DOCSLIB.ORG

Leptographium Wageneri

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Leptographium Wageneri Leptographium wageneri back stain root disease Dutch elm disease and Scolytus multistriatus DED caused the death of millions of elms in Europe and North America from around 1920 through the present Dutch Elm Disease epidemics in North America Originally thought one species of Ophiostoma, O. ulmi with 3 different races Now two species are recognized, O. ulmi and O. novo-ulmi, and two subspecies of O. novo-ulmi Two nearly simultaneous introductions in North America and Europe 1920s O. ulmi introduced from Europe, spread throughout NA, but caused little damage to native elm trees either in NA or Europe 1950s, simultaneous introductions of O. novo-ulmi, Great Lakes area of US and Moldova-Ukraine area of Europe. North American and Europe subspecies are considered distinct. 1960 NA race introduced to Europe via Canada. By 1970s much damage to US/Canada elms killed throughout eastern and central USA O. novo-ulmi has gradually replaced O. ulmi in both North America and Europe more fit species replacing a less fit species O. novo-ulmi able to capture greater proportion of resource O. novo-ulmi probably more adapted to cooler climate than O. ulmi During replacement, O. ulmi and O. novo-ulmi occur in close proximity and can hybridize. Hybrids are not competitive, but may allow gene flow from O. ulmi to O. novo-ulmi by introgression: Backcrossing of hybrids of two plant populations to introduce new genes into a wild population Vegetative compatibility genes heterogenic incompatibility multiple loci prevents spread of cytoplasmic viruses O. novo-ulmi arrived as a single vc type, but rapidly acquired both new vc loci AND virus, probably from hybridizing with O. ulmi. In New Zealand, only O. novo-ulmi introduced and has remained only a single VC group. O. ulmi may have earlier hybridized with native O. quercus and obtained virus and vc genes in a similar way. In Europe, where both subspecies of O. novo-ulmi occur and have overlapping distributions, hybridization is occurring and probably leading to accelerated evolution in the pathogen population Ambrosia beetles, ambrosia fungi Adult beetles bore into the xylem of recently killed trees, often very soon after tree death, before fungi have colonized the dead wood. Fungi are carried in a specialized organ, a mycangium, inoculates walls of tunnel as female bores in. When eggs hatch, larvae feed on the fungi lining the tunnels. Fungi are various species, not as specific as the termite or ant fungi mainly ascomycetous yeasts, Dipodascus, Ambrosiella, Ambrosiozyma Also other anamorphic ascomycetes, some basidiomycetes mycangium with fungi Laboulbeniales about 2000 spp., 140 genera exclusive parasites on the exoskeletons of insects, some arachnids Thallus a stroma with perithecial ascomata monoecious species (antheridia and perithecia formed on same thallus) dioecous species (antheridia and perithecia on different thalli) Perithecia have trichogynes that receive spermatia from antheridia Very high degree of host specificity Occur on specific insects, specific insect parts Some species have been reported to be specific to particular sexes of host insects Roland Thaxter (Harvard) studied the Laboulbeniales and described 103 genera and 1,250 species 1896-1931 Laboulbeniaceae Monoecious both ascogonia and antheridia Dioecious female thallus ascogonia male thallus antheridia Left. Male Laccophilus copulating with female in a parallel orientation, resulting in positions 1a to 1b and 2a to 2b to be misaligned. Right. Male oriented in a diagonal, as observed in video footage, resulting in the alignment of all positions. 1a. C. uncinatus, 1b. C. simplex. 2a. C. lichanophorus, 2b. C. affinis. 3a. C. hyalinus, 3b. C. marginatus. 4a. C. appendiculatus, 4b. C. dentifer. 5a. C. spiniger, 5b. C. rhyncostoma, 6a. C. unciger, 6b. C. paradoxus. Hosts of Laboulbeniales Laboulbenialean host distribution is more restricted than has been appreciated previously. Not all insects serve as hosts and, although beetles are the most frequent host group, not all beetle groups serve as hosts. Hexapoda (90% of the known species of Laboulbeniales have been found only on adult beetles or flies, mainly the former. Within the major host group, Coleoptera, only 12 of the 24 currently recognized superfamilies of beetles have been reported as hosts for these fungi). Blattoidea (cockroaches and allies) Coleoptera (beetles) Dermaptera (earwigs) Diptera (true flies) Heteroptera (bugs) Hymenoptera Formicidae (ants) Isoptera (termites) Mallophaga (bird lice) Orthoptera (crickets and allies) Thysanoptera (thrips) Acarina (mites) Diplopoda (millipedes) Predaceous Fungi Fungi that capture microscopic animals—nematodes and rotifers Various hyphal modifications adapted for capturing Endoparasitic Fungi Specialized parasites of rotifers, nematodes, amoebae Both are polyphyletic, nutritional/ecological groups Predaceous fungi include members of Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Zygomycota Endoparasitic fungi include Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, and Oomycota Orbiliomycetes nematode trapping fungi Like Nematoctonus (Hymenomycetes) wood inhabiting, nematodes a source of N Nematode trapping anamorphs only recently connected to teleomorphs based on DNA sequences Nematode capturing fungi mechanisms Adhesive hyphae – Zygomycetes: Cystopage, Stylopage Adhesive branches – Ascomycota: Dactylella Adhesive nets – Ascomycota: Arthrobotrys Adhesive knobs – Ascomycota: Arthrobotrys, and Basidiomycota: Nematoctonus Constricting and non-constricting rings – Ascomycota: Arthrobotrys, Dactylella Nematicides – Basidiomycota: Pleurotus Several genera like Dactylella include species that capture nematodes by different methods D. copepodii has adhesive branches, D. brochopaga has constricting rings, Arthrobotrys species have adhesive knobs, adhesive nets, non constricting and constricting rings Adhesive branches: Dactylella (Orbiliomycetes) non constricting rings, Arthrobotrys candida and Dactylella arcuata (also adhesive conidia) non constricting ring species also make adhesiveknobs Adhesive knobs readily break off but function as spores capable of infecting through the nematode cuticle. Predaceous fungi Constricting rings Arthrobotrys anconia Traps are formed immediately after conidium germination Rapid expansion of constricting ring Cells of the unexpanded trap have a preformed equatorial weakness joining a fold of cell wall. Upon mechanical stimulation, the weak portion of the wall breaks causing the cell to expand to 3X cell volume. The three times increase in volume of the ring cells must result in a three times decrease in osmotic pressure of the ring cells at the time of expansion. So initial pressure in the trap cells not sufficient to crush the tode immediately. thin portion of wall preformed wall There is a rapid conversion of reserve materials (glycogen) to glucose in the rings cells to allow the OP of the cell to recover. When the OP of the rings cells exceeds that of the nematode cells then the nematode wall will collapse and the body will be constricted. In its struggles to escape the nematode will often put its tail into a second ring and be held immobile. Once captured, the rings cells will germinate and invasive hyphae penetrate into the living body of the nematode, grow throughout the body and digest the contents. This will be accomplished within 12-24 hours. Adhesive nets formed by Arthrobotrys oligospora A nematode trapped in an adhesive net Endoparasitic fungi Generally do not develop extensive thallus outside the host, spores (conidia) the only form independent of the host All phyla of fungi except Glomeromycota have endoparasitic forms on nematodes etc. Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Oomycota Adhesive conidia of Drechmeria coniospora (anamorphic Clavicipitaceae) Endoparasites Harposporium conidia adapted for ingestion, lodge in the buccal cavity .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Biology and Management of the Dutch Elm Disease Vector, Hylurgopinus Rufipes Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Manitoba By
    Biology and Management of the Dutch Elm Disease Vector, Hylurgopinus rufipes Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Manitoba by Sunday Oghiakhe A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of The University of Manitoba in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Entomology University of Manitoba Winnipeg Copyright © 2014 Sunday Oghiakhe Abstract Hylurgopinus rufipes, the native elm bark beetle (NEBB), is the major vector of Dutch elm disease (DED) in Manitoba. Dissections of American elms (Ulmus americana), in the same year as DED symptoms appeared in them, showed that NEBB constructed brood galleries in which a generation completed development, and adult NEBB carrying DED spores would probably leave the newly-symptomatic trees. Rapid removal of freshly diseased trees, completed by mid-August, will prevent spore-bearing NEBB