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FORCED CONVERSIONS OR FAITH CONVERSIONS Rhetoric and Reality

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FORCED CONVERSIONS OR FAITH CONVERSIONS Rhetoric and Reality © 2020 Institute of Policy Studies FORCED CONVERSIONS OR FAITH CONVERSIONS Rhetoric and Reality Baseline Study Author: Ghulam Hussain Edited by: Syed Nadeem Farhat ISBN: 978-969-448-792-2 For queries and feedback: [email protected] Institute of Policy Studies Nasr Chambers, 1-MPCHS Commercial, E-11/3, Islamabad Tel: +92 51 8438391-3 www.ips.org.pk | www.ipsurdu.com 2 | P a g e Contents Preface ................................................................................................................................................ 3 Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction and Background ......................................................................................................... 9 Part I ................................................................................................................................................ 13 Content Analysis of NGO Reports ................................................................................................ 13 Presentation of Facts and Figures ................................................................................................. 15 Tautologies and Circular Arguments ............................................................................................ 16 Development of Current Narrative ............................................................................................... 21 Location of Media Outlets ............................................................................................................ 31 The Issue of Defining Conversion ................................................................................................ 37 How ‘Under-Age’ is Problematized? ............................................................................................ 42 Legislation Against ‘Forced Conversion’? ................................................................................... 43 Faith Conversions in a Regional Context ..................................................................................... 44 Part II ............................................................................................................................................... 49 Alternative Evidence from Academic Studies, and the Hidden Script ...................................... 49 Muhammad Wajid on the ‘Myth of Reality’ of Forced Conversion ............................................. 49 Jürgen Schaflechner on ‘Forced’ Conversion ............................................................................... 51 Hidden Scripts ............................................................................................................................... 56 Hidden Patriarchy: Banning Dharmeelo ....................................................................................... 57 Sindhi Ethos and Cross-Faith Marriages ...................................................................................... 58 Cases of Voluntary Conversion .................................................................................................... 59 Local Dalit Intellectuals on Conversion ........................................................................................ 61 Part III ............................................................................................................................................. 65 Summing Up and Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 65 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................ 70 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 72 References ......................................................................................................................................... 75 3 | P a g e Abbreviations and Acronyms BIF Bheel Intellectual Forum BJP Bharatiya Janata Party CAA Citizenship Amendment Act CCJP Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace CIFoRB Christian freedom of religion or belief CLAAS Center for Legal Aid and Assistance CSW Commission on the Status of Women DST Dalit Sujaag Tehreek EU European Union GHRD Global Human Rights Defence HRCP Human Rights Commission of Pakistan HRFP Human Rights Focus Pakistan ILO International Labour Organization MLA Member for Legislative Assembly MSP Movement for Solidarity and Peace NCJP National Commission for Justice and Peace NGO Non-governmental Organization PHC Pakistan Hindu Council SAP-PK South Asia Partnership Pakistan UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund USCIRF United States Commission on International Religious Freedom 4 | P a g e Preface The Institute of Policy Studies (IPS) has defined Pakistan Affairs, International Relations, and Faith and Society as its core areas of research. At times, however, there are themes that transcend through certain aspects of each of these three areas. The subject matter of this booklet too is one such example that relates to Pakistan Affairs as much as it does to Faith and Society. Simultaneously, the narrative that the members of minority communities are systematically forced into conversion to Islam in Pakistan has echoed internationally and even from supposedly responsible forums, including governments, resultantly showing Pakistani state and society in a bad light. Given that the religion has been pronounced as a matter of choice on several occasions in the Holy Qur’an and the freedom to profess any religion has been acknowledged in numerous human rights instruments including the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as well as the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, the alleged forced conversions were obviously a matter of concern for IPS. When we decided to start a program to address this issue, we had a realization that within the huge flow of information and a social media boom, it has become easier to develop a narrative and even campaigning for a particular cause in order to bring about even a policy change, but it is extremely difficult, in many cases, to discern the reality from the myth and the truth from fabricated rhetoric. A sensational news or report, circulated with whatever motives, might draw global attention; and even when it proves incorrect later, the damage has already been done in most cases. In the particular case of this subject, the level of difficulty amplifies as the narrative has been overloaded with emotions and human rights concerns. Still, there was an obvious need to look into the so-called phenomenon of forced religious conversions and understand its dynamics in order to suggest policy and legislative interventions that could safeguard the rights and dignity of everyone. Like every other study, the first and foremost phase related to the review of literature on the subject. Since the IPS program on the subject is more interested in knowing the actual dynamics and is aimed at developing a framework for further research for firsthand information, the reports and articles on the subject were critically analyzed. However, as the work progressed, it soon became apparent that the information being circulated in this regard mostly had no solid base. This booklet presents only its findings of the lack of reliable evidence for alleging forced conversions in the popular narrative. It also gives a glimpse of how this narrative is developed and propagated and what alternate narrative is present in the literature. It obviously shows the immense vacuum for objective research into the issue and recommends that no policy decision should be based merely on the basis of some reports prepared by certain organizations and interest groups. For drawing a more comprehensive conclusion on faith conversions, IPS plans to conduct further research by reaching out to the communities that are cited to be more affected and find out the various dynamics and dimensions of the issue. This study is being presented as baseline as it has necessitated complete understanding of the ground realities by actually going into the field. As such this is an ongoing program and IPS will continue to present new findings as the research progresses. 5 | P a g e The IPS program to understand the phenomenon of faith conversions in Pakistan is extensive in the sense that it not only aims at looking into various aspects and dynamics of the subject but also plans to look into certain related phenomenon like casteism and forced marriages. We hope that this baseline study will help the academics as well as the policymakers and even public at large to understand how the fabrication of facts is taking place and how certain daily life events are portrayed as organized crimes and propagated out of proportion to malign the religion, the society, and the state of Pakistan. Obviously, I owe thanks and congratulations to Ghulam Hussain for taking pains in seeing beyond the obvious and offering this eye-opening research. Khalid Rahman Executive President Institute of Policy Studies Islamabad 6 | P a g e Executive Summary Pakistan, being an Islamic Republic, is portrayed as a country where rights of religious minorities are undermined. A major allegation in this context is that members of minority communities,
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