DOCSLIB.ORG

A Comprehensive Review on Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Architectures and Components

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Comprehensive Review on Hybrid Electric Vehicles: Architectures and Components J. Mod. Transport. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40534-019-0184-3 A comprehensive review on hybrid electric vehicles: architectures and components 1 1 1 Krishna Veer Singh • Hari Om Bansal • Dheerendra Singh Received: 23 February 2018 / Revised: 31 January 2019 / Accepted: 18 February 2019 Ó The Author(s) 2019 Abstract The rapid consumption of fossil fuel and Keywords Hybrid electric vehicle Á Hybrid energy storage increased environmental damage caused by it have given a system Á Architecture Á Traction motors Á Bidirectional strong impetus to the growth and development of fuel- converter efficient vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have evolved from their inchoate state and are proving to be a Abbreviations and symbols promising solution to the serious existential problem posed ABS Antilock braking system to the planet earth. Not only do HEVs provide better fuel AC Alternating current economy and lower emissions satisfying environmental ADTR Antidirectional-twin-rotary legislations, but also they dampen the effect of rising fuel ADVISOR Advanced vehicle simulator prices on consumers. HEVs combine the drive powers of ANN Artificial neural network an internal combustion engine and an electrical machine. ASCI Auto-sequential commutated mode single- The main components of HEVs are energy storage system, phase inverter motor, bidirectional converter and maximum power point BEV Battery electric vehicle trackers (MPPT, in case of solar-powered HEVs). The BLDC Brushless DC motor performance of HEVs greatly depends on these compo- CD Charge depletion nents and its architecture. This paper presents an extensive CDFIM Cascaded DFIM review on essential components used in HEVs such as their CF-qZSI Current-fed quasi-ZSI architectures with advantages and disadvantages, choice of CMPPT Centralized MPPT bidirectional converter to obtain high efficiency, combining CS Charge sustaining ultracapacitor with battery to extend the battery life, trac- CSI Current source inverter tion motors’ role and their suitability for a particular CS-PMSM Compound-structure PMSM application. Inclusion of photovoltaic cell in HEVs is a CVT Continuous variable transmission fairly new concept and has been discussed in detail. Var- DC Direct current ious MPPT techniques used for solar-driven HEVs are also DFIM Doubly fed induction motor discussed in this paper with their suitability. DMPPT Distributed MPPT DRM Double-rotor machines DTC Direct torque control e-CVT Electronic continuous variable transmission EM Electric motor & Hari Om Bansal EMS Energy management system [email protected] EREV Extended range electric vehicle ESS Energy storage system 1 Power Electronics and Drives Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Birla Institute of EV Electric vehicle Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, India FC Fuel cell 123 K. V. Singh et al. FCEV Fuel cell electric vehicle Voc Open-circuit voltage FEM Finite element method V2G Vehicle to grid FL Fuzzy logic VSI Voltage source inverter FOC Field-oriented control ZSI Impedance (Z) source inverter FLC Fuzzy logic controller XHEVs Full HEVs and PHEVs GA Genetic algorithm HESS Hybrid energy storage system HEV Hybrid electric vehicle IC Incremental conductance 1 Introduction ICE Internal combustion engine ICV Internal combustion vehicle A well-knit and coordinated transportation provides IGBT Insulated gate bipolar transistor mobility to people and goods. The transportation sector IM Induction motors mainly consists of road, railway, ships and aviation, where IMCCR Induction motor with compound cage rotor road transportation consumes 75% of the total energy spent IPMSM Interior permanent magnet synchronous on transportation. The automobile