emergence, and is recommended. The relationship between presence of NEBB in stained branch sections and the total number of NEEB per tree could be the basis for methods to prioritize trees for rapid removal. Numbers and densities of overwintering NEBB in elm trees decreased with increasing height, with >70% of the population overwintering above ground doing so in the basal 15 cm. Substantial numbers of NEBB overwinter below the soil surface, and could be unaffected by basal spraying. Mark-recapture studies showed that frequency of spore bearing by overwintering beetles averaged 45% for the wild population and 2% for marked NEBB released from disease-free logs. Most NEBB overwintered close to their emergence site, but some traveled ≥4.8 km before wintering. Studies comparing efficacy of insecticides showed that chlorpyrifos gave 100% control of overwintering NEBB for two years as did bifenthrin: however, permethrin and carbaryl provided transient efficacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Bark Beetles
    Bark Beetles O & T Guide [O-#03] Carol A. Sutherland Extension and State Entomologist Cooperative Extension Service z College of Agriculture and Home Economics z October 2006 Although New Mexico bark beetle adults are In monogamous species such as the Douglas small, rarely exceeding 1/3 inch in length, they fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, the are very capable of killing even the largest female bores the initial gallery into the host host trees with a mass assault, girdling them or tree, releases pheromones attractive to her inoculating them with certain lethal pathogens. species and accepts one male as her mate. Some species routinely attack the trunks and major limbs of their host trees, other bark beetle species mine the twigs of their hosts, pruning and weakening trees and facilitating the attack of other tree pests. While many devastating species of bark beetles are associated with New Mexico conifers, other species favor broadleaf trees and can be equally damaging. Scientifically: Bark beetles belong to the insect order Coleoptera and the family Scolytidae. Adult “engraver beetle” in the genus Ips. The head is on the left; note the “scooped out” area Metamorphosis: Complete rimmed by short spines on the rear of the Mouth Parts: Chewing (larvae and adults) beetle, a common feature for members of this Pest Stages: Larvae and adults. genus. Photo: USDA Forest Service Archives, USDA Forest Service, www.forestryimages.org Typical Life Cycle: Adult bark beetles are strong fliers and are highly receptive to scents In polygamous species such as the pinyon bark produced by damaged or stressed host trees as beetle, Ips confusus, the male bores a short well as communication pheromones produced nuptial chamber into the host’s bark, releases by other members of their species.
    [Show full text]
  • Dutch Elm Disease Pathogen Transmission by the Banded Elm Bark Beetle Scolytus Schevyrewi
    For. Path. 43 (2013) 232–237 doi: 10.1111/efp.12023 © 2013 Blackwell Verlag GmbH Dutch elm disease pathogen transmission by the banded elm bark beetle Scolytus schevyrewi By W. R. Jacobi1,3, R. D. Koski1 and J. F. Negron2 1Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; 2U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest Research Station, Fort Collins, CO USA; 3E-mail: [email protected] (for correspondence) Summary Dutch Elm Disease (DED) is a vascular wilt disease of Ulmus species (elms) incited in North America primarily by the exotic fungus Ophios- toma novo-ulmi. The pathogen is transmitted via root grafts and elm bark beetle vectors, including the native North American elm bark beetle, Hylurgopinus rufipes and the exotic smaller European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus. The banded elm bark beetle, Scolytus schevyrewi, is an exotic Asian bark beetle that is now apparently the dominant elm bark beetle in the Rocky Mountain region of the USA. It is not known if S. schevyrewi will have an equivalent vector competence or if management recommendations need to be updated. Thus the study objectives were to: (i) determine the type and size of wounds made by adult S. schevyrewi on branches of Ulmus americana and (ii) determine if adult S. schevyrewi can transfer the pathogen to American elms during maturation feeding. To determine the DED vectoring capability of S. schevyrewi, newly emerged adults were infested with spores of Ophiostoma novo-ulmi and then placed with either in-vivo or in-vitro branches of American elm trees.
