Communication • DOI: 10.2478/v10134-010-0005-z • Translational Neuroscience • 1(1) • 2010 • 72–94 Translational Neuroscience

Oskar VOgt: the first myelOarchitectOnic map Of

Miloš Judaš1 the human frOntal cOrtex Maja Cepanec1,2

abstract 1University of Zagreb School of The aim of this paper is threefold: (a) to provide the translation in English of ’s seminal 1910 paper Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain describing the first myeloarchitectonic map of the human frontal cortex, introduced by a brief historical review Research, Šalata 12, 10000 Zagreb, of Cécile & Oskar Vogt’s contribution to neuroscience; (b) to provide an annotated bibliography of major works of Croatia cortical cytoarchitectonics and myeloarchitectonics in the tradition of the Brodmann-Vogt architectonic school 2University of Zagreb, Faculty of (Supplement 2); and (c) to provide an annotated bibliography of major works of the Russian architectonic school Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Speech and which was founded by Oskar Vogt (Supplement 3). Language Pathology, Developmental Neurolinguistics Lab, 10000 Zagreb, keywords Croatia Brodmann-Vogt architectonic school • cytoarchictonics • myeloarchitectonics • Russian architectonic school • history of neuroscience

Received 04 March 2010 © Versita Sp. z o.o. Accepted 20 March 2010

1. introduction (the chief of the university psychiatric clinic) In the Spruce Mountains (Fichtelbirge) who firmly believed that mental disorders had region, there was an exclusive resort called Cécile and Oskar Vogt were pioneers of an anatomical basis. Oskar Vogt graduated as Alexandersbad, and in the summer of 1896 modern neuroscience who opened new a physician in 1893, and in 1894 obtained his Vogt accepted position there as a physician horizons and pointed to directions for future in medicine from University, to (Kurarzt). That was a very fortunate move, development and progress. Their biographies become employed for a year at Binswanger’s because there he quickly became a friend and and accomplishments have been repeatedly clinic. However, during the same year he moved personal physician of Friedrich Alfred Krupp described [1-5] and their names are probably to renown Burghölzli psychiatric hospital near and his wife Margarethe. As documented in familiar to any informed neuroscientist of Zürich, to study with Auguste Henri Forel detail by Klatzo [5], this intimate bond with today. However, only a few seem to be really (1848-1931). That collaboration turned into Krupp family became instrumental in Vogt’s familiar with their magnificient scientific opus warm and life-long friendship. For example, spectacular ascent to the peak of his career – probably because none of their papers were Forel transferred to Vogt the editorship of in brain research, as well as for saving and ever published (or translated) in English. The the Journal of Hypnotism (Zeitschrift für protecting the Vogt family at a later time purpose of this article is to start to fill this gap, Hypnotismus, which was founded by Forel and from severe persecution by the Nazi regime. by offering an English translation of the paper Freud), and in 1902 Vogt converted this journal In addition, there was another Kurarzt at describing the first myeloarchitectonic map of into the Journal of Psychology and Alexandersbad – (1868- the human frontal cortex, which Oskar Vogt (Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie) which 1918; for biography see ref. 7), who would published in 1910 (6). A brief biographical and was to become not only the main vehicle for soon became one of Vogt’s most valuable historical introduction will serve to emphasize publication of research results of Vogt and research collaborators. the importance of this seminal contribution to his collaborators, but also one of the leading Vogt departed from Alexanderbad at cortical architectonics. neuroscience journals in the first half of the the beginning of 1897 and went to Paris, Oskar Vogt (1870-1959) was born on April 20th century. to continue his studies in the laboratory of 6, 1870 in Husum (Schleswig-Holstein) and, After studying with Forel, Vogt went to Jules Déjérine. There, in the neighbouring following his graduation from the Husum the psychiatric and neurological clinic at the laboratory (led by Pierre Marie) was working gymnasium in 1888, he began his university University of Leipzig, to study under Paul one of the first female medical students studies at the University. In 1890, he Flechsig (who introduced myelogenetic in Paris, Cécile Mugnier (1875-1962), who transferred to the medical faculty of the studies in neuroscience). However, the worked on her thesis concerning the , where he was greatly working relationship between Vogt and myelinization of cerebral hemispheres. They influenced by evolutionary teachings of Ernst Flechsig quickly deteriorated, so that Vogt left soon met, recognized their mutual scientific Haeckel as well as teachings of Leipzig already in June 1895 (5). interest, fell deeply in love, and married in