industry plays a signif- motor icant role in economic growth of the world and hence I Incremental short-circuit current sc affects the entire population. Since vehicles mostly run on KKT Karush–Kuhn–Tucker internal combustion engine (ICE), the transportation LC Inductor capacitor industry is accountable for 25%–30% of the total green- MFM-BDRM Magnetic field-modulated brushless house gases emission [1]. ICE works in the process of fuel double-rotor machine combustion resulting in the production of various gases MOSFET Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect like CO ,NO, NO and CO [2] which cause environmental transistor 2 2 degradation in the form of greenhouse effect and are MPC Model predictive controller responsible for their adverse effect on human health. To MPP Maximum power point overcome this, the transportation industry is trying hard to MPPT Maximum power point tracker manufacture vehicles that can run on alternate power MRAC Model reference adaptive controller sources. Electric vehicles (EVs) were tried as a solution in M-SRM Modular-switched reluctance motor 1881 where battery alone propelled the vehicle and there- NPC Neutral point clamped fore required a bulky battery pack. Absence of an ICE P&O Perturb and observe handicapped these vehicles with a short driving range [3]. PAM Pulse amplitude modulation Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) were conceptualized to PHEV Plug-in HEV bridge the power of ICE and the emission-free nature of PI Proportional integral EVs. HEVs offer better fuel efficiency over ICE-based PM Permanent magnet vehicles and generally work in charge-sustaining (CS) PMBLDC Permanent magnet BLDC mode where the state of charge (SOC) of battery is main- PMSM Permanent magnet synchronous motor tained throughout the trip. The issue with CS mode is that PSO Particle swarm optimization its charging efficiency relies mainly on regenerative brak- PV Photovoltaic ing and gasoline, so plug-in HEVs (PHEVs) were con- PVHEV Solar-driven HEV ceptualized as a possible solution. Unlike HEVs, PHEVs PWM Pulse width modulation have the additional facility to be charged externally RC Resistance capacitor through power outlets. Most of the power in a PHEV is SA Simulated annealing derived from an electric motor (EM) which acts as a pri- SBP Synergetic battery pack mary source, while ICE acts as a backup. As the battery SFO Stator flux oriented SOC reaches a particular threshold, the PHEV behaves like SOC State of charge a regular HEV, and the ICE kicks in and acts as a primary SRM Switched reluctance motor power source. The PHEVs mainly work in charge depletion STA Supertwisting algorithm (CD) mode where SOC is depleted up to a threshold level. TTR Through-the-road PHEVs extend the all-electric range, improve local air TCO Total costs of ownership quality and also may have grid connection capability. UC Ultracapacitor Another possible approach for extending the electric VF-ZSI Variable frequency impedance source range of an HEV is to allow continuous charging of the inverter battery while running. The emergence of solar-driven 123 J. Mod. Transport. A comprehensive review on hybrid electric vehicles: architectures and components HEVs (PVHEVs) leads to continuous charging of batteries 3. Control system—instructs electric systems/ICE and by means of solar energy, which minimizes the usage of manages the HESS. gasoline and hence reduces environmental pollution. These components can be integrated in different ways and Robust and affordable batteries are a primary challenge sizes which results in variation in vehicle design. Based on for hybrid vehicles. Various HEV battery compositions have the component integration, drivetrains mainly include ser- been tried in the past with the best results from lithium-ion ies, parallel and power split designs. In [6] the HEV’s derivatives. Three levels of integration of battery packs are architecture has been classified into six different categories, possible in vehicles: (1) singular