    [Show full text]
  • Distribution of Methionine Sulfoxide Reductases in Fungi and Conservation of the Free- 2 Methionine-R-Sulfoxide Reductase in Multicellular Eukaryotes
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.26.433065; this version posted February 27, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 Distribution of methionine sulfoxide reductases in fungi and conservation of the free- 2 methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase in multicellular eukaryotes 3 4 Hayat Hage1, Marie-Noëlle Rosso1, Lionel Tarrago1,* 5 6 From: 1Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR1163, INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, 7 Marseille, France. 8 *Correspondence: Lionel Tarrago ([email protected]) 9 10 Running title: Methionine sulfoxide reductases in fungi 11 12 Keywords: fungi, genome, horizontal gene transfer, methionine sulfoxide, methionine sulfoxide 13 reductase, protein oxidation, thiol oxidoreductase. 14 15 Highlights: 16 • Free and protein-bound methionine can be oxidized into methionine sulfoxide (MetO). 17 • Methionine sulfoxide reductases (Msr) reduce MetO in most organisms. 18 • Sequence characterization and phylogenomics revealed strong conservation of Msr in fungi. 19 • fRMsr is widely conserved in unicellular and multicellular fungi. 20 • Some msr genes were acquired from bacteria via horizontal gene transfers. 21 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.26.433065; this version posted February 27, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Nematode-Trapping Cells of Predatory Fungi of the Orbiliaceae Based on Evidence from Rrna-Encoding DNA and Multiprotein Sequences
    Evolution of nematode-trapping cells of predatory fungi of the Orbiliaceae based on evidence from rRNA-encoding DNA and multiprotein sequences Ying Yang†‡, Ence Yang†‡, Zhiqiang An§, and Xingzhong Liu†¶ †Key Laboratory of Systematic Mycology and Lichenology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences 3A Datun Rd, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China; ‡Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; and §Merck Research Laboratories, WP26A-4000, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486-0004 Communicated by Joan Wennstrom Bennett, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, March 27, 2007 (received for review October 28, 2006) Among fungi, the basic life strategies are saprophytism, parasitism, These trapping devices all capture nematodes by means of an and predation. Fungi in Orbiliaceae (Ascomycota) prey on animals adhesive layer covering part or all of the device surfaces. The by means of specialized trapping structures. Five types of trapping constricting ring (CR), the fifth and most sophisticated trapping devices are recognized, but their evolutionary origins and diver- device (Fig. 1D) captures prey in a different way. When a gence are not well understood. Based on comprehensive phylo- nematode enters a CR, the three ring cells are triggered to swell genetic analysis of nucleotide sequences of three protein-coding rapidly inwards and firmly lasso the victim within 1–2 sec. genes (RNA polymerase II subunit gene, rpb2; elongation factor 1-␣ Phylogenetic analysis of ribosomal RNA gene sequences indi- ␣ gene, ef1- ; and ß tubulin gene, bt) and ribosomal DNA in the cates that fungi possessing the same trapping device are in the internal transcribed spacer region, we have demonstrated that the same clade (3, 8–11).
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Trap Color on Captures of Bark- and Wood-Boring Beetles
    insects Article Effect of Trap Color on Captures of Bark- and Wood-Boring Beetles (Coleoptera; Buprestidae and Scolytinae) and Associated Predators Giacomo Cavaletto 1,*, Massimo Faccoli 1, Lorenzo Marini 1 , Johannes Spaethe 2 , Gianluca Magnani 3 and Davide Rassati 1,* 1 Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Viale dell’Università, 16–35020 Legnaro, Italy; [email protected] (M.F.); [email protected] (L.M.) 2 Department of Behavioral Physiology & Sociobiology, Biozentrum, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; [email protected] 3 Via Gianfanti 6, 47521 Cesena, Italy; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (G.C.); [email protected] (D.R.); Tel.: +39-049-8272875 (G.C.); +39-049-8272803 (D.R.) Received: 9 October 2020; Accepted: 28 October 2020; Published: 30 October 2020 Simple Summary: Several wood-associated insects are inadvertently introduced every year within wood-packaging materials used in international trade. These insects can cause impressive economic and ecological damage in the invaded environment. Thus, several countries use traps baited with pheromones and plant volatiles at ports of entry and surrounding natural areas to intercept incoming exotic species soon after their arrival and thereby reduce the likelihood of their establishment. In this study, we investigated the performance of eight trap colors in attracting jewel beetles and bark and ambrosia beetles to test if the trap colors currently used in survey programs worldwide are the most efficient for trapping these potential forest pests. In addition, we tested whether trap colors can be exploited to minimize inadvertent removal of their natural enemies.
