Research Report Institute of Aerospace Medicine 2019

Preface

The Institute of Aerospace Medicine at the Ger- research that improves the human healthspan in man Aerospace Center (DLR) comprises depart- space, in aeronautics, and on Earth. ments in Cologne and in Hamburg with an inter- The present report exemplifies our research activi- nationally unique research expertise and infra- ties in 2019. One of the major tasks this year was structure. At DLR, our Institute serves as interface planning and executing two AGBRESA (Artificial between sophisticated technology and life Gravity Bed Rest Study) bed rest study campaigns, sciences research including biology, medicine, which we carried out together with NASA and and psychology. We conduct our research in ESA. In each campaign, twelve volunteers spent a close collaboration with leading national and in- total of three months with us, of those two ternational research institutions and industry. The months in strict head-down bed rest. In collabo- long-standing experience of the Institute in se- ration with more than 100 international scien- lecting and caring for pilots, air traffic controllers, tists, many sophisticated experiments and exami- and astronauts in particular directly after return nations were conducted ranging from microbiota to Earth provides a solid foundation guiding our profiling to state-of-the-art brain imaging and research efforts. Mechanism-oriented human re- cognitive testing. The endeavor illustrates our in- search, which is a particular strength of our Insti- terdisciplinary and translational research ap- tute, is fostered by the state-of-the-art research proach. However, we were also involved in many infrastructure at the :envihab facility. Systematic other research activities in space, in aeronautics, ground-based studies in radiation, astro- and and on Earth as shown in this report. We are very gravitational biology in dedicated simulation fa- grateful for all the support from collaborators cilities are complemented by successful investiga- and funding agencies and look forward to tackle tions in space. Our overarching goal is to conduct future challenges.

3 Table of contents

Preface �� 03

Cardiovascular Aerospace Medicine �� 07 Möstl, S. et al.: PW-Doppler from the suprasternal notch underestimates aortic blood flow velocity compared to MRI �� 08 Plath, G. et al.: Battery-driven microneurography amplifier for sympathetic nerve recordings �� 10 Gerlach, D. et al.: Hypoxic challenge activates human sympathetic brainstem and hypothalamic sites � 12 Hoffmann, F. et al.: Early vascular ageing biomarkers following long-term space flights: An oscillometric approach �� 14

Muscle and Bone Metabolism �� 17 Mittag, U.; Rittweger, J.: In-silico simulation of vertical jumping in lunar gravity �� 18 Michély, S. et al.: Contraction-related muscle fascicle dynamics in masters athletes between 35 and 95 years of age �� 20 Thot, G. et al.: AGBRESA study: Intramuscular connective tissue in soleus muscle before and after 60 days of bed rest �� 22

Sleep and Human Factors �� 25 Elmenhorst, E.-M. et al.: Combined effects of sleep restriction and sleep deprivation on cognitive performance and glucose tolerance �� 26 Mühl, C. et al.: Trading accuracy for speed in selective attention tasks during sleep deprivation �� 28 De Gioannis, R. et al.: Effects of increased ambient carbon dioxide and hypobaric hypoxia on blood oxygenation �� 30 Bartels, S. et al.: Effects of nocturnal aircraft noise on objective and subjective sleep quality in primary school children �� 32 Weidenfeld, S. et al.: Noise annoyance due to nighttime traffic: Role of the noise source and the acoustical metric �� 34 Rooney, D. et al.: Speech intelligibility and pressure changes: implications for next-generation train travel �� 36

Clinical Aerospace Medicine �� 39 Stern, C. et al.: Research in bed rest: The challenge of eye examination in the supine position �� 40 Stern, C. et al.: Does refraction change during 60 days of -6° headdown tilt bed rest as it does in astronauts? �� 42

Study Team �� 45 Ewald, A. et al.: Alterations in resting metabolic rate in the course of a sixty days bed rest study � 46 Nitsche, A. et al.: Recruitment of test subjects for (long-term) bed rest studies – management and challenges �� 48

Aviation and Space Psychology �� 51 Eißfeldt, H.; Vogelpohl, V.: Drone acceptance and noise concerns �� 52 Gayraud, K. et al.: Eye tracking in the context of air traffic controller selection �� 54

4 Goerke, P. et al.: Psychological screening of bed rest subjects: A validation study �� 56 Hörmann, H.-J. et al.: Enhanced thermal comfort in next generation long-distance trains �� 58 Maier, J.; Goerke, P.: Relationships between a Situational Judgement Test for teamwork and Assessment Center performance �� 60 Pecena, Y. et al.: Individual differences in response to sleep deprivation in a space analog environment �� 62 Schulze Kissing, D.; Bruder, C.: Metrics of team collaboration: Relating collective attention, communication, and performance �� 64

Radiation Biology �� 67 Berger, T. et al.: The RAMIS radiation detector on the DLR Eu:CROPIS mission �� 68 Meier, M. et al.: New European radiation protection standards in aviation �� 70 Konda, B. et al.: Response of mammalian eye lenses to space radiation qualities in vitro and in organ culture �� 72 Rettberg, P. et al.: The microbiome inside the International Space Station (ISS) �� 74 Möller, R. et al.: Changes in the skin microbiome during head-down tilt bedrest �� 76

Gravitational Biology �� 79 Frett, T. et al.: AGBRESA: Daily centrifugation as countermeasure during long-term 6° head down tilt bed rest �� 80 Lichterfeld, Y. et al.: Live imaging of astrocytic behavior during exposure to hypergravity �� 82 Otto, T. et al.: Application of the C.R.O.P.®-filter technology for manure processing in terrestrial agriculture �� 84 Hauslage, J. et al.: Life sciences experiments on sounding rockets (Mapheus 8/ATEK) �� 86 Voß, S. et al.: Development of novel hydrogel substrates for neuronal 3-D cultures �� 88

Annex �� 91

Studies and projects �� 92

Publications ��94

Events, Presentations, Talks ��102 Institute Lectures �� 102 Workshops, Events, Seminars at the Institute �� 103 Teaching Activities �� 105

Graduations ��107

Awards ��108

Imprint �� 112

5 6 Cardiovascular Aerospace Medicine

Möstl, S. et al.: PW-Doppler from the suprasternal notch underestimates aortic blood flow velocity compared to MRI 08

Plath, G. et al.: Battery-driven microneurography amplifier for sympathetic nerve recordings �� 10

Gerlach, D. et al.: Hypoxic challenge activates human sympathetic brainstem and hypothalamic sites ��12

Hoffmann, F. et al.: Early vascular ageing biomarkers following long-term space flights: An oscillometric approach ��14

7 PW-Doppler from the suprasternal notch underestimates aortic blood flow velocity compared to MRI

S. Möstl 1, I. Naendrup 1, 2, F. Hoffmann 1, 3, K. Kempter 1, A. von Waechter 1, J. Jordan 1, J. Tank 1 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany, 2 University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Engineering, Duisburg, Germany, 3 University Hospital Cologne, Department of Cardiology, Cologne, Germany

Fig. 1: Triangulation for calculating the distance (green dashed line, hypotenuse) between the suprasternal notch (1) and the acquisition point of 2DMRI (green line) in order to compare it with the insonation depth of the sCD. Orange solid line represents the distance between the suprasternal notch and the corresponding MRI plane containing the ascending aorta and therefore equals the amount of slices in between. Accord- ingly, the orange dashed line represents the distance between this transferred point of the suprasternal notch (2) and the 2DMRI acquisition plane.

Background Continuous pulsed-wave Doppler readings of flow velocity in the ascending aorta from the suprasternal position (sCD) are widely used in estimating stroke volume, particularly during physiological challenge maneuvers such as head-up tilt testing. Stroke volume is derived from velocity time integrals and vessel area. We compared the sCD against an established gold standard.

Methods In 12 healthy women and men, we obtained 2D cross sectional, velocity encoded phase contrast MRI of the ascending aorta (2DMRI) and sCD to measure mean blood flow velocity (Vmean) at the ascending aorta. We compared sCD insonation depth to the distance between Doppler probe and sinotubular junction measured by MRI (Fig. 1). Within an aortic 4D-Flow dataset, allowing

8 Cardiovascular Aerospace Medicine

Fig. 2: By knowing the insonation depth of the sCD and the amount of slices between the suprasternal notch and its transferred point within the aortic arc level (2), it is possible to obtain all possible sCD acquisition points within this level (blue dotted circle). There- fore, the 4DMRI acquisition plane (blue solid line) got placed where the blue dotted circle crosses the aorta. Now it is possible to compare MRI blood flow velocities recorded at the optimal point (sinutubular junction, green solid line) with those recorded at the level of ascending aorta where the sCD values stem from.

flow measurements in every anatomical point along the ascending aorta, Vmean was determined at the sCD measurement point for comparison (Fig. 2).

Results sCD significantly underestimated Vmean compared with 2DMRI at the sinotubular junction Conclusion (Vmean 2DMRI – Vmean sCD = 24.42 cm/s ± sCD profoundly underestimates Vmean in the 12.55 cm/s, p = <0.001). Moreover, sCD sam- ascending aorta compared to 4DMRI. The meth- pled flow velocities 21.8 mm ± 7mm (p = odology has important limitations in accessing <0.001) or 26% off the sinotubular junction. the ideal position for aortic flow measurements Yet, depth and velocity differences between and precise information regarding the position of sCD and 2DMRI were not correlated with each data acquisition for vessel area quantification other (Pearson r = -0.147; p = 0.648). When we cannot be ascertained. Overall, sCD is of limited applied 4DMRI to assess flow velocity at the sCD utility in measuring absolute stroke volume. measurement site, the Vmean difference between methodologies was reduced to 9.1 cm/s ± 12.38 cm/s (p = 0.035). Corresponding author: [email protected]

9 Battery-driven microneurography amplifier for sympathetic nerve recordings

G. Plath, K. Heusser, J. Tank Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

The autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays a Microneurography is an advanced technique to crucial role in cardiovascular regulation. De- directly record electrical potentials in nerves to pending on the dysfunctional subsystem, ANS determine the activity of the sympathetic part of malfunction is associated with a variety of con- the ANS. The technique has been developed 50 ditions, e.g. autonomic failure or baroreflex fail- years ago. A very fine tungsten microelectrode ure. There are several methods to assess ANS is advanced through the skin into a nerve, e.g. integrity in human volunteers or patients with the peroneal nerve in the hollow of the knee. their pros and cons. The peroneal nerve consists of several thou-

Fig. 2: Amplifier’s main unit.

Fig. 1: Pre-amplifier inside view.

Fig. 3: Left: Battery compartment. Right: Main unit inside view.

10 Cardiovascular Aerospace Medicine

Fig. 4: Original recording of muscle sympathetic nerve activity [MSNA] in a diabetic patient with C fibers still intact. Asterisks: An arrhythmic event with a slightly lower-than normal diastolic pressure triggers a prominent sympathetic burst. This burst causes blood pressure to increase during the next heart beats which in turn silences the MSNA (S).

sands of single nerve fibers with different func- decided to test and optimize the amplifier com- tions. Fibers that regulate blood pressure by ad- ponents step-by-step. So far, tests of the pream- justing the diameter of blood vessels are ex- plifier proved its compatibility to the preamplifi- tremely thin. The diameter of these so-called C er of the Iowa University Bioengineering Depart- fibers is about 1 µm which is ~50 times smaller ment that we used extensively in the past (Fig. than a normal human hair. 4). The amplifier’s main unit offers additional The amplitude of nerve fiber action potentials de- features, e.g. simultaneous analog output of pends on the thickness and myelination of these nerve signals with different band width. We are fibers. Therefore, the thin and unmyelinated C confident that these features will optimize sym- fibers that we are interested in produce only very pathetic recordings and subsequent digital sig- small action potentials with amplitudes of ~10 µV nal processing. which are hard to measure. For comparison ECG R waves are more than 100 times as high. Recording Corresponding author: [email protected] C fiber activity requires amplifiers with high input impedance and low inherent noise. We tried to design and build a microneurography amplifier that combines the favorable features of three existing devices. (Fig. 1-3). We

11 Hypoxic challenge activates human sympathetic brainstem and hypothalamic sites

D. Gerlach 1, J. Manuel 2, A. Hoff 1, H. Kronsbein 1, 3, F. Hoffmann 1, K. Heusser 1, H. Ehmke 3, J. Jordan 1, 2, F. Beissner 2, J. Tank 1 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany, 2 Institute for Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany, 3 Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany

Background Method and Material Peripheral carotid chemoreceptors, which raise We submitted 12 healthy men (29.7 ±6.6 years; sympathetic activation at the brainstem level, may 24.0 ±1.86 kg/m2) to five hypoxic episodes by be altered through atmospheric condition and are breathing 10% oxygen for 180 seconds followed further affected by weightlessness-induced neural by 90 seconds normoxia during multiband fMRI plasticity. However, human peripheral chemoreflex brain acquisitions. We monitored continuous fin- regulation in the brainstem is poorly understood ger arterial blood pressure using customized hard-

due to the lack of suitable methodologies. There- ware, ECG, and SpO2. Brainstem and hypothala- fore, we combined measurements of beat-by-beat mus fMRI images were analyzed to identify nuclei

blood pressure and SpO2 and high-resolution func- involved in peripheral chemoreflex processing.

tional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to eluci- Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and SpO2 time cours- date human brainstem circuits engaged through es were correlated with the blood-oxygen-lev- hypoxic peripheral chemoreceptor activation. el-dependent signals with a general linear model.

Fig. 1: General linear model analysis reveals hypothalamic activation: paraventricular nucleus (PVN), anterior hypothalamic area (AH), dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), lateral hypothalamic area (LH), and supraoptic nucleus (SO). Left: coronal hypothalamus slice. Middle: BOLD overlay with the hypothalamus atlas. Right: sagittal view of the hypothalamus with the corresponding coronal slice. A: anterior, P: posterior, L: left, R: right.

12 Cardiovascular Aerospace Medicine

Fig. 2: Masked independent component analysis (mICA) of the lower brainstem activation reveals one component with the left rostral ventrolateral medulla (rVLM), the nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) and the interior olive (IO) that have the same signal fluctuation, thus are connected to each other. This approach decomposes the BOLD signal into spatially independent components where each independent component consists of voxels that show similar signal ﬂuctuations. Correlation of the component time course with the SpO2 time course have a highly significant match (p< 0.0001: Z = 16.07). Left: transversal lower brainstem slices and the corresponding atlas slice. Middle: BOLD overlay with the brainstem atlas. Right: sagittal view of the brainstem with marked corresponding transversal slices. A: anterior, P: posterior, L: left, R: right.

Results Conclusion

With hypoxia, SpO2 decreased by 12.32 ±3.68% High-resolution brainstem fMRI during repeated (p < 0.01), heart rate increased by 13.86 ±3.47 (p hypoxia traces brainstem circuits engaged by pe- < 0.01), and SBP decreased with hypoxia by 5.45 ripheral chemoreceptors. This methodology allows ±5.5 mmHg (p < 0.01). In the brainstem, the nucle- the analysis of neural adaptation to atmospheric us tractus solitarii (t-values: SpO2: 5.9; SBP: 4.79), conditioning and short- and long term weightless- the caudal ventrolateral medulla (SBP: 5.59), inter- ness. Furthermore, the understanding of the pe- mediate reticular nucleus (SBP: 5.98), nucleus am- ripheral chemoreceptor contributions to human biguus (SBP: 5.59), dorsal motor nucleus of the cardiovascular disease may enlighten not only an- vagal nerve (SBP: 4.79), and inferior olive (SpO2: tihypertensive therapy. 4.7; SBP: 6.16) were identified with high sensitivity and corrected for multiple comparisons (p < 0.01). Corresponding author: [email protected] Furthermore, we observed an activation of the following hypothalamic nuclei: paraventricular nucleus (SpO2: 7.67), anterior and lateral hypothalamic area (SpO2: 7.67, SBP: 4.79), supraoptic nucleus and tuberomammillary nucleus (SpO2: 7.07).

13 Early vascular ageing biomarkers following long-term space flights: An oscillometric approach

F. Hoffmann 1, 2, S. Möstl 1, E. Luchitskaya 3, I. Funtova 3, J. Jordan 1, R. Baevsky 3, J. Tank 1 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany, 2 Clinic III for Internal Medicine, Heart Center University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, 3 Federal State Budgetary Research Institution, State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation

Fig. 1: On the left side: The Mobil-O-Graph PWA® (I.E.M., Stolberg, Germany) used for oscillometric measurements and calculation of hemodynamic parameters. On the right side: The Mobil-O-Graph measures the peripheral pulse wave and calculates the central pulse wave with pressure values under guidance of an assumed model of the central flow in the ascending aorta.

Purpose obtained measurements at baseline (65-90 days The environmental conditions in space, particularly before flight) and four days (R+4) and eight days exposure to cosmic radiation, coupled with micro- (R+8) after return from a six months mission on- gravity induced decreased mobility, altered glu- board the International Space Station. cose metabolism, and hemodynamic changes may promote cardiovascular disease [1, 2]. Therefore, Results we assessed early vascular ageing markers and Compared to baseline, heart rate increased signifi- hemodynamics using a novel oscillometric blood cantly on R+4 (58.6±6.4 vs. 70.3±5.2 bpm) but pressure device. did not differ between baseline and R+8. Central systolic blood pressure increased from 112.5±13.5 Methodology on baseline to 125.6±18.5 on R+4 and went back In eight cosmonauts (46.5±5.3 yrs, 77.6±8.2 kg, to 121.6±9.5 mmHg on R+8, albeit showing no 176±6.2 cm, 7 men/1woman), we determined statistical significance compared to baseline heart rate, peripheral blood pressure, central (p=0.243/0.295). Peripheral diastolic and systolic blood pressure, and pulse wave velocity in the su- as well as central diastolic blood pressure measure- pine position using an oscillometric brachial device ments followed this trend. Pulse wave velocity in- coupled with transfer function analysis (Fig. 1). We creased non-significantly from baseline (6.7±0.8

14 Cardiovascular Aerospace Medicine

Fig. 2: Individual data on heart rate (A), pulse wave velocity (B), central systolic blood pressure (C), peripheral systolic blood pressure (D), central diastolic blood pressure (E), and peripheral diastolic blood pressure (F), all sorted by time point. PRE: 90 to 65 days before flight; R+4/ R+8: post flight measurements four/eight days after return.

m/s) to R+4 (7.2±0.8 m/s, p=0.499) and stayed countered in deep space, especially in terms of elevated on R+8 (7.1±0.5 m/s, p=0.614). See Fig. 2 longer flight durations and greater exposure to for results and trends. radiation. Non-invasive testing of vascular biomarkers may have utility in detecting vascular risks Conclusion during space travel at an early stage. The important finding of our study is that six months in a near-earth orbit do not lead to clinically significant changes in early vascular ageing Corresponding author: [email protected] biomarkers, such as pulse wave velocity which is References deemed to be of clinical importance in cardiovas- [1] Baevsky et al., J. Appl. Physiol. 103, 2007 cular health assessment [3]. However, these find- [2] Hughson et al., Am. J. Physiol. Heart. Circ. Physiol. 310, 2016 ings cannot be extrapolated to the conditions en- [3] Mancia et al., Eur. Heart J. 34, 2013

15 16 Muscle and Bone Metabolism

Mittag, U.; Rittweger, J.: In-silico simulation of vertical jumping in lunar gravity �� 18

Michély, S. et al.: Contraction-related muscle fascicle dynamics in masters athletes between 35 and 95 years of age �� 20

Thot, G. et al.: AGBRESA study: Intramuscular connective tissue in soleus muscle before and after 60 days of bed rest �� 22

17 In-silico simulation of vertical jumping in lunar gravity

U. Mittag, J. Rittweger Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

New space flight programs of NASA and ESA fore- gE, gM being the gravitational accelerations on

see a return to the Moon during the next decade. Earth and Moon, hrv being the range of the push- Unlike the Apollo missions in the 1970s, the plan is up in terms of the total center of mass (COM).

to go beyond short visits with tiny lunar landers that While the first term reflects the gE/gM dependency allowed for not more than small trips in full EVA of the basic ballistics, the second term results from dress in the near environment. Rather, there shall be reduced potential energy, as only a sixth of it is

a lunar base for residing in a shirt sleeve environ- required on Moon for rising the COM by hrv during ment. For the Apollo astronauts moving on Moon push-up. As a consequence, dynamics will be fast- was a big challenge, due to the unusual gravity er on the Moon. However, muscle contractile force conditions in combination with the heavy and stiff is inversely related to contraction velocity. How space suits. In the future lunar base, the space suit can we estimate these factors? will be off and the lunarians can freely move. Computer modelling is an opportune means to Ballistic equation dictates that the jump height and investigate dynamics under conditions that are not air-borne time on Moon, for a given take-off veloc- easily achievable in reality. We introduced a simple ity, will be six times higher than on Earth (neglecting four-segment model adapting a model [1] and any air drag). But what about the push-up phase? compared it with similar models [2-3]. For integra- Will take-off speed be affected by gravity? In a first tion of equations of motion we used a leap frog approach we might assume that kinematics and algorithm, a standard second order method for dynamics of the body segments will be similar on numerical simulation. The model was implement- Moon and Earth, leading to the expression: ed in Python 3.7/Sympy and validated by checking conservation of total energy and by keeping a stable squatted position over half a second.

A B

Fig. 1: Illustration of the model. A) Scheme of the multi body model with four rigid segments in this study based on a model approach described in [1]. P1 is fixed on ground; the global coordinate system is as depicted with origin in P1; 3rd dimension is needed for rotational vectors as z perpendicular to the plane. B) 3D plot of the moment-to-joint angle and moment-to-joint extension-velocity (omega) relationship was taken from [2], and is here exemplified for the knee. Inte- gration step was 0.25ms.

18 Muscle and Bone Metabolism

We used the simulation parameters of [2] in its L3/ stopped when ground reaction force vanished T3/H3 posture combination. Motor coordination (take-off). We proceeded in two steps with in- across the different joints was modelled by apply- creasing grid resolution (50 and 6.25 ms) to find ing the bang-bang approach [3]. This method var- an optimal triple of best onset times (BOT) for the ies the timely onset of full activation for the three maximum vertical velocity at take-off. Results are different joint moments. Any simulation run was shown in table 1.

Table 1 Results; best onset times (BOT) show opposite orders for knee and hip extensor activation on Earth and on the

Moon: jump height and duration of air-borne phase were calculated from maximal v0v using ballistic equation; efficiency is total vertical work devided by joint extension work; horizontal work was low for the optimized solutions.

BOT BOT BOT v0vmax Jump Duration Total Joint Effi- Push-up Net push- ankle knee hip [m/s] height air-borne Vertical extension ciency Range COM up time

[ms] [ms] [ms] [cm] phase [s] work [J] work [J] [%] hrv [cm] [ms] Earth 18.8 56.3 50 2.33 28 0.48 520.7 697.9 79 35 200 Moon 0 25 12.5 2.93 265 3.62 409.6 517.5 79 33 155 predicted 3.33 342 4.11 for moon eq. (1)

A B Fig. 2: Results of the simulations: A) Timely evolution of the jumps on Earth (left) and Moon (right). The shots are taken every 25ms. B) Timely evolution of the joint angles: Earth left, Moon right; overall duration for Earth (260ms) is in the range of literature results (299+/- 55ms) [2].

