Mycological Society of America

Two Anamorphs from auricolor Author(s): Donald H. Pfister and Michael E. Liftik Source: Mycologia, Vol. 87, No. 5 (Sep. - Oct., 1995), pp. 684-688 Published by: Mycological Society of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3760812 Accessed: 03-10-2016 14:51 UTC

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This content downloaded from 140.247.98.12 on Mon, 03 Oct 2016 14:51:46 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Mycologia, 87(5), 1995, pp. 684-688. ? 1995, by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458-5126

Two Arthrobotrys anamorphs from Orbilia auricolor

Donald H. Pfister porium Oudem. (Rubner and Baral, pers. comm.), An- Michael E. Liftik guillospora Ingold (Webster and Descals, 1979) and an Farlow Herbarium, Harvard University, 20 Divinity unnamed (Haines and Egger, 1982). In this pa? Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 per we report that two Arthrobotrys species were iso? lated from ascospores of two specimens of members of the genus Orbilia. Both specimens used in this study Abstract: Cultures derived from ascospores of two are referable to 0. auricolor sensu Spooner (1987), a collections both referable to Orbilia auricolor produced taxon which has frequently been known under the anamorphs which were assigned to Arthrobotrys cladodes name 0. curvatispora Boud. Our report highlights not var. macroides and A. oligospora var. oligospora. These only the connection of Orbilia species with Arthrobotrys morphologically distinct isolates formed - but also the taxonomic confusion in the genus Orbilia. capturing hyphal networks when were present. Descriptions of the Arthrobotrys isolates are MATERIALS AND METHODS given. At least one other nematophagous hyphomy- cete is connected with a teleomorph that can be re- Ascospore deposits were obtained from the following ferred to 0. auricolor suggesting that 0. auricolor is not ascomatal specimens: on decorticated wood from a a single entity but a species complex. swampy area, Purgatory Tract, Westwood, Massachu? Key Words: Arthrobotrys, , nematopha? setts, July 1994, Pfister and Liftik (culture no. 90), and on a crustose lichen on a rock that had been gous, Orbilia incubated in a moist chamber (culture nos. 45 and 55). Voucher specimens are deposited in FH. INTRODUCTION Whole fresh ascomata were attached to petri plate tops using petroleum jelly and placed over malt ex- Pfister (1994) reported an Arthrobotrys Corda tract-yeast ana? extract agar (MEYE) (Lilly and Barnett, morph of Orbilia fimicola Jeng & J. C. Krug 1951). and Ascospores re- were discharged within 24 h, and viewed the earlier literature in which Orbilia shortFr. species germ tubes developed after 2-7 days. Stock cul? had been indirectly implicated in the life historytures were of maintained on potato-dextrose agar (BBL Arthrobotrys species. More recently, Rubner and11550), Baral cornmeal agar (BBL 11132) and MEYE. Cul? (1994 pers. comm.) reported that a culture turesof the observed ne? in the study were stored at room tem? matophagous psychrophilum perature (Drechs? in ambient light. ler) R. C. Cooke & C. H. Dickinson produced To determinea dis- trap formation, petri plates contain? comycete in culture which they identified ingas cornmealOrbilia agar were inoculated and the was auricolor (A. Bloxam ex Berk. & Broome) Sacc. allowed To date,to grow to the margins of the plate. Living six genera of have been reported nematodes to be(Cephalobus sp., Carolina Biological Supply connected to Orbilia species: Harkn. L 278), (Ber-maintained on potato plugs in distilled water, thet, 1964; Korf, 1992), Arthrobotrys (Pfister, were1994), looped Dac- onto a microscope slide, mixed with one tylella Grove (Thakur and Zachariah, 1989), orMonacros- two drops of water and then added to the plates. Plates were examined directly under a compound mi? Accepted for publication May 1, 1995. croscope at 100-200 x.