battery cells, (2) modules, which are mild/microparallel, parallel, series, power split, comprised of individual battery cell, and (3) battery packs, combined and through-the-road (TTR) hybrids. comprised of modules. Battery should be able to supply high In series HEV, the power sources provide electrical power over short periods and must be capable of enduring energy at DC bus, which is then converted to traction millions of transient shallow cycles over vehicle life. To power [7]. In parallel HEVs, traction power can be sup- extend the range and life of a battery, it can be interfaced plied by ICE or EM alone, or together by both the sources. with an ultracapacitor (UC) which permits longer life cycle, The EM is used to charge the HESS by means of regen- higher rate of charge/discharge and lower internal resistance erative braking [8]. The parallel mild HEV is an ideal which result in lesser heat loss and better reliability. UC option as they provide a prime trade-off between the cost of improves the efficiency cycle to around 90% from 80% [4]. vehicle and its performance [9]. Complex HEVs incorpo- The combination of battery and UC forming a hybrid energy rate features of both parallel as well as series architecture. storage system (HESS) is more efficient as compared to their They are almost like the series–parallel hybrid except for individual performances. the variance in power flow of the motor, which is bidi- The fundamental requirement for traction motors used in rectional in complex hybrid and unidirectional in series– HEVs is to generate propulsion torque over a wide speed parallel HEVs. The disadvantage of complex hybrid is its range. Two most commonly used motors in HEV propul- complexity in design. A pictorial representation of these sion are permanent magnet motor (PM) and induction architectures is given in Fig. 2. motor (IM). There are various hybrid cars now available Architecturally, PHEV is similar to HEVs except for a and manufactured by Audi, BMW, Chevrolet, Ford, large-size onboard battery, having high energy density and Honda, Mercedes, McLaren, Nissan, Mitsubishi, Hyundai, efficiency. The combination of CS and CD modes requires Porsche, Tesla, Toyota, etc. The fuel consumption saving a more complex control strategy than in an HEV. PHEVs by a few models is shown in Table 1 [5]. begin operation in CD mode; and as soon as the battery Various possible architectures of an HEV are presented reaches a threshold value of SOC, the battery shifts to CS in Sect.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Presentation to Repsol
    The global EV market: where to from here? Colin McKerracher – Head of Advanced Transport Bloomberg New Energy Finance @colinmckerrache July 10, 2017 Analysis to help you understand the future of energy Solar Wind Power and Gas Carbon Energy Smart Storage Electric Mobility and Frontier Emerging Utilities Markets & Technologies Vehicles Autonomous Power Technologies Climate Driving Americas Europe, Middle East Asia Pacific & Africa 1 July 10, 2017 Global EV sales by region 2011-2017e, thousand units YoY growth +69% +40% +56% +55% +47% Thousand units 1,200 We expect passenger EV 1,018 1,000 sales to be just over 1m in 46 2017 800 218 695 21 600 158 283 448 23 400 209 288 32 115 206 29 200 122 27 116 182 435 96 36 283 30 96 56 66 114 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 China Europe US Japan Canada South Korea RoW Note: Includes highway-capable PHEV and BEV passenger vehicles only; RoW is “Rest of World” 2 July 10, 2017 Countries where EVs were above 1% of total passenger vehicle sales Bloomberg New Energy Finance, Marklines 3 July 10, 2017 BEV model availability, 2008-20 Jaguar Tesla VW I.D.* Land Rover Toyota Trumpchi VW I.D. CROZZ Defender RAV4 GS4 I-Pace pickup* Mitsubishi eX BMW i5 Volvo 40.2* SUVs/Trucks Tesla Tesla M-B EQ VW Model Y* Model X Chehejia Audi E-tron Budd-e M-B B-Class BYD e6 NIO ES8* SUV* Quattro Porsche E-sport Renault DeZir Qianto Q50 Venturi Fetish Tesla Roadster Tesla Model S Sports cars Tesla Roadster* M-B SLS eDrive Hyundai Ioniq Aston Martin GLM G4 NIO ES9 Audi R8 E-tron Exagon Furtive Mahindra eVerito RapidE Geely Emgrand NIO EVE ChangAn SAIC E-Lavida Tesla Model 3 LeEco LeSEE Eado Mullen 700e Lucid Air Sedans CODA EV Audi E-tron Faraday Honda Clarity BAIC EU260 Sportback JAC iEV4 Renault Fluence BYD e5 FF91 Kia Ray Hyundai BMW i3 M-B E-Cell BlueOn VW e-Golf Chevy Bolt VW I.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Luxury Brand Positioning: History of an Idea with Mercedes-Benz