Figure 2 B shows that in both cases the accelera- that the motor control strategy needs to be adapt- tion phase starts with a delay. Obviously time is ed on the moon. needed to optimize the orientation pattern of the In conclusion, the push phase before vertical segments. The durations of the net push-phases jumps may be associated with smaller musculo- (between blue bars) are approximately 200 ms on skeletal forces on the Moon, and jump height and Earth and 155 ms on Moon. The stick figures in air-borne time will be increased significantly more Fig. 2 A for Moon show larger distances in the final than six-fold. Future research shall establish push-phase indicating higher speed. Results for whether prolonged flight time constitute an occu- jump height on Moon (265 cm) were quite in the pational hazard. Second, we will extend our focus middle of expectations based on purely ballistic onto hopping as a potential countermeasure exer- effects (168 cm, i.e. the sixfold as on Earth) and cise strategy. expectations from equation (2) (342 cm). The main reason for over-estimation by equation (1) seems to be of the higher angular joint speeds (and re- Corresponding author: [email protected] duced torques) reducing the joint extension work References generated during push-up by 25%. Interestingly, [1] Wolfsteiner, 2012 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition, AC 2012-3164, 2012 BOTs for knee and hip extensors are in opposite [2] Selbie & Caldwell, Biomech. 9, 1996 order on Moon and on Earth (Table 1), indicating [3] van Soest, A et al., J. Biomech.26, 1993

19 Contraction-related muscle fascicle dynamics in masters athletes from 35 to 95 years of age

S. Michély 1, W. Sies 1, P. Rauschendorfer 1, C. Becker 1, U. Mittag 1, J. Rittweger 1,2 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany, 2 Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany

It is well known that the human body is subject to ageing in masters athletes. These are people who a number of changes during the ageing process. train for and compete in athletics beyond their Thus, skeletal muscle mass, power and strength all fourth decade of life. As they depict very little decline [1]. Little is known about muscular connec- sedentarism even at old age, they are an ideal tive tissue, and it seems straightforward to assume population for the study of ageing. It was hypoth- that alterations in muscular connective tissue will esized that the working range of muscle fascicles, affect muscle fascicle dynamics at old age. Theo- assessed as the contraction-related change in fas- retically, this could affect the muscle fascicles’ cicle pennation angle between 5% and 95% of working range, the effectiveness of internal force the maximum contractile force, is affected by transmission and thereby contribute to the age-re- ageing. lated decline in muscle power output. We conducted this study from 4th to 16th of Sep- We decided to study the interrelationship between tember 2018 during the World Master Athletics muscle fascicle dynamics, force generation and Championships (WMAC) in Málaga, Spain. In total, 200 competing athletes aged 35 to 95 years were recruited into this study. Our participants performed gradually increasing plantar flexion contractions in a dynamometer, with a clinical ultrasound probe attached over the fascicles of the right medial gastrocnemius muscle in the sagittal plane in B-mode. The way in which the muscle fascicles are organ- ized forms the macro architecture of a muscle. This architecture is made visible on the ultrasound image by longitudinal measurements [2].

Preliminary Results Whilst statistical analyses are still under way, first results obtained so far show that there is a tendency that in endurance athletes (runners & walkers) the range of motion of the fascicle increases with age, in contrast to the fascicle range, which decreases in power athletes (sprinter & throwers) in old age. In addition, the stroke range was smaller in women than in men. Apart to the initial hypothesis, which had surmised the straight alignment of the fascicles in the muscle, we also found fascinating other fascicle forms (Fig. 1). This had not been formerly reported in lit- Fig. 1: Overview of ultrasound images of four medialis erature. gastrocnemius muscles in four athletes (No.1-4) during Thus, in many cases fascicles were straight at rest, isometric plantar flexions contractions each at 0%, 55% but strongly curved during contraction. Currently, and 100% MCV (maximum voluntary contraction). we are working on the systematic quantification

20 Muscle and Bone Metabolism

of curvi-linear fascicle shapes, to then explore possible relationships with age, gender, training history or athletic specialization.

Findings of an additional muscle A separate fascicle or a head which runs with or in the heads of the gastrocnemius muscle is known as the caput tertium or gastrocnemius tertius muscle, has been first described in the 17th century [5]. Connected to the lateral part of the gastrocnemius, an accessoric muscle is more frequently found than in the medial gastrocnemius [3]. It is therefore a rare phenomenon with different prevalence present in the respective populations [5]. We found an additional muscle at the medial gastrocnemius in 4% (8 out of 200) of the scanned athletes. The additional head was always character- ized by an opposite feathering to the gastrocnemius medialis. In our cases, the appearance varied from a common aponeurosis with a divided inter- mediate tendon to a separate muscle differentiated from the gastrocnemius medialis (Fig. 2). Clinically, this finding also has significance an additional head at the gastrocnemius medialis, as opposed to the lateral gastrocnemius, is said to be the cause of the popliteal vascular entrapment syndrome [4]. Particularly among athletes, more cases of entrapment syndromes in the popliteal fossa have been described in recent years. An early diagnosis and treatment is of great importance to avoid vascular complications and to support the early rehabilitation of athletes [6].

Corresponding author: [email protected] Fig. 2: Ultrasound images of the accesoric muscle in the MAFS-18 athletes. An overview of the different appear- References ance of the gastrocnemius tertius (GT), part of the gas- [1] Montero-Fernándes & Serra-Rexach, Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med. 49, 2013 trocnemius medialis (GM) and the soleus muscle (Sol). [2] Pillen, Dissertation, Quantitative muscle ultrasound in childhood neuromuscular disorders, RU Radboud Universiteit Nijme- gen, 2009 [3] Singla & Gupta, J. Clin. Diag. Res. 6, 2012 [4] Ata et. al., Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil 97, 2018 [5] Liu et al., Skeletal Radiol. 34, 2005 [6] Sharma et al., Int. J. Appl. Biol. Pharmaceut. Tech. 2, 2011

21 AGBRESA study: Intramuscular connective tissue in soleus muscle before and after 60 days of bed rest

G. Thot 1, C. Berwanger 1, E. Mulder 1, J. Lee 1, B. Ganse 2, H. Degens 2, I. Duran 3, E. Schönau 3, C. S. Clemen 4,5,6, B. Brachvogel 3, J. Rittweger 1,7 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany, 2 Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom, 3 Center of Prevention and Rehabilitation, Cologne University Hospital and Medical Faculty, Germany, 4 Institute of Biochemistry I, Medi- cal Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, 5 Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Germany, 6 Institute of Vegetative Physiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany, 7 Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

Fig. 1: Immunofluorescence staining of a soleus muscle biopsy showing basement membrane (laminin in green) and nuclei (blue).

Scant knowledge on intramuscular force transmis- The AGBRESA study was conducted in collabora- sion exists. It has been proposed that endomysi- tion between NASA, ESA and the German Aero- um plays an important role therein. Endomysium is space Center. The object of the AGBRESA study the smallest component of the intramuscular con- was to determine the effectiveness of artificial nective tissue network and engulfs each individual gravity as provided by a human short-arm centri- muscle fiber. Perimysium engulfs muscle bundles, fuge as a countermeasure to the negative effects while epimysium engulfs the entire muscle. Previ- of microgravity on the human body. Two different ous studies [1] on mice demonstrated an increase protocols of continuous and intermittent centrifu- in intramuscular connective tissue during long- gation with 1g at the center of mass were thereby term immobilization while muscle fibers atro- compared to a control group. The AGBRESA study phied. No studies have to date confirmed this ef- included a ground-based version of Sarcolab-3 fect in humans. being performed on the ISS. Biopsies were thereby We therefore hypothesized that endomysium con- taken from the soleus muscle of 11 healthy sub- tent increases in the human soleus muscle in re- jects (8 males and 3 females) at baseline (BDC) and sponse to long-term immobilization using the 60- during the 6th and 55th day of head down tilt bed day AGBRESA bed rest study. rest (HDT6 and HDT55) under sterile conditions.

22 Muscle and Bone Metabolism

We chose to examine the soleus muscle because it shows significant changes when deprived of its physiological function as a load-bearing muscle. Biopsies were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen after extraction and sectioned on a cryostat at -20 °C to slices of 8 µm. Slices were stained by indirect immunofluorescence using an antibody against laminin subunit gamma-1 which stained the basement membrane of the muscle fibers. The area between the basement membranes was used to determine the intramuscular connective tissue area. Sections were viewed and photographed with a Zeiss Observer Z1 microscope and the integrated ZENdesk 2.6 software. The area of the connective tissue network as well as the length of the connective tissue network were computed to approxi- Fig. 2: Changes of intramuscular connective tissue per fiber area. mate the endomysium to fiber area ratio and the endomysium thickness. Preliminary results are based on the first AGBRESA campaign and show an increased endomysium to fiber area ratio on day 6 (p < 0.05), which ratio became even more evident on day 55 (p < 0.001). Endomysium thickness showed the same change. To exclude the possibility that these results were merely based on artefacts of muscle fiber atrophy, the endomysium to fiber number was additionally calculated. This factor increased on day 55 (p < 0.05), but showed no significant increase on day 6 (p = 0.12). These results demonstrate that the increase of intramuscular connective tissue in the soleus muscle of humans during long-term immobilization cannot solely be explained through muscle fiber atrophy. These results will need to be confirmed by further analysis after the second AGBRESA campaign has been completed.

Corresponding author: [email protected] Fig. 3: Changes in intramuscular connective tissue per [1] Williams & Goldspink, J. Anat. 138, 1984 fiber number.

23 24 Sleep and Human Factors

Elmenhorst, E.-M. et al.: Combined effects of sleep restriction and sleep deprivation on cognitive performance and glucose tolerance �� 26

Mühl, C. et al.: Trading accuracy for speed in selective attention tasks during sleep deprivation �� 28

De Gioannis, R. et al.: Effects of increased ambient carbon dioxide and hypobaric hypoxia on blood oxygenation �� 30

Bartels, S. et al.: Effects of nocturnal aircraft noise on objective and subjective sleep quality in primary school children �� 32

Weidenfeld, S. et al.: Noise annoyance due to nighttime traffic: Role of the noise source and the acoustical metric �� 34

Rooney, D. et al.: Speech intelligibility and pressure changes: implications for next-generation train travel �� 36

25 Combined effects of sleep restriction and sleep deprivation on cognitive performance and glucose tolerance

E.-M. Elmenhorst 1, D. Elmenhorst 2, E. Hennecke 2, D. Lange 1, J. Fronczek-Poncelet 2, A. Bauer 2, D. Aeschbach 1 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany, 2 Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany

Fig. 1: Oral glucose tolerance test.

Short sleep is very prevalent in our society; 30- hours after awakening in a psychomotor vigilance 40% of the population sleep less than the recom- task (10-min PVT). Oral glucose tolerance was mended minimum of 7 hours on a regular basis. tested in the morning immediately after lights on Short sleep has epidemiologically been associat- (>10 h fasting). Fasting serum glucose and insulin ed with cardio-metabolic diseases and cognitive levels, as well as those 30, 60, 90, and 120 min decline [1-4]. We examined whether one 8-hour after glucose intake were analyzed in blood sam- night after chronic sleep restriction is sufficient to ples. Areas under the curve (AUC) for glucose restore cognitive deficits and glucose metabolism and insulin were calculated. Effects on the de- to rested baseline levels. pendent variables at the second baseline day (B), Thirty-six healthy volunteers underwent a 12-day after 5 nights with 5 h or 8 h TIB (E5), after the sleep lab study. In a sequential design, they com- recovery night (R), and after 26 h of sustained pleted one adaptation night and two baseline wakefulness (SD) were analyzed with mixed nights with 8 h time in bed (TIB) each, 5 nights ANOVAs with SAS software. with 5 h TIB (sleep restriction group: N=21, 9 fe- The sleep restriction group had a reduced speed male, mean age 26 ± 4 years SD, mean BMI 23.1 (Fig. 2) at E5 (p=0.001), R (p=0.014), and SD ± 1.9 kg/cm2 SD) or 5 nights with 8 h TIB (control (p<0.001) in comparison to B, while the control group: N=15, 5 female, mean age 28 ± 6 years group showed impairments at SD only (p<0.001). SD, mean BMI 23.6 ± 2.9 kg/cm2 SD ), followed Speed was slower in the sleep restriction group by one night with 8 h TIB, one 38-h period of than in the control group at E5 (p=0.027) and SD acute sleep deprivation, and a final night with (p=0.013), but not at R (p=0.367). In comparison 10 h TIB. Reaction speed (1/s) was analyzed two to baseline AUC of glucose, insulin, and the ho-

26 Sleep and Human Factors

meostasis model assessment of the sleep restric- Fig. 2: Reaction speed in a 10-min Psychomotor Vigi- tion group were increased at E5 (all p=0.0003), lance Task (PVT) at baseline (B), at E5 after 5 nights stayed elevated at R (all p<0.02), but returned to with restricted bed times to 5 hours per night, after baseline levels at SD (all p>0.6). The control one 8-h recovery night (R), and after 26 h of sleep group did not show significant deviations from deprivation (SD) for the sleep restriction group in red baseline in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitiv- and for the control group in blue. * indicate significant differences: in black between groups, in red within the ity in any of the conditions. sleep restriction group in comparison to B, and in blue One 8-hour night of scheduled recovery sleep within the control group in comparison to B. following sleep restriction did not restore PVT performance, glucose tolerance, and insulin sensitivity to rested levels. Cumulative impairment effects of prior sleep restriction and acute sleep deprivation were found for performance but not for glucose metabolism.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

[1] Cappuccio et al., Eur Heart J. 32, 2011 [2] Grandner et al., Sleep Med. 15, 2014 [3] Buxton & Marcelli, Soc. Sci. Med. 71, 2010 [4] Elmenhorst et al., Sleep Med. 10, 2009

27 Trading accuracy for speed in selective attention tasks during sleep deprivation

C. Mühl, S. Benderoth, D. Aeschbach Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Selective attention is a critical cognitive function in ber of fixations and total gaze path length for job tasks that require careful monitoring and may search trials according to the number of distractors be impaired by sleep deprivation (SD). Monitoring (10 to 40) and target present/absent. tasks can be operationalized in the laboratory by visual search tasks, in which the subject has to Results identify target items among distractor items. We found an increase of response time under SD Visual search under SD leads to a decrease of over- compared to the control group (p < 0.001), with a all response speed and accuracy. However, an in- shallower slope of response time over the number crease of response speed per item with an increas- of distractors (p = 0.0157) and a decrease in sensi- ing number of items was also found under SD – tivity d’ (p < 0.001). resulting from stronger decreases of response We observed marked oculomotoric effects of speed in simple (few distractor items) and their sleep deprivation: total fixation duration in- absence in complex search conditions (many dis- creased (p < 0.001), the number of fixations in- tractor items). This might indicate an unfavorable creased (p < 0.01) and median fixation duration speed-accuracy trade-off: decision speed per item increased (p = 0.016). Most interestingly, total increases, while accuracy decreases in turn. Eye fixation duration (p = 0.01) and number of fixa- gaze tracking may provide additional indications tion (p = 0.017) showed significant interactions for the duration of individual decisions during the between SD and distractor number, with the search process. SD-related increases only significant for simple search conditions (Fig. 1). We did not find any Methods SD-related change in path length. We recorded gaze behavior during a spatial configuration search task (SST) to explore if SD leads Conclusion to faster and sloppier decisions per item. Visual Sleep deprivation has profound effects on the search performance (response time and sensitivity scanning behavior during visual search. Subjects d’) and the associated gaze behavior were tested execute more and longer fixations, leading to the in two groups of subjects. While sleep deprived observed increase of total fixation duration and participants (N=24, age=25 ± 5 SD; 12 women) reaction time. The interactions of sleep depriva- were kept awake during a 24 hour period, partici- tion with distractor number corroborate earlier pants of a control group (N=24, age=26 ± 4 SD; 10 findings for response time: additional resources, women) were allowed to sleep (TIB=8 hours). To like additional fixations, to cope with cognitive ef- focus on changes in visuo-cognitive performance, fects of sleep deprivation are allocated to simple, we only analyzed fixations longer than 100 ms – not to complex search screens. The absence of excluding very brief “precognitive” fixations asso- changes of search path length suggest that coping ciated with oculomotoric activity in the absence of with the effect of SD is limited to processing time visual perception. We calculated changes of total increases, not affecting the overall search space fixation duration, median fixation duration, num- coverage.

28 Sleep and Human Factors

Fig. 1. Estimated effects and confidence intervals of changes from baseline for oculomotoric parameters for SD and control group (* p<0.05, ** p<0.01).

The observed changes are in line with an unfavora- conditions, needs to be avoided. Second, oculo- ble change of a speed-accuracy trade-off [1, 2] to motoric measures might allow the automatic rec- explain decreases of search rates for sleep deprived ognition of fatigue. Future studies need to clarify, subjects. They might therefore indicate decreases in which measures reliably reflect cognitive degrada- the quality of the decision processes with increasing tion independent of task characteristics. distractor number, resulting from a de-facto decrease of decision time per search item. In occupational settings where visual information Corresponding author: [email protected] has to be processed during night shifts, our results are of twofold relevance. First, cluttered informa- [1] Horowitz et al., Psychol. Sci. 14, 2003 tion presentation, resembling complex search [2] Santhi et al., PLoS One 2, 2007

29 Effects of increased ambient carbon dioxide and hypobaric hypoxia on blood oxygenation

R. De Gioannis 1, D. Rooney 1, M. Wittkowski 1, T. Post 1,2, J. Rittweger 1, D. Aeschbach 1 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany, 2 The Center for Human Drug Research (CHDR), Leiden, The Netherlands

The combined effects of high environmental car- of 17 healthy nonsmoking subjects (Age<40 years;

bon dioxide (CO2) and hypoxia on humans are of 8 females, 9 males). Every subject was exposed to great interest for physiological research and aero- hypobaric hypoxia (corresponding to an altitude of

space industry. In particular a lower cabin fresh air 2438 meters) with two CO2 partial pressure levels

supply could reduce aircrafts fuel consumption. on two experimental days: on one day CO2 partial

This would come at the cost of a higher cabin CO2 pressure was 1 hPa and on the other 10 hPa. The

concentration. In this study we aim to examine the hypobaric hypoxia and the atmospheric CO2 air

effects of CO2 and hypobaric hypoxia (2438 me- enrichment were obtained using a hypobaric ters) on blood oxygenation and alveolar ventila- chamber. On every experimental day two subjects tion. The primary hypothesis of our study is that spent six hours in the hypobaric chamber. Cogni-

higher ambient CO2 partial pressure determines a tive performance, level of subjective comfort and significant improvement of blood oxygenation physiological parameters (breath to breath spirom- under hypoxic conditions in healthy subjects. etry, blood oxygen saturation, heart rate, blood The study had a randomized, double-blind, cross- pressure, muscle and brain oxygen saturation) over design. The study population was composed were measured every hour. Blood, muscle and

30 Sleep and Human Factors

brain oxygen saturation measurement and spirom- etry were performed simultaneously for 12 minutes per hour. Before the exposure to hypoxia a baseline measurement was conducted in normobaric conditions. Additionally a capillary blood-gas analysis was conducted at baseline, after 15 minutes of hypoxic exposure and after six hours of hypoxic exposure. Venous blood was collected at baseline and after 6 hours of hypoxic exposure. During the hypoxic exposure urine was collected. Two-way analysis of variance was conducted to compare the main effects of ambient CO2 partial pressure, measurement time point and the interaction between the two on capillary oxygen partial pressure (pO2). Ambient CO2 partial pressure included two levels (1 hPa, 10 hPa) and measure- Fig. 1: Capillary blood partial pressure measured through capillary blood ment time point included three levels (baseline, gas analysis in normobaric conditions (Baseline) and after 15 minutes +15 minutes under hypoxia, +6 hours under hy- and 6 hours in hypobaric hypoxia. Blue boxplots represent high ambient poxia). The effect of ambient CO2 partial pressure CO2 partial pressure (10 hPa) and red boxplots indicate low CO2 partial and measurement session was statistically signifi- pressure (1hPa). cant at the 0.05 significance level. Post-hoc paired T-test was conducted to compare mean pO2 after 15 minutes and 6 hours under hypoxia in the two conditions. After 15 minutes with 10 hPa of CO2 subjects showed a significantly higher pO2 (M=60.30 mmHg, SD=11.6) compared to the

1 hPa of CO2 condition (M=70.03 mmHg, SD=16.42, p=0.046). After six hours under hypoxia this difference was still observed (61.47 vs 66.65 mmHg, p=0.013) (Fig. 1). P values were corrected for repeated measure with the Holm-Bonferroni method. Blood oxygen saturation was lower than 90% for a significantly longer time in the low CO2 condition compared to the high CO2 condition [35.1 vs 6.1 % of the time during hypoxic exposure (p=0.0027), T-test].

Our results show that higher CO2 partial pressure in hypobaric hypoxia improves blood oxy- Fig. 2: Percentage of time in both conditions [hypoxia + low CO2 (1 genation in healthy subjects during a 6 hours hPa); hypoxia + high CO2 (10 hPa)] where blood oxygen saturation was period. These data are important for the future lower than 90%. design of new aircrafts air recirculation systems. Nevertheless more studies are needed in order to understand if higher environmental CO2 in hypoxic conditions is safe for aircraft passengers with medical conditions.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

31 Effects of nocturnal aircraft noise on objective and subjective sleep quality in primary school children

S. Bartels, J. Quehl, D. Aeschbach Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Fig. 1: Acoustic and polysomnographic measurement devices.

