Anatomy atlas pernkopf pdf Continue The Austrian anatomist who compiled a controversial textbook in the Nazi era by Eduard PernkopfEduard Pernkopf in academic regalia. Born (1888-11-24)24 November 1888Rappottenstein, Austria-Hungary17 April 1955 (1955-04-17) (age 66)Vienna, AustriaNationalityAustrianAlma materUniversity of ViennaKnown forTopographische Anatomie des Menschen, anatomical atlas, possibly derived from executed Nazi political prisonersAustrianAturismNical anatomy of Eduard Pernkopf (November 24, 1888 - April 17, 1955) - Austrian professor of anatomy, later served as rector of the University of Vienna. It is best known for its seven-volume anatomical atlas Topographische Anatomie des Menschen (translated as Atlas of topographical and applied human anatomy; often colloquially known as pernkopf atlas or simply Pernkopf), produced by Pernkopf and four artists over a 20-year period. Although it is considered a scientific and artistic masterpiece, many of its color plates have been reprinted in other publications and textbooks, in recent years it has been established that Pernkopf and the artists working for it, all of them ardent Nazis, used executed political prisoners as their subjects. The early life of Pernkopf was born in 1888 in the lower Austrian village of Rappottenstein, near the border with Bavaria. The youngest of three sons, he seemed to be considering a career in music after finishing high school in Horne. However, the death of his father, a village doctor, in 1903 forced him to take up medicine, as the death of his father led to considerable difficulties in the family, which are likely to collapse on the other side. He began his studies at the University of Vienna School in 1907. During his time there he became a member of the Student Academic Brotherhood of Germany, a student group with a strong German nationalist belief. As a student, he worked under Ferdinand Hochstetter, Director of the University's Institute of Anatomy. Hochstetter became his mentor and one of his strongest influences. In 1912 he received a medical degree. Over the next eight years, he taught anatomy at various educational institutions in Austria. In the year during the First World War he served in the army as a doctor. In 1920, he returned to Vienna to work as one of Hochstetter's assistants, lecturing first and second-year students on peripheral nervous and cardiovascular systems. Career and political activity Two early examples of Pernkopf's work, since 1923, returning to Vienna, he quickly rose in the academic ranks. In 1926 he was promoted to Associate Professor, rising to full professor two years later. Five years after that, in 1933, he officially replaced Hochstetter as director of the Anatomical Institute. At the ceremony of fitting him into this position, he recognized Hochstetter's tutelage, kneeling before man and kissing him in the hand. Also in 1933 he joined a foreign organization of the Nazi Party. The following year he became a member of Sturmabteilung, better known as SA, Stormtroopers or Brown Shirts. In 1938, he was promoted again, becoming dean of the medical school. This happened around the same time as the Anschluss, Austria's accession to the Third Reich. In his new post, in a favorable political environment, Pernkopf put his Nazi beliefs into action. He demanded that the Medical Faculty declare their ethnic origin either Aryan or non-Aryan and pledge allegiance to Nazi leader Adolf Hitler. He sent a list of those who refused the latter to the university administration, which dismissed them from their jobs. This amounted to 77 per cent of teachers, including three Nobel laureates. All Jewish faculties were removed in a way that made Pernkopf the first dean of the Austrian medical school to do so. Four days after he became dean, he gave a speech to the Faculty of Medicine, promoting Nazi theories and policies of racial hygiene and urging his fellow physicians to incorporate them into their training and practice. They should encourage those whose heroism is more valuable and whose biological constitution, because of its offspring, promises healthy offspring and prevents offspring from those who are racially inferior and those who do not belong. In particular, he said, the latter can be achieved by excluding those who are racially inferior in the spread of their offspring through sterilization and other means, a language that has been seen as foreseeable as Nazi programs of euthanasia and the Holocaust, the systematic extermination of European Jews and Gypsies. Starting his speech with Heil Hitler! and the Nazi salute, praising Hitler as the son of Austria, who was due to leave Austria to return it to the family of German-speaking nations, he returned to this theme in his conclusion: to him, who proclaims a National Socialist thought and a new view of the world