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Sanitation in Grain Storage and in Mills

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Sanitation in Grain Storage and in Mills Sanitation in grain storage and in mills Bhadriraju Subramanyam, PhD Professor Department of Grain Science and Industry Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA Tel: 785-532-4092 Fax: 785-532-7010 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/grsc_subi IAOM 4th Annual SE Asia District Conference October 8-10, 2013 Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam Pests associated with feed facilities Invertebrate pests: Filth flies Cockroaches Mites Stored-product insects Vertebrate pests: Birds Rats and mice (rodents) Unsanitary conditions in mills Birds Product damage and loss Contamination of food or damage to food • Cleaning costs • Food destruction • Risk of prosecution • Loss of sales Safety hazard Slippery when wet… Sanitation • Grain stored in bins/silos (whole grains) –Removal of dockage/spillage • Processed material in the feed mill/warehouse –GMPs Sanitation of grain • In grain sanitation refers to removal of broken kernel, grain dust, weed seeds, etc • Sources – Grain damage due to harvesting machinery – Manual vs hand threshing – Multiple handling (corn more susceptible to breakage) • Grain handling produces 0.11-0.55% dust by wt • Corn lot subjected to 2.5, 5, and 15 transfers had 0.9, 4, and 9% breakage, respectively – Corn breakage susceptibility inversely related to moisture – Penalties at time of sale – Internal insects produce broken kernels and/or grain dust Dockage in grain • Corn with 2-3% dockage had 50% of it accumulated in the spout line area • Some accumulate below false floors of steel bins • High moisture area • Insects and molds proliferate in this area Insects in grain residues at elevators (Arthur et al. 2006) Data from 9 elevators and 1,575 samples. Total number of pest insects found = 46,725. Load-Out Boot Pit 2009 2010 Temperature 40 Feed mill 1 Feed mill 1 30 1200 850 20 1000 800 10 750 450 0 500 300 250 150 -10 0 0 -20 40 Feed mill 2 Feed mill 2 90 80 30 85 60 20 80 10 40 40 30 0 20 20 Temperature (°C) Temperature 10 -10 Mean no. (insects/kg) no. Mean 0 0 -20 375 40 200 Feed mill 3 Feed mill 3 30 150 20 350 100 10 200 0 50 100 -10 0 0 -20 Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Empty bin cleaning (Purdue Univ. Survey; Martin et al. 1977) 95% sweep bins 15% vacuum in crevices 9% blow down walls 6% hose down walls 60% clean augers 45% clean elevator legs 64% re-seal leaky bins 83% clean up outside spills Impact of sanitation of bins (Reed et al. 2003) Data from 11 elevators, samples from 25 – 138 bins at each elevator. Impacts of dockage • Impedes grain drying, and proper aeration and fumigant movement through the grain mass • Dockage increase moisture content – High moisture content degrades insecticide on grains • Fine particles absorb protectant applied to grain Wheat condition % retain of 10 ppm malathion applied to wheat Clean wheat 88.2 Wheat with 2.5% dockage 73.0 Wheat with 5% dockage 67.0 Wheat with 10% dockage 53.0 12.5% wheat at 26oC and 60% RH Insecticides recommended Product Active ingredient Rate Site treated Grain (mg[AI]/kg) Storcide II Chlorpyrifos-methyl + 3.0 + 0.5 Empty bins, Wheat, barley, rice, deltamethrin warehouses, stored oats, sorghum grain Tempo SC β-cyfluthrin 0.01 or 0.02 Empty bins 2 Ultra g/m Actellic 5E Pirimiphos-methyl 6 - 8 Stored grain Corn, sorghum K-Othrine Deltamethrin 0.5 Empty bins, Wheat, barley, rice, SC, warehouses, stored oats, sorghum, corn, Centynal grain rye Evercide Esfenvalerate Surfaces Diasource, Diatomaceous earth 500 - 1000 Empty bins, Wheat, barley, rice, Dryacide, (silicon dioxide) stored grain oats, sorghum, corn, Protect-It peas Diacon-IGR S-methoprene 1, 2.5 or 5 Empty bins, All stored grains, stored grain spices, seeds Spinosad Spinosyns A + D 1 Stored grain All stored grains, including wheat Impacts of dockage • Effects of dockage on insects varies with the species Species Grain condition No. insects (adult progeny) Maize weevil Whole kernels 1342 90% whole, 10% cracked 1149 100% cracked 75 Flour 50 Red flour beetle Whole kernels 269 90% whole, 10% cracked 245 100% cracked 652 Flour 1417 Pearl millet examined after 76-78 d after infestation at 26.7oC and 65-70% RH Human health issues • OSHA standards – 15 g/m3 total dust; 5 g/m3 respirable • Explosive concentration, 50-100 g/m3 – Influenced by other factors such as particle size distribution and particle dryness Removal of dockage • Grain cleaning – No economic incentive – Unless you handle more than 2 million b ushels annually – Cleaning occurs downstream (at mills) • Use of grain spreaders – 17% producers use it; 5% concrete elevators use it; and 11% commercial facilities use it • Coring Leveling and coring Leveling • 44.8% of commercial operators leveled the peak Coring • 28% of farmers • 51% of elevator operators