    International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X Luxury Brand Positioning: History of an Idea with Mercedes-Benz Rajan Dhanda Research scholar, Department of Management Studies, M D S University Ajmer (Raj.) Dr. Ashish Pareek Associate Professor Department of Management Studies, M D S University Ajmer (Raj.) Abstract Luxury vehicles are high-end vehicles offering more comfort and safety than traditional vehicles. These vehicles offer higher performance and better handling than their traditional counterparts. Luxury vehicles are also considered as a status symbol for conspicuous consumption. When DaimlerChrysler entered India in February 1994 to set up Mercedes-Benz India Ltd, it was one of the first premium car manufacturers to drive on Indian roads. Seventeen years later, a range of international luxury car brands — from the sporty Porsche and regal Rolls-Royce to BMW and Jaguar— are fighting for space in the garages of India's rich and famous. In study we come to know the secret of maintaining leadership position in luxury car manufacturers. We come to know the Mercedes-Benz Market positioning strategies and brand positions being adopted by the Luxury car manufacturers. In study we explore brand positioning in regard to the current scenario for luxury car marketers for example-electric mobility. Key words: Mercedes-Benz, Luxury, Brand, Positioning, electric. Introduction Mercedes-Benz India Pvt Ltd is a wholly owned subsidiary of the German Daimler AG founded in 1994, with headquarters in Pune, Maharashtra, India. Daimler entered the Indian market and established Mercedes-Benz India Ltd in 1994. Mercedes-Benz India is a wholly owned subsidiary of the Daimler AG.
    [Show full text]
  • India's New-Age Jeep
    MOBILITY ENGINEERINGTM AUTOMOTIVE, AEROSPACE, OFF-HIGHWAY A quarterly publication of and Alt-fuels for aircraft India’s new-age Jeep What lies ahead IC’s next big thing Tata to build Safari Storme Achates Power’s opposed-piston for Indian Armed Forces engine heads for production Volume 4, Issue 2 June 2017 ME AR Associates Ad 0617.qxp_Mobility FP 4/4/17 5:07 PM Page 1 Why AR Solid State Pulsed Amplifi ers Should Be On Your Radar For automotive and military EMC radiated immunity susceptibility testing, as well as radar and communication applications, there is now a very attractive alternative to Traveling Wave Tube Amplifi ers (TWTA’s). AR’s new offerings include various frequency ranges and output power levels to meet several standards, or Nine New designs can be tailored to suit your specifi c application. These amplifi ers feature a touchscreen control panel, Amplifi ers GPIB interface, TTL gating, fault monitoring, and forced air cooling. Recently Added! Features & Benefi ts For These Rugged Amplifi ers Are: t Octave Frequencies: 1-2 GHz and 2-4 GHz t Narrowband Frequencies: 1.2-1.4 GHz & 2.7-3.1 GHz t Power Levels: 1 kW to 150 kW Watch Our Pulsed Amps Video Visit www.arworld.us/pavid or t Harmonic Distortion of -18dBc @ 1dB compression point scan this page with the Layar app t Pulse Widths to 100 μsec. & Duty Cycles to 10% to watch on your mobile device. t High Mean Time To Failure (MTTF) t Mismatch Tolerance - Will operate without damage or oscillation with any magnitude and phase of source and load impedance t Numerous Applications Possible - Automotive, MIL STD 464, DO-160 and Military Radar To learn more, visit www.arworld.us/pulsedamps and download Application Note #72A or call us at 215-723-8181.