and in which the legend of history blossomed and awakened, and who has a heroic spirit in it, the greatest son of our Motherland, we want to express our gratitude and to say that we, the doctors with all our lives and all our souls, are happy to wish him to serve. So can our call express only what each of us feels from the bottom of our hearts; Adolf Hitler, Sig Hale!, Sig Hale! Sig Hale! Atlas At the time he was first hired as Hochstetter's assistant, he began to collect informal autopsy manuals for students. He continued to expand it, and it became popular with other university professors and the Austrian medical community. As he achieved his full professorship he was offered a contract to expand it into a published book, he readily accepted. He was deliver three volumes. Pernkopf began his work in the atlas in 1933. He worked an 18-hour day, dissecting corpses, teaching classes and sticking out his administrative duties, while a team of artists created images that were eventually in the atlas. His days began at 5 a.m. when he left a note in abbreviated form for his wife. They became the descriptive text that accompanied the images. In the beginning, four artists worked with Pernkopf: Erich Lepier, Ludwig Schrott, Karl Endtresser and Franz Batke. Lepier, Pernkopf's first hire, largely learned on his own after he had to interrupt architectural studies at Tom, now the Vienna University of Technology due to the death of his father, a circumstance similar to the one that shaped Pernkopf's career choice. The other three had some degree of formal training. Outside of these four, some other artists, mostly family members such as Schrott's father and wife Batke, made some photos in the early years of the atlas. From a satin satin plate depicting the lungs and their blood vessels, Erich Lepier's signature with the added pearl Pernkopf instructed them to paint the organs they saw as much as possible to make them look like living tissues in print. This included a special paper treatment used for watercolor images that allowed more detail than this type of paint normally. The only deviation from this high level of realism was the use of color, where Pernkopf instructed them to use brighter shades than those found in real corpses, so that the reader better learn to recognize and distinguish key anatomical landmarks. Like Pernkopf, the four artists were also members of the Nazi Party and committed to its goals. They signaled this with Nazi symbols in their work for the atlas. In his signature Lepir often used r at the end of his name as the basis for the swastika, and Endtrasser also used two Sig early, lightning signs Schutzstaffel (SS), for SS in his name. For the illustrations he made in 1944, Batke similarly dated them, stylizing two 4 as Sig Runes. The first volume of the atlas was published in 1937. It was large enough that it required two books, one devoted to anatomy in general and the other covering more specifically the breasts and pectoral limbs. Four years later, in 1941, the second volume was published, also requiring two books. She covered her stomach, pelvis and pelvic limbs. In the same year, war intervened. With the exception of Ledier, who is ineligive of service because of his heavy varicose veins, all artists entered the military service. Lepier, however, volunteered as an air raid warden, as did Batke, when he returned home after being injured and receiving cross on the Eastern Front. These duties interrupted their artistic creativity. A A Atlas was published in five languages. The first American edition was published in 1963. European scientific publisher Elsevier owns the copyright, but stopped printing the Atlas for moral reasons. Volumes are still available on eBay and Amazon, and are in private collections. Later, in 1943, Pernkopf reached the top of the academic career ladder when he was appointed rector of the University of Vienna, his top official. He continued to serve in these positions until the end of World War II two years later, with the surrender of Germany, including Austria. As a result, his fate changed dramatically. Two days after the surrender, he was dismissed as head of the university's anatomical institute. Fearing that he might suffer legal or political consequences for his previous membership of the Nazi Party and pre-war actions, he went on what he claimed was Strobl's vacation in Salzburg. However, in August 1945 he was arrested by the American military authorities, and by May 1946 he was dismissed from all remaining positions at the university. He spent three years in an Allied POW camp in Glasdenbach. Although he was ultimately never charged with any crime, he had to work regularly throughout his sentence. The experience left him drained and exhausted when he returned to Vienna after his release, hoping to continue his work on the atlas.