* E-mail: [email protected]

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March 1899. Throughout Oskar Vogt’s career, Rockefeller Foundation [5]. Unfortunately, the its pathology [22-27]; and (d) the concept Cécile remained his best and closest research Vogts did not enjoy for long the use of their of pathoclisis for explaining the selective collaborator. new facilities – under increasing pressure of vulnerability of certain areas within the cerebral Oskar and Cécile Vogt moved to Berlin, Nazis, Vogt was forced to resign on April 1, cortex and related subcortical structures [28- started a private practice, and in 1898 (with 1937 (Hugo Spatz became the new director 32]. They also published a methodological generous assistance of Krupps) established of the Institute). Once more, Krupps not only chapter in a leading handbook of microscopical an independent brain research laboratory protected Vogts from Nazis, but helped them anatomy [33]. which was boldly named as „Neurologische to move in Neustadt (Swarzwald) and establish On the other hand, the development of Zentralstation“ (Neurological Center). In there a new, but smaller institute (Institut cytoarchitectonics and myeloarchitectonics September 1901, Korbinian Brodmann joined für Hirnforschung und allgemeine Biologie of the cerebral cortex was primarilly the the team, and Max Bielschowsky followed in Neustadt/Schwarzwald). After the Oskar Vogt’s challenge facing Korbinian Brodmann, 1904. The group ambitiously and feverishly death in 1959, Adolf Hopf (for biography, see Oskar Vogt and their numerous students. begun to realize their research program, ref. 8) became the new director of the Neustadt Brodmann focused on cytoarchitectonics which soon led to the birth of modern Institute. Hopf successfully negotiated with [see Supplement 2], while Oskar Vogt focused architectonics of the cerebral cortex. In the Heinrich Heine University of Düsseldorf, on myeloarchitectonics and on the general addition, Oskar Vogt and Krupps spared no and in 1965 the Neustadt Institute became exposition and promotion of their new effort in trying to affiliate Vogt’s laboratory to the Cécile and Oskar Vogt Brain Research approach [34-36] which remained his major the prestigious Friedrich-Wilhelm University Institute, GMBH, at the Düsseldorf University preoccupation throughout his long career [37- of Berlin. The struggle was long and hard, (C. und O. Vogt-Institut für Hirnforschung der 41]. In addition, Oskar Vogt was instrumental but eventually successful. In 1902, Vogt’s Universität Düsseldorf in Neustadt). The transfer in establishing the Brain Research Institute Neurological Center became Neurobiological from Neustadt to the newly prepared facilites in Moscow and from 1925 to 1930 served as Laboratory (Neurobiologisches Laboratorium took place in 1971 [5]. Afther the retirement of its director [38]. Thus was established the der Universität in Berlin), administratively Adolf Hopf, Professor Karl Zilles was appointed important and productive Russian school of attached to the Physiological Institute of the as the director, and the institute still thrives cortical architectonics [see Supplement 3]. Berlin University – but still remained at Vogt’s under his leadership. However, all these management and apartment at Magdeburger Strasse [5]. Adolf Hopf also succeeded Oskar Vogt as promotional activities and responsibilities (in In 1911, Germany decided to establish the editor of the Journal für Psychologie und addition to numerous studies which Oskar the for Promotion of Neurologie, which in 1954 changed its name Vogt conducted in a close collaboration the Sciences (Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft zur into the Journal für Hirnforschung, and in late with Cécile Vogt) significantly delayed the Förderung der Wissenschaften), and the idea of 1990s changed again into the Journal of Brain publication of his own myeloarchitectonic creating an independent K-W Brain Research Research. findings. Thus, between 1908 and Institute soon became one of the main topics 1910, Oskar Vogt briefly announced his on Kaiser Wilhelm Society’s agenda. Oskar myeloarchitectonic parcellation of the Vogt was quick to seize the opportunity, and 2. a brief overview of major human cerebral cortex at several scientific Krupps were once more ready to help. Thus, in research publications of vogts meetings: on January 13, 1908 at the March 1913, Oskar Vogt and Max Bielschowsky meeting of Berlin Society for Psychiatry and received the title of Professor (meaning that Neurology (Berliner Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie Vogt was officially eligible for nomination Cécile Vogt initially studied the cortical und Nervenkrankheiten), and in early as the director of the K-W Institute). Krupps myelinization in cats [9,10] and the 1910 at the Congress of French-speaking donated one million marks to the K-W Society myeloarchitectonics of the monkey neurologists and psychiatrists (Congrés de (for the establishment of K-W Brain Research [11]. As Oskar Vogt also began his research neurologistes et aliénistes de langue francaise) Institute) and heavily favored Vogt. On 21 career by myelogenetic studies [12-15] this at Bruxelles. He also published a brief notice March, 1914, Vogt was finally notified about naturally led to their joint monographs on the in French in Revue neurologique (Paris) in the K-W Society’s decision to establish the myelinisation in the human infant brain [16,17]. 1910. Finally, in 1910 he published the first Institute, with him as the director [5]. However, Four major research topics were established myeloarchitectonic map of the human the outbreak of World War I postponed the during the first decade of their collaboration, frontal cortex (translated here – see below) construction of the new institute for a very and continued to Oskar Vogt’s death: (a) the in his Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie long time – the new institute was finally correlation of cortical stimulation experiments [6]. A more detailed myeloarchitectonic constructed and opened in Berlin-Buch (the in monkeys with cortical cytoarchitectonics description of the human parietal cortex suburb of Berlin) in 1931, this time the most [18-20]; (b) the study of the thalamus [11, 21]; followed in 1911 [42]. The most detailed generous funding being supplied by the the study of the and exposition of his myeloarchitectonic mapping

