biological heating . 13 Sample examination. 28 Cause of fire and/or Moisture content . 28 explosion . 49 Chapter 3 Color and odor. 28 Examination of facilities . 50 Effects of molds Molds; seed germination . 30 Analysis of samples. 50 Insects, mites. 30 Summary . 50 Adverse quality changes . 14 Physiological changes . 30 Aggregation of grains . 14 Chapter 9 Clumping . 14 Chapter 6 Legal aspects Upper bridging . 15 Control of spoilage and heating Middle bridging ............ 15 Procedures ................. 51 Hang-ups . 15 Preparatory planning .......... 31 Diversity of litigation . 51 Heat damage ................ 16 Problem determination . 31 Actions involving Toxins . 16 Problem handling and control. 31 mycotoxins ............... 55 Allergens. 16 Spoilage problems . 31 Outdoor piles . 31 Part II Chapter 4 Farm bins. 33 Storage characteristics of Prevention of spoilage and Flooded bins . 33 specific commodities heating Vertical grain silos . 33 Railcars . 35 Chapter 10 Storage structures ............ 17 Ships and barges. 35 Commodity characteristics Management before storage . 17 Heating and fire problems . 35 Rejection at entry . 17 Outdoor piles . 35 Relative storage risk. 59 Management during storage. 19 Indoor piles . 36 Safe storage guidelines . 59 General handling . 19 Silos. 36 Drying guidelines . 59 Aeration . 20 Farm bins and vertical Definitions of degrading terms . 59 Drying ................... 20 grain silos ................ 36 Alfalfa pellets . 59 Fires in dryers . 20 Other . 37 Barley ................... 62 High moisture grain storage . 21 Vertical silage silos ......... 37 Barley malt. 64 Ensiling green material . 21 Dryers ................... 38 Brewers’ and distillers’ Processed products. 22 Ships . 38 grains. 64 Education . 22 Salvage..................... 39 Canola/rapeseed . 64 4 Canola/rapeseed meal . 69 Poppyseed. 82 Cattle, swine, and poultry Rapeseed feeds .................... 69 (see Canola/rapeseed) . 82 Corn/maize ............... 70 Rice . 82 Corn meal . 71 Rice bran . 82 Cotton bales .............. 71 Rye ..................... 82 Cottonseed ............... 72 Safflower seed. 83 Domestic buckwheat seed. 73 Screenings. 83 Domestic mustard seed. 73 Sorghum . 83 Fababeans. 73 Soybeans. 83 Field beans ............... 74 Sunflower seed . 86 Fishmeal ................. 75 Triticale .................. 86 Flaxseed ................. 76 Wheat ................... 87 Hay ..................... 77 Wheat bran, shorts, Lentils ................... 77 middlings . 88 Meals, pellets, and cakes . 78 Oats ..................... 80 References . 89 Peanut/groundnut . 80 Peas .................... 81 Appendixes. 96 5 Preface Most agricultural products in are not readily available, the same Grateful acknowledgment is Canada are stored safely with mistakes in management may made to the following for permission minimal loss of quality. However, occur in isolation in different parts of to reprint copyrighted and other each year a small proportion of Canada. It is hoped that this manual material: Table 1 and other citations these products becomes spoiled or will become the catalyst of later from Official grain grading guide self-heated (spontaneously heated), editions by encouraging readers 1987 edition, Canadian Grain resulting in degrading or other quality to document their experiences of Commission; Table 2 abstracted loss. Situations involving fire are very heating and spoilage problems for from Table of materials subject to serious and may cause major losses the benefit of others. spontaneous heating, National Fire of a product, damage to the physical Protection Association Publication plant, and human injury. Many persons provided 492; Table 5 and Figs. 15 and 16 information and advice during the from Management of on-farm stored Some commodities are more preparation of this manual, grain, University of Kentucky; Table susceptible to spoilage and self- including E. Dorge, Ste. Agathe, 10 from Gas poisoning on the farm, heating than others, and this can MB; J. Elvidge, Vancouver, BC; J. Agriculture Canada Publication lead to severe problems for those Davies, Halifax, NS; R.A. Meronuck, 1688; part of Table 15 and text responsible for, but unfamiliar with, St. Paul, MN; H. Uustalu, Thunder inserts from Drying and storage of the handling and storage of such Bay, ON; J. van Loon, Winnipeg, agricultural crops, Van Nostrand commodities. When spoilage or self- MB, and I.K. Walker, Lyttelton, New Reinhold Company Inc.; part of heating problems do occur it is often Zealand. C. Reading, Fire Protection Table 15 and Tables 16 and 17 from difficult to obtain information on how Association, London, England, and Drying and storing grains, seeds to solve them. M. Malyk, Cereal Research Centre, and pulses in temperate climates, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Institute for Storage and Processing The objective of this manual is to Winnipeg, MB, were most helpful in of Agricultural Produce; Table 20 provide some basic information on locating literature sources. from Soybean storage in farm-type the causal factors of spoilage, self- bins, Illinois Agricultural Experiment heating, and self-ignition in stored N.D.G. White, Cereal Research Station Bulletin 553; Figs. 4 and agricultural products, on methods Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food 6 from Fire Safety with silos, Fire used for the prevention, detection, Canada, Winnipeg, MB, reviewed Protection Association; Fig. 7 from and control of such problems, and the manual in its entirety and Managing dry grain in storage, on the behavior and management of provided some useful suggestions. Midwest Plan Service; Fig. 8 and text selected commodities in storage. The following reviewed particular from Evaluation of a remote moisture chapters and provided additional sensor for bulk grain, Academic The manual is intended as a information: M.G. Britton, G. Elias, Press; Fig. 10 from Catalog No.80, guide for farmers, elevator, mill, and C.F. Framingham, G. Henry, D.S. Seedburo Equipment Co.; Fig. 11 warehouse
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