FlGS. 1-6. Microscopic features illustrated from cultures on MEYE of var. oligospora (culture no. 45) and A. cladodes var. macroides (culture no. 90). 1-3. A. oligospora var. oligospora. 1. Trap formed in nematode in? fested culture. 2. Conidia and conidiogenous cell. 3. Various conidiogenous cells and developing conidia. 4-6. A. cladodes var. macroides. 4. Conidia and conidiogenous cells. 5. Chlamydospore. 6. Conidiogenous cells and developing conidia. Scale = 16 /mi.

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This content downloaded from 140.247.98.12 on Mon, 03 Oct 2016 14:51:46 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Pfister and Liftik: Orbilia auricolor Anamorphs 685

This content downloaded from 140.247.98.12 on Mon, 03 Oct 2016 14:51:46 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 686 Mycologia

For slide culture, the surface ofthe a medium.microscope On CMA growth is uniform slide, cover slip, glass support rod, but sparse,and remaining Whatman white. Conidiophores erect, no. with 1 (7-cm) filter paper were placed whorlsin ofa conidia. glass Conidia blastic,petri hologenous, plate 14-28 and autoclaved. A sterile 2-cm x 10-14square ixm, obovoid, of one septate, CMA often constricted was placed on the micro? scope slide. Twoat the septum, small the proximal cellamounts smaller than the distal of each Arthrobotrys culture were cell. transferredConidia basipetally produced, at severalto closelythe edges of the CMA blocks. The spacedblocks loci, on somewhat were inflated areasthen of the coni? topped with the cover slip. The filter diogenous paper cells; secession was is schizolytic, moistened leaving pro- with 2 ml of sterile water. Observations tuberant, open, unthickened denticleswere with frills. made Con? after 3-6 days of growth after idiogenous which cells are indeterminant, they persistent,were with refrigerated and peri- odically examined. hologenous sympodial, resumptive proliferation. Photographs Cultures were with nematodes taken producing using three-celled an Olympus BH-2 microscope with rings singly orbright aggregated into multidimensionalfield and net? Nomarski optics. works (Figs. 1, 7-9). Many traps formed within 12 h; nearly all the nematodes were trapped within 3 h. RESULTS

Both collections of ascomata used in this study could Arthrobotrys cladodes Drechsler var. macroides Drechsler be referred to Orbilia auricolor using currently avail- (culture no. 90). Figs. 4-6, 10-12 able keys (Spooner, 1987; Korf, 1992) and an unpub- lished study guide prepared by O. H. Baral. Orbilia Ascospores germinated within 4 days. Cultures on auricolor is characterized as follows: Ascomata MEYE up to white becoming pale tan, forming hyphal strands 1 mm diam, yellow to orange, pulvinate to turbinate; on surface and cottony patches, remaining white. On asci eight-spored, 30-40 x 3-4 /im, cylindric, CMAJ-, ta- growth is sparse, remaining white. Conidio? pered toward the base and often forked, at the phores apex erect, branching, not proliferating; each branch truncate without an obvious pore; ascospores curved,terminating in a loose whorl of conidia. Conidia blast? narrowly clavate, broad and rounded at one end, ic, nar-hologenous, 18-20 x 6-8 um, elongate ellipsoid, rowing to an acute point at the other end, nonseptate with a single septum, the cells nearly equal, without containing a single inclusion which stains intensely constrictions in at the septa. Conidia basipetally pro? cresyl blue, 8-12.5 x 0.9-1.5 /mi; paraphyses branch?duced at several closely spaced loci on a sometimes ing below, abruptly swelling to become capitate inflated, above often distorted, terminal area of the conidi? reaching a diameter of 3-3.5 /mi; excipulum ogenousof an- cell; secession schizolytic, leaving a slight pro- gular cells. tuberant, unthickened, open denticle with a slight frill. The anamorphs derived from the collections used Conidiogenous cell determinant, persistent. here belong to different species of Arthrobotrys based Cultures with nematodes normally produced three- on the published accounts of the genus by Cooke and celled rings singly or proliferating to produce multi? Godfrey (1964), Haard (1968) and van Oorschot (1985). dimensional networks (Figs. 10-12). Traps produced Culture nos. 45 and 55, derived from the material on within 12 h, somewhat sparsely produced. the crustose lichen, were referred to A. oligospora Fre- sen. var. oligospora. Culture no. 90, derived from an DISCUSSION Orbilia collected on decayed wood, produced an ana? morph referable to A. cladodes Drechsler var. macroides That collections of seemingly the same teleomorph Drechsler. Descriptions of the anamorphs follow: produce morphologically distinct anamorphs strongly suggests that current concepts of Orbilia auricolor need critical reevaluation and that a complex of species is Arthrobotrys oligospora Fresen. var. oligospora (culture nos. 45 and 55). Figs. 1-3,7-9 represented. The two collections from which cultures were derived do differ slightly in ascomatal color and Ascospores germinated after 2-3 shape.days. Ascomata Cultures that on gave rise to A. oligospora var. MEYE at first white becoming rose withinoligospora 1 wk,were growth white or pale tan, were broadly at- cottony in places with hyphal strands tached forming to the substrate across and broadly turbinate. Asco-