Children are thought to be more at risk to adverse Children rated their sleep quality ("1 = very good" effects of transportation noise on sleep, since, to "5 ="very” poor) and fatigue ("1 = very alert" amongst other factors, undisturbed sleep is vital to "5 ="very” tired) on five-point scales in the for their physiological and cognitive development morning. [1]. However, little is known about childhood sleep For the prediction of objective sleep quality from exposed to nocturnal aircraft noise. An investiga- aircraft noise exposure, we applied mixed models tion seemed particularly necessary due to the dif- with random intercept and the number of aircraft ferences of sleep architecture between children noise events as dichotomous factor (median split and adults. at 37.5 events). The following variables were ana- We investigated the acute effects of nighttime lyzed: a) proportion of slow wave sleep (S3 and S4) aircraft noise on objective and subjective sleep per total sleep time (in %), b) proportion of waking quality in a field study conducted around Cologne/ during sleep period time (in %), c) sleep efficiency Bonn Airport. Sleep of 51 children aged 8 to 10 (proportion of total sleep time during time in bed, years was measured polysomnographically (via in %), d) proportion of REM sleep per total sleep EEG, EMG, EOG, ECG, and pulse oximetry) during time (in %), e) number of noise-associated awak- four consecutive nights at home. During each enings, f) self-rated sleep quality ("1 = very good" night, aircraft noise exposure was recorded inside to "5 ="very bad”). the children`s bedrooms and noise metrics were Aircraft noise exposure affected the macrostruc- calculated. ture of sleep. A higher exposure was associated

32 Sleep and Human Factors

Fig. 2: Effect of aircraft noise exposure on duration of Fig. 3: Effect of aircraft noise exposure on noise-associated slow wave sleep per total sleep time. awakening reactions.

with a significantly lower proportion of slow wave sleep (p = .034, Fig. 2) and an increased proportion of waking (5.0 % in higher vs. 3.8 % in lower exposure group, p = .023). Sleep efficiency was not significantly reduced in nights with higher noise exposure (p = .112), nei- ther was the proportion of REM sleep (p = .834). The number of noise-associated awakenings was increased in higher exposure nights (p < .001, Fig. 3). In a mixed logistic regression analysis, the probability of an awakening reaction was influenced by the maximum sound pressure level of the aircraft noise event (positive effect) as well as by further Fig. 4: Effect of aircraft noise exposure on self-rated sleep acoustic factors, including the duration of the quality in the morning. noise event (negative), the background sound pressure level (positive), and the maximum rise rate of an event’s sound pressure level (positive). Situational factors including the current sleep children`s sleep even though they are time-con- stage and the elapsed time asleep had an influ- suming and cost-intensive. The magnitude of slow ence, too. wave sleep reduction due to higher exposure was Subjective sleep quality did not differ between the similar to the findings in a study comparing sleep two exposure groups (p = .694). The same applied parameters in healthy children vs. children with to self-rated fatigue in the morning (p = .269). obstructive sleep apnea syndrome [2]. The poten- From the results, it is concluded that nighttime tial health impact of the small but recurrent loss of aircraft noise exposure can objectively impair slow wave sleep due to aircraft noise is currently childhood sleep with regard to sleep depth and a unknown, and should be the focus of future re- fragmentation of sleep due to noise-associated search. awakenings. However, these deteriorations are not reflected by self-rated fatigue in the morning Corresponding author: [email protected] and subjective sleep quality. These findings stress the importance of objective polysomnographic [1] I. van Kamp & Davies, Noise Health 15, 2013 measures for identifying noise-induced changes in [2] Durdik et al., J. Clin.Sleep Med. 14, 2018

33 Noise annoyance due to nighttime traffic: Role of the noise source and the acoustical metric

S. Weidenfeld, E.-M. Elmenhorst, S. Sanok, U. Müller, D. Aeschbach Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Since many traffic noise studies were based on a questionnaire that asked about their annoyance laboratory surveys or exhibited shortcomings in due to road traffic noise in the previous night (1 = noise measurement, there is a lack of valid compa- “not at all” to 5 = “extremely annoyed”) as well as rable exposure-response relationships between about non-acoustical factors potentially influenc- traffic noise and annoyance. To fill this gap, we ing annoyance (e.g. perceived degree of having explored the effect of different traffic noise sourc- adapted to road traffic noise). Measurements of es on annoyance assessed by precise measure- acoustic parameters were undertaken inside the ments of noise parameters (e.g. A-weighted ener- participants’ bedroom. The DLR Institute of Aero- gy equivalent sound pressure level [LAeq] and space Medicine had previously conducted two number of events) in the field. field studies to investigate the effect of nocturnal In the present field study on road traffic noise for- railway ([1]; N = 33) and aircraft noise ([2]; N = 64) ty healthy participants were investigated at their on annoyance by using an identical approach. We homes in areas with moderate nighttime road combined the data of these two studies with traffic in the vicinity of Cologne and Bonn. On four those from the present survey on road traffic to consecutive mornings the participants completed derive exposure-response curves for noise-in-

34 Sleep and Human Factors

duced annoyance by road, railway and air traffic. We applied a logistic regression using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) models to predict the probability to be annoyed (categories ≥ 2) by road traffic, railway, and aircraft noise. In the first pooled model the LAeq and the perceived adaptation to traffic noise were included by a stepwise Fig. 1: Exposure-response curve for the probability to be annoyed by nocturnal forward selection process (Fig. 1). The second road, railway and aircraft noise as a function of LAeq. model contained the number of traffic noise events, interaction terms between the number of events and the traffic modes and again the adaptation to the traffic noise source (Fig. 2). The first model revealed a significant rise in annoyance with increasing LAeq (p = .001, OR = 1.043). While road traffic noise (p = .001, OR = 3.026) was significantly more annoying than aircraft noise, no difference was found between railway and air traffic noise (p = .079, OR = 1.812). Greater adaptation to traffic noise exposure had a reducing effect (p < .001, OR = .528) on annoyance. In the second model, annoyance increased with increasing number of traffic noise events (p < .001, OR = 1.019). A high degree of adaptation to traffic noise reduced annoyance again (p < .001, OR = .524). The probability to be annoyed was significantly higher for railway noise than for aircraft noise (p = .032, OR = 3.471), whereas road traffic did not Fig. 2: Annoyance probability by the number of nocturnal road traffic, differ from aircraft noise in its impact on annoy- railway and aircraft noise events. ance (p = .067, OR = 2.932). As long as the number of traffic noise events was below 105 railway noise caused the highest annoyance reactions. However, with an increasing number of noise events air traffic became more annoying than road varied not only depending on the respective noise (p = .004, OR = .986) and railway (p = .149, OR = source, but also depending on the acoustical met- .989) traffic. ric. The significant variations in annoyance reac- The current study delivers comparative prediction tions between the traffic modes might be ex- models for noise-induced nocturnal short-term plained by the different acoustical properties and annoyance by road, railway and air traffic in the by the different temporal patterns of noise distri- vicinity of Cologne and Bonn and emphasizes the bution throughout the night. importance of the perceived degree of an individual’s adaptation to traffic noise. The analysis re- Corresponding author: [email protected] vealed the LAeq and the number of events to be significant acoustical predictors of annoyance. In- [1] Pennig et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 132, 2012 terestingly, we found that the extent of annoyance [2] Quehl & Basner, J. Environ. Psychol. 26, 2006

35 Speech intelligibility and pressure changes: implications for next-generation train travel

D. Rooney, M. Wittkowski, S. Bartels, S. Weidenfeld, D. Aeschbach Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Fig. 1: Experimental assembly in the pressure chamber. A real time controller synchronised chamber pressure, announcement of WAKO test words and response collection via tablet computers.

Modern societies are characterised by a growing whether transient pressure changes of 25 hPa in 2 demand for mobility of individuals and high speed s, the most severe pressure events expected in trains are becoming a backbone of the transporta- high-speed trains, affect speech intelligibility in tion infrastructure. To facilitate safe operation in individuals with normal hearing ability and sec- increasingly complex railway networks advanced ondly whether the direction of the pressure driver assistance systems are under development. change makes a difference. The auditory channel can be used to provide infor- Data for a reliable power calculation was non-ex- mation without disrupting visual attention, but it istent and we conducted a pilot study with 20 must be interruption-free. Disequilibrium of tym- participants (10 female, mean age 27 years ± 6 SD) panic air pressure promotes conductive hearing to estimate variability. The upper 80% confidence loss and it is not known whether the transient limit guided sample size of the main campaign. pressure changes experienced in high speed trains Studying 72 participants (35 female, 25 years ± 5 when passing through tunnels may interfere with SD) enabled us to identify a 10% difference in speech intelligibility. speech intelligibility while limiting the chance of The primary question of this experiment was alpha and beta error to 5% and 10% respectively.

36 Sleep and Human Factors

Speech intelligibility was measured using a mono- syllable word test [1]. Subsequent to each audibly presented test word participants were asked to identify the word from five written alternatives, each differing in one of three phonemes. Using a cross-over design, each participant was studied in a single one hour session. Participants were presented with two test blocks of 50 words each. In one block each test word was played immediately after a pressure change, while the other block was performed at steady ambient pressure of 950 hPa. To account for potential order effects we permutated the pressure condition. A speech simulating background noise of 67 dB(A) was con- stantly played throughout the experiment, mask- ing the operating sounds of the chamber. The signal to noise ratio of the presented test words was Fig. 2: Estimators and 95%-confidence intervals of adjusted to yield 50% speech intelligibility without intra-individual differences based on t-distribution pressure changes. (df=71). Visibly, no difference, i.e. zero, is within the To maintain an overall family-wise error rate of 5% interval borders. we devised hierarchical testing using complete alpha spending from the primary to the secondary hypothesis. Participants understood on average 0.7 (± 4.5 SD) more words when listening in steady ambient pressure, compared to experiencing a pressure change before announcement of the test word. may be catastrophic. Advanced assistance systems This would equate to an effect size of 0.1, howev- are a necessity to ensure safe rail operation in this er, a two-sided Wilcoxon signed rank test (Z=- ever more demanding environment. Such systems 1.29; p=0.20) did not detect this to be distinguish- can safely make use of speech to communicate able from chance. When comparing increasing relevant information to train drivers. The fast pres- and decreasing pressure the average understand- sure changes occurring during the passage of ing differed by 0.2 (± 3.9 SD) words, which was tunnels, a peculiarity of the train environment, do not formally tested due to lacking significance of not interfere with speech intelligibility and do not the primary hypothesis. appear to be a risk factor for disruption of verbal Drivers of high speed train are not only operating communication. their vehicles in ever more complex railway infra- structures, but they are also subject to a multitude of factors, such as monotonous operating cycles Corresponding author: [email protected] and shift work, known to increase the likelihood of fatigue and human error, consequences of which [1] Wallenberg & Kollmeier, Audiologische Akustik 28, 1989

37 38 Clinical Aerospace Medicine

Stern, C. et al.: Research in bed rest: The challenge of eye examination in the supine position �� 40

Stern, C. et al.: Does refraction change during 60 days of -6° headdown tilt bed rest as it does in astronauts? �� 42

39 Research in bed rest: The challenge of eye examination in the supine position

C. Stern, D. Mittelstaedt, S. Stupp, K. Klink, M. Pittius, S. Ritter, F. Paulke, E. Mulder, A. Händel Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Fig. 1: Automated visual field testing is performed for the very first time in the supine position.

Long-duration space travel challenges ocular research point of view it is important to use as health as evidenced by the “Spaceflight associated many objective methods as possible e.g. replace Neuro-ocular Syndrome” (SANS). The syndrome ocular ultrasound by optical biometry. Space comprises optic disc edema, choroidal folds, cot- agencies followed suit and updated eye examina- ton wool spots, globe flattening with hyperopic tion standards. However, more detailed examina- shift, and enlargement of the optic nerve sheath tions may be required. distension. In the VaPER study, 30 days -6° head

down tilt with raised ambient CO2 reproduced Examinations SANS-like findings in 5 of 11 subjects. During the To identify acute eye diseases and to monitor po- first campaign of the following 60 day -6° head tential changes in ocular health, we perform tests down tilt AGBRESA study with a normal atmos- both before and after the bed rest phase. Testing phere, 5 of 12 test subjects developed optic disc includes best corrected visual acuity in distance edema. and near, visual field testing, slit lamp examina- In the past, International Standard Measures dur- tion, tonometry, color vision, ultrasound, objective ing bed rest studies included ocular ultrasound, refraction and fundoscopy with fundus imaging in tonometry, and fundus examination, which was cycloplegia, Heidelberg Retina Tomography (HRT), replaced by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and OCT. Objective refraction in cycloplegia can to monitor potential changes in test subjects and detect hyperopic shift, visual field exams can de- make their participation as safe as possible. From a tect retinal and optic nerve changes, and color vi-

40 Clinical Aerospace

sion exams can detect changes in optic disc diseases. HRT gauges the optic nerve head and OCT quantifies optic nerve and retinal thickness with high sensitivity. The OCT radial pattern identifies changes better than the formerly used circle scan over the optic disc. During the bed rest phase, we perform near visual acuity to identify early hyperopic shifts with a decrease in near visual acuity and tonometry because intraocular pressure rises, especially during the first phase of bed rest. It is hypothesized that the pressure difference between intracranial and intraocular pressure may be causal for the development of optic disc edema. To measure intraocular pressure we use the ICare Pro To- Fig.: 2: OCT in supine position. nometer which can also be used in the supine position. OCT examinations are normally performed in the seating position. For the bed rest studies the OCT was mounted on a surgery arm to use it in the seated and supine position. In case of a relevant increase in retinal thickness, we individually also perform direct ophthalmoscopy to exclude optic disc edema. In the AGBRESA study, we introduced visual field testing in the supine position. For that purpose our assembling workshop mounted the visual field instrument on a pillar and flexible arm so that the instrument can be maneu- vered in front of the eye. This is the very first time that visual field testings have been performed by an automated instrument in the supine position. Fig. 3: Tonometry. Also during AGBRESA we introduced objective refraction as well as subjective refraction measurements in the supine position for the first time to detect hyperopic shift. The objective refraction to ensure test subject safety and progress in SANS was performed by Nidek hand held autorefractor, mechanisms and targets for countermeasures. The which is also licensed in the supine position. change and development of instruments for examinations and medical monitoring in the supine Conclusion position will also improve the situation for bedrid- Recognition of SANS-like findings during head den patients. down tilt bed rest provides an impetus for more detailed ophthalmology examinations. In addition Corresponding author: [email protected] to maintaining ocular health of participants in bed rest studies, more testing may be required during [1] Laurie et al., Ophthalmology 126, 2019 the bed rest phase, but also months to years after [2] Eklund et al., Ann Neurol. 80, 2016

41 Does refraction change during 60 days of -6° head- down tilt bed rest as it does in astronauts?

C. Stern, M. Pittius, S. Ritter, D. Mittelstädt, K. Klink, S. Stupp Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Fig. 1: Subjective refraction is performed in the laying Fig.: 2: Objective refraction. position in all test subjects.

Introduction During a 30-day bed rest study with increased CO2 Spaceflight associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (0.5%) and a strict -6° head down tilt position (SANS) describes several ocular changes that can (VaPER), we simulated the effects of microgravity appear in astronauts, especially after long-dura- on the human body and observed optic disc ede- tion missions. One of these changes, besides optic ma for the first time in bed rest. The question disc edema, is globe flattening in association with arose as to whether we could also observe globe a hyperopic shift. This shift can result in a reduc- flattening with hyperopic shift and which possibil- tion in near vision, often the first and only symp- ities exist to potentially recognize these changes in tom that astronauts realize. The length of the eye long-duration missions (e.g., to Mars with limited globe is measured by ocular ultrasound pre-, in- transport options). and postflight, but ultrasound measuring is not an exact method and influenced by examiner, angle Methods of the probe and the evaluator. To better and pre- 12 test subjects took part in the first campaign of cisely measure the length of the globe, examina- the 60 days -6° head down tilt AGBRESA bed rest tions by Zeiss IOL Master 500 (optical biometry) study, which included centrifuge runs as a coun- are performed pre- and immediately postflight. termeasure. The length of the eye was measured Optical biometry uses partial coherence interfer- by a Zeiss IOL Master 500. In addition, objective ometry to non-invasively measure the various ana- refraction in cycloplegia (dilated pupil with sup- tomical characteristics of the eye. pression of accommodation) was measured pre

42 Clinical Aerospace

Fig. 3: Overview optic disc baseline. Fig. 4: Overview optic disc post bed rest with edema.

and post bed rest by a Nidek autorefractor ARK cycloplegia before and after the bed rest is useful -1s. A different and easy way to determine chang- for excluding hyperopic shift from globe flatten- es in refraction is to perform subjective refraction ing. In addition to that it is an easy and non-inva- measurements. Thus, hyperopic glasses were held sive measurement which should be included as a in front of the eyes, spectacles or determined opti- standard measure in all bed rest subjects. Howev- mal correction of test subjects to detect hyperopic er, the increase in eye globe length is contrary to shift. To objectify the subjective information, ob- the globe changes observed in astronauts. Fur- jective automatic measurements of the refraction thermore, there is a subjective hyperopic shift in were also performed for the first time in bed rest the subjective refraction of test subjects with optic studies. disc edema, which probably comes from retinal thickening that is not measured by the IOL Master Results biometry system, which refers to the retinal pig- Out of the 12 test subjects, 5 developed optic disc ment epithelium. The retinal pigment epithelium edema. Mean axial length (measured by Zeiss IOL lays further behind for incoming light rays as the master 500) increased from pre to post bed rest several anterior layers. The optical coherence to- (23.87 to 23.92 mm), which was confirmed by a mography shows an increase in retinal nerve fiber negative increase in objective refraction from layers in optic disc edema, which can therefore -0.44 to -0.57 diopters (spherical equivalent). bring the retinal surface forward. As always in Mean subjective refraction decreased from 0.15 to spaceflight and its simulation we need to work 0.11 diopters from head down tilt (HDT) day 15 to with small “n”s which makes the conclusion statis- 58. However, mean subjective refraction in cases tically difficult. Altogether, it seems that refraction with optic disc edema became more positive from may be an easy and efficient method to screen for -0.05 to +0.15 diopters from HDT day 15 to 58. optic disc edema during deep space exploration.

Discussion Axial length increased during the study, which was Corresponding author: [email protected] confirmed by an increase in the negative (more myopic) objective refraction. These findings sug- [1] Mader et al., Ophthalmology 118, 2011 gest that measurement of objective refraction in [2] Laurie et al., Ophthalmology 126, 2019

43 44 Study Team

Ewald, A. et al.: Alterations in resting metabolic rate in the course of a sixty days bed rest study �� 46

Nitsche, A. et al.: Recruitment of test subjects for (long-term) bed rest studies – management and challenges �� 48

45 Alterations in resting metabolic rate in the course of a sixty days bed rest study

A. Ewald, O. Hand, P. Frings-Meuthen Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is defined as the en- inactivity in healthy beings. In the Institute of Aer- ergy a body requires to maintain all vital organs [1]. ospace Medicine we are performing head down The connection between physical activity and tilt bed rest studies as a model to simulate inactiv- RMR is well known. Animal studies have generally ity caused by zero gravity which astronauts experi- shown that single exercise events and longer-term ence in space. In young, healthy adults subjected training produce increases in RMR. This effect is to bed rest, the loss of lower body lean mass ap- observed in longer-term interventions despite par- pears to be in the order of 100-200 g·wk-1 [4, 5]. allel decreases in body mass and fat mass. Long- In the frame of the NASA-ESA-DLR AGBRESA term effects of training include increases in RMR study our objective was to investigate changes in due to increases in lean muscle mass [2]. Less is RMR of test subjects during the time course of a known about the opposite, meaning inactivity 60 days bed rest study. with decreases in lean muscle mass. Only a few The RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry studies show that (partial) inactivity can lead to a with a hood, using the Quark RMR by COSMED. reduced RMR [3]. But there are no findings of This measurement is based on the consumption of

changes in RMR due to inactivity and no informa- O2 and production of CO2 while in a resting state tion about the time course of RMR changes during [6, 7]. Twelve test subjects from the first study

46 Study Team

Fig. 1: Alteration of resting metabolic rate during AGBRESA study (BDC-14 – 1st day of study; HDT32 – 32nd day of bed rest, HDT55 – 55th day of bed rest, R+12 – 12th day after end of bed rest).

campaign (8 male and 4 female) were measured In summary, resting metabolic rate was reduced under standardized conditions: in the morning, due to bed rest despite maintaining body weight. after 12 hours fasting, quiet surrounding and Consequently this results in deviations from the standardized room temperature on the first study most commonly used Harris-Benedict equation day (BDC-14), the 32nd and 55th day of bed rest taking into account only body weight, body (HDT32; HDT55) and 12 days after the end of bed height, sex and age. rest (R+12). In the frame of an individually tailored, Reason for this will be most likely found in a de- standardized diet, body weight was kept constant crease in lean body mass due to muscle loss while (± 3%) during the bed rest period. Since individual staying inactively in bed. However, resting meta- energy intake is usually calculated by several pre- bolic rate was not further reduced after 55 days of dictive equations instead of performing the elabo- bed rest. Interestingly, only twelve days of “nor- rated measurement, we calculated the individual mal” activity seem to be sufficient to increase resting metabolic rate with the most commonly resting metabolic rate to almost baseline level. used Harris-Benedict equation in parallel. More results of the second campaign of the AG- The measured RMR on the first study day was BRESA study are expected in December 2019 in 1703±72.5 kcal/day in the mean and agreed 100% order to verify the results from the first campaign. with the estimated RMR by Harris-Benedict with a In addition, we will obtain body composition data calculated value of 1700±53.1 kcal/day. After 32 for the further interpretation of the resting meta- days of bed rest RMR was reduced by 8.8% to bolic rate results. 1553±57.0 kcal/day. Resting metabolic rate stays stable for the subsequent time in bed with a measured value of 1527±45.6 kcal/d on bed rest day 55. Corresponding author: [email protected] During head down tilt bed rest the measured value with indirect calorimetry was 7.5% (on HDT32) [1] Carpenter et al., Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 61, 1995 and 8.7 % (on HDT55) lower than the predicted [2] Speakman et al., Proc. Nutr. Soc. 62, 2003 [3] Serra et al., J. Neurol. Neurophysiol. 6, 2015 value with the Harris-Benedict equation. [4] LeBlanc et al., J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact. 7, 2007 After twelve days of normal activity (R+12) [5] Trappe et al., J. Appl. Physiol. 103, 2007 measured RMR increased again to 1673±64.0 [6] Ravussin et al., Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 35, 1982 kcal/day (Fig. 1). [7] Matarese, J. Am. Diet. Assoc. 97, 1997

47 Recruitment of test subjects for (long-term) bed rest studies – management and challenges

A. Nitsche, A. Noppe, F. Paulke, L. Lecheler, C. Oel, P. Loehr, M. von der Wiesche Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Fig. 1: Information session for AGBRESA applicants.

