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Durum Wheat in Canada 1 SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION OF DURUM WHEAT IN CANADA The purpose of the durum production manual is to promote sustainable production of durum wheat on the Canadian prairies and enable Canada to provide a consistent and increased supply of durum wheat with high quality to international and domestic markets. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction: respecting the consumer and the environment: R.M. DePauw 4 2. Durum production and consumption, a global perspective: E. Sopiwnyk 5 PLANNING 3. Variety selection to meet processing requirements and consumer preferences: R.M. DePauw and Y. Ruan 10 4. Field selection and optimum crop rotation: Y. Gan and B. McConkey 16 5. Planting date and seeding rate to optimize crop inputs: B. Beres and Z. Wang 23 6. Seed treatment to minimize crop losses: B. Beres and Z. Wang 29 7. Fertilizer management of durum wheat: 4Rs to respect the environment: R.H. McKenzie and D. Pauly 32 8. Irrigating durum to minimize damage and achieve optimum returns: R.H. McKenzie and S. Woods 41 9. Smart Farming, Big Data, GPS and precision farming as tools to achieve efficiencies. Integration of all information technologies: Big Data: R.M. DePauw 48 PEST MANAGEMENT 10. Integrated weed management to minimize yield losses: C.M. Geddes, B.D. Tidemann, T. Wolf, and E.N. Johnson 50 11. Disease management to minimize crop losses and maximize quality: R.E. Knox 58 12. Insect pest management to minimize crop losses and maximize quality: H. Catton, T. Wist, and I. Wise 63 HARVESTING TO MARKETING 13. Harvest to minimize losses: R.M. DePauw 71 14. Storage to protect quality: N. White 75 15. Marketing to achieve viability: G. Backman 77 16. Sustainability and profitability to ensure the future: R.M. DePauw 81 17. Additional information 82 18. Wheat growth stages - Feeks, Haun and Zadoks Scales 83 To access all of the content throughout this publication, please ensure you have downloaded Adobe Reader 11.0.23 or higher. SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION OF DURUM WHEAT IN CANADA MANUAL 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION: RESPECTING THE CONSUMER AND THE ENVIRONMENT R.M. DePauw 1Advancing Wheat Technology, 870 Field Drive, Swift Current, Saskatchewan, Canada, S9H 4N5 significant environmental impacts. Durum wheat is one such crop that requires large fertilizer input due to the high protein concentration in the grain. More than 50% of the environmental impact of producing a pasta product arises directly from grain cultivation at the farm gate. Consequently, durum wheat production challenges to meet food security include cropping systems and environmental sustainability. What efforts can be taken to help drive the ‘decoupling’ of crop yield increases from the greenhouse gas footprints in the production of durum wheat crops? Can durum wheat crop yields be increased to narrow the gap between potential and current yields while concurrently decreasing the greenhouse gas footprint? To do so, we must continue to develop new production technologies and implement a sustainable production system at the farm gate. This Durum Production Manual aims to provide best management principles, practices and resources to contribute to sustainability and profitability for the long term. The focus of the Durum Production Manual is to produce durum wheat in an environmentally sustainable manner, including respect for the environment for future use by others. Yet, the production must be done in a manner that is profitable Durum wheat is a premium class of wheat used so that farmers have an economic activity that exceeds primarily for making food products such as pasta, their opportunity costs. The durum wheat produced is couscous, and bulgur. Pasta products are very popular a foundational ingredient in the production of food as around the world whereas couscous and bulgur are pasta, semolina, couscous and other food products. popular in regions such as North Africa. To meet Consumers have high expectations of the production consumer expectations, premium pasta requires of food that is nutritious. When agricultural durum wheat grain with high protein content, strong production meets these expectations, society grants gluten strength, and bright yellow pigment content. a social license. The challenge is to think long term: “Good for You. Good for the Community. Good for The global human population is projected to reach 9.7 the Planet.” billion by 2050. Wheat and wheat products provide about 20% of protein and calories consumed per capita (CRP WHEAT, 2016). Projections regarding Reference wheat growth demand to 2050 vary widely around an average of about 50% from the 2010 level. Higher CRP WHEAT (2016) Wheat agri-food systems proposal 2017- crop yields require higher inputs