Application of oils • USFDA (1982) approved use of oil to suppress dust • Canola oil, mineral oil, soybean oil – Grain for human food-0.02 by wt – Grain for animal feed-0.60% by wt – 0.03 to 1.0% suppressed dust by 90% • Helps improve insecticide coverage • Has adverse effects on grain physical properties Benefits of grain cleaning • Increased storage capacity • Reduced incidence and growth of insects/molds • Improved aeration and fumigant distribution • Improved coverage of protectants on grain • Reduced explosion hazards • Improved air quality • Load uniformity when unloading • Decreased occupation exposure of workers to dust • Economic benefits for marketing clean grain Sanitation alone will NOT control insects • Sanitation remove food for insects • Beetles live for several months to a year, without food • Always apply an insecticide to empty bins floors, warehouses, or feed mills after sanitation Why are pests present? Food Shelter Moisture Prevent access to food/facility • Sanitation (cleaning practices) • Create pest barriers • Prevent pest entry points into the mill • Store grains or finished feed properly on pallets • Sanitary design of equipment to eliminate food within equipment • Pest (insect) resistant packaging material for finished feed Remove spillage Avoid clutter: Potential harborage sites for rodents/insects Eliminate unsanitary conditions outdoors Building exterior Have an 18 ft vegetation-free barrier zone Shrubs should not be too close to building Rate mill infestation by location for sanitation Probability of infestation or product loss High Moderate Low Zero Daily Production Floors Areas; receiving Weekly Monthly Spouts; Bathrooms conditioner Yearly Building Cleaning frequency exterior Eliminate flat surfaces and remove unused equipment Flat surfaces Storage of unused equipment Sanitary design aspects Sanitary design aspects Deny pest entry into your mill Rodent entry point Poor door seal Improper stocking or storage practices Give 12 inches of space between the wall and pallets Pallets, 6 inches off the floor Pest management tactics Grain chilling Heat treatment: Raising the ambient air temperature to 122-140oF (50-60oC), and maintaining these temperatures for 24-36 hours-MILLS, EQUIPMENT, ONE ROOM, BINS Electric heater Gas heaters Steam heater Fan Duct carrying heat Once a Year from gas heaters Silo heat treatment 52 54 Heat treatment of silos Kills insects in 6-8 h Mills need 24 h Controlled atmospheres for mite and insect control • Controlled or modified atmospheres – Use of the inert gases, N2 and CO2 – Reduce atmospheric O2 from 20.9 to ≤1% http://sgrl.csiro.au/storage/insects/Psocids_ – Increase CO2 from 0.03 to mites/mites.html >40% • Advantages – Increases shelf life of perishables/dry durables – Pesticide-residue free – Kills insects and mites and suppresses progeny – Replacing traditional IPM approaches Modified atmospheres • Replace oxygen by purging storages with carbon dioxide or nitrogen • To kill insects oxygen level should be <2% • Exposure times are usually longer (14-21 days) • Effective at warmer temperatures >30oC • Bin sealing important Mortality of red flour beetle life stages at 32.2oC Compressed air 12% CO2 + 0.5% O2 + 87.5% N2 100 100 Eggs 80 Larvae 80 Pupae Adults 60 60 40 40 Mortality (%) Mortality 20 20 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Time (hours) Confused flour beetle adult mortality at three temperatures Compressed air 12% CO2 + 0.5% O2 + 87.5% N2 100 120 10oC 80 100 21.1oC o 80 60 32.2 C 60 40 40 20 20 Mortality (%) Mortality 0 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Time (hours) Modified atmosphere for products 62 63 EcO2 terminal in Thessaloniki Modified atmosphere for silos EcO2 terminal in Thessaloniki EcO2 terminal in Thessaloniki EcO2 terminal in Thessaloniki EcO2 terminal in Thessaloniki Exclusion tactic for rodents/insects/birds Photo 6 Remove this structure or modify as suggested in Photo 1 Smooth and paint Do not have a light below this structure Smooth and paint See Photo 1 comments regarding strips Need a rodent Need a rodent trap trap Gap below floor and shutter; should avoid such gaps as they are large enough for rodents and insects to enter Exclusion tactics • Use of screens at eaves • Sealing of pest entry points into the silos • Screens on windows • Closing doors • Pest-proofing buildings Slip-concrete structures • Help exclude pests Hermetic structures for raw grain and finished products Cocoons™ Having the shape of a cube, impermeable to gases (hermetic), manufactured of white PVC, flexible, UV resistant. Designed for in or outdoor storage, for agricultural and non-agricultural commodities, dry and in bags. Can be installed at any location in minutes. Annual post harvest loss less than 0.25%. Effective life span 10-15 years. 150MT Cocoons Cargill, Philippines 150 MT Cocoons Rwanda Cocoons Bayer Philippines. Hybrid Rice.
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