Recruiting and selecting appropriate test subjects listed in the test subject database, studies are ad- is crucial for the success of any study. The longer vertised on the institute’s homepage as well as on and more complex the study, the more emphasis major social media channels. For the AGBRESA has to be put not only on general health, but also study, the website “dlr-probandensuche.de” was on aspects like stamina, compliance and emotion- created, which led to innumerable expressions of al stability. Subject recruitment is a complex task interest from all over the world. involving experienced medical, psychological, and management staff. Information sessions According to GCP, active recruitment must not All applicants receive a questionnaire to evaluate start before having a positive vote of the Ethics general eligibility. Apart from basic data like age, Board. All aspects of the study have to be de- profession, height, or weight, this questionnaire scribed in detail, using layperson’s terms and pro- covers medical history, current medication as well viding all necessary information without discour- as nutritional and lifestyle habits. If this “self-as- aging potential applicants. sessment” meets the criteria, the applicants are invited to an information session. Here, all aspects Promoting the study of the study - scientific, medical and organization- When promoting the study, information is spread: al - are presented by experienced staff. basic information is sent to potential participants Informed consent of the applicants is obtained dur-

48 Study Team

Table 1: Recruitment funnel for AGBRESA campaign 1 and 2

Recruitment step Participants % Returned questionnaires 1653 100,0 Invited for information session 1079 65,3 Participating in information session 201 12,2 Participating in medical examination 1 100 6,0 Participating in psychological interview 61 3,7 Participating in medical examination 2 46 2,8 Selected test subjects & backups 25 1,5

ing individual medical consultation. Here, the physi- measurement by dual-energy X-ray absorptiome- cian once more runs through the risks of study. try (DEXA). Subsequently, all applicants have to fill in psychological questionnaires which are evaluated by DLR Final selections specialists regarding psychological eligibility. When all steps described have been passed successfully, the applicants are ranked according to Medical examination, part I their medical and psychological eligibility. The top Comprehensive examinations ensure that future twelve applicants are enrolled, the remaining ap- test subjects are in good health and meet the sci- plicants – hardly ever more than two to three – be- entific requirements to avoid health hazards and come back-up candidates. drop-outs. The medical part also includes blood and urine tests, eye exams, resting and stress ECG, Conclusion genetic counseling for thrombophilia testing, and Study duration, complexity of the study protocol a stand test. and the amount of (invasive) experiments have an immediate effect on the number of applicants. Psychological interviews Extensive exclusion criteria as well as withdrawals Successful medical examination is followed by the for personal or professional reasons even after the psychological interview. Prior, a questionnaire has final selection increase the attrition rate. Often, to be filled out, delivering information on person- late applicants cannot be considered since there is ality traits like health concerns, conscientiousness no time to stop smoking or medication to meet or extraversion. The interview is led by two psy- the inclusion criteria. chologists, complemented by the project lead, The challenge is to have sufficient applicants in head medical doctor and recruitment lead in order every recruitment step to finally end up with to find out whether the candidates are mentally enough appropriate test subjects plus back-ups. stable, compliant, and well aware of the strain and This requires the identification of exclusion criteria efforts they will encounter. at the earliest possible point, simultaneously considering financial and labour resources. Medical examination, part II The last step consists of one more blood draw (hepatitis, HIV, tuberculosis) and a bone density Corresponding author: [email protected]

49 50 Aviation and Space Psychology

Eißfeldt, H.; Vogelpohl, V.: Drone acceptance and noise concerns �� 52

Gayraud, K. et al.: Eye tracking in the context of air traffic controller selection �� 54

Goerke, P. et al.: Psychological screening of bed rest subjects: A validation study �� 56

Hörmann, H.-J. et al.: Enhanced thermal comfort in next generation long-distance trains �� 58

Maier, J.; Goerke, P.: Relationships between a Situational Judgement Test for teamwork and Assessment Center performance �� 60

Pecena, Y. et al.: Individual differences in response to sleep deprivation in a space analog environment �� 62

Schulze Kissing, D.; Bruder, C.: Metrics of team collaboration: Relating collective attention, communication, and performance �� 64

51 Drone acceptance and noise concerns

H. Eißfeldt, V. Vogelpohl Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Hamburg, Germany, In cooperation with the Institute for Flight Guidance, Braunschweig, Germany, and infas GmbH, Bonn, Germany

To examine the public perception of civil un- manned aerial vehicles in Germany, a nationwide telephone study was conducted in spring 2018. Results revealed an attitude slightly more in favour of drones. When asked about their general attitude towards civil drones, 49% of the participants (N=832) responded rather positive, 43% rather negative, and about 8% undecided. According to the results acceptance of civil drones varies with several sociodemographic factors such as gender, age, income and place of residence (for further information see [1], [2]). When asked to what extent they are concerned Fig. 1: Attitude towards civil drones. about certain aspects of civil drone usage, most of the respondents confirmed their concern about misusing drones for criminal purposes (Fig. 3), followed by privacy concerns. Concerns connected with mishaps ranged between 72% and 75% followed closely by concerns about animal welfare. Somewhat surprising was the rather low level of concern about drone noise (53%), as this had been discussed as being a potential barrier of drone proliferation in literature before [3]. About half of the participants (47%) reported having experiences with drones in their personal lives (37%), on the job (4%), or in both contexts (6%). Throughout all areas of concerns these are higher for participants reporting no experience with civil drones. Chi-square tests at the 10% level reveal significant differences for concerns about damages and injuries χ² (1) = 3.09, p = .08, OR = .76, animal welfare χ² (1) = 4.29, p = .04, OR = .73, and transport safety χ² (1) = 3.39, p = .07, OR = .75. The influence of the various concerns about civil drones on the public acceptance was further analysed using Chi-square Automatic Interaction De- Fig. 2: Drone flight for bridge inspection (Project City-ATM). tection (CHAID). This method partitions a contin- gency table produced from cross-tabulation by using a semi hierarchical, sequential procedure [4] and can be used with non-parametric survey data.

52 Aviation and Space Psychology

Concerns about civil drones

Noise 53 Animal welfare 68 Damages and injuries 72 Transport safety 73 Liability and insurance 75 Violation of privacy 86 Crime and misuse 91

0 50 100 values in % Fig. 3: Concerns about civil drones.

Fig. 4: Noise concerns and drone acceptance.

In the resulting model the attitude towards civil of lacking acoustic experience. Among those re- drones was the parent group variable to be split up porting experiences with drones (N=387), a more by the different categories of the various areas of detailed look into the kind of experience with concerns. At first level concerns about noise en- drones revealed a significantly higher percentage tered the analysis, followed by concerns about of noise concern for those reporting having heard transport safety among those concerned about a drone: χ² (1) = 3.29, p = .07, OR = 1.45. noise, and concerns about the violation of privacy In summary, noise is reported least among all dif- among those not concerned about noise. ferent concerns about drones, however has the Of all areas of concern listed in Fig. 3, being/not strongest impact on acceptance. Further research being rather concerned about noise explained the will focus on perception and mitigation of drone attitude towards civil drones among all respond- noise to foster public acceptance of civil drones in ents best χ² (2) = 38,6. p = .000, OR = .41 and Germany. entered the analysis first. Fig. 4 shows the strong interaction effect. Concerns about transport safety among those concerned about noise, and con- Corresponding author: [email protected] cerns about the violation of privacy among those [1] https://www.dlr.de/content/en/articles/ not concerned about noise followed on the sec- news/2018/4/20181218_use-of-civilian-drones-in-germany.html ond level of the CHAID model. [2] Eißfeldt et al., CEAS Aeronautical, submitted The relatively low level of concern about drone [3] ITF (OECD), 2018 noise (53%) in the total sample could be an issue [4] Perreault et al., JMR, 1980

53 Eye tracking in the context of air traffic controller selection

K. Gayraud 1, H. Eißfeldt 1, C. Hasse 1, S. Pannasch 2 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Hamburg, Germany, 2 Ingenieurpsychologie und angewandte Kognitionsforschung, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

Air traffic controllers work in a highly safety-critical environment. Therefore, selection of air traffic controller applicants follows a thorough multiple-stage process. Applicants’ performance on cognitive ability and work sample tests is usually assessed by performance measures, i.e., response accuracy and speed. To gain deeper insight into Fig.1: Visualization of gaze behaviour (fixations and the cognitive processes underlying performance saccades) on a CON example task (cutoff). on visual tasks, different approaches such as eye tracking are required. Specifically, the analysis of eye movements would allow visualizing (Fig. 1) and quantifying visual search activities, including the strategy of solving a task. So far, little research on the relationship between gaze behaviour and inter-individual differences in cognitive performance exists [e.g. 1, 2]. This dissertation project fills this gap by investigating the role of eye movements in personnel selection, specifically, the selection of air traffic controllers [3]. Two work packages (WPs) addressing the relation between gaze behaviour and performance in a cognitive selection test were defined and implemented.

WP 1: Development of a new work sample test In the first WP, a new computer-based work sample test, the Eye Movement CONflict Detection Test (CON, Fig. 1), was developed. The CON includes tasks pertinent to working in an aviation context, and is specifically adapted to meet the special requirements for eye movement analysis. The CON simulates conflict detection between aircraft, a key task of air traffic controllers, but does so in a simpli-

54 Aviation and Space Psychology

Fig. 2: DLR facilities with four computer workstations equipped with eye trackers and one test instructor workstation.

fied way such that applicants without any aviation pated both on the CON and on several cognitive experience are able to perform the task. Develop- tests during ATC selection indicated that eye movement of the CON involved a substantial evaluation ment parameters can significantly contribute to the phase, including one reliability study with 252 appli- prediction of the CON performance in addition to cants for air traffic control training or pilot training, behavioural performance variables of the cognitive and one expert study with two experienced air ability tests (e.g., memory, attention). traffic controllers of the DFS Deutsche Flug- sicherung GmbH. Overall, the data show that the Discussion CON is an objective, reliable and valid test for appli- This project shows that eye tracking provides an cation in eye tracking studies. objective measure of individual performance differences during selection, making the process of WP 2: Relationship between gaze behav- visual search transparent, quantifiable and compa- iour and cognitive performance differ- rable between participants. Outcomes demon- ences strated that the gaze behavior is associated with To examine the relationship between eye move- test performance and contributes relevant addi- ment data and test performance, eye movements tional information about attentional and strategic of air traffic control training applicants and students processes of an applicant. In the future, technical were tracked while they were performing the CON improvements of the eye tracking technology (N = 113). The study was conducted using a remote could further benefit the accuracy of the analysis registration method at DLR facilities, using four of strategic gaze behavior, and additional psycho- computer workstations that had been equipped logical research, including validation studies that with eye trackers (Fig. 2). assess predictive power, is required to establish Performance measures (response accuracy and decision criteria based on eye movement analysis. speed) were calculated for each participant. Eye movement parameters such as fixation count, fixation duration, and gaze transition entropy were Corresponding author: [email protected] determined to quantify the individual’s distribution of attention, and their strategy to detect conflicts [1] Bruder & Hasse, Appl. Ergonomics 82, 2020 on the task. Regression analyses showed that sever- [2] Fehringer, 19. European Conference on Eye Movements, al eye movement parameters were significantly as- Wuppertal, Germany, 2017 [3] Gayraud, Blickbewegungsparameter als kognitive Leistung- sociated with performance variables, and predicted sindikatoren im eignungsdiagnostischen Kontext der Auswahl 54 % of the overall task performance in the CON. von Fluglotsen. Dissertation, Technische Universität Dresden, Moreover, data from individuals who had partici- 2019

55 Psychological screening of bed rest subjects: A validation study

P. Goerke, H. Soll, D. Stelling Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Hamburg, Germany

Fig. 1: Subject in 6° head down tilt position during bed rest study.

Long-term bed rest studies are a well-established [3]. Furthermore aspects like achievement motiva- method to simulate the effects of microgravity. tion, stress tolerance and the ability to get along Study participants are confined to bed in a 6° head with others might influence the suitability of the down tilt position and have to deal with a lack of candidates [4]. Therefore, in addition to the medi- privacy, a degree of dependence on others and cial screening of participants, a thorough psycho- limited social contact. logical screening in the selection process is essen- Most of the studies focus on detrimental physio- tial for the success of a long-term bed rest study. logical aspects and potential countermeasures. The German Aerospace Center (DLR) carries out Recently, psychological and psychosocial factors long- and midterm bed rest studies for ESA and were recognised as important factors for long-du- NASA on a regular basis. The psychological selec- ration spaceflights as well as for long-term bed tion process includes two personality inventories rest studies [1]. Personality factors like Emotional (Freiburger Persönlichkeitsinventar (FPI) [5]; Tem- Stability, Extraversion and Aggressiveness have perament Structure Scales (TSS) [6]), a biographi- been shown to influence subjects’ behavior, mood cal data sheet and a final interview led by a psy- and performance in bed rest [1] and antarctic con- chologist. The selection board consists of psy- finement studies [2] as well as in space missions chologists, project lead and physicians, who

56 Aviation and Space Psychology

Table 1: Correlations: Personality Dimensions, Interview Rating and Performance Criteria.

Performance Criteria Instability Extraversion Aggressiveness Interview General fFit -.38** .17 -.36* .40** Low abortion tendency -.40** .15 -.28† .41** Compliance -.41** -.05 -.38* .41** Care expense -.19 .08 -.39* .37* Adapt. care -.31* .31* -.33† .40** Adapt. subj. group -.23 .36* -.31† .33* Mood swings -.32* .03 -.47** .46** **p<.01, *p<.05, †p<.10

eventually agree on a final interview score which is Correlation analyses showed significant negative based on a prognosis concerning factors like per- correlations between the two personality dimen- severance, compliance, and adaptability. sions Emotional Instability and Aggressiveness and The aim of this study is to validate the selection the different performance criteria. Extraversion process on different performance criteria. It is shows high correlations with Adaptability to Care based on three bed rest studies: Medium-term Staff and Subject group. Moreover, the final inter- bed rest whey protein (MEP), Reactive Jumps in a view score correlates significantly positive with all Sledge Jump System as a Countermeasure during performance criteria. Longterm bed rest (RSL), VIIP (Visual Impairment Thus, a thorough subject selection process includ- and Intracranial Pressure) and Psychological :envi- ing especially the assessment of Emotional Insta- hab Research Study (VaPER) conducted by the DLR bility and Aggressiveness in combination with a at the AMSAN and at the :envihab, respectively. N structured psychological interview reduces the = 44 subjects (39 m, 5 f) were included in either 2 likelihood of dropouts and enhances the quality of x 21 days (MEP), 30 days (VaPER) or 60 days (RSL) subject performance. of bed rest. Subjects’ study performance was rated by the support team (MEP: N = 29, RSL: N = 18, VaPER: N = Corresponding author: [email protected] 20) on seven rating scales concerning different aspects: General Study Fit, Low Abortion Tenden- [1] Nicolas, Adv. Space Res. 44, 2009 cy, Compliance, Care Expense, Adaptability to [2] Palinkas et al., Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 71, 2000 Care Staff, Adaptability to Subject Group and [3] Kanas et al., Acta Astr. 64, 2009 [4] Seaton et al., Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 88, 2009 Mood Swing. Correlations between personality [5] Fahrenberg et al., Das Freiburger Persönlichkeitsinventar FPI. dimensions (TSS) and performance criteria have Hogrefe - Verlag für Psychologie, 1994 been calculated while controlling the effect of [6] Maschke, Temperament Structure Scales (TSS). Tech. Rep. Openness. No.: ESA-TT-1069,1987

57 Enhanced thermal comfort in next generation long-distance trains

H.-J. Hörmann, J. Maier, P. Goerke, A. Kölzer, K. Schudlik, O. Zierke Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Hamburg, Germany, In cooperation with the DLR Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Technology, Göttingen

Objectives As part of the DLR program Next Generation Train (NGT), this project is aligned with the efforts of the European Commission to achieve a 60% re-

duction of CO2 emissions by shifting a significant proportion of middle distance passenger journeys from road to other modes of transportation. Due to its low environmental impact the railway system is the prime candidate to enable domestic and continental mass passenger mobility. Our efforts aim to substantially increase the attractiveness of railway journeys for travelers by analyzing and en- hancing comfort conditions. While the previous work has examined comfort conditions such as lighting, noise and vibrations, in our current research we develop and evaluate in cooperation with the DLR Institute of Aerodynamics and Flow Fig. 1: Subject trials to measure thermal comfort conditions in a train mockup. Technology at Göttingen novel heating, ventilation and air conditioning technologies (HVAC), which could provide the highest quality of thermal comfort during rail travel.

Approach Based on the ASHRAE Standard 55, thermal comfort is defined as “that condition of mind that ex- presses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation” [1]. The distributions of indoor air temperature, air flow, air quality, and air humidity are the main environmental parameters that determine individual thermal comfort. We investigate individual thermal comfort under controlled conditions with different HVAC-systems in a generic train compartment in Göttingen (Fig. 1). We focus especially on low-momentum ventilation techniques such as Cabin Dis- placement ventilation (CDV), Ceiling-integrated

58 Aviation and Space Psychology

Fig. 2: Comparison of thermal comfort for different ventilation systems.

(CLMV) or Hatrack-integrated low-momentum Implications ventilation (HLMV) in comparison to state-of-the- Our results have shown that no single HVAC-sys- art Microjet ventilation (MJV). Objective as well as tem can simultaneously maximize both criteria: subjective comfort parameters are recorded energy efficiency and thermal comfort. Therefore throughout each exposition phase. Meanwhile, we suggest a hybrid combination of two over 280 subjects participated in our empirical HVAC-systems to gain optimal conditions. This will studies. be targeted in coming subject trials. Evaluations of thermal comfort by humans are always subject to Results some inter-individual differences. Depending on In regard to energy efficiency CDV is clearly supe- personal preferences, different clothes, or differ- rior to any other of the examined ventilation sys- ent activity levels people tend to prefer either tems. As shown on the left side of Fig. 2, the heat warmer or colder temperatures with higher or removal efficiency coefficient (HRE) of CDV is 20% lower air velocity. It will not be possible to satisfy better than the present technology [2]. However, a everybody’s needs by averaging thermal condi- CDV disadvantage is its higher vertical tempera- tions in a train compartment. Therefore, we pro- ture gradient, which can cause some discomfort pose to provide the option of individually adjusta- (Fig. 2, right side, [3]). ble thermal conditions to train travelers at least in In order to compensate for the steep vertical tem- more exclusive personal comfort areas. Currently, perature gradient of CDV, infrared (IR) panels were we intend to further optimize the HVAC’s energy mounted in the lower section of the cabin for each balance through demand-dependent ventilation. individual seat. Additionally, subjects received a simple remote control, which allowed them to adjust their auxiliary IR-panels according to per- Corresponding author: [email protected] sonal preferences. While still being more energy [1] ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55, 2013 efficient than MJV, this configuration received the [2] Schmeling & Hörmann, 4th Int. Conf. Railway Technol. 2018 highest evaluations for thermal comfort by the [3] Hörmann et al. Empfehlungen für den Fahrgastkomfort, subjects (CDV+IR) [3]. NGTIII. Report, 2018

59 Relationships between a Situational Judgement Test for teamwork and Assessment Center performance

J. Maier, P. Goerke Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Hamburg, Germany

Assessment centers (AC) are widely used for per- In this study, a SJT for selecting individuals for sonnel selection although they are rather teamwork (SJT-TW [4]) was analyzed with regard time-consuming and resource-intensive. Less cost- to its usefulness for behavioral observations in the ly alternatives are Situational Judgment Tests (SJTs) context of assessment centers. It consisted of 30 that confront applicants with written or vid- items covering several aspects of teamwork be- eo-based descriptions of job-relevant situations. haviors (example see Fig. 1). As response format applicants can choose from The collection of data took place in the premises different possible behavioral reactions. In their of the DLR Hamburg. The sample consisted of N = conventional form, they are established for the 181 applicants (w = 21, m = 160; mean age = 21.2, prediction of job performance and cognitive ability SD = 2.8) for the job of a pilot who took part in a [1]. More recent approaches show that SJTs which two-stage selection process. In the first stage, have been developed to measure concrete con- applicants worked on several computer-based structs had an improved validity and minimized performance and knowledge tests and a personal- effects of social desirability [2, 3]. ity test. Positive candidates were admitted to the

60 Aviation and Space Psychology

Tab. 1: Results of correlation analyses.

First stage Knowledge Tests Performance Tests ENS TVT TEC RAG KRN RMS VMC SKT OWT ROT PPT MIC SJT-TW .11 .21** .07 .08 .10 .12 .01 -.15* .01 .06 .04 .01

Second stage Assessment Center Dimensions Simulator Interview Leadership Teamwork/Communication Strain Symptoms Total score Prognosis SJT-TW .34** .30** .29** .22** .09

Note: ENS: English; TVT, TEC: Technical knowledge; RAG, KRN: Mathematics; RMS, VMC: Memory; SKT, OWT: Concentration; ROT, PPT: Spatial Orientation; MIC: Multiple Task Capacity.

second stage, where the SJT-TW was filled subse- In sum, convergent and discriminant relationships quent to the first day of a two-day AC. On the were identified for the SJT-TW: Significant correla- second day, a simulator test and an interview were tions were found between the SJT-TW and behav- performed. ioral observations from the AC, which shows that As shown in Tab. 1, no meaningful correlations the SJT-TW can be used to assess teamwork rele- were found between SJT performance and most vant aspects of applicants’ behavior. As opposed knowledge and cognitive performance tests as- to this, there were only low to zero relationships sessed in stage one. There were also no significant with the tests from stage 1 confirming the con- relationships with the measured personalitiy di- struct validity of the SJT-TW. mensions. Contrary to general expectations there was also Taking into account the second stage of the as- no significant relationship with the final prognosis sessment, SJT performance and dimensional ob- after the interview. This might be explained by the server ratings were correlated significantly: Posi- restricted variance in the dataset, which is a result tive relationships with the AC dimensions leader- of the previous selection stages where negative ship, teamwork/communication and strain candidates were ousted. symptoms were found. Moreover, subjects who passed the first day of the AC performed significantly better in the SJT (MSJT_ACpass = 31.36, SD = 5.95) than those who failed (MSJT_ACfail = Corresponding author: [email protected] 28.44, SD = 5.95; T = 3.28, = p < .01). Regarding [1] McDaniel et al., J. Appl. Psychol. 86, 2001 the last assessment stages, SJT performance had a [2] Christian et al., Pers. Psychol. 63, 2010 positive correlation with the total score of the sim- [3] Kasten et al., Eur. J. Psychol. Ass., 2018 ulator test but no relationship with the final prog- [4] Gatzka & Volmer, Report, University of Applied Sciences and nosis after the interview (Tab. 1). Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 2013

61 Individual differences in response to sleep deprivation in a space analog environment

Y. Pecena, V. Vogelpohl, A. End Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Hamburg, Germany

Adverse conditions in space severely affect astronauts’ sleep [1]. Importantly, even minor sleep deprivation has the potential to massively influence individual performance [2]. Thus, considering the high risk operational working environment of space missions, it is essential to study potential influences on the effects of sleep deprivation. As part of a larger NASA project, our study aimed at investigating whether individual characteristics such as personality traits predict vulnerability to sleep deprivation with respect to individuals’ performance and perceived fatigue. The study was conducted in the NASA Human Exploration Research Analog (HERA), a ground- based habitat that serves as an analog for isolation and confinement in space (Fig. 1). Data were collected from four crews, each consisting of four healthy non-smokers (age: 30-55 years), who vol- unteered to partake in HERA Campaign 4 for a total duration of 45 days. Before participating, individual traits such as personality (TSS [3]), trait anxiety (STAI [4]) as well as perceived emotional irritation [5] were assessed. During confinement, the crew members were instructed to maintain a sleep rhythm of eight hours per night during weekends and five hours per night during week- days (i.e., inducing sleep deprivation). Moreover, repeatedly during the mission, participants’ performance was measured by means of the psychomotor vigilance task (PVT [6]) and, additionally, several rating scales were administered (e.g. perceived fatigue). For data analysis, each individual’s Fig. 1: HERA habitat (https://www.nasa.gov/analogs/ impairment in response to sleep deprivation was hera/experience-hera), consisting of an airlock (left part), the core and loft (middle part) and a hygiene calculated with respect to PVT performance (i.e. module (right part). reaction times) as well as perceived fatigue. In order to examine whether crewmembers with certain characteristics were especially vulnerable to

62 Aviation and Space Psychology

Fig. 2: Mean difference in PVT reaction times (in ms) in response to sleep deprivation (i.e., 5 vs. 8 hours of sleep), separately for four different traits. Error bars denote SEM.

suffer from relative lacks of sleep, for each trait, sponse to sleep deprivation was found to be weak- the current sample was divided into two groups by er for crewmembers with lower as compared to means of a median split. higher scores on this personality dimension (U = In contrast to prior research [7], the personality 53.0, p = .023; τ = .23, p = .22). trait extraversion did not predict differential im- Present results corroborate previous work in pairment in PVT performance or perceived fatigue demonstrating a relationship between personality as a result of sleep deprivation in the present traits and vulnerability to sleep deprivation. How- study. However, we found smaller effects of sleep ever, additional research is desirable in order to deprivation on performance for crewmembers gain a better insight into the precise relationship with higher as compared to lower scores in rigidity between specific personality traits and vulnerabili- (Mann-Whitney-U = 10.0, p = .021; Fig. 2). This ty to sleep deprivation. observation was further supported by the fact that In sum, the present study used an ecologically rigidity was negatively correlated with PVT perfor- valid space analog and showed that crewmembers mance impairment (Kendall’s τ = -.56, p = .003; cf. with certain individual characteristics may be par- [8]). A similar association was observed for domi- ticularly resilient to sleep deprivation. For practi- nance (U = 22.0, p = .33; τ = -.38, p = .045). In tioners these results might benefit future astro- contrast, the opposite relationship was found for naut selection campaigns. aggressiveness (U = 57.0, p = .007; τ = .68, p < .001), emotional irritation (U = 55.0, p = .015; τ = Corresponding author: [email protected] .38, p = .045), and anxiety (U = 59.0, p = .002; τ =

.38, p = .045). Hence, larger effects of sleep dep- [1] Barger et al., Lancet Neurol. 13, 2014 rivation on performance were revealed for crew- [2] Lo et al., PLoS One 7, 2012 members with higher as compared to lower scores [3] Maschke, Temperament structure scales (TSS), DLR 1996 on these three traits. [4] Spielberger, State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory, 2010 As opposed to the individual characteristics de- [5] Mohr et al., Eur. J. Psychol. Assess. 22, 2006 [6] Dinges & Powell, Behav. Res. Methods Instr. Comput. 17, scribed above, achievement motivation did not in- 1985 fluence the impairment in PVT performance. [7] Hoermann et al., Proc. 32nd EAAP, 2017 However, the increase in perceived fatigue in re- [8] Hoermann et al., Proc. 30th EAAP, 2012

63 Metrics of team collaboration: Relating collective attention, communication, and performance

D. Schulze Kissing, C. Bruder Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Hamburg, Germany

Fig. 1: ConCenT experimental setup.