    [Show full text]
  • Mahindra Everyday
    ISSUE 1, 2013 ISSUE 1, 2013 WHAT’S INSIDE? Mahindra e2o Launched: Set to Redefine the Future of Mobility World Class Tractor Plant Inaugurated in Andhra Pradesh MSSSPL’s Golden Journey Of 50 Years 8th Annual Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards Announced Special Feature: The Mahindra Institute of Quality Mahindra Everyday 1 ISSUE 1, 2013 CONTENTS CULTURAL COVER STORY 04 OUTREACH 35 Mahindra USA’s exciting and eventful On the art and culture front, initiatives story of growth and success, from showcased old world culture, the world’s 1994 to date. best guitar and music talent, excellence in theatre and more. INTERNATIONAL AWARDS FOR OPERATIONS 11 EXCELLENCE 40 The Mahindra Group’s international A spectrum of awards, including the action stretched from Serbia to Sri first Mahindra Sustainability awards Lanka, South Africa and elsewhere recognising diverse sustainability around the globe. initiatives, was recently presented. SECTOR BRIEFS 13 SUSTAINABILITY 47 As ever there was plenty happening Efforts and initiatives towards across sectors and in all spheres of preserving, safeguarding and sustaining action – new plants, new products, our planet and its precious resources. distinguished visitors, certifications and celebrations. Please write in to [email protected] to give feedback on this issue. ME TEAM Associate Editors: Zarina Hodiwalla, Darius Lam Soumi Rao Chandrika Rodrigues Col. Abhijit Dasgupta AS, Kandivli MLDL Mahindra Management Dev. Center Asha Sabharwal Stella Rozario AS, Nashik MTWL Santosh Tandav Mahindra Partners Shirish Kulkarni Pradeep Zoting AS, Igatpuri FES, Nagpur Vrinda Pisharody Tech Mahindra & K.P. Narsimha Rao Pavitra Kamdadai Mahindra Satyam AS, Zaheerabad MNEPL Rajeev Malik Venecia Paulose Martin Cisneros Preeti Nair MVML, Chakan Mahindra USA Mahindra Navistar Edited and Published by Roma Balwani Nitin Panday Swapnil Soudagar Pooja Thawrani for Mahindra & Mahindra Limited, Gateway Mahindra Swaraj Systech Mahindra Reva Building, Apollo Bunder, Mumbai 400 001.
    [Show full text]
  • Mahindra E2o Plus
    UNTIL OUR CITIES GET SMART, OUTSMART THE CITY. About e2oPlus Outsmart Congestion Outsmart Pollution Outsmart Expenses Outsmart Inconvenience Specifications Features About ME Contact us About It’s going to take some time before our cities get smart. Don’t wait, take the first step today and switch to the all-electric e2oPlus - the CitySmart car. Designed to outsmart the chaos of the streets, the ever increasing expenses, and the uncertainties of the road, the e2oPlus is the perfect city car for you. About e2oPlus Outsmart Congestion Outsmart Pollution Outsmart Expenses Outsmart Inconvenience Specifications Features About ME OUTSMART CONGESTION Zip through the city on a hassle free drive About e2oPlus Outsmart Congestion Outsmart Pollution Outsmart Expenses Outsmart Inconvenience Specifications Features About ME Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 REGENERATIVE INSTANT REVive BRAKING TORQUE Earn miles each time your Go from the get go Extra miles when you car slows down Leaving the rest of the trac behind when need them the most Nothing can be smarter than making the the signal turns green, is a game that every With our patented REVive technology, constant jamming of brakes in the start-stop you never have to worry about being e2oPlus driver enjoys playing. With no trac work in your favour. Well, the new City heavy engine or moving parts lagging the stranded with no charge. If ever you find Smart e oPlus is up for the challenge. It’s 2 power output, you get instant torque to that the battery has run out and you do not called regenerative braking. Each time you zoom with maximum torque right from the have a charge point close by, you can hit the brakes or you don’t use the moment you start o.