    [Show full text]
  • Diversity of Nematode Destroying Fungi and Nematode
    DIVERSITY OF NEMATODE DESTROYING FUNGI AND NEMATODE COMMUNITY IN SELECTED VEGETABLE GROWING AREAS IN KENYA Juliana Mwende Muindi, BEd.Sc, Catholic University of Eastern Africa REG No: 156/64095/2010 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of Master of Science degree in Microbiology SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2013 DECLARATION This is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in this or any other university. Signature………………………. Date……………………………….. ……… Ms. Juliana Mwende Muindi This thesis has been submitted with our approval as the university supervisors. Signature………………………. Date……………………………………… 1. DR. P.M.WACHIRA SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI Signature………………………. Date……………………………………… 2. PROF.SHEILA OKOTH SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI i DEDICATION I dedicate this study to my parents; Mr. Jackson Muindi and Mrs. Florence Kanini who have been a source of inspiration and for their love, moral and financial support throughout my study. May God always bless you. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I express my gratitude and appreciation to my dad and mum for their love, encouragement and financial support. My brothers, especially Daniel Muindi and my only sister Margaret Muindi who have always been there to lend a helping hand during my study. I also wish to thank my supervisors; Dr. Peter Wachira and Prof. Sheila Okoth who have tireless guided me through the whole exercise and the moral support accorded to me in the course of carrying out this research was a great inspirational. Above all I thank the Almighty God for His guidance and love that has enabled me to go through with my study despite trying moments.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Characteristics and Adhesion Activity of a Novel Protein ADP1 of Arthrobotrys Oligospora to Nematodes
    INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE & BIOLOGY ISSN Print: 1560–8530; ISSN Online: 1814–9596 20–1468/2021/25–6–1249–1254 DOI: 10.17957/IJAB/15.1786 http://www.fspublishers.org Full Length Article Molecular Characteristics and Adhesion Activity of a Novel Protein ADP1 of Arthrobotrys oligospora to Nematodes Li Jie1†, Chen Shuangqing1†, Li Zhiyuan1†, Wang Lixia1, Shang Yunxia1, Gong Shasha1, Xiao Chencheng1, Zhang Kai1, Zhang Xingxing2, Cai Xuepeng3, Qiao Jun1 and Meng Qingling1* 1College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, P. R. China 2Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Research, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural and Reclamation Science, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832003, P. R. China 3State Key Lab of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, P. R. China *For correspondence: [email protected] †Contributed equally to this work and are co-first authors Received 15 October 2020; Accepted 02 March 2021; Published 10 May 2021 Abstract Adhesion is a crucial step for nematode-trapping fungi (NTF) predating nematodes. To investigate the function of a novel protein ADP1 in nematode-trapping process, ADP1 gene of a representative NTF-Arthrobotrys oligospora was cloned and the molecular characteristics of this protein were analyzed. Then, the GFP chimeric ADP1 (ADP1-GFP) was generated in a GFP expression vector and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and the recombinant ADP1-GFP (reADP1-GFP) was purified. Incubation of reADP1-GFP with J3 larvae of Caenorhabditis elegans and Haemonchus contortus showed that reADP1-GFP could adhere nematodes with the strongest adhesion ability at 25°C, while the reADP1-GFP treated by trypsin completely lost the adhesion ability.
    [Show full text]
  • Elm Bark Beetles Native and Introduced Bark Beetles of Elm
    Elm Bark Beetles Native and introduced bark beetles of elm Name and Description—Native elm bark beetle—Hylurgopinus rufipes Eichhoff Smaller European elm bark beetle—Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham) Banded elm bark beetle—S. schevyrewi Semenov [Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae] Three species of bark beetles are associated with elms in the United States: (1) the native elm bark beetle (fig. 1) occurs in Canada and south through the Lake States to Alabama and Mississippi, including Kansas and Nebraska; (2) the introduced smaller European elm bark beetle (fig.2) occurs through- out the United States; and (3) the introduced banded elm bark beetle (fig. 3) is common in western states and is spreading into states east of the Missis- sippi River. Both the smaller European elm bark beetle and the banded elm bark beetle were introduced into the United States from Europe and Asia, respectively. Hylurgopinus rufipes adults are approximately 1/12-1/10 inch (2.2-2.5 mm) long; Scolytus multistriatus adults are approximately 1/13-1/8 inch (1.9-3.1 mm) long; and S. schevyrewi adults are approximately 1/8-1/6 inch (3-4 mm) long. The larvae are white, legless grubs. Hosts—Hosts for the native elm bark beetle include the various native elm Figure 1. Native elm bark beetle. Photo: J.R. species in the United States and Canada, while the introduced elm bark Baker and S.B. Bambara, North Carolina State University, Bugwood.org. beetles also infest introduced species of elms, such as English, Japanese, and Siberian elms. American elm is the primary host tree for the native elm bark beetle.