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of the entire cerebral cortex was published in for a long series of students, collaborators, conflict of interest. The text translated here 1919 in Vogts’ great (and probably the most and followers of the Brodmann-Vogt is no longer under the copyright because it frequently cited) monograph [19]. In fact, the architectonic school [see Supplement 2]. was published in 1910, i.e. more than 75 years completion and the full description of the ago; the original has been kindly provided by human cortical myeloarchitectonics (as well Acknowledgements. the library of the Croatian Institute of Brain as the cytoarchitectonics, because Brodmann This work was supported by grant No. 108- Research, University of Zagreb School of left the Institute in 1910) was to become a task 1081870-1878 to M.J. Authors declare no Medicine.

References

[1] Haymaker W., Cécile and Oskar Vogt on the occasion of her 75th and [20] Vogt C., Vogt O., Die vergleichend-architektonische und die his 80th birthday. Neurology, 1951, 1, 179-204 vergleichend-reizphysiologische Felderung der Grosshirnrinde [2] Bruetsch W.L., In memoriam. Oskar Vogt, M.D., 1870-1959. Am. J. unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der menschlichen. Psychiat., 1960, 116, 958-960 Naturwissenschaften, 1926, 14, 1190-1194 [3] Wahren W., Oskar Vogt: 6.4.1870 – 31.7.1959. Deutsche Zeitschrift für [21] Vogt C., Vogt O., Thalamusstudien I-III (Mit 140 Abbildungen). J. Nervenheilkunde, 1960, 180, 361-380 Psychol. Neurol., 1941, 50, 31-154 [4] Hopf A., Cécile Vogt. J. Hirnforschung, 1962, 5, 245-248 [22] Freund C.S,, Vogt C., Ein neuer Fall von Etat marbré des Corpus [5] Klatzo I., Cécile and Oskar Vogt: The Visionaries of Modern . J. Psychol. Neurol., 1911, 18, 489-500 Neuroscience . Springer-Verlag (Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement [23] Oppenheim H., Vogt C., Nature et localisation de la paralysie 80), Wien & New York, 2002 pseudobulbaire congénitale et infantile. J. Psychol. Neurol., 1911, [6] Vogt O., Die myeloarchitektonische Felderung des menschlichen 18(Suppl), 293-308 Stirnhirns. J. Psychol. Neurol., 1910, 15, 221-238 [24] Vogt C., Demonstration anatomischer Präparate (Syndrom des [7] Nissl F., Korbinian Brodmann. Z. ges. Neurol. Psychiat., 1919, 45, 329-349 Corpus striatum). Neurol. Zentralblatt, 1911, 30, 397-399 [8] Zilles K., Professor Dr. med. Adolf. Hopf zum 70. Geburtstag. J. [25] Vogt C., Quelques considérations générales a propos du syndrome Hirnforschung, 1993, 34, 121-122 du corps strié. J. Psychol. Neurol., 1911, 18, 479-488 [9] Vogt C., Sur la myélinisation de l’hémisphere cérébrale du chat. [26] Vogt C., Sur l’état marbré du striatum (Dédié au Professeur Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. Paris, 1898, 50, 54-56 Rossolimo pour son jubilé, le 30 mai 1924.). J. Psychol. Neurol., 1925, [10] Vogt C., Etude sur la myélinisation des hémispheres cérébraux. 