Communication • DOI: 10.2478/v10134-010-0005-z • Translational Neuroscience • 1(1) • 2010 • 72–94 Translational Neuroscience OSKAR VOGT: THE FIRST MYELOARCHITECTONIC MAP OF Miloš Judaš1 THE HUMAN FRONTAL CORTEX Maja Cepanec1,2 Abstract 1University of Zagreb School of The aim of this paper is threefold: (a) to provide the translation in English of Oskar Vogt’s seminal 1910 paper Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain describing the first myeloarchitectonic map of the human frontal cortex, introduced by a brief historical review Research, Šalata 12, 10000 Zagreb, of Cécile & Oskar Vogt’s contribution to neuroscience; (b) to provide an annotated bibliography of major works of Croatia cortical cytoarchitectonics and myeloarchitectonics in the tradition of the Brodmann-Vogt architectonic school 2University of Zagreb, Faculty of (Supplement 2); and (c) to provide an annotated bibliography of major works of the Russian architectonic school Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Speech and which was founded by Oskar Vogt (Supplement 3). Language Pathology, Developmental Neurolinguistics Lab, 10000 Zagreb, Keywords Croatia Brodmann-Vogt architectonic school • cytoarchictonics • myeloarchitectonics cerebral cortex • Russian architectonic school • history of neuroscience Received 04 March 2010 © Versita Sp. z o.o. Accepted 20 March 2010 1. Introduction (the chief of the university psychiatric clinic) In the Spruce Mountains (Fichtelbirge) who firmly believed that mental disorders had region, there was an exclusive resort called Cécile and Oskar Vogt were pioneers of an anatomical basis. Oskar Vogt graduated as Alexandersbad, and in the summer of 1896 modern neuroscience who opened new a physician in 1893, and in 1894 obtained his Vogt accepted position there as a physician horizons and pointed to directions for future doctorate in medicine from Jena University, to (Kurarzt). That was a very fortunate move, development and progress. Their biographies become employed for a year at Binswanger’s because there he quickly became a friend and and accomplishments have been repeatedly clinic. However, during the same year he moved personal physician of Friedrich Alfred Krupp described [1-5] and their names are probably to renown Burghölzli psychiatric hospital near and his wife Margarethe. As documented in familiar to any informed neuroscientist of Zürich, to study with Auguste Henri Forel detail by Klatzo [5], this intimate bond with today. However, only a few seem to be really (1848-1931). That collaboration turned into Krupp family became instrumental in Vogt’s familiar with their magnificient scientific opus warm and life-long friendship. For example, spectacular ascent to the peak of his career – probably because none of their papers were Forel transferred to Vogt the editorship of in brain research, as well as for saving and ever published (or translated) in English. The the Journal of Hypnotism (Zeitschrift für protecting the Vogt family at a later time purpose of this article is to start to fill this gap, Hypnotismus, which was founded by Forel and from severe persecution by the Nazi regime. by offering an English translation of the paper Freud), and in 1902 Vogt converted this journal In addition, there was another Kurarzt at describing the first myeloarchitectonic map of into the Journal of Psychology and Neurology Alexandersbad – Korbinian Brodmann (1868- the human frontal cortex, which Oskar Vogt (Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie) which 1918; for biography see ref. 7), who would published in 1910 (6). A brief biographical and was to become not only the main vehicle for soon became one of Vogt’s most valuable historical introduction will serve to emphasize publication of research results of Vogt and research collaborators. the importance of this seminal contribution to his collaborators, but also one of the leading Vogt departed from Alexanderbad at cortical architectonics. neuroscience journals in the first half of the the beginning of 1897 and went to Paris, Oskar Vogt (1870-1959) was born on April 20th century. to continue his studies in the laboratory of 6, 1870 in Husum (Schleswig-Holstein) and, After studying with Forel, Vogt went to Jules Déjérine. There, in the neighbouring following his graduation from the Husum the psychiatric and neurological clinic at the laboratory (led by Pierre Marie) was working gymnasium in 1888, he began his university University of Leipzig, to study under Paul one of the first female medical students studies at the Kiel University. In 1890, he Flechsig (who introduced myelogenetic in Paris, Cécile Mugnier (1875-1962), who transferred to the medical faculty of the studies in neuroscience). However, the worked on her thesis concerning the University of Jena, where he was