Evolução Do Veneno Em Cnidários Baseada Em Dados De Genomas E Proteomas

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Evolução Do Veneno Em Cnidários Baseada Em Dados De Genomas E Proteomas Adrian Jose Jaimes Becerra Evolução do veneno em cnidários baseada em dados de genomas e proteomas Venom evolution in cnidarians based on genomes and proteomes data São Paulo 2015 i Adrian Jose Jaimes Becerra Evolução do veneno em cnidários baseada em dados de genomas e proteomas Venom evolution in cnidarians based on genomes and proteomes data Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção de Título de Mestre em Ciências, na Área de Zoologia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Antonio C. Marques São Paulo 2015 ii Jaimes-Becerra, Adrian J. Evolução do veneno em cnidários baseada em dados de genomas e proteomas. 103 + VI páginas Dissertação (Mestrado) - Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Zoologia. 1. Veneno; 2. Evolução; 3. Proteoma. 4. Genoma I. Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Zoologia. Comissão Julgadora Prof(a) Dr(a) Prof(a) Dr(a) Prof. Dr. Antonio Carlos Marques iii Agradecimentos Eu gostaria de agradecer ao meu orientador Antonio C. Marques, pela confiança desde o primeiro dia e pela ajuda tanto pessoal como profissional durantes os dois anos de mestrado. Obrigado por todo. Ao CAPES, pela bolsa de mestrado concedida. Ao FAPESP pelo apoio financeiro durante minha estadia em Londres. Ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, pela estrutura oferecida durante a execução desde estudo. Ao Dr. Paul F. Long pelas conversas, por toda sua ajuda, por acreditar no meu trabalho. Aos colegas e amigos de Laboratório de Evolução Marinha (LEM), Jimena Garcia, María Mendoza, Thaís Miranda, Amanda Cunha, Karla Paresque, Marina Fernández, Fernanda Miyamura e Lucília Miranda, pela amizade, dicas e ajuda em tudo e por me fazer sentir em casa, muito obrigado mesmo! Aos meus amigos fora do laboratório, John, Soly, Chucho, Camila, Faride, Cesar, Angela, Camilo, Isa, Nathalia, Susana e Steffania, pelo apoio e por me fazer sentir em casa. Ao Adriana pelo grande apoio sempre e por me fazer feliz. Aos meus pais, irmãos e sobrinhos, pela ajuda e apoio em todos os momentos. Los llevaré en mis pensamientos donde quiera que esté. Gracias a todos. iv Índice Capítulo 1. Introdução Geral ..................................................................................................... 1 O VENENO NO REINO ANIMAL .......................................................................................... 1 O VENENO NOS CNIDÁRIOS ............................................................................................... 2 OBJETIVOS GERAIS DO ESTUDO ....................................................................................... 4 ORGANIZAÇÃO DA DISSERTAÇÃO .................................................................................. 4 REFERÊNCIAS ........................................................................................................................ 5 Capítulo 2. Comparative proteomics reveals common components of a powerful arsenal in the earliest animal venomous lineage, the cnidarians ............................................................ 10 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ 10 RESUMO ................................................................................................................................ 11 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 12 MATERIAL AND METHODS .............................................................................................. 14 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................... 16 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................... 17 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 23 FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ 34 TABLES .................................................................................................................................. 37 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL ......................................................................................... 39 Capítulo 3. Evidence of episodic positive selection in the evolution of jellyfish toxins (JFTs) of the cnidarian venom ............................................................................................................. 51 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ 51 RESUMO ................................................................................................................................ 52 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 52 MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................................ 54 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................... 55 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................... 56 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 60 FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ 65 TABLES .................................................................................................................................. 67 SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL ......................................................................................... 69 v CAPÍTULO 4. Gene duplications are extensive and contribute significantly to the toxic proteome of nematocysts isolated from Acropora digitifera (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Scleractinia) .............................................................................................................................. 71 ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ 71 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 72 RESULTS ............................................................................................................................... 76 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................... 78 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................... 83 METHODS ............................................................................................................................. 83 COMPETING INTERESTS ................................................................................................... 86 AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS ........................................................................................... 86 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................................... 87 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 87 FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ 94 TABLES .................................................................................................................................. 95 CAPÍTULO 5. Considerações Finais ....................................................................................... 99 REFERÊNCIAS .................................................................................................................... 100 Resumo ...................................................................................................................................... 102 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 103 vi CAPÍTULO 1 INTRODUÇÃO O VENENO NO REINO ANIMAL Animais venenosos têm sido tema de fascinação ao longo da história humana, evidentemente também pelo perigo inerente associado a esses organismos (Casewell et al., 2013; Arbuckle, 2015). Igualmente, animais venenosos têm sido o objeto de numerosos estudos científicos no último século, oferecendo uma visão interessante e por vezes única em diferentes áreas biológicas (Dutertre & Lewis, 2010; King, 2011; Harrison et al., 2011; Williams et al., 2011, Sunagar et al., 2015). O veneno é definido como uma secreção tóxica que causa lesão fisiológica, sendo transferido passiva ou ativamente de um organismo ao meio interno de outro organismo, por meio de mecanismos de liberação e lesão mecânica (Nelsen et al., 2013). Essa definição inclui animais considerados venenosos (por exemplo, escorpiões, serpentes, aranhas e cnidários), bem como animais que não têm sido tradicionalmente reconhecidos como tais (por exemplo, sanguessugas, carrapatos, morcegos hematófagos). Ao se reconhecer analogias evolutivas de recrutamento e utilização de toxinas por parte de todos esses
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