31, 256-260 Steinheil, Paris, 1900. [27] Vogt C., Vogt O., Zur Lehre der Erkrankungen des striären Systems. [11] Vogt C., La myéloarchitecture du thalamus du cercopitheque. J. Psychol. Neurol., 1925, 25(Suppl. 3), 627-846 Journal für Psychol. Neurol., 1909, 12 (suppl), 285-324 [28] Vogt C., Vogt O., Erkrankungen der Grosshirnrinde im Lichte der [12] Vogt O., Ueber Fasersysteme in den mittleren und caudalen Topistik, Pathoklise und Pathoarchitektonik (Mit 23 Textabbildungen Balkenabschnitten. Neurologisches Zentralblatt, 1895, 14, 208-260 und einem Atlas von 112 Tafeln, 171 S.). J. Psychol. Neurol., 1922, 28, [13] Vogt O., Flechsigs Associationscentrenlehre, ihre Anhänger, und 1-27 Gegner. Z. Hypnotismus (Berlin), 1897, 5, 347-361 [29] Vogt C., Vogt O., Sitz und Wesen der Krankheiten, erster Theil. J. [14] Vogt O., Sur un faisceau septothalamique. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. Psychol. Neurol., 1937, 47, 237-457 (Paris), 1898, 5 (ser. 10), 206-207 [30] Vogt C., Vogt O., Morphologische Bestaltungen unter normalen [15] Vogt O., Der Wert der myelogenetischen Felder der Grosshirnrinde und pathogenen Bedingungen. Ein hirnanatomischer Beitrag zu (Cortex pallii) (Mit 12 Abbildungen). Anat. Anz., 1906, 29, 273-287 ihrer Kenntnis. J. Psychol. Neurol., 1942, 50, 1-524 [16] Vogt C., Vogt O., Zur Erforschung der Hirnfaserung. Neurobiologische [31] Vogt C., Vogt O., Gestaltung der topistischen Hirnforschung Arbeiten 1, Serie 1, 1. Lieferung, G. Fischer, Jena, 1902 und ihre Förderung durch den Hirnbau und seine Anomalien. J. [17] Vogt C., Vogt O., Die Markreifung des Kindergehirns während der Hirnforschung, 1953, 1, 1-46 ersten vier Lebensmonate und ihre methodologische Bedeutung. [32] Vogt O., (1925) Der Begriff der Pathoklise. J. Psychol. Neurol., 1925, Neurobiologische Arbeiten, Erster Band, II. Lieferung, G. Fischer, Jena, 31, 245-255 1904, pp. 149-264 [33] Vogt C., Vogt O., Die Grundlagen und die Teildisziplinen der [18] Vogt C., Vogt O., (1907) Zur Kenntnis der elektrisch erregbaren mikroskopischen Anatomie des Zentralnervensystems. In: Hirnrindengebiete bei den Säugetieren (Mit 139 Abbildungen auf 9 Möllendorf W von (Ed) Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie Tafeln). J. Psychol. Neurol., 1907, 8 (Suppl.), 277-456 des Menschen, 4. Band – Nervensystem, 1. Teil: Nervengewebe, [19] Vogt C., Vogt O., Allgemeine Ergebnisse unserer Hirnforschung. J. Das peripherische Nervensystem, Das Zentralnervensystem. Julius Psychol. Neurol., 1919, 25 (Suppl. 1), 273-462 Springer, Berlin, 1928, pp. 448-477