Introduction campaign it is explored if synchronization can be Methods of nonlinear dynamic systems (NDS) observed in visual sampling behavior and, if so, if analysis might provide an innovative approach to synchronization metrics provide sensitive indica- visual sampling behavior of operators in complex tors for team processes. The results of one experi- systems, and this not only within individuals (e.g., ment are reported below. [1]), but also within teams. In contrast to tradition- al approaches, which use normative models to Method find the functions driving visual sampling behavior In the synthetic task environment (STE) ConCenT of individuals ([2]-[5]), in NDS-terms visual sam- (Control Center Task Environment; cf. [8]) teams pling can be conceptualized as being driven by of three observe an array of instruments for nonlinear oscillators (cf. [6]). In less predictable events signaling dysfunctions (Fig. 1). Because of situations, these oscillators are more stochastic in a very short reaction-time window (set to 4s) nature and so produce higher entropy in visual and a low signal salience team members can sampling behavior. The analytical method that fits hardly succeed in this task without visual search well with the resulting kind of non-stationary (and bounded by expectations. Overall patterns of noisy) data is recurrence quantification analysis system behaviour provide information to guide (RQA, [7]). Furthermore, with cross-recur- alertness about upcoming events. However, a rence-quantification analysis (CRQA) synchrony on team can only identify these patterns through team level can be assessed. In an experimental communication.

64 Aviation and Space Psychology

Design A scenario comprises 68 monitoring-task items of Tab. 1: Mixed Model ANOVA results on the synchronization coefficient. 30s duration to be performed consecutively. Ex- pectation is manipulated by introducing two item types: a) 34 items displaying a sequence of successive alert signals resulting in final alert signals (of which 6 actually predict a dysfunction event) and b) 34 occasionally displaying a safety signal. The team can detect the safety and alert signals only in collaboration. Shared alertness should decrease in task trials with safety signals occurring, compared to trials with a constant increase in alertness. This should be reflected in lower attention synchronization values within teams.

Participants 14 teams with complete gaze-data sets are considered for analysis. The mean age of participants is 22.02 (SD= 3.57).

Data Preparation For an attention synchronization metric the Mat- lab toolbox “crptoolbox” [9] was used to calculate three cross recurrence rates (CRR) based on the individual gaze-time series. The mean of the resulting three CRR formed the synchronization coefficient.

Results As shown in Fig. 2, the effect of item type on the synchronization of gaze behavior within teams is significant (cf. Tab. 1). Synchronization of gaze behavior decreased in the task-trials of the second half of the scenario compared to the first half (cf. Fig. 2: Mean difference in PVT reaction times (in ms) in Tab. 1). A significant interaction of Phase x Type response to sleep deprivation (i.e., 5 vs. 8 hours of sleep), (cf. Tab. 1) indicates that this effect is attributable separately for four different traits. Error bars denote SEM. to synchronization during alert trials, only.

Discussion Methods of nonlinear dynamic systems (NDS) analysis provide an innovative approach to visual sampling behavior of teams in complex systems. Corresponding author: [email protected] As assumed, shared alertness measured by CRQA is lower in trials with safety signals. With longer [1] Schulze Kissing et al., Proc. EAAP, 2018 [2] Senders, IEEE HFE-5, 1964 time on task fatigue might have selectively affect- [3] Sheridan, SSC-6(2), 140-145, 1970 ed synchronization of gaze behavior for alert trials, [4] Moray, in Boff et al. (eds) Handbook of perception and per- only, because of the more attention demanding formance, Vol II, Wiley & Sons, 1986 processes behind. [5] Bruder et al., in de Waard et al. (eds) Proc. HFES EC 2017 [6] Guastello et al., Psychol. Life Sci. 23, 2019 Outlook [7] Marwan & Weber, in Webber & Marwan (eds) Recurrence Quantification Analysis: Theory and Best Practices. Springer In further analyes it will be tested if a decrease in a International 2015 teams’ attention synchronization predicts upcom- [8] Schulze Kissing & Bruder, Kognitive Systeme 16, 2016 ing performance decrements. [9] Marwan, CRP Toolbox 5.17 for Matlab, 2013

65 66 Radiation Biology

Berger, T. et al.: The RAMIS radiation detector on the DLR Eu:CROPIS mission �� 68

Meier, M. et al.: New European radiation protection standards in aviation �� 70

Konda, B. et al.: Response of mammalian eye lenses to space radiation qualities in vitro and in organ culture �� 72

Rettberg, P. et al.: The microbiome inside the International Space Station (ISS) ��74

Möller, R. et al.: Changes in the skin microbiome during head-down tilt bedrest �� 76

67 The RAMIS radiation detector on the DLR Eu:CROPIS mission

T. Berger, J. Aeckerlein, K. Marsalek, D. Matthiä, B. Przybyla, M. Rohde, M. Wirtz Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

The RAdiation Measurements In Space (RAMIS) instrument (Fig. 1) was developed, constructed, tested and built in the Biophysics group of the Radiation Biology department of the Institute of Aerospace Medicine. RAMIS is operated in the frame of the DLR Eu:CROPIS satellite mission to provide measurements of the radiation environment. For this mission two identical RAMIS systems were built. The first one (PL3M2) is mounted at the top surface of the satellite under very low shielding conditions (Fig. 2). The second one (PL1M1) is positioned as a sensor within the primary Eu:CROPIS payload [1] and measures radiation quantities providing dosimetry for the biological samples. RAMIS uses an arrangement of two silicon detectors in telescope geometry, and enables to investigate the following scientific objectives. The first objective is the exact determination of the fluxes of protons and electrons in the Earth´s radiation belts. These data serve as input for the validation and benchmarking of current radiation field mod- Fig. 1: The RAMIS Flight Model with open lid showing the digital PCB board with the els and additionally for further model develop- silicon detector telescope in its aluminium case in the lower right part. The analogue ment. As a second objective the experiment deter- board with relevant preamplifiers and analogue electronics is below the digital board. mines the variation of the galactic cosmic radiation The power and data connector to the Eu:CROPIS satellite is located on the left side of (GCR) contribution to the radiation field by meas- the outer surface. uring the relevant parameters in dependence of the orbit of the satellite and in dependence on the solar cycle. In addition RAMIS also provides relevant quantities for radiation dosimetry as absorbed dose, energy deposition spectra and relevant dose equivalent. The Eu:CROPIS satellite was launched on 3 Decem- ber 2018 into a polar orbit. The RAMIS instruments have been activated on 5 December 2018

68 Radiation Biology

Fig. 2: RAMIS PL3M2 mounted on the top outer surface of the Eu:CROPIS satellite.

for first measurements and commissioning. Since 11 December 2018 onwards the RAMIS detector PL3M2 on the outside of the satellite is collecting science data. Fig. 3 shows the average count rate of the detector between December 2018 and Oc- tober 2019. With RAMIS we are in a perfect orbit, since we cover at one hand the nominal areas where the International Space Station (ISS) is flying (up to ± 50° latitude), but in addition we are crossing the north and the south pole going up to latitudes of ± 83° (Fig. 3 top). These crossings enable us to measure the radiation environment as encoun- tered in free space, due to the fact, that geomagnetic shielding at the poles is negligible. With this, RAMIS offers a perfect tool for comparison with instruments for example in lunar orbit (CRaTER) or on the surface of the Moon (LND). In addition we can measure the highly complex and temporally extremely fast changing behavior of electrons in the outer radiation belts (as seen in the band like structure given in the top Fig. 3). Further on, the Fig. 3: RAMIS PL3M2 count rates over the Eu:CROPIS orbit. Top: Full Earth picture; crossing of the South Atlantic Anomaly (seen in Bottom: Zoom into the South Atlantic Anomaly. (Dataset: 05 December 2018 – 29 zoomed version in Fig. 3 bottom) can be studied. October 2019). RAMIS PL3M2 has worked flawlessly for over 11 months, and is still collecting valuable data for the changes in the radiation environment over time and over the solar cycle. Further, in depth data evaluation is in progress and publications are in writing.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

[1] Hauslage et al., Microgravity Sci. Technol. 30, 2018

69 New European radiation protection standards in aviation

M. Meier, D. Matthiä, K. Schennetten, M. Wirtz, C. Baumstark-Khan, C.E. Hellweg Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Radiation protection for aircrew has been legally plemented by the airline industry by the end of regulated in the European Union (EU) for more 2020. This requires that existing products and than 20 years. The first EU directive including air- services have to be adapted and new products and crew as occupationally exposed radiation workers services have to be developed based on the had been 96/29/EURATOM that was repealed and knowledge and previous research results of the replaced by the directive 2013/59/EURATOM in workgroup. For example, the most recent ICRP 2013, which had to be implemented in the nation- recommendations concerning radiation and tissue al legal systems of the member states, i.e. the weighting factors for the calculation of the effec- laws, regulations and administrative provisions tive dose had to be implemented into the PANDO- necessary to comply with this directive, by 6 Feb- CA-program used for the operational dose assess- ruary 2018 [1]. The new European basic safety ment for more than half of the German flight standards for protection against the dangers aris- personnel. An analysis of the consequences on the ing from exposure to ionizing radiation are based accrued flight doses has shown a corresponding on the most recent recommendations of the Inter- decrease in dose rates of up to about 30 % during national Commission on Radiological Protection solar minimum conditions, which are going to (ICRP) that were adopted on 21 March 2007, after prevail for the coming years (Fig. 1) [7]. eight years of discussion, involving scientists, regu- A new legal requirement obliges airline companies lators, and users all around the world and pub- to appoint radiation protection officers with a req- lished as ICRP Publication 103 [2]. uisite qualification in radiation protection in avia- The Radiation Protection in Aviation Group of the tion that has to be achieved by the successful at- Radiation Biology Department has offered scientif- tendance at a corresponding 2-day training ic services for airlines since radiation protection course. The content of teaching ranges from the regulations became legally binding in Germany in basics in nuclear physics and radiation biology to 2001. For example, the workgroup has developed imparting knowledge on legal and operational the computer program Professional AviatioN DOse matters. A space weather lesson is included as CAlculator (PANDOCA) based on an atmospheric well. The Radiation Biology Department has al- radiation model of the radiation field due to cos- ready become one of few chartered course provid- mic radiation for the official dose assessment of ers in Germany [8]. aircrew registered in Germany [3]. Furthermore, Furthermore, the German Radiation Protection measuring techniques have been established as Act stipulates a new dose limit for the ambient standards for quality assurance [4-6]. dose in the uterus of female flight attendants of Beside the hitherto existing radiation protection childbearing age of 2 mSv per month that might measures, new legal requirements have to be im- even be infringed in rare cases on a single flight by

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0.8

0.78

0.76 ICRP60

E 0.74 /

solar minimum 0.72 FL410 ICRP103

E 0.7 FL350 FL280

0.68

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 RC [GV]

Fig. 1: Ratio of the effective dose rates after the recommendations by ICRP103 and ICRP60 at different altitudes during solar minimum conditions in dependence on the effective geomagnetic cut-off rigidity RC, a parameter used for the quantification of the shielding effect of the Earth’s magnetic field (from [7]).

a strong solar particle radiation event. Therefore, it will be an ongoing challenge for the workgroup to develop further services, e.g. for early space weather radiation alerts in order to support airlines in their efforts not to infringe any dose limits and keep exposures due to cosmic radiation for crew and passengers during their flights as low as reasonably achievable.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

[1] EURATOM Council Directive 2013/59/EURATOM, Official J. European Comm. 57 L13, 2014 [2] ICRP Publication 103, Ann. ICRP 37(2–4), 2007L13, 2014 [3] Matthiä et al., Space Weather 12, 2014 [4] Meier et al., J. Space Weather Space Clim. 6, 2016 [5] Meier et al., Space Weather 14, 2016 [6] Meier et al., Space Weather 16, 2018 [7] Meier & Matthiä, J. Radiol. Prot. 39, 2019 [8] https://www.lba.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/T/T3/Strahl- enschutz/Liste_Fachkundekurse.html, 2019

71 Response of mammalian eye lenses to space radiation qualities in vitro and in organ culture

B. Konda, C. Baumstark-Khan, C.E. Hellweg Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Day 7 Day 14

Fig. 1: Lens organ culture. The photographs of a lens where taken after 7 and 14 days incubation at 37°C and 5%

CO2 in humidified atmosphere.

Astronauts on long-term space missions have a [1,2], resulting in a doses accrued by astronauts higher risk for the expression of radiation late ef- during a six-months mission of around 100 mSv, fects such as cancer or sub-capsular cortical eye with variations depending on the flight altitude lens opacities. This is due to higher dose and dif- and solar activity. During a mission to Mars, astro- ferent patterns of cellular energy deposition from nauts will accumulate considerable doses of galac- high-linear-energy-transfer (LET) components of tic cosmic radiation of about 1 Sv [3,4], thereby galactic cosmic radiation in space than that of low- reaching the upper limit of the cataract-induction LET radiation on Earth. The eye lens is a radiation threshold dose. sensitive organ as it contains a germinative zone in Radiation-induced lens opacification is assumed to the lens epithelium with actively proliferating cells initiate from post irradiation proliferative activity that finally differentiate into transparent lens fibers of genetically damaged lens epithelial cells with and an elimination mechanism for damaged cells is alterations in cell cycle control, apoptosis, differen- lacking. Radiation-induced cataract is reported to tiation, and cellular disorganization, or other path- occur with a threshold absorbed dose of 0.5 Gy ways controlling lens fiber cells’ differentiation. As (0 - 1 Gy) of sparsely ionizing radiation. On the In- the porcine eye lens is similar to the human lens in ternational Space Station (ISS), the effective dose size and anatomy, DNA damage response after rate quantified by human phantom experiments X-ray exposure was investigated in ex-vivo porcine amounted to 550-570 µSv/d inside the station and lenses in organ culture (Fig. 1), in in-vitro cultivated 690-720 µSv/d during extravehicular activities lens epithelial slabs and in porcine lens epithelial

72 Radiation Biology

0 Gy 1 h 1 Gy 1 h 4 Gy 1 h

0 Gy 24 h 1 Gy 24 h 4 Gy 24 h

Fig. 2: Immunofluorescence staining of γH2AX in porcine lens epithelial cells. Cells were fixed with 3.5 % formalde- hyde 1 h and 24 h after X-ray exposure. Fluorescent antibody staining for γH2AX is given by pink foci whereas the blue stain of the cell nuclei is due to DAPI stain. Scale bars represent 20 µm.

cells. Cell survival of proliferative cells was calculat- and whole lenses after X-irradiation. In whole ed from colony forming ability (CFA) assay. The lenses, the amount of residual damage (after 24 h phosphorylated form of H2AX (γH2AX) was used and 48 h) was highest in the equatorial zone while as a molecular marker to visualize DNA double in the central epithelial zone DSB repair seemed to strand breaks (DSB) and their repair. Propidium io- proceed with time in a manner comparable to dide based DNA staining for cellular DNA content in-vitro cultivated porcine lens epithelial cells. marked radiation-induced cell cycle disturbances. In conclusion, lens organ culture allows cellular In porcine lens epithelial cells, the cell survival metabolism and DNA synthesis in whole lenses. curve of X-irradiated and immediately plated cells Repair of DNA DSB takes place in the central epi- and cells plated after a recovery period of 24 h thelial layer and is reduced in the equatorial region followed the equation S=1.40xD+ln 1.47 and of cultivated lenses. S=1.59xD+ln 1.79, respectively. DNA DSB are induced in a dose-dependent manner (~18 DSB/cell/ Gy) and repaired during successive recovery (~5 DSB/cell/Gy residual damage after 24 h) (Fig. 2). Corresponding author: [email protected] For doses >2 Gy, a cell cycle arrest in G2 phase [1] Berger et al., Radiat. Res. 180, 2013 occurred 24 h after X-irradiation and persisted up [2] Puchalska et al., Biophys. 53, 2014 to 72 h post-irradiation. DNA DSB induction and [3] Zeitlin et al., Science 340, 2013 repair were documented for lens epithelial slabs [4] Hassler et al., Science 343, 2014

73 The microbiome inside the International Space Station (ISS)

P. Rettberg 1, M. Mora 2, L. Wink 2, I. Kögler 2, A. Mahnert 2, P. Schwendner 3, R. Demets 4, C. Cockell 3, T. Alekhova 5, A. Klingl 6, R. Krause 2,7, A. Zolotariof 3, A. Alexandrova 5, C. Moissl-Eichinger 1,7 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany, 2 Dept. Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria, 3 UK Center for Astrobiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, 4 European Space Research and Technology Center, Noordwijk, The Netherlands, 5 Lomonosov, Faculty of Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia, 6 Dept. Biology I, Lud- wig Maximilians University of Munich, Munich, Germany, 7 BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria

Fig. 1: Microbiome composition in clean rooms (utmost left three columns) and the ISS.

