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65 Spring 2015 Interim Editor Newsletter of the FRIENDS OF THE FARLOW Deborah Smiley Number 65 Spring 2015 Interim Editor Trees and Treetops: A Study of Phylogeny and Natural History of the Orbiliomycetes in New England Valentìna Rodríguez, Harvard College, class of 2015 As a bright-eyed and bushy-tailed new student microscopic, sexually generated spores. These to the world of mycology I was shown a short fungi are reported in mesic habitats – moist, video clip last spring by Dr. mostly forest floor envi- Donald Pfister and post- ronments – and from dry doctoral researcher Dr. habitats of dead branches Rosanne Healy in which in living trees. Although the a fungus (Arthrobotrys sp.) group had been studied for formed ring-like traps and more than a hundred years then ensnared and digested by mycologists from around small roundworms (nema- the world it was not un- todes). I was interested in til Dr. Pfister’s 1997 paper understanding more. But to that the asexual and sexual do so and to explore these states of Orbilia were con- carnivorous fungi it became nected and verified through clear that I would also have field collections and cul- to understand the rather tural studies. This connec- tangled history of the class tion was a leap forward in Orbiliomycetes, which in- the understanding of the cludes Arthrobotrys and its A nematode entangled in hyphal loopes. life cycle of the Orbiliomy- close relatives. cetes and an upheaval in Orbiliomycetes (phylum Ascomycota, sub- the taxonomic relationships and the names used phylum Pezizomycotina) are cup fungi, produc- to identify these organisms. The nomenclature ing small reproductive structures that house the has yet to be resolved, but a German indepen- Friends of the Farlow Annual Meeting Saturday, November 7th See page 7 for details. 2 dent mycologist, Hans-Otto Baral, is working up a massive monographic study that will shed light on these nomenclatural and taxonomic questions. The phylogenetic relationships within the class are at present not well understood. Of the collec- tions that have been sequenced and published, only a handful have come from North America – almost all from the Pfister Lab at Harvard. Fur- thermore, nearly all of the collections from North America have been from downed wood in moist habitats. The lack of collections from xeric habitats from Northeastern North America led to several questions about the species living here: What Or- bilia species live in these dry habitats (e.g. trees)? Here, under magnification, are three apothecia of an Orbilia What is the relationship between the Orbilia spe- species that were formed in a community culture plate. cies that are known from moist habitats and the species from the treetops, a partially dry habitat? ing this information we were able to compare and Is it possible that the species living in the canopy contrast the relationships of the xeric tree dwell- habitat are participating in the carnivorous behav- ers to the mesic land dwellers. In addition to the ior seen in close relatives like Arthrobotrys? genetic comparison, morphological differences To start answering some of these questions, in the asexual spores (conidia) were studied. The I made collections of dead branches hanging in resulting phylogeny seemed to show two major trees from several local forest preserves in the groups. First, and maybe unsurprisingly, support greater Boston area. I collected almost exclusively was shown for a distinct clade of New England from white pine. After being held in moist cham- Orbilia species including both collections from bers the branches produced fruiting bodies of Or- this study as well as previous collections from the bilia species. From these wild collections cultures Pfister Lab. Second, we showed support for a sin- were prepared and sequences were generated. Us- gle lineage of predacious Orbilia species. The Y-shaped conidia of an Orbilia species in pure culture. 3 Another project was designed to better under- bilia species but to another fungus also growing stand what other organisms cohabit, with Orbilia in the plates. If true, this would mean that the ex- species, the canopy and branches and to assess periment using cultivated amoebae strains and our whether trapping behavior occurred. From the isolated Orbilia species would have failed even if branches on which we found Orbilia fruiting bod- all of the external conditions were met. ies, shavings of the tree bark were removed and As is always the case in scientific research there placed in sterile petri dishes with Corn Meal Agar is the need for further investigation. This would and allowed to grow undisturbed. These plates include expanded collecting efforts to include quickly showed a wide diversity of fungi, including both sexual and asexual states of Orbilia. The identities of these were in- vestigated by sequencing genomic DNA. The plates were also home to a healthy population of nematodes – as you might remember, these are the prey of choice for the “trapper