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[34] Vogt O., Die hirnanatomische Abteilung des Berliner Neuro- Pantheon des Staatsinstituts für Hirnforschung in Moskau). J. Psychol. Biologischen Universitäts-Laboratoriums mit besonderer Neurol., 1929, 40, 108-118 Berücksichtigung ihrer bisherigen Resultate auf dem Gebiete der [39] Vogt O., Der heutige Stand der cerebralen Organologie und die Reproduktionstechnik. Anat. Anz, 1904, 27 (Suppl.), 79-83 zukünftige Hirnforschung. Eine Huldigung für Theodor Meynert [35] Vogt O., Ueber strukturelle Hirncentra mit besonderer anlässlich der 50. Wiederkehr seines Todestages. Anat. Anz., 1943, 94, Berücksichtigung der strukturellen Felder des Cortex pallii (Mit 66 49-73 Abbildungen). Anat. Anz., 1906, 29 (Suppl), 74-114 [40] Vogt O., Ueber nationale Hirnforschungsinstitute. J. Psychol. [36] Vogt O., Die neuen allgemeinen Feststellungen der Neurol., 1951, 50, 1-10 Rindenarchitektonik. Bericht über den Vten Kongress für [41] Vogt O., Die anatomische Vertiefung der menschlichen experimentelle Psychologie, Leipzig, 1912, 6, 247-256 Hirnlokalisation. Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft deutscher [37] Vogt O., Architektonik der menschlichen Hirnrinde. Allg. Z. Psychiat., Naturforscher und Aerzte, 96. Versammlung, 1951, pp. 15-29 1927, 86, 247-274 [42] Vogt O., Die Myeloarchitektonik des Isocortex parietalis (Mit 4 [38] Vogt O., Bericht über die Arbeiten des Moskauer Staatsinstituts für Textfiguren und Tafel 25-27). J. Psychol. Neurol., 1911, 18(Suppl. 2), Hirnforschung (Nach einem Vortrag, gehalten am 10. 11. 1929 im 379-390

the translatiOn Of: the layer 1: the suffix – fasciculär/fascicularis 2) the number and thicknes of myelinated Vogt, Oskar (1910) Die was changed into –fasciär/fasciate. This was fibres, and 3) the length of radial fibre bundles myeloarchitektonische because Vogt inadvertently described a band (Radii). felderung des menschlichen of horizontal fibres as a „fascicle“ instead of a stirnhirns (mit 6 textfiguren). „fascia“. As the published original presumably Ad 1) Differences in the development of Journal für psychologie und would represent the only available version to individual layers neurologie 15(4/5):221-232. an intrested reader, we note that correction The „prominence“ of layers, i.e. their width – the myeloarchitectonic here, but did not enter the appropriate change (or thickness), displays both relative and parcellation of the human in the text of the translation). absolute variation. Absolute differences lead to frontal lobe (with 6 figures in the differences in the total cortical thickness. The The following exposition represents a short following special types of variation deserve to text). resume of my myeloarchitectonic parcellation be pointed out: of the human frontal cortex. While I do not (a) The middle layers can remain more or less (Note on the translation: Oskar Vogt favor „preliminary communications“, I decided undeveloped (rudimentary types). distinguished 6 regions with 66 areas, the to publish results of my myeloarchitectonic (b) Sublayers 1a+1b can be thicker than 1c hierarchy of architectonic units being: Regio – studies in this form in order to demonstrate (typus latofascicularis - latofascicular type, see Subregio – Divisio – Area. They are all described their fiber-systematic and physiological Fig. 2C), equally thick (typus aeqofascicularis just in the text, which is therefore fragmented value even before their detailed description. - aeqofascicular type) or thinner (typus into innumerable small paragraphs, preceded My present characterization of each area is tenuifascicularis - tenuifascicular type, see by various combinations of Roman and Arabic detailed enough to enable other researchers Fig. 2D). numbers and letters in the Greek alphabet. To to recognize the same areas in their own (c) Layer 4 can be thinner than 3b (typus enhance the readibility, as well as to present a preparations; in addition, in this way I hope tenuistriatus - tenuistriate type, see Fig. 2A), clear overview of his parcellation, we introduce to bring to attention of my colleagues equally thick (typus aeqostriatus - aeqostriate the list of all architectonic units in a single table many-faceted problems aroused by the type) or thicker (typus latostriatus - latostriate - see Supplement 1. For the same reason, we myeloarchitectonic cortical parcellation. type, see Fig. 2B). united Vogt’s figures 3 to 6 in a single plate of My basic myeloarchitectonic schema is maps – our Fig. 3. During the preparation of this represented in Fig. 1, which demonstrates the Ad 2) Differences in the amount of fibres (fibre- translation, Professor Jürgen Mai generously position and correspondence between my richness) in individual layers provided us with a copy of the original which myeloarchitectonic layers and cytoarchitectonic (a) A layer can contain greater or lesser amount contains some corrections entered by hand by layers of Brodmann’s Grundtypus. of myelinated fibres. With respect to the Vogt himself. All these corrections in fact refer This basic scheme is subject to regional difference in the amount of fibres in layers 3 – 6, to a single terminological change concerning variations based on differences in: 1) the I distinguish Areae pauperes (fibre-poor areas) the description of horizontal fibres within presence and prominence of individual layers, and Areae divites (fibre-rich areas). In addition,