Human space exploration beyond Low Earth Or- materials as well as malfunctioning of various bit to the Moon and to Mars is a declared goal of space systems and equipment. the space-faring agencies. Maintenance of crew’s In the space experiment EXTREMOPHILES the mi- health during a several hundred days journey in a crobial communities from several areas aboard the confined artificial environment in space is one of International Space Station were analysed at three the key aspects, which has to be addressed. Sev- time points [1]. The microbial diversity, distribution, eral risks with respect to microorganisms and functional capacity and resistance profile was inves- human spaceflight have been identified. These tigated using a combination of cultivation-inde- include the compromised human immune system pendent analyses (amplicon and shot-gun sequenc- during spaceflight and a potentially increased in- ing) and cultivation-dependent analyses (physiolog- fection risk, as it has been shown that micrograv- ical and genetic characterization of microbial ity affects the virulence of certain pathogenic isolates, antibiotic resistance tests, co-incubation microorganisms, the potential increase of antimi- experiments). crobial resistances as recently shown for high- The microbial community composition was as- ly-maintained, confined built environments and sessed by amplicon sequence analysis and shot-gun the deleterious effect of so-called technophilic metagenomics of wipe samples from the ISS and microorganisms causing damage to structural from a spacecraft assembly cleanroom for compari-

74 Radiation Biology

Fig. 2: Network analysis and model of the ISS with sampling sites (indicated by red circles).

son (Fig. 1). The ISS microbiome is dominated by to several fungi. No archaea could be grown from human-associated microorganisms such as Strepto- any sampling site. Antimicrobial susceptibility test- coccus, Corynebacterium, Lactobacillus, Acineto- ing was performed for 17 clinically relevant antibiot- bacter, Staphylococcus, and varies over time and ics and the microbial resistance potential was found locations inside the ISS (Fig. 2). Archaeal signatures to be similar to that of ground controls. were also detected frequently. In contrast, in the The genomic and physiological features selected cleanroom samples the majority of microorganisms by ISS conditions do not appear to be directly rele- belong to alpha-proteobacterial genera. The ISS vant to human health, although adaptations to- microbial communities are highly similar to those wards biofilm formation and surface interactions present in ground-based confined indoor environ- were observed. The results do not raise direct ments and are subject to fluctuations, although a reason for concern with respect to crew health, core microbiome persists over time and locations. but indicate a potential threat towards material By different cultivation approaches including pre- integrity in moist areas. treatment with ionising or non-ionising radiation, growth at high or low pH, growth at high or low Corresponding author: [email protected] temperature, exposure to a heat-shock etc. 76 unique bacterial isolates were obtained in addition [1] Mora et al., Nature Communications 10, 2019

75 Changes in the skin microbiome during head-down tilt bedrest

E. Muratov, T. Erler, S. Koch, K. Siems, A. Schröder, E. Mulder, C.E. Hellweg, R. Möller Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Fig. 1: Probing of skin microbiological samples for in-depth analyses – from the sampling swab to the cultivation on a blood agar plate (image source: DLR). Although health status of astronauts such as im- munological and physiological problems has been investigated, less attention has been paid to the microbiome and its significant role in the astronauts’ health [1]. In extended missions, a wide range of physiological adaptations or even diseases may affect astronauts. In order to simulate the effects of spaceflight on the human health and performance extensive terrestrial studies are and were conducted to gain better understanding in the human physiology. In the NASA-ESA-DLR long-term bedrest study AGBRESA (“Artificial

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Gravity Bed Rest Study”) a first campaign was con- dermatological probes. Both cultivation-based and ducted to study the physiological changes in the cultivation-independent methods were used to skin with correlation towards microbial shifts. determine microbial composition, diversity and AGBRESA provided a platform for investigation of dynamics of the skin swabs (of the subjects’ ears, microbiota shifts and altered skin properties forehead and spinal column). through a 60 days-long period of simulated micro- During simulated microgravity, it is expected that gravity. members of particular genera are redistributed Our skin is home to millions of bacteria, fungi and caused by physiological skin adaptation. An en- viruses that compose the skin microbiota [2]. Simi- richment of lipophilic organisms such as Propioni- lar to those in our gut, skin microorganisms play bacteria or Corynebacteria sp. was found during essential roles in the protection against invading the HDT. The pH of the forehead showed a signif- pathogens, the education of our immune system icant decrease whereas the amount of sebum and and others [3]. As the largest organ of the human the level of skin hydration increased. The analysis body, skin is colonized by beneficial microorgan- of bacterial communities on forehead indicated isms and serves as a physical barrier to prevent the that skin microbiota consists of highly individual invasion of pathogens. In circumstances where the compositions. barrier is broken or when the balance between By identifying microbial compositions and espe- commensals and pathogens is disturbed, skin dis- cially its changes during a long-term bedrest, ap- ease or even systemic disease can result. propriate countermeasures can be developed [4, Structurally, the skin is composed of two distinct 5]. Regarding these changes, preventive measures layers: the epidermis and dermis. The outermost can be taken in the form of creams or probiotics layer (the epidermis) is composed of layers of dif- [4]. In future bedrest studies, aspects such as indi- ferentiated keratinocytes. The top layer, or stratum vidual body care (e.g. creams or make-up prod- corneum, is composed of terminally differentiated, ucts) combined with disparate frequency of show- enucleated keratinocytes that are chemically ers should be considered to gain further details on crosslinked to fortify the barrier of the skin [3]. In the population dynamics of the skin microbiome. addition to this conserved layered structure, different body parts provide diverse microenvironments that vary in pH, temperature, moisture, sebum Corresponding author: [email protected] content and topography [2]. The AGBRESA study was divided in three stages: [1] Saei & Barzegari, Future Microbiol. 7, 2012 [2] Schneider & Nelson, Pediatr. Dermatol. 36, 2019 baseline data collection (BDC) of 15 days, a 60 [3] Sohn, Nature 563, 2018 days-long period of a head-down-tilt (HDT) to [4] Sugita et al., Med. Mycol. 54, 2016 simulate unloading and fluid shifts occurring un- [5] Dunn et al., Dermatol. Online J. 24, 2018 der microgravity conditions and a recovery (R) section of 14 days. In the course of the study at regular intervals swab samples were taken from all subjects (Fig. 1). Measurements of the physiological skin parameters (e.g., pH, level of hydration and sebum content) were taken accordingly using

77 78 Gravitational Biology

Frett, T. et al.: AGBRESA: Daily centrifugation as countermeasure during long-term 6° head down tilt bed rest �� 80

Lichterfeld, Y. et al.: Live imaging of astrocytic behavior during exposure to hypergravity �� 82

Otto, T. et al.: Application of the C.R.O.P.®-filter technology for manure processing in terrestrial agriculture �� 84

Hauslage, J. et al.: Life sciences experiments on sounding rockets (Mapheus 8/ATEK) �� 86

Voß, S. et al.: Development of novel hydrogel substrates for neuronal 3-D cultures �� 88

79 AGBRESA: Daily centrifugation as countermeasure during long-term 6° head down tilt bed rest

T. Frett, A. Noppe, J. Overath, G. Petrat, M. Arz, W. Pustowalow, J. Jordan, E. Mulder Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Fig. 1: Subjects were placed and secured with a harness on the centrifuge arm. To ensure subjects safety, vital parameters (ECG, blood pressure, oxygen saturation) were continuously (before, during and after centrifugation) monitored by a physician.

Future long-term crewed exploration missions the intervention protocol including training of leg (e.g. to Moon or Mars) will extend human expo- muscle pump maneuvers to reduce the risk of syn- sure to microgravity. Current exercise counter- cope or orthostatic instabilities during centrifuga- measures on the ISS still result in decrements of tion. Beyond this, no further exercises (e.g., leg astronauts’ fitness. Artificial Gravity (AG) gener- movements etc.) were allowed. Video surveillance ated by centrifugation is a promising multi-sys- was used to observe subjects’ compliance during tem countermeasure for physiological decondi- centrifuge intervention. During daily centrifuga- tioning during long duration space flights. To tion subjects were allowed to have audio enter- validate AG as an effective countermeasure re- tainment (e.g., music) if not restricted by peri-AG search questions concerning tolerability of fre- experiments. To ensure subjects safety continuous quent centrifugation, physiological effects and monitoring of vital parameters (heart rate, blood evaluation of continuous or intermittent AG pro- pressure, oxygen saturation) by a physician was files have to be answered [1]. performed. Primary objective of the AGBRESA study is to com- We investigated the tolerability of daily centrifuga- pare the effects of daily continuous (30 min, group tion, particularly concerning motion sickness, rate cAG) and interval (6 times 5 min, group iAG) pas- of perceived exertion and physiological parame- sive exposure to Artificial Gravity with +1Gz at the ters (heart rate, blood pressure) to compare both center of mass and +2Gz at the feet. 24 subjects intervention groups. Subjects were asked to report were recruited and formed three groups, one as motion sickness and subjective exertion on a daily control without AG intervention. Before the head basis. Medical monitoring data are analyzed for down tilt phase all subjects were familiarized with e.g. changes in resting or peak heart rate and

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Fig. 2: Two groups of subjects performed daily centrifugation at +1Gz at the center Fig. 3: Before and immediately after the daily centrifugation, of mass and +2Gz at the feet. The effects of intermittent centrifugation (6 times 5 subjects were kept in strict 6° head down tilt bed rest. min) were compared with continuous centrifugation (30 min).

blood pressure during centrifugation across 60 control group: p 0.001). Average scoring for sub- days of bed rest. jective exertion were moderate (group iAG = Results from the first (of 2) campaign showed 8.70, group cAG = 9.02), and the difference was good tolerability of both centrifuge profiles. The not significant. first 8 subjects (5 males) completed 480 centri- In conclusion, daily centrifugation seems to be fuge runs in total. Only six centrifuge runs had to feasible during long-term bed rest. Future bed rest be aborted prematurely for medical reasons, 4 studies with Artificial Gravity as countermeasure during continuous and 2 during intermittent cen- should include exercises like leg press or jumping trifugation due to development of presyncopal to increase the effects on maintaining bones or symptoms. During bed rest 2 cases of vertigo muscles. Recent studies revealed that moderate occurred in the control group. In both interven- exercises during centrifugation results in no signif- tion groups no cases in group iAG and 2 cases in icant motion sickness scoring [2, 3] and should group cAG of vertigo occurred. Vertigo is associ- therefore be evaluated for long-term application. ated with symptoms like nausea, tumbling or postural instability. After daily centrifugation mean values (in arbi- Corresponding author: [email protected] trary units) for motion sickness scoring were in [1] Clément & Bukley (eds), Artificial Gravity. Springer Science & general low (group iAG = 1.59 ± 1.9, group cAG Business Media, 2007 = 2.89 ± 1.4, control group = 2.28 ± 2.2), but [2] T. Piotrowski et al., Front. Physiol. 9, 2018 showed significant differences (iAG vs. cAG: p < [3] T. Frett et al., Motion sickness symptoms during jumping 0.001, iAG vs. control group: p = 0.009, cAG vs. exercise on a short-arm centrifuge, J. Vest. Res. (under review)

81 Live imaging of astrocytic behavior during exposure to hypergravity

Y. Lichterfeld, L. Kalinski, Y. Nabawi, T. Frett, R. Hemmersbach, C. Liemersdorf Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Fig. 1: The DLR Hyperscope centrifuge microscope platform.

Neural regeneration following injuries to the central inhibiting effect on axon growth and even actively nervous system (CNS) in mammals is inhibited by induce axon dystrophy, which have severe conse- several factors [1]. One important mechanism pre- quences for patients, e.g., loss of neuronal signaling venting axon regrowth and thus the healing of a and in some cases permanent paralysis [3]. CNS injury is the formation of the glial scar. Key We cultured primary murine cortical astrocytes in players in glial scar formation are reactive astrocytes hypergravity to modulate key aspects of their role in that migrate into the region of the injury and pro- glial scar formation. Employing the DLR Hyperscope duce an inhibitory extracellular environment, rich in centrifuge microscope platform (Department of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) and oth- Gravitational Biology: https://www.dlr.de/me/desk- er signaling molecules [2]. These, in turn, have an topdefault.aspx/tabid-1769/, Fig. 1), we were able

82 Gravitational Biology

to investigate astrocytic behavioral dynamics directly under the influence of hypergravity. One aspect of investigation was the cell adhesion and spreading of astrocytes after seeding them into a cell culture dish. Cells were imaged under 2g hypergravity over the course of 5 hours and the cell area was continuously measured. When compared to the 1g control it became apparent that the cell spreading speed was reduced by approx.

50% by culturing in hypergravity (Fig. 2). Since cell Fig. 2: DIC microscopy images demonstrating an inhibit- spreading is based on similar active intracellular ed spreading of astrocytes in hypergravity: 1g (top row) mechanisms as cell motility [4], we applied the and 2g hypergravity (bottom row). Hyperscope platform to live-image astrocytic migration via so-called scratch-assays. After 24 hours the total migration speed of astrocytes in hypergravity was reduced by approx. 40% compared to 1g controls (Fig. 3). Visualizing the migration speed over time revealed a so far unknown dynamic of astrocyte migration in hypergravity. In the first 2-3 hours migration speed of the cells in hypergravity was only slightly reduced compared to 1g. However, after this “latency period” the full extent of migration inhibition induced by hypergravity was apparent. The next steps are live-imaging of intracellular cy- toskeletal dynamics under the influence of hypergravity to elucidate the mechanisms which are induced under increased gravitational stimulation and thus increased mechanical loading.

Fig. 3: Live-cell analysis of the first 24 hours of an astrocyte scratch assay, demonstrating the inhibitory effect of Corresponding author: [email protected] hypergravity. Measurements were taken every 30 minutes

[1] McDonald et al., The Lancet 359, 2002 at 2g (red) and 1g (grey) with N = 3 separate cultures. [2] Silver & Miller, Nature Rev. Neurosci. 5, 2004 From the percentage of the closed scratch area over time, [3] Dou & Levine, J. Neurosci. 14, 1994 a direct correlation of the migration speed of the cells [4] McGrath., Curr. Biol. 17, 2007 could be made.

83 Application of the C.R.O.P.®-filter technology for manure processing in terrestrial agriculture

T. Otto, J. Overath, J. Hauslage, G. Bornemann Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Source: photoprojektrm

The DLR C.R.O.P.® Pilot Slurry System (Combined Regenerative Organic food Production) The C.R.O.P.®-biofilter is a technically simple sys- focuses on nutrient recycling from biological wastes tem consisting of a filter tube filled with pumice, a aiming at the production of fresh food in closed tank and a pump which circulates the liquid from environments like planetary stations. In recent the tank through the filter material in the tube [2]. years, an aqueous fixed bed biofiltration system The configuration of the urine filter system was applicable to convert human urine into plant-availa- changed according to the higher dry substance ble fertilizer was developed and tested [1-3]. content of slurry compared to human urine. Grain Closing material loops is also a necessary prereq- size of the filter material was increased (pumice, uisite to develop sustainable agricultural practice 25-100 mm); stronger pumps (1500 l/h) and larger on Earth with minimized consumption of finite filter tubes (200 mm diameter, 10 l filter volume) resources and low leakage of pollutants. There- were chosen. Tanks have a volume of 60 l. fore, the C.R.O.P.®-biofilter was adapted for the Three filters were started by adding garden soil, processing of cattle slurry with the objective of filtrate from urine processing filters and synthetic developing a marketable system for agricultural urine [1]. After onset of nitrification slurry (screw- purposes. press separated liquid) was added. In the following

84 Gravitational Biology

two months, filters were operated continuously with a daily exchange of 1 l filtrate versus 1 l fresh slurry.

Nitrification of Slurry The filter design is based on the assumption that a natural microbial population as it is established by inoculation with garden soil enables flexibility of filter function [1]. This assumption was supported by the short period of adaptation following the change from urine to slurry (Fig. 1 A-C). The successive peaks of ammonium and nitrite concentra- tions followed by an increase in nitrate concentration are in accordance with the characteristic start-up dynamics of nitrifying systems [2]. Within the first 60 days ammonium concentration decreased to less than 0.3 g/l and nitrite concentration to less than 0.1 g/l. The amount of nitrogen bound in form of nitrate, which is the desired product, reached 88 to 95 %. This proportion is dependent on the amount of slurry added per day and will be optimized in the course of further filter operation.

Conclusion and Outlook The smooth transition from urine to slurry showed that the filters can be flexibly applied and changes of influent composition do not cause relevant disturbances in operation. Nevertheless, unexpected problems arose, for example in the form of strong foam formation, which were not observed with urine and require further structural adjustments. The next step is the optimization of slurry nitrification followed by filter design improvements to ele- vate easy maintenance and additional functions like nutrient separation and drying processes for enhanced transportability.

Corresponding author: [email protected] Fig. 1: The onset of nitrification after the start of cattle slurry [1] Bornemann et al., Life Sci. Space Res. 7, 2015 addition. A: Development of ammonium concentration over [2] Bornemann et al., Life Sci. Space Res. 18, 2018 time. B: Development of nitrite concentration over time. [3] Bornemann et al., 69th Int. Astronautical Congr. Abstract ID C: Development of nitrate concentration over time. The different 47851, 2018 symbols correspond to the three different units analysed.

85 Life sciences experiments on sounding rockets (Mapheus 8/ATEK)

J. Hauslage 1, C. Liemersdorf 1, Y. Lichterfeld 1, T. Berger 1, K. Marsalek 1, N. Maas 2, R. Hemmersbach 1 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany, 2 Microgravity User Support Center (Space Operations and Astronaut Training), Cologne, Germany

MAPHEUS (MAterialPHysikalische Experimente Un- ter Schwerelosigkeit) is a DLR rocket program for material physics and gravitational biology experiments under microgravity conditions. Development and construction of the scientific payload is performed by the involved institutes. The rockets are launched under the responsibility of DLR MORABA from ESRANGE Space Center in Kiruna, Sweden. On 13th of June 2019 the DLR rocket MAPHEUS 8 was successfully launched providing a microgravity period of 360s and carrying four life science and two related technological experiments, which are briefly described here (for details, see [1, 2]). The CellFix module was constructed to study the influence of altered gravity on the physiology of single cells and consists of two culture bags containing cell cultures in a temperature-controlled pressure vessel. Fixation of the cells is performed by pumping the fixative from a connected bag into the cell suspension. The mechatronic basis of the experiment unit is based on compartments of the shelf (COTS) parts. Murine primary cortical astrocytes, which represent the prevalent type of glial cells in the brain of mammals, were successfully fixed inflight, as revealed by the cell morphology, demonstrating that CellFix provides a multi-usable experiment unit to perform life science experiments in space. The experiment MemEx (in cooperation with the University of Hohenheim) addressed biophysical alterations of (cell) membranes in microgravity. Fluidity and incorporation of substances (e.g., lidocaine) were studied in artificially produced lipid vesicle membranes, measured with photomultipli- er techniques in combination with Open Source microcontrollers (ARDUINO). Microgravity-induced changes in fluorescence anisotropy demon- Fig. 1: Four life sciences and two physic/technological strate an increased fluidity of the lipid-bilayer experiments housed in the two experiment compartments A and B. A: MemEx III experiment with M-42 membrane and a decreased capacity to integrate and the HIA experiment inside the round pressure ves- hydrophobic molecules (lidocaine). These results sel behind the control board. B: CellFix II unit with the indicate that pharmacokinetics might be altered ROPUM and apex experiment. under microgravity conditions.

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The experiment HIA – Yeast in Space was carried cessfully been performed during the rocket flight out (in cooperation with the Weincampus Neu- and is under analysis. Upgrading of the microscop- stadt and the Landauer Bierprojekt) to analyze the ical capacities by autofocusing as well as fluores- metabolic activity and gravity-induced potential cence excitation will be the next steps. changes in the genome of a selected yeast strain. The apex – advanced processors, encryption and During long-term crewed space travel, the produc- security experiment comprised a new On-Board tion of vitamin B 12 by animals is strongly limited Computer (OBC), using COTS components, which and plants do not provide this vitamin. However, has successfully been flight-tested during yeast cultures are excellent suppliers of vitamin B MAPHEUS-8. The main advantages of the apex 12, which is essential to e.g. avoid damages of the OBC, in comparison with earlier OBCs, lies in the

Fig. 2: Astrocyte morphology is undisturbed during a sounding rocket flight as revealed by chemical fixation in the CellFix hardware. (A) Living primary astrocytes pre-flight, (B) fixed ones post-flight. Thus the samples are suitable for subsequent mass spectrometry analysis.

neuronal system. First analyses indicate no differ- speed and simplicity of the design while maintain- ences between the ground control and the flight ing operational security with a redundant mas- samples, which supports yeast as a candidate for ter-master microcontroller system. the supply of vitamin B 12 for astronauts. The experiment M42 – Radiation measurement The experiment ROPUM addressed the technolog- detected the radiation dose during the mission. ical demonstration of a microscope using the rota- The total mission dose during the 6 minutes of tion of Paramecium, a unicellular organism, during µ-gravity equalled around half a day of back- forward movement as test system. The micro- ground radiation on Earth. scope consists of a machined cuvette/optical cell combined with a commercially available objective/ tube lense and a Fused Deposition Modeling print- Corresponding author: [email protected] ed frame and camera adapter to achieve a small, lightweight, cost-efficient and durable science in- [1] Maas et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 90, 2019 strument. Continuous video recording has suc- [2] Consult forthcoming issues of Rev. Sci. Instrum.

87 Development of novel hydrogel substrates for neuronal 3-D cultures

S. Voß 1, Y. Lichterfeld 1, K. Ganesan 2, P. Vöpel 2, B. Milow 2, R. Hemmersbach 1, C. Liemersdorf 1 1 Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany, 2 Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany

Cultured cells derived from organisms, particularly cultivation for biomedical applications, such as in- mammals including humans, have been widely hibiting glial scar formation, was investigated. used for decades to understand cellular functions Several of the hydrogels tested are biocompatible, and to test new potential medical applications. but lack sufficient cell adhesion sites on their basic Such cell cultures usually are two-dimensional, constituents. A functionalization of gel types with with a variety of different isolated cell types grow- known RGD-peptides improved cell growth due to ing on surfaces like glass or plastics. an increase in cell adhesion sites. In alginate, e.g., Although 2D cell cultures in vitro are well estab- cells remain spherical without visible filopodia. In lished and allow the observation of, e.g., cell dif- contrast, RGD-alginate cultured cells show long ferentiation, growth, physiological adaptations and narrow filopodia. In addition, often neglected and gene expression changes when particular en- features of hydrogels were assessed, such as the vironmental stimuli or chemicals are applied, the pore size and stiffness of the respective gel that results from 2D culture experiments might differ has tremendous impact on cellular development. from those obtained from cells in vivo in their na- Certain gel types revealed capacities in terms of tive tissue environment, which has to be critically pore sizes and gel stiffness that was related to considered. neural tissues and thus potentially optimal for neu- Therefore, attempts have been undertaken in or- ronal cell development. All successfully 3D cul- der to develop 3D cultures with the objective to tured astrocytes showed different morphological obtain scaffolds for cell cultures mimicking the features as compared to cells grown in 2D. natural cellular arrangement as physiologically as 2D cultures will keep their position in future cell possible. Such scaffolds are mostly polysaccharide- biology research, but 3D cultures will come closer or protein-based hydrogels. than ever to in vivo conditions and possibly may In the present study, a variety of different novel even partially replace experiments with animals. hydrogels consisting of polysaccharide- and sili- Certainly, they will open completely new ap- ca-derivates were screened regarding their suita- proaches to cell biology in general. One may envis- bility to support growth, survival and network age that hydrogels will be injected into injured building of primary neuronal cells, i.e. astrocytes. spinal cord tissue to replace healthy tissue and Astrocytes are localized in the CNS and support stop intruding astrocytes, which will reduce glial neurons by, among other tasks, actively con- scar formation and possibly promote healing pa- trolling neuronal activity and synaptic transmission ralysis without complex surgical procedures. With via regulating, e.g., calcium homeostasis. astrocytes and neurons in 3D co-cultures, different Artificial 3D scaffolds for the further analysis of new cellular characteristics could be measured, the interaction between primary astrocytes and such as 3D network formation, synaptic compart- neurons were established, and the suitability of 3D mentalization or differentiation.

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Fig.1: Exemplarily shown here are the polysaccharide hydrogels alginate (A) and gellan (B) as well as scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images of their surfaces. The SEM images (bar scales: 1µm) show individual pores of the gels, the size of which ranges between 800-900 nm in alginate and between 480-510 nm in gellan. The pore sizes of gels are important for their properties and application fields as well as for the utilization as scaffold for 3D cultures.