greatly working relationship between Vogt and myelinization of cerebral hemispheres. They influenced by evolutionary teachings of Ernst Flechsig quickly deteriorated, so that Vogt left soon met, recognized their mutual scientific Haeckel as well as teachings of Otto Binswanger Leipzig already in June 1895 (5). interest, fell deeply in love, and married in * E-mail: [email protected] 72 Translational Neuroscience March 1899. Throughout Oskar Vogt’s career, Rockefeller Foundation [5]. Unfortunately, the its pathology [22-27]; and (d) the concept Cécile remained his best and closest research Vogts did not enjoy for long the use of their of pathoclisis for explaining the selective collaborator. new facilities – under increasing pressure of vulnerability of certain areas within the cerebral Oskar and Cécile Vogt moved to Berlin, Nazis, Vogt was forced to resign on April 1, cortex and related subcortical structures [28- started a private practice, and in 1898 (with 1937 (Hugo Spatz became the new director 32]. They also published a methodological generous assistance of Krupps) established of the Institute). Once more, Krupps not only chapter in a leading handbook of microscopical an independent brain research laboratory protected Vogts from Nazis, but helped them anatomy [33]. which was boldly named as „Neurologische to move in Neustadt (Swarzwald) and establish On the other hand, the development of Zentralstation“ (Neurological Center). In there a new, but smaller institute (Institut cytoarchitectonics and myeloarchitectonics September 1901, Korbinian Brodmann joined für Hirnforschung und allgemeine Biologie of the cerebral cortex was primarilly the the team, and Max Bielschowsky followed in Neustadt/Schwarzwald). After the Oskar Vogt’s challenge facing Korbinian Brodmann, 1904. The group ambitiously and feverishly death in 1959, Adolf Hopf (for biography, see Oskar Vogt and their numerous students. begun to realize their research program, ref. 8) became the new director of the Neustadt Brodmann focused on cytoarchitectonics which soon led to the birth of modern Institute. Hopf successfully negotiated with [see Supplement 2], while Oskar Vogt focused architectonics of the cerebral cortex. In the Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, on myeloarchitectonics and on the general addition, Oskar Vogt and Krupps spared no and in 1965 the Neustadt Institute became exposition and promotion of their new effort in trying to affiliate Vogt’s laboratory to the Cécile and Oskar Vogt Brain Research approach [34-36] which remained his major the prestigious Friedrich-Wilhelm University Institute, GMBH, at the Düsseldorf University preoccupation throughout his long career [37- of Berlin. The struggle was long and hard, (C. und O. Vogt-Institut für Hirnforschung der 41]. In addition, Oskar Vogt was instrumental but eventually successful. In 1902, Vogt’s Universität Düsseldorf in Neustadt). The transfer in establishing the Brain Research Institute Neurological Center became Neurobiological from Neustadt to the newly prepared facilites in Moscow and from 1925 to 1930 served as Laboratory (Neurobiologisches Laboratorium took place in 1971 [5]. Afther the retirement of its director [38]. Thus was established the der Universität in Berlin), administratively Adolf Hopf, Professor Karl Zilles was appointed important and productive Russian school of attached to the Physiological Institute of the as the director, and the institute still thrives cortical architectonics [see Supplement 3]. Berlin University – but still remained at Vogt’s under his leadership. However, all these management and apartment at Magdeburger Strasse [5]. Adolf Hopf also succeeded Oskar Vogt as promotional activities and responsibilities (in In 1911, Germany decided to establish the editor of the Journal für Psychologie und addition to numerous studies which Oskar the Kaiser Wilhelm Society for Promotion of Neurologie, which in 1954 changed its name Vogt conducted in a close collaboration the Sciences (Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft zur into the Journal für Hirnforschung, and in late with Cécile Vogt) significantly delayed the Förderung der Wissenschaften), and the idea of 1990s changed again into the Journal of Brain publication of his own myeloarchitectonic creating an independent K-W Brain Research Research. findings. Thus, between 1908 and Institute soon became one of the main topics 1910, Oskar Vogt briefly announced his on Kaiser Wilhelm Society’s agenda. Oskar myeloarchitectonic parcellation of the Vogt was quick to seize the opportunity, and 2. A brief overview of major human cerebral cortex at several scientific Krupps were once more ready to help. Thus, in research publications of vogts meetings: on January 13, 1908 at the March 1913, Oskar Vogt and Max Bielschowsky