    [Show full text]
  • Castor, Pollux and Life Histories of Fungi'
    Mycologia, 89(1), 1997, pp. 1-23. ? 1997 by The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10458-5126 Issued 3 February 1997 Castor, Pollux and life histories of fungi' Donald H. Pfister2 1982). Nonetheless we have been indulging in this Farlow Herbarium and Library and Department of ritual since the beginning when William H. Weston Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard (1933) gave the first presidential address. His topic? University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 Roland Thaxter of course. I want to take the oppor- tunity to talk about the life histories of fungi and especially those we have worked out in the family Or- Abstract: The literature on teleomorph-anamorph biliaceae. As a way to focus on the concepts of life connections in the Orbiliaceae and the position of histories, I invoke a parable of sorts. the family in the Leotiales is reviewed. 18S data show The ancient story of Castor and Pollux, the Dios- that the Orbiliaceae occupies an isolated position in curi, goes something like this: They were twin sons relationship to the other members of the Leotiales of Zeus, arising from the same egg. They carried out which have so far been studied. The following form many heroic exploits. They were inseparable in life genera have been studied in cultures derived from but each developed special individual skills. Castor ascospores of Orbiliaceae: Anguillospora, Arthrobotrys, was renowned for taming and managing horses; Pol- Dactylella, Dicranidion, Helicoon, Monacrosporium, lux was a boxer. Castor was killed and went to the Trinacrium and conidial types that are referred to as being Idriella-like.
    [Show full text]
  • Division: Zygomycota
    Division: Zygomycota Zygomycota members are characterized by primitive coenocytic hyphae. More than 1050 Zygomycota species currently exist. They are mostly terrestrial in habitat, living in soil or on decaying plant or animal material. Some are parasites of plants, insects, and small animals, while others form symbiotic relationships with plants. Members of the division possess the ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually. Asexual spores include chlamydoconidia, conidia, and sporangiospores contained in sporangia borne on simple or branched sporangiophores. Sexual reproduction is isogamous producing a thick-walled sexual resting spore called a zygospore. Systematics of Zygomycota Two classes are recognized in this division; the Trichomycetes and Zygomycetes. Class: Zygomycetes Characteristics of the class are the same as those of the division. The class contains 6 orders, 29 families, 120 genera, approximately 800 species. Order: Endogonales The order includes only one family, four genera and 27 species. Its members are distinguished by their production of small sporocarps that are eaten by rodents and distributed by their feces. Order: Entomophthorales Most members of the order are pathogens of insects. A few attack nematodes, mites, and tardigrades, and some are saprotrophs. Genus: Entomophthora Members of the genus are parasitic on flies and other two-winged insects. Order: Kickxellales The order contains single family and eight genera. Order: Mucorales Mucorales, also known as pin molds, is the largest order of the class Zygomycetes. The order includes 13 families, 56 genera, 300 species. Most of its members are saprotrophic and grow on organic substrates. Some species are parasites or pathogens of animals, plants, and fungi. A few species cause human and animal disease zygomycosis, as well as allergic reactions.
    [Show full text]
  • Sequencing Abstracts Msa Annual Meeting Berkeley, California 7-11 August 2016
    M S A 2 0 1 6 SEQUENCING ABSTRACTS MSA ANNUAL MEETING BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA 7-11 AUGUST 2016 MSA Special Addresses Presidential Address Kerry O’Donnell MSA President 2015–2016 Who do you love? Karling Lecture Arturo Casadevall Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Thoughts on virulence, melanin and the rise of mammals Workshops Nomenclature UNITE Student Workshop on Professional Development Abstracts for Symposia, Contributed formats for downloading and using locally or in a Talks, and Poster Sessions arranged by range of applications (e.g. QIIME, Mothur, SCATA). 4. Analysis tools - UNITE provides variety of analysis last name of primary author. Presenting tools including, for example, massBLASTer for author in *bold. blasting hundreds of sequences in one batch, ITSx for detecting and extracting ITS1 and ITS2 regions of ITS 1. UNITE - Unified system for the DNA based sequences from environmental communities, or fungal species linked to the classification ATOSH for assigning your unknown sequences to *Abarenkov, Kessy (1), Kõljalg, Urmas (1,2), SHs. 5. Custom search functions and unique views to Nilsson, R. Henrik (3), Taylor, Andy F. S. (4), fungal barcode sequences - these include extended Larsson, Karl-Hnerik (5), UNITE Community (6) search filters (e.g. source, locality, habitat, traits) for 1.Natural History Museum, University of Tartu, sequences and SHs, interactive maps and graphs, and Vanemuise 46, Tartu 51014; 2.Institute of Ecology views to the largest unidentified sequence clusters and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Lai 40, Tartu formed by sequences from multiple independent 51005, Estonia; 3.Department of Biological and ecological studies, and for which no metadata Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, currently exists.
    [Show full text]