    [Show full text]
  • Enel X Electric Mobility
    Enel X Electric Mobility Alberto Piglia: Copenhagen 22 March 2018 The evolution of the energy sector Decarbonization Decarbonization Electrification Digitalization New customer needs New customer needs lead to Digital electricity infrastructure Renewables penetration by By 2040, electricity will be the customized services investments: +45% between 2040: 60% first source of energy development with sustainable 2014 and 2016 consumption: share of 38% approaches The energy sector is experimenting a deep transformation Digitalization and customer centricity will change the paradigm Source: United Nations 2014; BNEF 2018, WEO 2017, IEA Electric Vehicles Market Result: Growth scenario Million cars per year 70 • 54% new sales will be electric by 2040 60 • US will be a major market in the next decade 50 • In EU, UK, Germany and France will lead the market 40 30 20 - Infrastructure gap - Customers TCOs 10 - Car Offerings must be addressed in order to develop the market 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Rest of Europe France UK Germany Japan Rest of World China US 3 Source: Bloomberg, Long - Term Electric Vehicle Outlook, 2017 Electric Vehicles Market Driver: Falling battery prices Li-Ion Battery Prices drop as the technology driver of Falling battery prices are expected to undercut EVs mass market gasoline cars by mid-2020s 1.200 1.000 Observed price 800 18% learning rate 600 2017 implied price $209/kWh 2030 implied 400 2025 implied price $70/kWh price $96/kWh 200 0 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance Note: Prices are an average of BEV and PHEV batteries and include both cell and pack costs.
    [Show full text]
  • Managing the Challenges of Business-To-Business Open
    Industrial Marketing Management xxx (xxxx) xxx–xxx Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Industrial Marketing Management journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/indmarman Research paper Managing the challenges of business-to-business open innovation in complex projects: A multi-stage process model ⁎ Andrei Gurcaa, Mehdi Bagherzadeha, Stefan Markovicb, , Nikolina Koporcicc,d a Department of Strategy and Entrepreneurship, NEOMA Business School, 59, rue Pierre Taittinger, 51100 Reims, France b Department of Marketing, Copenhagen Business School, Solbjerg Plads 3, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark c Marketing Department, Nottingham University Business School, University of Nottingham, Business School North Building, Jubilee Campus, Wollaton Road, NG8 1BB Nottingham, UK d School of Business and Economics, Åbo Akademi University, Vänrikinkatu 3B, 20500 Turku, Finland ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Research shows that knowledge sharing and system integration are two major challenges posed by openness to Open innovation business partners in complex innovation projects. However, there remains limited research on the micro- Project complexity foundations (i.e., actions and practices) underpinning the organizational capabilities required to address these Knowledge sharing challenges. Drawing on a case study of a pioneering electric vehicle manufacturer, we develop a multi-stage System integration process model showing how these capabilities are developed and phased out in terms of the organizational Microfoundations principles (e.g., hierarchical product architecture) and actions and practices (e.g., sharing knowledge by de- puting staff to/from business partners). Our study contributes to the literature by taking a microfoundations approach to unpack the ‘black box’ of organizational capabilities critical for managing complex innovation projects into actions and practices, and emphasizes the importance of firms' internal preparedness for managing openness.
