Mycotoxin Reduction in Grain Chains John F. Leslie & Antonio F. Logrieco Mycotoxin Reduction in Grain Chains Mycotoxin Reduction in Grain Chains Edited by JOHN F. LESLIE Department of Plant Pathology Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas, USA ANTONIO F. LOGRIECO Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA) National Research Council (CNR) Bari, Italy This edition first published 2014 © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Editorial offices: 1606 Golden Aspen Drive, Suites 103 and 104, Ames, Iowa 50010, USA The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyrighted material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. 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Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Cover image: iStockphoto © eyecrave iStockphoto © MmeEmil iStockphoto © ZoneCreative Set in 10/12pt Times by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India 1 2014 Contents List of Contributors xiii Preface xix Chapter 1 An Introduction to the MycoRed Project 1 Antonio F. Logrieco and Angelo Visconti Introduction 1 MycoRed Objectives 2 MycoRed Structure 5 Social and Economic Impact 6 Conclusions 7 References 7 Part I The Maize Grain Chain 9 Chapter 2 Identification of Toxigenic Aspergillus and Fusarium Species in the Maize Grain Chain 11 Deepak Bhatnagar, Gary Payne, Maren Klich, and John F. Leslie Introduction 11 Morphological Identification of Aflatoxin-Producing A. flavus and A. parasiticus 12 Morphological Identification of Toxin-Producing Fusarium Species 15 Cladal Relationship and Organization of the Toxin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster 18 Conclusions 21 Acknowledgments 21 References 21 Chapter 3 Determination of Mycotoxins in Maize 26 Gordon S. Shephard Introduction 26 Aflatoxin 27 Fumonisins 31 Discussion and Conclusions 34 References 34 v vi CONTENTS Chapter 4 Breeding Maize for Resistance to Mycotoxins 37 Alessandra Lanubile, Valentina Maschietto, and Adriano Marocco Introduction 37 Techniques for Phenotyping Ear Rot and Mycotoxin Contamination 38 Sources and Genetics of Resistance 40 Traits Providing Resistance to Ear Rots 42 Genomic Resources for Analyzing Fusarium and Aspergillus–Maize Interactions 44 Transgenic Approaches to Reduce Ear Rots and Mycotoxin Accumulation 48 Future Prospects 51 References 52 Chapter 5 Crop Management Practices to Minimize the Risk of Mycotoxins Contamination in Temperate-Zone Maize 59 Gary Munkvold Introduction 59 Pre-planting Management Decisions 60 Post-planting Management Decisions 66 Integration of Risk Management Tactics 69 Risk Assessment or Prediction Modeling 70 Discussion 71 References 74 Chapter 6 Best Stored Maize Management Practices for the Prevention of Mycotoxin Contamination 78 Lakshmikantha H. Channaiah and Dirk E. Maier Introduction 78 Fungal Source 79 Factors Affecting Fungal Growth and Mycotoxin Biosynthesis 80 Equilibrium Moisture Content of Maize 80 Common Fungi and Mycotoxins in Maize 81 Harvest Considerations 82 Maize Drying 83 Mechanical Damage, Broken Kernels, and Foreign Materials 83 Condensation 83 The SLAM Strategy 84 CO2 Monitoring 85 Treating Mycotoxin-Contaminated Maize Grain 86 Conclusions 86 Acknowledgments 87 References 87 Chapter 7 Good Food-Processing Techniques: Stability of Mycotoxins in Processed Maize-Based Foods 89 Lloyd B. Bullerman and Andreia Bianchini Introduction 89 Mycotoxins 90 CONTENTS vii Effects of Food Processing 92 Conclusions 97 References 97 Chapter 8 Mycotoxin Reduction in Animal Diets 101 Didier Jans, Katia Pedrosa, Dian Schatzmayr, Gerard´ Bertin, and Bertrand Grenier Introduction 101 Adsorption of Mycotoxins 102 Biological Detoxification 108 Conclusions 109 References 110 Chapter 9 Physical and Chemical Methods for Mycotoxin Decontamination in Maize 116 Bertrand Grenier, Ana-Paula Loureiro-Bracarense, John F. Leslie, and