Further studies will focus on peptide-hydrogels or even so-called self-assembly peptides (SAPs). These are very long chains of defined amino acids, which fold themselves into secondary structures by the action of environmental micro-climates in an incubator. Such peptides can gel around cells of interest, providing defined recognition sites that can be chosen for the respective cell type of interest and help forming a translucent gel for many applications analyses.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

89 90 Annex

Studies and Projects �� 92

Publications �� 94

Events, Presentations, Talks ��102 Institute Lectures �� 102 Workshops, Events, Seminars at the Institute �� 103 Teaching Activities �� 105

Graduations ��107

Awards ��108

Imprint �� 112

91 Studies and Projects

Studies of the Institute of Aerospace Medicine with use of the facilities in :envihab 2019

Study PI/responsible person DLR Duration

AGBRESA (Artificial Gravity Bed Rest Study ESA): Two long Edwin Mulder/Jessica Lee, Muscle Campaign 1: 3/2019- term bed rest study campaigns with NASA and ESA at :envihab. and Bone Metabolism 6/2019 Twelve volunteers spent a total of three months with us, two Freia Paulke, Study Team (study re- Campaign 2: 8/2019- months in strict 6 degree head-down bed rest. In collaboration sponsible physician) 12/2019 with more than 100 international scientists, many sophisticated Pre- and post-tests in experiments and examinations were conducted ranging from 2018 and 2020 microbiota profiling to state-of-the-art brain imaging and cognitive testing. Blog: https://www.dlr.de/blogs/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-5893/9577_read-1125/

NeuroSpace: Live-Cell Imaging of Activity Changes in Neuronal Christian Liemersdorf, Gravita- 1-2/2019 Cells under Hypergravity Conditions (microscope on the short tional Biology 7-8/2019 arm human centrifuge at :envihab) https://www.dlr.de/envihab/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-8667/#gallery/23780

Cardio Brain2: fMRI of hypothalamic and brainstem nuclei to Jens Tank/Darius Gerlach, Cardio- Tests on 25 days 1/2019- assess baroreflex and chemoreflex function. vascular Aerospace Medicine 12/2020

LOCAR: LBNP study of autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. Jens Tank/Stefan Moestl, Cardio- Tests on 10 days 1/2019- vascular Aerospace Medicine 12/2020

MyoCardioGen: Normobaric hypoxia and heart function: fol- Jens Tank/Ulrich Limper, Cardio- Tests on 4 days 1/2019- low-up-tests of the hypoxia study conducted in the pressure vascular Aerospace Medicine 7/2019 chamber in 2018: Two climbers have lived in the pressure cham- Jörn Rittweger, Muscle and Bone ber at :envihab at an altitude of up to 7000 metres with a sig- Metabolism nificantly reduced oxygen content. Blog: https://www.dlr.de/blogs/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-5893/9577_read-1009/

EMPA-MSNA: Effects of the antidiabetic agent Empagliflozin Jens Tank/Karsten Heußer, Cardi- Tests on 90 days in 2019 on muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). Investigator-initi- ovascular Aerospace Medicine ated trial (IIT) in cooperation with Profil Neuss.

ITC (Inter Team Collaboration): Investigation of the effect of to- Christian Mühl, Sleep and Human 9/2019-12/2019 tal sleep deprivation on decision making in and between teams. Factors 84 volunteers in groups of 3 for 5 days

ATLAs: Pressure chamber (TITAN) study on physiological inter- Martin Wittkowski, Sleep and Hu- 1/2019-3/2019

action of CO2 and oxygen partial pressure. man Factors 8/2019-10/2019 20 volunteers

Arabidomics: Investigation of the effect of launch blasts of Christian Liemersdorf, Gravita- 7/2019 rockets on the gene expression of Arabidopsis thaliana (micro- tional Biology scope on the short arm human centrifuge at :envihab) https:// www.dlr.de/envihab/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-8667/#gallery/23780

92 Studies and projects

Cardiomyocytes: Live-Cell Imaging of Cardiomyocyte Activity Christian Liemersdorf, Gravita- 7/2019-8/2019 under Hypergravity Conditions (microscope on the short arm tional Biology human centrifuge at :envihab) https://www.dlr.de/envihab/ en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid-8667/#gallery/23780

BDC ESA Astronauts: Scientific baseline experiments with ESA Edwin Mulder, Muscle and Bone Several tests in 2019 astronauts pre- and postflight Metabolism

MuXLiH (Muscle Phenotype in X-linked Phosphatemic Hy- Sarah Michély/Jörn Rittweger/ 7/2019-10/2019 pophosphatemia): X-chromosome linked Hypophosphatemia is Jochen Zange, Muscle and Bone a hereditary disorder, in which aberrant FGF-23 signaling leads Metabolism to extremely low phosphate availability in the body. So far, the phenotype has mostly been described with regards to bone. However, phosphate is also essential for skeletal muscle energy metabolism, and XLH patients report muscle pain and fatigue. Hence, MuXLiH explores the potential deficits in muscle function in these patients.

PET-Kaffee: Effect of coffee/placebo treatment during chronic Eva-Maria Elmenhorst/Denise 4/2017-12/2020 sleep restriction. Lange/Daniel Aeschbach, Sleep Volunteers are present and Human Factors for 10 days

93 Publications

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Kohn, F.P., Hauslage, J. (2019) The gravity dependence of Lüscher, S.H., Nocciolino, L.M., Pilot, N., Pisani, L., Ireland, A., pharmacodynamics. The integration of lidocaine into Rittweger, J., Ferretti, J.L., Cointry, G.R., Capozza, RF. (2019) membranes in microgravity. npj Microgravity, 5 (5), Seiten Differences in the cortical structure of the whole fibula 1-6. Nature Publishing Group. and tibia between long-distance runners and untrained DOI: 10.1038/s41526-019-0064-5. ISSN 2373-8065. controls. Toward a wider conception of the biomechanical regulation of cortical bone structure. Frontiers in Endocrinol- Korza, G., Camilleri, E., Green, J., Robinson, J., Nagler, K., Mo- ogy. Frontiers Media S.A.. eller, R., Caimano, M.J., Setlow, P. (2019) Analysis of the mes- DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00833 ISSN 1664-2392. senger RNAs in spores of Bacillus subtilis. Journal of Bacteri- ology, 201 (9). American Society for Microbiology. Lützenberg, R., Wehland, M., Solano, K., Nassef, M.Z., Buken, DOI: 10.1128/JB.00007-19. ISSN 0021-9193. C., Melnik, D., Bauer, J., Kopp, S., Krüger, M., Riwaldt, S., Hem- mersbach, R., Schulz, H., Infanger, M., Grimm, D. (2019) Bene- Kotsis, V., Jordan, J., Stabouli, S., Antza, C., Micic, D., Jelakovic, ficial effects of low frequency vibration on human chon- B., Schlaich, M.P., Nilsson, P.M., Kreutz, R., Mancia, G., Tsioufis, drocytes in vitro. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 53 (4), K., Grassi, G. (2019) Cardiovascular, renal and liver protec- Seiten 623-637. S. Karger AG. tion with novel antidiabetic agents beyond blood glucose DOI: 10.33594/000000161 ISSN 1015-8987. lowering in type 2 diabetes: Consensus article from the European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Obe- McDonnell, A.C., Eiken, O., Frings-Meuthen, P., Rittweger, sity, Diabetes and the High-risk Patient. Journal of Hyperten- J., Mekjavic, I.B. (2019) The LunHab project: Muscle and sion. Wolters Kluver Health. bone alterations in male participants following a 10 day DOI: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000002279 ISSN 0263-6352. lunar habitat simulation. Experimental Physiology, Seiten 1250-1261. Wiley. Krüger, M., Melnik, D., Kopp, S., Buken, C., Sahana, J., Bauer, J., DOI: 10.1113/EP087482 ISSN 0958-0670. Wehland, M., Hemmersbach, R., Corydon, T.J., Infanger, M., Grimm, D. (2019) Fighting thyroid cancer with microgravity Meier, M., Matthiä, D. (2019) Dose assessment of aircrew: research. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20 (2553), the impact of the weighting factors according to ICRP 103. Seiten 1-21. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). Journal of Radiological Protection, 39 (4), Seiten 698-706. Insti- DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102553. ISSN 1661-6596. tute of Physics (IOP) Publishing. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ab178d. ISSN 0952-4746. Kühn, S., Gerlach, D.A., Noble, H.J., Weber, F., Rittweger, J., Jordan, J., Limper, U. (2019) An observational cerebral Mittelstaedt, J., Wacker, J., Stelling, D. (2019) Emotional and magnetic resonance imaging study following 7 days at cognitive modulation of cybersickness: The role of pain 4554 m. High Altitude Medicine and Biology. Mary Ann Liebert. catastrophizing and body awareness. Human Factors, 61 (2), DOI: 10.1089/ham.2019.0056 ISSN 1527-0297. Seiten 322-336. SAGE Publications. DOI: 10.1177/0018720818804382. ISSN 0018-7208.

98 Publications

Mittelstaedt, J.M., Wacker, J., Stelling, D. (2019) VR afteref- Parganlija, D., Nieberg, V., Sauer, M., Rittweger, J., Bloch, fect and the relation of cybersickness and cognitive per- W., Zange, J. (2019) Lower body negative pressure enhanc- formance. Virtual Reality. Springer. es oxygen availability in the knee extensor muscles during DOI: 10.1007/s10055-018-0370-3. ISSN 1359-4338. intense resistive exercise in supine position. European Jour- nal of Applied Physiology, 119, Seiten 1289-1303. Springer. Mora, M. Wink, L., Kögler, I., Mahnert, A., Rettberg, P., DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04113-w. ISSN 1439-6319. Schwendner, P., Demets, R., Cockell, C., Alekhova, T., Klingl, A., Krause, R., Zolotariof, A., Alexandrova, A., Moissl-Eichinger, C. Podolich, O., Kukharenko, O., Haidak, A., Zaets, I., Zaika, L., (2019) Space Station conditions are selective but do not al- Storozhuk, O., Palchikovska, L., Orlovska, I., Reva, O., Borisova, ter microbial characteristics relevant to human health. Na- T., Khirunenko, L., Sosnin, M., Rabbow, E., Kravchenko, V., Sko- ture Communications, 10 (1). Nature Publishing Group. ryk, M., Kremenskoy, M., Demets, R., Olsson-Francis, K., Kozy- DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11682-z ISSN 2041-1723. rovska, N., de Vera, J.-P. (2019) Multimicrobial Kombucha culture tolerates Mars-like conditions simulated on low Mosca, C., Rothschild, L.J., Napoli, A., Ferré, F., Pietrosanto, M., earth orbit. Astrobiology, 19 (2), Seiten 183-196. Mary Ann Fagliarone, C., Baqué, M., Rabbow, E., Rettberg, P., Billi, D. Liebert Inc.. (2019) Over-expression of UV-damage DNA repair genes and DOI: 10.1089/ast.2017.1746. ISSN 1531-1074. ribonucleic acid persistence contribute to the resilience of dried biofilms of the desert Cyanobacterium Chroococcidi- Prayag, A.S., Münch, M.Y., Aeschbach, D., Chellappa, S.L., opsis exposed to Mars-like UV flux and long-term desicca- Gronfier, C. (2019) Light modulation of human clocks, wake tion. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10. Frontiers Media S.A.. and sleep. Clocks & Sleep (1), Seiten 193-208. Multidisciplinary DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02312 ISSN 1664-302X. Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep1010017 ISSN 2624-5175. Nassef, M.Z., Kopp, S., Melnik, D., Corydon, T.J., Sahana, J., Krüger, M., Wehland, M., Bauer, T.J., Liemersdorf, C., Hem- Quan, S.F., Lockyer, B.J., Batool-Anwar, S., Aeschbach, D. mersbach, R., Infanger, M., Grimm, D. (2019) Short-term mi- (2019) Out of center sleep testing in ostensibly healthy mid- crogravity influences cell adhesion in human breast cancer dle aged to older adults. Southwest Journal of Pulmonary and cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20 (5730), Critical Care (18), Seiten 87-93. Arizona Thoracic Society. Seiten 1-27. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). DOI: 10.13175/swjpcc016-19 ISSN 2160-6773. DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225730 ISSN 1661-6596. Rettberg, P., Antunes, A., Brucato, J.R., Cabezas, P., Collins, G., Ott, E., Kawaguchi, Y., Özgen, N., Yamagishi, A., Rabbow, E., Haddaji, A., Kminek, G., Leuko, S., McKenna-Lawlor, S., Moissl- Rettberg, P., Weckwerth, W., Milojevic, T. (2019) Proteomic Eichinger, C., Fellous, J.-L., Olsson-Francis, K., Pearce, D., Rab- and metabolomic profiling of Deinococcus radiodurans bow, E., Royle, S., Saunders, M., Sephton, M., Spry, A., Walter, recovering after exposure to simulated low earth orbit N., Wimmer Schweingruber, R., Treuet, J.-C. (2019) Biological vacuum conditions. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10. Frontiers contamination prevention for outer solar system moons of Media S.A.. astrobiological interest: What do we need to know? Astro- DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00909 ISSN 1664-302X. biology, 19 (8), Seiten 951-974. Mary Ann Liebert Inc.. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1996 ISSN 1531-1074. Panitz, C., Frösler, J., Wingender, J., Flemming, H.-C., Rettberg, P. (2019) Tolerances of Deinococcus geothermalis biofilms and planktonic cells exposed to space and simulated Mar- tian conditions in low earth orbit for almost two years. Astrobiology, 19 (8), Seiten 979-994. Mary Ann Liebert Inc.. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1913. ISSN 1531-1074.

99 Reuter, H., Beige, J., Halbach, M., Wallbach, M., Mader, N., Zen- Schuerger, A.C., Moores, J.E., Smith, D.J., Reitz, G. (2019) A ker, D., Hennig, G., Mahfoud, F., Schlieper, G., Schwenger, V., lunar microbial survival model for predicting the forward Hausberg, M., Börgel, J., Lodde, M., van der Giet, M., contamination of the Moon. Astrobiology, 19 (6), Seiten 730- Müller-Ehmsen, J., Passauer, J., Parmentier, S., Lüders, S., 756. Mary Ann Liebert Inc.. Krämer, B.K., Büttner, S., Limbourg, F., Jordan, J., Vonend, O., DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1952. ISSN 1531-1074. Predel, H.-G., Koziolek, M. (2019) Baroreflexaktivierungsther- apie bei therapieresistenter Hypertonie Empfehlungen Schwab, A., Melcher, W., Eißfeldt, H. (2019) Simulations- der BAT-Konsensusgruppe zu Implantation und Nach- gestützte Eignungsfeststellung für den FlgDstBw. Wehr- sorge. Nephrologe. Springer. medizin und Wehrpharmazie, 2019 (2), Seiten 24-25. Bonn : Be- DOI: 10.1007/s11560-018-0308-5 ISSN 1862-040X. ta. ISSN 0043-2148.

Reuter, H., Jordan, J. (2019) Status of hypertension in Eu- Simunic, B., Koren, K., Rittweger, J., Lazzer, S., Reggiani, C., rope. Current Opinion in Cardiology, 34 (4), Seiten 342-349. Rejc, E., Pišot, R., Narici, M., Degens, H. (2019) Tensiomyogra- Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Ltd.. phy detects early hallmarks of bed-rest-induced atrophy DOI: 10.1097/HCO.0000000000000642 ISSN 0268-4705. before changes in muscle architecture. Journal of Applied Physiology, 126 (4), Seiten 815-822. American Physiological Rooney, D., Herkenrath, S., Priegnitz, C., Putzke, M., Treml, M., Society. Wenzel, J., Aeschbach, D., Randerath, W. (2019) Choosing an DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00880.2018. ISSN 8750-7587. adequate test to determine fitness for air travel in obese individuals. Chest, 156 (5), Seiten 926-932. Elsevier. Tanaka, H., Tarumi, T., Rittweger, J. (2019) Aging and physio- DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2019.07.022 ISSN 0012-3692. logical lessons from master athletes. Comprehensive Physiol- ogy. Wiley. Rosenberger, A., Beijer, A., Schoenau, E., Mester, J., Rittwe- DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180041 ISSN 2040-4603. ger, J., Zange, J. (2019) Changes in motor unit activity and respiratory oxygen uptake during 6 weeks of progressive Wadsworth, J., Rettberg, P., Cockell, C. (2019) Aggregated whole-body vibration combined with progressive, high cell masses provide protection against space extremes and intensity resistance training. Journal of Musculoskeletal and a microhabitat for hitchhiking co-inhabitants. Astrobiology, Neuronal Interactions, 19 (2), Seiten 159-168. International 19 (8), Seiten 995-1007. Mary Ann Liebert Inc.. Society of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions. ISSN DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1924. ISSN 1531-1074. 1108 -7161. Walsh, L., Schneider, U., Fogtman, A., Kausch, C., McKen- Russell, S., Smith, C., Hutzler, A., Meneghin, A., Berthoud, L., na-Lawlor, S., Narici, L., Ngo-Anh, J., Reitz, G., Sabatier, L., Aleon, J., Bennett, A., Bridges, J., Brucato, J.R., Debaille, V., Dry- Santin, G., Sihver, L., Straube, U., Weber, U., Durante, M. (2019) er, B., Ferriere, L., Folco, L., Foucher, F., Franchi, I., Gemelli, M., Research plans in Europe for radiation health hazard as- Gounelle, M., Grady, M., Guest, M., Holt, J., Leuko, S., Lon- sessment in exploratory space missions. Life Sciences in gobardo, A., Marrocchi, Y., Palomba, E., Pottage, T., Rettberg, Space Research, 21, Seiten 73-82. Elsevier. P., Rotundi, A., Vrublevskis, J., Westall, F., Zipfel, J. (2019) EU- DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.04.002. ISSN 2214-5524. RO-CARES - A European sample curation facility for sample return missions. In: 2019 IEEE Aerospace Conference, Seiten Weber, T., Green, D.A., Attias, J., Sies, W., Frechette, A., Braun- 1-9. 2-9 March 2019, Big Sky, MT, USA. stein, B., Rittweger, J. (2019) Hopping in hypogravity-A DOI: 10.1109/AERO.2019.8741703. ISSN: 1095-323X. rationale for a plyometric exercise countermeasure in planetary exploration missions. PLoS One. Public Library of Schennetten, K., Meier, M.M., Scheibinger, M. (2019) Meas- Science (PLoS). urement of UV radiation in commercial aircraft. Journal of DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211263 ISSN 1932-6203. Radiological Protection, 39 (1), Seiten 85-96. Institute of Physics (IOP) Publishing. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/aaf2a7. ISSN 0952-4746.

100 Publications

Yang, P., Nie, X.-T., Wang, Z., Al-Qudsy, L.H.H., Ren, L., Xu, H.-Y., Rittweger, J., Shang, P. (2019) Disuse impairs the mechanical competence of bone by regulating the characterizations of mineralized collagen fibrils in cortical bone. Frontiers in Phys- iology, 10 (775), Seiten 1-10. Frontiers Media S.A. DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00775. ISSN 1664-042X.

Zeitlin, C., Hassler, D.M., Ehresmann, B., Rafkin, S.C.R., Guo, J., Wimmer-Schweingruber, R.F., Berger, T., Matthiä, D. (2019) Measurements of radiation quality factor on Mars with the Mars Science Laboratory Radiation Assessment Detector. Life Sciences in Space Research, 22, Seiten 89-97. Elsevier. DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.07.010 ISSN 2214-5524.

Zheng, Y., Ganushkina, N.Y., Jiggens, P., Jun, I., Meier, M., Mi- now, J.I., O'Brien, T.P., Pitchford, D., Shprits, Y., Tobiska, W.K., Xapsos, M.A., Guild, T.B., Mazur, J. E., Kuznetsova, M.M. (2019) Space radiation and plasma effects on satellites and aviation: Quantities and metrics for tracking performance of space weather environment models. Space Weather, 17 (10), Seiten 1384-1403. Wiley. DOI: 10.1029/2018SW002042 ISSN 1542-7390. de Vera, J. P., Alawi, M., Backhaus, T., Baque, M., Billi, D., Bött- ger, U., Berger, T., Bohmeier, M., Cockell, C., Demets, R., de la Torre Noetzel, R., Edwards, H.G.M., Elsaesser, A., Fagliarone, C., Fiedler, A., Foing, B., Foucher, F., Fritz, J., Hanke, F., Herzog, T.H., Horneck, G., Hübers, H.-W., Huwe, B., Joshi, J., Kozyrovska, N., Kruchten, M., Lasch, P., Lee, N., Leuko, S., Leya, T., Lorek, A., Martinez-Frias, J., Meessen, J., Moritz, S., Moeller, R., Ols- son-Francis, K., Onofri, S., Ott, S., Pacelli, C., Podolich, O., Rab- bow, E., Reitz, G., Rettberg, P., Reva, O., Rothschild, L., San- cho, L. G., Schulze-Makuch, D., Selbmann, L., Serrano, P., Sze- wzyk, U., Verseux, C., Wadsworth, J., Wagner, D., Westall, F., Wolter, D., Zucconi, L. (2019) Limits of life and the habitability of Mars: The ESA space experiment BIOMEX on the ISS. Astrobiology, 19 (2), Seiten 145-157. Mary Ann Liebert Inc.. DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1897. ISSN 1531-1074.

101 Journal articles (without peer-review) Rettberg, P. (European Space Sciences Committee) and various authors (2019) National Academies of Sciences, Engineer- Fürstenberg, S., Oubaid, V., Berberat, P., Kadmon, M., ing, and Medicine. 2019. Planetary Protection Classifica- Harendza, S. (2019) Medical knowledge and teamwork pre- tion of Sample Return Missions from the Martian Moons. dict aspects of clinical reasoning in undergraduate medical DC: The National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-48859-4. students. GMS Journal for Medical Education. German Medical Science. ISSN 1860-7446. Publications in scientific books Harendza, S., Kim, W., Oubaid, V. (2019) Anforderungsana- lyse für Nephrologen in Klinik und Praxis. Nephrologe, 2, Anheuser, P., Oubaid, V. (2019) Allgemeine und spezifische Seiten 159-163. Springer. Anforderungen an ärztliches Personal. In: Der Faktor Mensch DOI: 10.1007/s11560-019-0315-1 ISSN 1862-040X. MWV. Seiten 165-174. ISBN 978 3 95466 419 1.

Harendza, S., Soll, H., Prediger, S., Kadmon, M., Berberat, P. Hemmersbach, R., Hauslage, J., Anken, R., Häder, D.-P. (2019) Assessing core competences of medical students (2019) Biologie. In: Handbuch der Raumfahrttechnik Carl Hans- with a test for flight school applicants. BMC Medical Educa- er Verlag. Seiten 666-676. ISBN 978-3-446-45429-3. tion, 19 (9), Seiten 1-8. BioMed Central. DOI: 10.1186/s12909-018-1438-1 ISSN 1472-6920. Hörmann, H.-J. (2019) Influences of fatigue and alcohol on cognitive performance. In: Advances in Aviation Psychology Jordan, J., Aeschbach, D., Berger, T., Elmenhorst, E.-M., Advances in Aviation Psychology (Vol. 3). Improving Aviation Hellweg, C.E., Hemmersbach, R., Maschke, P., Moeller, R., Performance through Applying Engineering Psychology. CRC Pecena, Y., Rittweger, J., Stern, C., Tank, J. (2019) Von der Press. Seiten 57-73. ISBN 9781138588639. Erde zum Mond und Zurück: Herausforderungen für die Lebenswissenschaften und Beiträge aus dem DLR-Institut Jordan, J., Tank, J., Reuter, H. (2019) Carotid baroreceptor für Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin. Wehrmedizinische Mon- stimulation. In: Hypertension and heart failure: epidemiology, atsschrift, 63 (10-11), Seiten 358-365. Beta Verlag und Market- mechanisms and treatment Springer Nature Switzerland. Seiten inggesellschaft mbH. ISSN 0043-2156. 363-375. ISBN 3319933191.