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Figure 1. The schematic representation of basic cytoarchitectonic and myeloarchitectonic layers of the cerebral cortex. With respect to the inner cortical border one should note the following: On myeloarchitectonic preparations, the part designated as 6b-beta cannot be separated from the adjacent gyral white matter (album gyrorum). However, that part still contains ganglion cells (although in decreased numbers) which are of the same type as those in the sublayer 6b-alpha. If one regards this transitional region as a part of the cortex, then one should distinguish a separate outer Zona corticalis within my Album gyrorum. However, one should not forget that it cannot be delineated in myeloarchitectonic preparations. in the majority of layers one can distinguish 1a, 1b and 1c) we have the typus trizonalis (the ops from the trizonal type. An inverse process thicker individual fibres (Einzelfasern - Ef) from trizonal type). When the quadrizonal type looks never occurs (i.e., we cannot observe in any thinner background fibres (Grundfasern - Gf). slightly as the trizonal, I describe it as the sub- area that the bizonal type develops on behalf When an area has Ef only in layers 3 – 6, and these quadrizonal type (typus subquadrizonalis), and of the complete disappearance of the typical individual fibres are just a little more coarse when it is almost trizonal, I describe it as the sublayer 1c (with very few Ef) and its replace- (thick) than background fibres, I designate it as propetrizonal type (typus propetrizonalis). But ment by the sublayer 1a+b. The extreme (and Area tenuifibrosa (area with delicate fibres) – in even that last type remains characterized by really existing) form of that modification is the contrast to Area grossofibrosa (area with coarse the presence of the sublayer 1a which is quite already mentioned latofascicular type when it fibres in layers 3 – 6). poor in fibres. In the oral part of the Area 14 is prominently developed. Finally, the greater (b) The sublayer 1a, which in the basic schema one can observe a quite atypic occurence – the (typical) amount of fibres in the sublayer 1a+b contains less background fibres (Gf) and no sublayer 1c differs from 1a+b by havingthicker in comparison with the sublayer 1c can be individual fibres (Ef), can completely assume Ef. In the caudal part of the Area 14, these Ef clearly pronounced or not. In the former case, the architecture of the sublayer 1b. That means also spread into the subjacent layer 1a+b, so one can clearly distinguish the sublayer 1a+b that instead of typus quadrizonalis (quadrizonal, that a single layer 1a+b+c (= 1a-c) appears. In from the sublayer 1c (typus eufascicularis – the i.e., one which contains separate sublayers 1o, that way, a bizonal type (typus bizonalis) devel- eufascicular type); in the latter case, one cannot

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(typus dysfascicularis – the dysfascicular type). layers – 4, 5a, 5b, 6a-alpha, 6a-beta – merge in a (e) There is a single frontal area (Area 60, (c) When layers 4 and 5b contain significantly single wide zone of horizontal fibres), we have Typus multistriatus) in which a local increase more fibres than layers 5a and 6a-alpha, this is the Typus astriatus (an astriate type – Fig. 2D). in the amount of tangential fibres leads to the the Typus bistriatus (bistriate type – Fig. 1 and (d) Layer 2 usually contains no individual appearance of the Kaes-Bechterew’s stripe Fig 2A). When the amount of fibres in the layer fibres (Ef), and this is the Typus eutangentialis (Stria Kaesi-Bechterewi – 3a1 in Fig. 1 and Fig 2A). 5a increases (accompanied by more or less (the eutangential type). However, in some pronounced thinning of the zone of horizontal areas thick Ef extend into layers 1c and 2 or Ad 3) Differences in the length of Radii. fibres), the Typus unitostriatus (the unitostriate even more superficially – this is the Typus It is usual that radial bundles of myelinated type) appears (Fig 2C). When the amount of ultratangentialis (the ultratangential type fibres (Radii) extent (while retaining their fibres increases in the sublayer 6a-alpha (so – Fig. 2B). The Typus propeultratangentialis width) from the sublayer 5b into the layer that layers 5b and 6a-beta merge), we have the (the propeultratangential type) represents a 4 and then become thinner and disappear Typus unistriatus (an unistriate type – Fig. 2B). transitional form in which ultratangential Ef approaching the outer limit of the sublayer Finally, when the amount of fibres increases are present in the sublayer 1c (but not in the 3b. This is the Typus euradiatus (the euradiate in both layers 5a and 6a-alpha (so that all five layer 2). type – Figs 2A and 2D). However, radii can extend further towards the pial surface (Typus supraradiatus – the supraradiate type, Fig. 2C), or they can be barely observed above the level of the sublayer 5b (Typus infraradiatus – the infraradiate type, Fig. 2B). There are several transitional types between these two extremes (propeeuradiatus, medioradiatus, propemedioradiatus).