Isabelle P. Oswald Introduction 116 Physical Methods—Removal of Contaminated Materials 118 Physical Methods—Mycotoxin Inactivation 120 Physical Methods—Conclusions 121 Chemical Methods 122 Conclusions 126 Acknowledgments 127 References 127 Chapter 10 Aflatoxin B1 Chemoprevention Strategies in Countries with Frequent Exposure to Mycotoxins 130 Paul C. Turner Introduction 130 Aflatoxins 131 Chemoprevention 133 Uptake Inhibitors 138 Summary 141 References 142 Part II The Wheat Grain Chain 149 Chapter 11 Identification of Fusarium spp. and Penicillium verrucosum in the Wheat Grain Chain 151 Antonio Moretti, Cees Waalwijk, and Rolf Geisen Introduction 151 The Problem of Fusarium and Its Toxins in Wheat: Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) 152 PCR Methods to Detect Fusarium in Wheat 153 New Detection Platforms 155 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 158 viii CONTENTS The Problem of Penicillium and Its Toxins in Wheat 158 PCR Methods to Detect P. verrucosum in Wheat 160 RT-PCR Methods for Quantification and Monitoring of P. verrucosum in Wheat 161 The Application of Novel Platforms 163 Outlook 164 References 164 Chapter 12 Analytical Methods for Mycotoxins in the Wheat Chain 169 John Gilbert and Michelangelo Pascale Introduction 169 Screening Methods for Mycotoxins in the Wheat Chain 170 Official Methods for Mycotoxins in the Wheat Chain 174 Research Methods for Mycotoxins in the Wheat Chain 177 Conclusions and/or Future Perspectives 183 References 184 Chapter 13 Breeding for Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat 189 Akos´ Mesterhazy´ Introduction 189 Mycotoxins and Their Origin 190 The Wheat/Fusarium Breeding System 191 How Does a Breeding System Operate? 201 Summary and Outlook 202 References 203 Chapter 14 Good Agricultural and Harvest Practices to Reduce Mycotoxin Contamination in Wheat in Temperate Countries 209 Barry J. Jacobsen Introduction 209 Fusarium Head Blight 210 Ergot 211 Pathogen-Free Seed 212 Fungicides 212 Crop Rotation and Residue Management 213 Irrigation 213 Delayed Harvest 214 Storage 214 Aflatoxins 214 Sterigmatocystin 214 Ochratoxins 215 Integrated Management to Reduce Losses from Mycotoxigenic Fungi 215 Future Prospects 216 References 217 CONTENTS ix Chapter 15 Good Management Practices for Minimizing the Risk of Fusarium Head Blight and Mycotoxin Contamination in Nontraditional Warmer Wheat-Growing Areas 220 Etienne Duveiller, Monica Mezzalama, and Anne Legreve` Introduction 220 Nontraditional Warmer Growing Areas Where Fusarium Head Blight Occurs 221 Guidelines for Minimizing the Risk of Mycotoxins in Warmer Growing Areas: A Discussion 222 Conclusion 229 References 229 Chapter 16 Chemical Control of Fusarium Head Blight of Wheat 232 Akos´ Mesterhazy´ Introduction 232 Factors Influencing Fungicide Effect 233 Inoculum 233 Variety Resistance—Host Plant Traits 234 Climatic Factors 237 Yield Potential 237 Fungicides 238 Management Inputs 241 Conclusions 242 References 243 Chapter 17 Predicting Mycotoxin Contamination in Wheat 248 Erick de Wolf and Pierce A. Paul Introduction 248 Why Try to Predict Mycotoxin Contamination in Wheat? 248 Using Visual Estimates of Fusarium Head Blight or Fusarium Head Blight Prediction Models to Predict Deoxynivalenol Contamination 249 Comparison of Models Used to Predict Fusarium Head Blight and Deoxynivalenol Accumulation 250 Application of Prediction Models 252 Challenges in Developing Mycotoxin Prediction Models 252 Challenges in the Application of Mycotoxin Prediction Models 254 The Future of Modeling Mycotoxins in Wheat 255 Conclusions 255 Acknowledgments 255 References 255 Chapter 18 Good Postharvest Storage Practices for Wheat Grain 258 Naresh Magan, David Aldred, and Esther S. Baxter Introduction 258 Moisture Sorption Curves 259 Risks of Deoxynivalenol Contamination during Grain Storage 259 x CONTENTS Discussion