such as organic and 2022. CGIAR. Research program on Wheat. Pp 273 inorganic fertilizers that emit greenhouse gases with 4 1. INTRODUCTION: RESPECTING THE CONSUMER AND THE ENVIRONMENT TABLE OF CONTENTS 2. DURUM PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION, A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE Elaine Sopiwnyk1 1 Canadian International Grains Institute, 1000-303 Main Street, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3C 3G7 Saskatchewan, with some production in south eastern Global Durum Supply Alberta (Figures 2 and 3). Because diseases such as Fusarium head blight occur frequently in Manitoba, Total world wheat production in 2018/19 is forecasted little to no durum is grown there. to be 716.4 million tonnes (MT) down from the projected production of 758.0 MT in 2017/18 Durum wheat in Canada is referred to by its market (International Grains Council, 2018). This includes classification as CWAD (Canada Western Amber production of all wheats including durum wheat. Durum). The Canadian Grain Commission (CGC) is Global durum wheat production for 2016/17 was responsible for establishing and maintaining the 39.942 MT (Table 1; IGC, 2017) and this typically grading standards for a number of grains grown in represents 5% of total wheat production. Globally, Canada. For CWAD there are five milling grades (No. 1 durum is planted on over 16 M hectares. through No. 5; CGC, 2017a). Durum wheat production in Canada for 2017/18 was Major Durum Producing 4.96 MT, which was a 36% drop from record production Countries levels observed in 2016/17 (Statistics Canada, 2018). The reason for this drop was due to fewer seeded acres Durum wheat is grown in many of the same and lower precipitation which resulted in decreased countries that produce common wheat. This yields. However, for 2018/19, durum wheat production includes countries within the European Union (EU), in Canada is forecasted to reach 5.71 MT, which is a 15% Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), North increase over 2017/18 production (Statistics Canada, America, South America, Asia, Africa and Oceania 2018). This rise in production is driven by an increase in (Table 1). However, the majority of durum wheat seeded acres. production is within North America, with durum production in Canada (about 7.8 MT) being almost Total global trade in durum wheat has varied from 7.4 three times the production of the United States (US) MT to 9.3 MT during the period 2011/12 to 2015/16. and Mexico (Figure 1). Other notable durum The top ten countries for Canadian durum wheat producing countries include Italy (4.950 MT) and exports are shown in Table 2 along with their 5-year Turkey (3.62 MT) (Figure 1; IGC, 2017). In Canada, averages. Canada is a regarded as a producer of high durum wheat is primarily grown in southern quality durum wheat that is highly desired around the world for a number of reasons. TABLE 1. Durum Production (‘000 tons) from 2007/08 to 2016/17 (July/June)1 REGION 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 Europe2 8,227 10,053 8,748 9,177 8,219 8,164 8,133 7,641 8,494 9,361 CIS 5,340 5,915 4,900 3,450 5,100 3,000 4,100 4,000 4,100 4,190 North America 7, 4 3 2 9,709 10,456 7,9 8 7 7,652 8,945 10,383 8,914 9,925 13,061 South America 189 191 155 248 238 164 182 268 305 230 Asia 8,559 7,74 2 9,340 9,150 9,880 9,260 9,905 8,570 9,810 8,520 Africa 4,748 4,483 7, 2 8 2 4,870 5,900 5,750 5,690 4,600 5,962 4,030 Oceania 300 450 500 500 600 450 450 470 480 550 World Total 34,795 38,543 41,381 35,382 37,589 35,733 38,843 34,463 39,076 39,942 1Adapted from IGC (2017) 2EU (27) from 2007/08. EU (28) from 2013/14. 2. DURUM PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION, A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS The variety development and registration process in Canada leads the world in durum wheat exports, with Canada has ensured that developments in CWAD have about half of all durum wheat available for export focused not only on increased productivity and disease grown in Canada (Figure 4). Mexico and the EU provide resistance but also on processing requirements such 17% and 16%, respectively. Other countries that also as increased protein content, improved protein quality export durum wheat include the U.S.A., Australia, (gluten strength), and increased yellow pigment content Mexico and Kazakhstan. (carotenoids) among other quality improvements. 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 PRODUCTION (‘00PRODUCTION TONS) 2,000 1,000 Iran Iraq Italy India Syria Chile China Egypt Russia Spaine Turkey Algeria Tunisia France Mexico Greece Canada Ethiopia Pakistan Australia Morocco Argentina Afghanistan Kazakhstan Saudi Arabia Saudi United States EU CIS NORTH SOUTH ASIA AFRICA OCEANIA AMERICA AMERICA 1Adapted from IGC (2017) FIGURE 1.
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