fungi” like the one I had witnessed in the video. This information supported the possibility that the species living in habitats with little water (xeric habitats) had prey available. But, a large number of nematodes persisted in the petri dishes over many months perhaps indicating that trapping was not occur- ring or that it was at a very low level. The story of the carnivorous Orbilia of the treetops seemed to be ending but an alternative possibility still existed; could there be another prey organism? An exciting afternoon of discov- ery at the Farlow Herbarium revealed that there were also amoebae living in the community plates and it appeared Amoebae trapped by a fungus in a community plate culture. that hyphal traps (in this case peg-like Note hyphal pegs. structures) had caught and invaded the amoebae. This discovery renewed my (at that point, waning) belief that the canopy species wider geographic areas and different heights in the were carnivorous. Sadly, we have not been able canopy; investigation of the interplay, if any, be- to replicate this discovery experimentally. Likely tween mesic and xeric species; continued research our observations occurred under very specialized efforts to identify the amoebae species that are liv- environmental conditions during which chemi- ing in these habitats; and investigation of the pa- cal signals allowed the behavior to take place. To rameters that foster trapping behavior. Until then date we do not know the specifics of these condi- the biology of the treetop carnivores will remain tions, moreover we have not been able to replicate unknown, though it seems we are hot on the trail. in the laboratory the complex natural conditions found in the wild. Another possible explanation Pfister, D.H. 1997. Castor, Pollux and life histories of is that the observed hyphae belong not to the Or- Fungi. Mycologia 89 (1): 1-23.3 4 Long-Term Visiting Scholars “Glass Archive,” looks at the diatoms. He exam- ined slides from our extensive diatom collection Ongoing visitors are Teresa Iturriaga, Chang-lin with the eye to relating the slides to collection Zhao and Feng Xu. Three graduate students from activities and landscapes and the culture of the Pakistan are here, each spending six months in the diatomists. While here he was able to evaluate a lab. Malka Saba, University of Punjab, Lahore, is set of early ambrotypes of diatoms found in the working on ectomycorrhizal fungi in pine-domi- herbarium. These seem to be quite rare and are nated forests of Western Himalayas. Sana Jabeen early examples of the technique and perhaps the is also from the University of Punjab. Sana is earliest “photographs” of diatoms, dating from the 1860s. The discovery will be featured in a fu- ture newsletter. Farewell & Best of Luck Rosanne Healy, who was a post-doctoral fellow and lec- turer here for the past two years, has moved on to the University of Florida where she is working with Matthew Smith, Assistant Professor Some of our visitors: (from the left) Sana Jabeen, Malka at the University of Florida, Saba, Feng Xu, Shah Hussain and Chang-lin Zhao who was also a former Farlow Rosanne Healy at post-doc. work in the Farlow studying the ectomycorrhizal fungal communi- ties associated with Himalayan cedar in Pakistan. Shah Hussain is a student at Hazara University Undergraduate Research Activity and the University of Punjab. He is working on Three undergraduate students have been active in phylogenetic studies of Basidiomycota from a re- the Farlow in the last year. gion in Pakistan. Teresa Iturriaga continues her work on Venezuelan fungi and other projects. Valentìna Rodriguez has reported here on her work with the Orbiliomycetes. This work was the Visitors & Researchers foundation of her senior thesis. Giuliana Furci, founder of the NGO Fundación Tristan Wang continues his work on the genus Fungi spent three weeks in February studying Herpomyces (Laboulbeniales) and their cockroach and learning about fungi at the Farlow. She has hosts and he presented findings at the New Eng- been an advocate for fungal conservation and has land Botanical Club Conference held at Smith worked to see that environmental legislation in College in Northampton, Massachusetts on June Chile specifically includes fungi. She is author of 6, 2015. His paper, co-authored with Danny Guía de Campo: Hongos de Chile. This is a well-il- Haelewaters and Donald H. Pfister is titled “Her- lustrated and practical guide to the fungi of Chile. pomyces chaetophilus, a New Record of Laboulbe- niales for North America.” Among our visitors was Wayne Barrar, As- sociate Professor, Whiti o Rehua School of Art, Jack Stevenson, is spending 10 weeks in Chile Massey University in New Zealand. His project, working as an intern with the Fundación Fungi. 5 Travels & Conferences other travels Dan- ny Haelewaters The Farlow was well represented at the 2nd Inter- went to the Phila- national Ascomycete Symposium that was held in delphia Botanical Amsterdam at the end of April.
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