    [Show full text]
  • Ma M Hhih Nddraa R & Mahinndr D a a Lt L D. Ann A
    MAM HHINDDRARA & MAHINNDRD A LTL D. ANANNUNUALA REPE ORRT 2001515 WorldReginfo - 0cd6c777-56c0-4f13-9576-4861e33bf4aa WorldReginfo - 0cd6c777-56c0-4f13-9576-4861e33bf4aa RESILIENCE THROUGH RESILIENCE THROUGH MARKET LEADERSHIP CUSTOMER CENTRICITY Sustained market leadership in Tractors Ranked 3rd in JD Power SSI survey for over 3 decades Ranked 4th in JD Power CSI Study 5 millionth vehicle rolled out in January 2015 RESILIENCE THROUGH RESILIENCE THROUGH PORTFOLIO DIVERSIFICATION STRONG FINANCIALS Market value of investments in EBITDA (including MVML) grew listed entities ~ Rs. 30,000 at 19% CAGR over the last crores (invested value – Resilience decade ~ Rs. 4,200 crores) AAA rating from all major rating agencies citing Mahindra’s “Resilience to Economic Cycles” RESILIENCE THROUGH INNOVATION RESILIENCE IN VALUE CREATION World class R&D Center at Mahindra Research Valley, Chennai Share price growth at 25% 100% increase in patent applications CAGR over the last decade Unbroken dividend record since listing on BSE in 1956 WorldReginfo - 0cd6c777-56c0-4f13-9576-4861e33bf4aa In January 2015, Mahindra rolled out its 5 millionth vehicle from its automotive plant at Kandivali, Mumbai. The company’s legendary 4x4 off-road vehicle, the Mahindra Thar was chosen for this momentous milestone. Dr. Pawan Goenka, Executive Director, Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. and Group President (Auto & Farm Sector) presided over the ceremony and dedicated this significant achievement to each and every member of the Mahindra family. WorldReginfo - 0cd6c777-56c0-4f13-9576-4861e33bf4aa Mahindra Drives in the New Age XUV500 The New Age XUV 500 is packed with a host of cutting-edge technology features, bold new cheetah-inspired exterior styling, plush and premium new interiors, exhilarating performance and best-in-class safety.
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Vehicles in Indian Market
    International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 07 Issue: 01 | Jan 2020 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN INDIAN MARKET Manoj S1, Mohan B2 1UG Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Taminadu College of Engineering, Tamilnadu, India. 2UG Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, T.J.S Engineering College, Tamilnadu, India. ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - It is estimated that vehicles in road will grow Until the year 2000 there weren’t much electric vehicles. approximately 2.9 billion units by the end of year 2050. After the year 2000, revolution took place in the Indian automobile industry is expanding enormously due to automobile industry when the electric vehicle companies which resources like crude oil, natural gas and other fuels like Tesla, Reva. Think and BYD came into the market in are being imported more than its limit as a result the CO2 US, India, Norway and China and IC engine car release from the vehicles are high and India stands as fourth manufacturers. And then following to this companies like largest emitter of CO2 toxic gas in air with the contribution general motors, Nissan also started to produce healthy of 7% in globe. So to overcome this, alternate methods are electric vehicles. Recently tesla had released its Model Y to be identified and for that electric vehicles serves as a best and the sales of electric vehicles has risen. Top electric option. Our study deals with the electric vehicles and its cars as of year 2019 are Nissan Leaf, Mercedes Benz B acceptance by the consumer in India on the cost basis along class, BMW i3, Tesla model S.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Disc Brake in E-Car: a Review
    IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering | Volume 3 | Issue 05 | November 2016 ISSN (online): 2349-784X Use of Disc Brake in E-Car: A Review Patel Sahil D. Gosai Dipak C. PG Student Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering SVMIT, Bharuch SVMIT, Bharuch Shah Amit V. Assistant Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering SVMIT, Bharuch Abstract There are many problems that the conventional petroleum vehicle poses such as dependency on foreign oil, degradation of air quality and carbon emissions that perpetuate climate change. India imports large amount of oil for automotive use. Nearly 80% of India’s crude oil requirement is imported. So, there is the need for alternative fuelled vehicles to reduce the problems of exhaust emissions from internal combustion engines and to reduce the dependency on imported foreign crude oil. An electric car is an alternative-design automobile that uses an electric motor to power the car, with the electricity being provided by a battery. It produces zero emission and it has noiseless operation. The overall impact of the electric car ultimately benefits the people. Compared to gasoline powered vehicles, electric vehicles are considered to be ninety-seven percent cleaner, producing no tailpipe emissions that can place particulate matter into the air. According to the survey of today’s scenario, there is a big need of small, light weight and more efficient electric car with better safety to overcome from traffic problem, and to increase the overall efficiency. I think it is time to consider it necessary to produce varied types of electric cars.