Prediger, S., Schick, K., Fincke, F. Fürstenberg, S., Oubaid, V., Oubaid, V. (2019) Checkliste Personalauswahl Empfehlun- Kadmon, M., Berberat, P., Harendza, S. (2019) Validation of a gen für die gute Auswahl von Medizinern und Pflegekräf- competence-based assessment of medical students perfor- ten. In: Der Faktor Mensch MWV. Seiten 183-196. ISBN 978 3 mance in the physicians role. BMC Medical Education. Bi- 95466 419 1. oMed Central. ISSN 1472-6920 (eingereichter Beitrag). Oubaid, V. (2019) Faktor Mensch - Risiko und Chance. In: Der Faktor Mensch MWV. Seiten 1-10. ISBN 978 3 95466 419 1. Publications of scientific books Rittweger, J. (2019) Maintaining crew bone health. In: Höft, S., Goerke, P. (2019) Instrumente der beruflichen Eig- Handbook of Life Support Systems for Spacecraft and Extrater- nungsdiagnostik (Studienheft EIDIH02). EIDI, H02. Europäis- restrial Habitats. Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-09575-2. che Fernhochschule Hamburg. Rosenberger, W., Schuchardt, S., Baumstark-Khan, C., Hahn, Oubaid, V. (2019) Der Faktor Mensch. MWV. ISBN 978 3 A. (2018/2019) Innenraumluftqualität in Verkehrsflugzeu- 95466 419 1. gen. In: Wichmann · Fromme – Handbuch der Umweltmedizin – 62. Erg. Lfg. 12/18 ecomed Medizin. Seiten 1-32. ISBN 978- 3609711959.

102 Publications

Thiele, G., Oubaid, V. (2019) Auswahl von Spitzenpersonal Gayraud, K. (2019) Blickbewegungsparameter als kognitive in Luft- und Raumfahrt. In: Der Faktor Mensch MWV. Seiten Leistungsindikatoren im eignungsdiagnostischen Kontext 89-104. ISBN 978 3 95466 419 1. der Auswahl von Fluglotsen. Dissertation, Technische Univer- sität Dresden. Zinn, F., Goerke, P., Marggraf-Micheel, C. (2019) Selecting for cockpit crew. In: Pilot Selection: Psychological Principles and Konda, B. (2019) Response of Mammalian Eye Lenses to Practice Pilot Selection: Psychological Principles and Practice. Space Radiation Qualities in Vitro and in Organ Culture. Taylor & Francis Group. Seiten 21-34. Dissertation, Universität des Saarlandes.

Krüger, J. (2019) Analysis of Gene Expression Changes In- Publications in an anthology duced by Differential Acceleration and Swimming Behav- ior in Euglena gracillis. Dissertation, Universität Erlan- Pecena, Y., Gayraud, K., Eißfeldt, H. (2019) Aiming high: gen-Nürnberg. Maximizing predictive validity of selection processes for air traffic controller candidates. In: Pilot Selection: Psycholog- Melcher, W. (2019) Free Will in Psychological Research: ical Principles and Practice Taylor & Francis Group. Seiten 355- Considerations on Methodic Procedure and Reproducibili- 368. ISBN 9780429492105. ty of Results. Dissertation, Leuphana Universität Lüneburg.

Seemüller, A.C., Pecena, Y., Mittelstädt, J., Maschke, P. Otto, T. (2019) Optimization of a Biofilter System (2019) Into Space European astronaut selection and space (C.R.O.P.®) for Future Wastewater Teatment. Masterarbeit, flight participant selection. In: Pilot Selection: Psychological Ruhr-Universität Bochum. Principles and Practice CRC Press. Seiten 369-380. ISBN 9781138588738. Schleumer, S. (2019) Auswirkung von Perchlorat auf anaer- obe Mikroorganismen unter marsähnlichen Bedingungen. de Vera, J. P., Billi, D., Böttger, U., Cockell, C., de la Torre, R., Fo- Bachelorarbeit, Hochschule Niederrhein, University of Applied ing, B., Hanke, F., Leuko, S., Martinez-Frias, J., Moeller, R., Sciences. Olsson-Francis, K.., Onofri, S., Rettberg, P., Schröder, S., Schul- ze-Makuch, D., Selbmann, L., Wagner, D., Zucconi, L. (2019) A Schmidt, A. (2019) Plasmasterilisation für Raumfahrtan- systematic way to life detection – combining field, lab and wendungen - Plasma Sterilization for Space Applications. space research in low Earth orbit. In: Biosignatures for Astro- Masterarbeit, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen. biology Advances in Astrobiology and Biogeophysics. Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Seiten 111-122. ISBN 978 3 319 96174 3. Siems, K. (2019) Influence of Antimicrobial Surfaces on ISSN 1610-8957. Growth and Biofilm Dormation of Staphylococcus capitis subsp. capitis. Masterarbeit, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Uni- versität Bonn. Theses Voß, S. (2019) Development of Novel Hydrogel Substrates Bareth, M. (2019) Entwicklung eines halbautomatischen for Neuronal 3-D Cultures. Bachelorarbeit, Universität Bonn. Programms zur bildanalytischen Auswertung der Mor- phologie von Neuronen mittels Sholl-Analyse. Bachelorar- Zok, T.T. (2019) Einführung eines (halb-)automatisierten beit, University of Applied Sciences, Hochschule Emden-Leer. Datenerfassungssystems von Blutproben in die Forschungsumgebung des Deutschen Zentrums für Luft- Fahrion, J. (2019) Microbial Monitoring in the EDEN-ISS und Raumfahrt e. V. (DLR). Masterarbeit, Fachhochschule Greenhouse, a Mobile Test Facility in Antarctica. Masterar- Bonn-Rhein-Sieg. beit, University of Ulm.

103 Events, Presentations and Talks

Institute Lectures

15.01.2019 02.04.2019 PD Dr. Olga Ramich, Deutsches Institut für Ernährungs- Dr. Petra Rettberg, Head of the Astrobiology Working Group, forschung, Abt. Molekulare Toxikologie, AG Molekulare Er- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, nährungsmedizin, Nuthetal, Germany and Univ. Prof. Dr. med. German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany: “Astrobi- Andreas Pfeiffer, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik ology and Planetary Protection – How Can We Make Sure für Endokrinologie, Stoffwechsel- und Ernährungsmedizin, Ber- to Identify Reliably Extraterrestrial Traces of Life?” lin, Germany: “Circadian Regulation of Metabolism” 21.05.2019 21.01.2019 Prof. Dr. Alexander J. Probst, Aquatic Microbial Ecology, Bio- Dr. André Antunes, Senior Lecturer, Biology Department, Edge film Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany: “Pi- Hill University, Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK: “The Secret Life of rating the Pirates: Microbial Interactions in the Deep Ter- Brines: Deep-Sea Brines and Their Inhabitants” restrial Biosphere”

29.01.2019 28.05.2019 Dr. Kristina Beblo-Vranesevic, Astrobiology Working Group, Dr. Christian Glöckner, Key Expert Technology, NEO New On- Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, cology GmbH, A Siemens Healthineers Company, Köln, Germa- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany: “Mars ny: “Next Generation Sequencing for an Improved Deci- Analogues for Space Exploration” sion Making on Cancer Therapies”

05.02.2019 04.06.2019 Prof. Dr. Markus Egert, Hochschule Furtwangen, Campus Adrienne Kish, PhD, Associate Professor, Head of Bacteriology VS-Schwenningen, Fakultät "Medical and Life Sciences" (MLS), Service, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Communication Institut für "Precision Medicine" (IPM), Leiter AG Allgemeine Molecules and Adaptation of Microorganisms, Paris, Ile de Mikrobiologie & Hygiene, Schwenningen, Germany: “The Built France, France: “Stranger than Fiction: Life in the Extremes” Environment Microbiome - Consequences for Human Health” 25.06.2019 Petra Mittler, Astronautentraining im integrierten Team des 12.02.2019 EAC, Das Europäische Astronautenzentrum (EAC), Köln, Germa- Prof. Dr. Jan Peters, Biologische Psychologie, Universität zu ny: “LUNA, nebenan auf dem Mond” Köln, Köln, Germany: “Prospection and Exploration in Deci- sion-Making” 19.09.2019 Prof. Dr. Hans-Curt Flemming, Universitätsprofessor em./i.R., 19.02.2019 Biofilm Center, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Duisburg-Essen, Prof. Dr.-Ing. Vera Meyer, Department Applied and Molecular Germany: “Bacteria and Archaea on Earth and their Abun- Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität dance in Biofilms” Berlin, Berlin, Germany: “Systems and Synthetic Biology Ap- proaches to Understand and Reprogram the Cell Factory 24.09.2019 Aspergillus niger” Prof. Dr. med. Frank Bengel, Direktor, Klinik für Nuklearmediz- in, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Hannover, Ger- 19.03.2019 many: “Kardiale Positronen-Emissions-Tomographie in der Prof. Dr. Ulrich Kalinke, Institut für Experimentelle Infektions- klinischen Forschung” forschung, TWINCORE, Zentrum für Experimentelle und Klinis- che Infektionsforschung Hannover, Germany: “ Virus Control 08.10.2019 at the Brain Border” Dr. Klaus Slenzka, OHB SYSTEM AG, Head: Life Sciences, Bre- men, Germany: “The ModuLES Program – 1st Modul: Photo- bioreactor”

104 Events, Presentations and Talks

29.10.2019 19.11.2019 Rainer Schüller-Fengler, Markterschließung, German Aerospace Prof. Dr. Konrad Förstner, ZB MED – Informationszentrum Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany: “Die Ideenplattform DLR. Lebenswissenschaften, Cologne, Germany: “Translating IDEASPACE” High-Throughput Sequencing Data Into Microbiological Insights” 05.11.2019 Dr. Ralf Möller, Head of the Space Microbiology Research 26.11.2019 Group, Radiation Biology Department, Institute of Aerospace Flottillenarzt PD Dr. med. Ramin Naraghi, Klinik XII – Neu- Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany: rochirurgie, Bundeswehrzentralkrankenhaus Koblenz, Koblenz, “Living Together - Understanding Microbial Biofilm For- Germany: “Neurovaskuläre Kompression” mation Under Spaceflight Conditions” 03.12.2019 12.11.2019 Prof. Sarah Baatout, Head of Radiobiology Unit, SCK•CEN | Prof. Dr. Dina Grohmann, Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie & Ar- Belgian Nuclear Research Center, Belgium: “Human Space Ex- chaeenzentrum, Institut für Biochemie, Genetik und Mikrobiol- ploration Challenges from a Radiation Protection Perspec- ogie, Universität Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany: “Analysis tive” of Microbial Community Composition Based on 16S rRNA Profiling Via Nanopore Sequencing”

Workshops, Events, Seminars at the Institute

December 2018/January 2019 14.2.2019 Direct Return Alexander Gerst at :envihab Lecture: Women in Aerospace: Professor Dorothee Dzwonnek

17.1.2019 19.2.2019 Visit: Scientific Committee EASA Visit: TU Berlin

18.01.2019 6.-7.3.2019 Visits: TU Braunschweig/RWTH Aachen Workshop: KNIMS Kompetenznetzwerk Immobilisationsbed- ingte Muskelstörungen 22.1.2019 Visit: Molekulare Phytomedizin Universität Bonn 11.3.2019 Presentation: First Lego League 28.1.2019 Visit: RWTH Aachen 12.3.2019 Visit: Institut des Hautes Études pour l'Innovation et l'Entrepre- 29.1.2019 neuriat Visit: RWTH Aachen 16.3.2019 4.2.2019 Seminar: VBIO: Bewegungsmangel – Vom Molekül bis zum As- Visit: Representatives Federal Ministry of Defense tronauten

13.-14.2.2019 21.3.2019 Workshops: ESA Space Health Student Week Press conference: AGBRESA Bed Rest Study

105 22.3.2019 23.7.2019 Visit: Head TH Cologne Visit: German-Japanese RLV/Spaceplane Workshop

25.3.2019 26.7.2019 Visit: Chinese Delegation Qian Lab Visit: Member of the German Bundestag Nezahat Baradari

28.3.2019 7.8.2019 Girls Day Visit: Delegation ROSKOSMOS

28.3.2019 13.8.2019 Visit: Academie de l’Air et de l’Espace Visit: Indian participants SummerSchool University Cologne

14.5.2019 16.8.2019 Press conference: MIDAS Study Visit: Thomas Jarzombek, Commissioner for the Digital Industry and Start-ups and Federal Government Coordinator of German 16.5.2019 Aerospace Policy Visit: “ResearchTrack”, Medical students, Cologne University 20.8.2019 5.6.2019 Visit: Universität Augenklinik Bonn Visit: Representatives Planet Lab 21.8.2019 13.6.2019 Visit: Bernard Foing and EuroMoonMars Visit: Delegation CMSA 21.8.2019 15.6.2019 Visit: Gesundheitsregion Köln/Bonn Workshop: DLR Fliegerarzttage 28.-31.8.2019 17.6.2019 Seminar: Verkehrsmedizinische Woche Lecture: MyoCardioGen Study 2.9.2019 27.6.2019 Visit: Victorian Delegation Australia Visit: Students University Stuttgart/Cusanuswerk 3.9.2019 3.7.2019 Visit: Graduate Program DLR Visit: W. Allen Kilgore, Deputy Director for Aerosciences, NASA Langley Research Center 5.9.2019 Visit: Junior-Ingenieur-Akademie Liebfrauenschule Bonn 3.7.2019 Visit: RWTH Aachen 6.9.2019 Visit: Legal Department RWTH Aachen 5.7.2019 Visit: World Congress Science Journalists 13.9.2019 Visit: Women in Nuclear 8.7.2019 Visit: University Delft 7.10.2019 Visit: Representatives City of Brampton, Canada 15.7.2019 Visit: University Göttingen 8.10.2019 Visit: Representatives International Air Forces 15.7.2019 Visit: Members or Saarland parliament 10.10.2019 Visit: Rotary Club Bonn

106 Events, Presentations and Talks

14.10.2019 14.11.2019 Visit: Winner My Space Dream contest ESA Visit: International Biomedical Engineer Working Group ESA

15.10.2019 20.11.2019 Visit: Head of department of the Ministry of Economics of Nied- Visit: Regierender Bürgermeister Berlin, Michael Müller ersachsen 22.11.2019 21.10.2019 Visit: Industriebeirat FH Aachen Visit: Delegation University Melbourne 26.11.2019 29.10.2019 Visit: RWTH Aachen Visit: Alanus Hochschule 7.12.2019 5.11.2019 Human Physiology Workshop Visit: Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft 9.12.2019 7.11.2019 Visit: Representatives Bezirksregierung Köln Visit: African Delegation UN-SPIDER International Conference 17.12.2019 8.11.2019 Visit: General Consuls Visit: Representatives Philips

13.11.2019 Seminar: King’s College London: “Space Physician Training Course 2019”

Teaching Activities

Name University Subject Aeschbach, Daniel Harvard Medical School Sleep Medicine Anken, Ralf Universität Hohenheim Zoologie Baumstark-Kahn, Christa Lufthansa Fachkundekurs für Strahlenschutzbeauftragte Berger, Thomas/Hellweg, ISU Strasbourg Master of Space Studie (MSS) Christine Berger, Thomas/Hellweg, Universität Bonn Strahlenschutzkurs Christine Elmenhorst, Eva Maria RWTH Aachen Flug/Reisemedizin Elmenhorst, Eva Maria RWTH Aachen Raumfahrtmedizin Elmenhorst, Eva Maria Universität Köln Medizin (Wahlpflichtblock Weltraumphysiologie) Frings-Meuthen, Petra Universität Köln Medizin (Wahlpflichtblock Weltraumphysiologie) Goerke, Panja Leuphana Universität, Lüneburg Differentielle Psychologie Goerke, Panja Fachhochschule Wedel Communication and Social Skills Hauslage, Jens ISU Strasbourg Gravitational Biology Hauslage, Jens ISU Strasbourg Biological Life Support Systems Hauslage, Jens Tiermedizinische Hochschule Hannover Gravitational Biology Hauslage, Jens Universidade de São Paulo Gravitational Biology/Biological Life Support Systems

107 Hellweg, Christine FU Berlin Pathologie Hellweg, Christine FU Berlin Immunologie Hellweg, Christine Universität Bonn Radiopharmaziekurs Hellweg, Christine Universität Köln Medizin (Wahlpflichtblock Weltraumphysiologie) Hemmersbach, Ruth Universität Bonn Biologie Heusser, Karsten Universität Köln Weltraumphysiologie Heusser, Karsten RWTH Aachen Physiologie Herzog, Merle Universität Hamburg Psychologische Diagnostik Hörmann, Hans-Jürgen Technische Universität München Luftfahrtpsychologie Jordan, Jens Universität Köln Medizin (Wahlpflichtblock Weltraumphysiologie) Kölzer, Anna Fachhochschule Wedel Communication and Social Skills Liemersdorf, Christian Universität Bonn Biologie Lindlar, Markus Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg Med. Businessystem Lindlar, Markus Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg Biomed. Informatik Marggraf-Micheel, Claudia Fachhochschule Wedel Communication Skills Meier, Matthias Joint Space Weather Summer Camp Radiation Protection in Aviation Meier, Matthias Lufthansa Fachkundekurs für Strahlenschutzbeauftragte Mittelstädt, Justin Universität Hamburg Psychologische Diagnostik Mulder, Edwin Universität Köln Medizin (Wahlpflichtblock Weltraumphysiologie) Oubaid, Viktor Medical School Hamburg Differentielle Psychologie & Persönlichkeitsforschung Pustowalow, Willi Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg Informatik Rittweger, Jörn Universität Köln Medizin (Wahlpflichtblock Weltraumphysiologie) Rittweger, Jörn Universität Köln Medizin (Spezielle Pädiatrie) Schennetten, Kai Lufthansa Fachkundekurs für Strahlenschutzbeauftragte Schudlik, Kevin International School of Management Organisationspsychologie Schulze Kissing, Dirk HS Fresenius Allgemeine Psychologie Stelling, Dirk HS Fresenius Differentielle Psychologie (SS) Stelling, Dirk HS Fresenius Differentielle Psychologie (WS) Stelling, Dirk HS Fresenius Experimentelles Parktikum Stern, Claudia Technische Universität Braunschweig Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin Stern, Claudia Universität der Bundeswehr Raumfahrtmedizin Stern, Claudia ISU Strasbourg Master of Space Studies (MSS) Stern, Claudia ISU Space Studies Program Space Ophthalmology Stern, Claudia European School of Aviation Medicine Basic Course Ophthalmology I Stern, Claudia European School of Aviation Medicine Advanced Course Ophthalmology II Stern, Claudia Universität Köln Medizin (Wahlpflichtblock Weltraumphysiologie) Tank, Jens Medizinische Hochschule Hannover Propädeutik Zange, Jochen Universität Köln Medizin (Wahlpflichtblock Weltraumphysiologie) Zange, Jochen Universität Köln Medizin (Research Track) Zinn, Frank Universität Hamburg Psychologische Diagnostik

108 Graduations, Awards, Patents

Graduations

Supervised Doctoral Students Bachelor Degrees

University Space Aviation Traffic University Space Aviation Medizinische HS Hannover 5 Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sieg 1 Manchester Metropolitan 1 Universität Bonn 4 University European University of Applied 1 Ruhr-Universität Bochum 1 Sciences Rhein/Erft ISU Strasbourg 1 University of Applied Sciences 1 Remagen RWTH Aachen 2 1 FH Aachen 1 Universität Bonn 4 Universität Leipzig 1 Universität Hamburg 1 Universität Duisburg-Essen 1 Universität Göttingen 2 Universität Köln 10 SpoHo Köln 3 Diploma Theses/Master Degrees Universität Leiden 1 1 Universität des Saarlandes 1 University Space Traffic Aviation Delft University of Technology 1 FH Aachen 1 1 Universität Salzburg 1 Universität Ulm 1 TU Darmstadt 1 1 1 HS Niederrhein 1 FH Aachen 1 1 HS Emden-Leer 1 Universität Regensburg 1 Universität Giessen 1 Universität Erlangen 1 RWTH Aachen 1 Universität Bonn 1 1 Universität Köln 1 HAW Hamburg 1

Doctorates

University Space Aviation Universität Erlangen 1 Universität Hamburg 1 Technische Universität Dresden 1 Leuphana Universität Lüneburg 1 Universität des Saarlandes 1

109 Awards

Yannick Lichterfeld Matthias Meier Travel grant, 26th Assembly of the European Low Gravity Re- NASA Group Achievement Award search Association, Granada, Spain, September 24-27, 2019 Stella Koch Yannick Lichterfeld 1st prize – Student contest “Space Factor”, 19th EANA Astrobi- Travel Grant, 57. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für ology Conference, Orléans, France, September 3-6, 2019 Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin, Schönhagen, 24-26 October, 2019 Marta Cortesão Kendrick Solano EANA 2019 Poster Award, 19th EANA Astrobiology Conference, Travel grant, 26th Assembly of the European Low Gravity Re- Orléans, France, September 3-6, 2019 search Association, Granada, Spain, September 24-27, 2019 Darius Gerlach Kendrick Solano Deutsche Hochdruckliga e.V. DHL®: Reisestipendium und Einla- Member of the Month (10/2019) of the Student European Low dung zu den „Best of …“ Sessions Gravity Research Association Katharina Siems Willi Pustowalow Honorable Mention, Art Competition, American Society for Student Award 2019 der Konferenz für Angewandte Automatis- Gravitational and Space Research (ASGSR), November 20-23, ierungstechnik in Lehre und Entwicklung in der Kategorie beste Denver, USA, 2019 Bachelor-Arbeit Katharina Siems Katja Gayraud 1st Prize for start up idea, German Biotechnology Conference, Werner-Straub-Preis der TU Dresden Würzburg, April 9-10, 2019

Eva-Maria Elmenhorst Luisa Becher Albrecht-Ludwig-Berblinger Preis der Deutschen Gesellschaft für 2nd Prize for start up idea, German Biotechnology Conference, Luft- und Raumfahrtmedizin Würzburg, April 9-10, 2019

110

DLR at a glance

The German Aerospace Center (DLR) is the national aeronautics and space research center of the Federal Republic of Germany. Its extensive research and development work in aeronautics, space, energy, transport, security and digitalisation is integrated into national and international cooperative ventures. In addition to its own research, as Germany’s space agency, DLR has been given responsibility by the federal government for the planning and implementation of the German space programme. DLR is also the umbrella organisation for the nation’s largest project management agency.

DLR has approximately 8000 employees at 20 locations in Germany: Cologne (headquarters), Augsburg, Berlin, Bonn, Braunschweig, Bremen, Bremerhaven, Dresden, Goettingen, Ham- burg, Jena, Juelich, Lampoldshausen, Neustrelitz, Oberpfaffenhofen, Oldenburg, Stade, Stutt- gart, Trauen, and Weilheim. DLR also has offices in Brussels, Paris, Tokyo and Washington D.C.

Imprint

Publisher: German Aerospace Center (DLR) Institute of Aerospace Medicine

Address: Linder Höhe, 51147 Cologne, Germany Phone +49 2203 601-0 E-mail [email protected]

DLR.de

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