Figs. 7-12. Trapped nematodes and trapping structures produced in nematode infested cultures of A. oligospora var. oligospora (culture no. 45) and A. cladodes var. macroides (culture no. 90). 7-9. A. oligospora var. oligospora showing traps and trapped nematodes at various stages. Fig. 7, x 100; Fig. 8, x200; FlG. 9. x400. 10-12. A. cladodes var. macroides showing traps and a trapped nematode Figs. 10 and 12, x200; Fig. 11, x400.

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This content downloaded from 140.247.98.12 on Mon, 03 Oct 2016 14:51:46 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 688 Mycologia mata that gave Cooke, R. C,rise and B. E. S. Godfrey.to 1964.A. A keycladodes to the var. macroides were yellow to orange nematode-destroying and fungi. Trans. were Brit. Mycol. Soc. 47:centrally attached and len- 61-74. ticular. No type or authentic material of 0. auricolor or of the several Haard, K. 1968. Taxonomic synonyms studies on the genus Arthro? listed by Spooner (1987) was examined botrys and, Corda. Mycologia 60:since 1140-1159. fresh material is essential for Haines, J. H., and K. N. Egger. 1982. A new species of accurate identification of species of Orbilia, such stud? Orbilia from Canada. Mycotaxon 16: 107-113. ies would be inconclusive. In addition to the present Korf, R. P. 1992. A preliminary discomycete flora of Ma- report, Rubner cronesia: Part 8,and . Mycotaxon Baral 45: 503-510. (pers. comm.) found that Monacrosporium Lilly, V. G, and H. L. Barnett.psychrophilum 1951. Physiology ofthe fungi. produced in culture a discomycete McGraw-Hill, also New York. referable 464 pp. to 0. auricolor. Further evaluation of Pfister, D.the H. 1994. Orbiliafmicola, morphology a nematophagous dis? of these teleomorphic taxa will be necessary comycete and its Arthrobotrys anamorph. Mycologiato 86: fully resolve the entities in this complex. 451-453. Spooner, B. M. 1987. Helotiales of Australasia: Geoglos- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS saceae, Orbiliaceae, Sclerotiniaceae, Hyaloscyphaceae. Biblioth. Mycol. 116: 5-711. Several reviewers helped in the formulation of this Thakur, paper inS., and K. Zachariah. 1989. Response ofthe fun? its present state among whom I wish to thank Amy Rossmangus rhopalota to bacteria. Pl. & Soil 120: 87- and Richard Humber. This work has been supported 93. in part from a research fund established by a former student van Oorschot, of the C. A. N. 1985. of the Dactylaria senior author who though wishing to remain anonymous complex, V. A review of Arthrobotrys and allied genera. may nonetheless be thanked publicly. Stud. Mycol. 26: 61-96. Webster, J., and E. Descals. 1979. The teleomorphs of

LITERATURE CITED water-borne Hyphomycetes from fresh water. Pp. 419- 451. In: The whole fungus. Ed., Bryce Kendrick. National Berthet, P. 1964. Formes conidiennes de divers discomy- Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of cetes. Bull. Soc. Mycol. France 80: 125-149. Canada, Ottawa, Canada.

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