    [Show full text]
  • Mahindra Sustainability Awards
    S u s t a i n a b i l i t y R e v i e w 2 0 1 2 - 13 to H2 Changing the water equation Alternative Thinking has fuelled From operationalising sustainability in day-to-day activities to helping the sustainability journey of Group Companies strategically leverage sustainability for competitive Mahindra. After institutionalising a advantage - over the years, sustainability has been seeded in our business sustainability framework in the first conduct. With sustainability gaining self-momentum among Group year, in subsequent years it has Companies and the successful completion of a 5-year roadmap in just 3 years, successfully spread throughout the time is now ripe for Alternative Thinking to concentrate individually on different hierarchies of businesses. high impact material issues that affect each and every Group Company. 2007-08 Alternative Thinking 2008-09 Alternative Thinking in Action 2009-10 Alternative is Native 2010-11 Alternative is Transformative 2011-12 Alternative Accelerates Results to H2 This year marks the While carbon and energy broadly held centre stage in the sustainability narrative and featured prominently in the maiden roadmap with specific targets, water an start of a focussed equally essential resource was always retained on the radar. Programmes and and accelerated initiatives on water conservation, harvesting, reducing water intensity are now being undertaken in all earnest and are progressing at a steady pace. But rising imbalances effort to change the between availability and demand, inter-societal competition and regional conflicts water equation from will now constantly push water issues to the fore. The drought in Maharashtra brought it right to our doorstep.
    [Show full text]
  • Download PDF Size 5.18Mb
    CONTENTS ME TEAM 2 COVER STORY ASSOCIATE EDITORS COME HOME TO HAPPINEST ZARINA HODIWALLA Happinest is a new business vertical focused on making quality housing at affordable DARIUS LAM prices accessible to a wider cross-section of people. AUTOMOTIVE DIVISION Bonita Fernandes, Rajeev Malik, Nandita Sarkar, Pavithra Kamdadai, 8 SPECIAL FEATURE KVN Prasad, Venecia Paulose, Neha Dalal and Anita Beri AMBITIOUS STRATEGIES FOR GROWTH FARM DIVISION Ashok Sharma, Chief Executive, Auto & Farm Strategy, Rujuta Nadkarni, Shruti Chhabra and Agri and Allied Business, Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd., Phiruzi Kasad discusses the company’s roadmap to evolve as a complete agri solutions provider. TWO WHEELER Priyanka Koijam FINANCIAL SERVICES INDUSTRY Charandeep Chawla, Sheetal Choksey, NEWS 11 28 SPOTLIGHT Amit Agarwal and Ritesh Gaind Updates from across sectors, including A focus on the Information Technology AFTER-MARKET launches, initiatives, awards and Services space and Tech Mahindra’s Geethu Menon and Mayank Maini recognition. position in it. SYSTECH Swapnil Soudagar 30 FOREIGN DESPATCH MAHINDRA PARTNERS Desiree D’Cunha RISING TO MEET THE AMERICAN CHALLENGE INFRASTRUCTURE & REALTY Mani Iyer, President - Mahindra USA, shares his Rishika Mehrotra, Subrata Sengupta and experience about his association with MUSA Inc. Anurag Vijay HOSPITALITY Deepali Naair 32 RISE FOR GOOD 37 SOCIAL STATUS INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY Vrinda Pisharody Proud Fathers for Daughters Campaign Tweets featuring the Mahindra Group and Retrofitting Mahindra Towers from around the world wide web DEFENCE SYSTEMS Sanjit Tiwari SUSTAINABILITY 38 AFTER HOURS Poonam Bagwe Prakash Wakankar, newly-appointed CEO of CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY Mahindra Retail, shares his experience as a cricket GOOD Gilroy Correia and Santanu Bhattacharya commentator INNINGS Edited and Published by Mahindra Group Communications for Mahindra & Mahindra Limited, Gateway Building, Apollo Bunder, Mumbai 400 001.
    [Show full text]