In my terminology, the „frontal lobe or frontal cortex“ (Stirnhirn) corresponds to the frontal part of the pallial cortex (Pars frontalis corticis pallii). Its caudal border is represented by the line which in the oral direction (i.e., towards the frontal pole) marks the disappearance of difference in the amount of fibres between layers 5b and 6a-alpha, which corresponds to the disappearance of the Brodmann’s cytoarchitectonic internal granular layer (the layer IV). This line stretches from the corpus callosum medially to the inferior opercular surface laterally. This line (or the border between the caudal granular and the rostral agranular region) is also marked by two sulci (Sulcus marginalis superior and Sulcus marginalis anterior). At the ventral surface, the border crosses through the middle of the anterior part of the lateral olfactory gyrus (Pars anterior gyri olfactorii lateralis) of Retzius. The caudal part of this ventral section belongs to my Pars insularis. I also regard as a separate entity the Gyrus tuberi olfactorii of Retzius. Figure 2. The schematic representation of four main variations of the basic myeloarchitectonic type. A) The Thus, for the time being, I include in my basic myeloarchitectonic type: cortex is quadrizonal, with Kaes-Bechterew’s stripe, and bistriate, frontal part (Pars frontalis) of the pallial cortex tenuistriate, euradiate. B) The cortex is quadrizonal with ultratangential fibres in sublayers 1c, 2 and in the superficial part of the sublayer 3a. In addition, it is unistriate, latostriate and infraradiate. C) the medial olfactory gyrus (Gyrus olfactorius The cortex is trizonal, dysfascicular, latofascicular (propebizonal), unitostriate and supraradiate. D) The medialis), but NOT the subcallosal gyrus (Gyrus cortex is trizonal, eufasciculate, tenuifasciculate, astriate and euradiate.

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subcallosus) and the Indusium corporis callosi. Subregio ultratangentialis fibres in layers 4 – 5b. The Area 16 contains My myeloarchitectonic parcellation of so Divisio euradiata: The Area 10 is quadrizonal, numerous Ef in the sublayer 1a, and therefore defined Pars frontalis is as follows. with isolated ultratangential fibres in the layer assumes trizonal or at least the propetrizonal 2. Its Ef in layers 3 – 6 are thinner in comparison appearance. It contains more and coarser fibres regiO unistriata euraDiata with the Area 3, but coarser than in Area 4 and than Area 15. tenuifiBrOsa – i. (areae 1 – 14) Area 6. The Area 11 contains a greater amount of coarser ultratangential fibres in layers 2+3a; Subregio typica its Ef are thiner in comparison to those of the In this subregion, ultratangential fibres extend Subregio eutangentialis Area 10 and Area 6, and its layers 3 – 6 contain downwards only to the layer 3a, which is here Divisio trizonalis: The sublayer 1o is very narrow. a lesser amount of fibres. The Area 12 contains also wider. The Area 1 is unistriate with slightly paler sublayer more Gf in the sublayer 1a, but its Ef in layers Divisio infraradiata: Layers 3b+4 contain 6a-alpha, numerous fine Gf and just a little thicker 3 – 6 are thinner and less numerous. very few fibres, and layers 5a+4 mostly contain Ef. The Area 2 has less prominent sublayer Divisio propesupraradiata: The Area 13 is quite rudimentary Radii. This division has 6a-alpha, thinner sublayer 1o, thicker layer 4, and trizonal, its layers 3 – 6 contain very few fibres, several subdivisions. in all layers more Gf which are somewhat coarser; but more radial fibres in the sublayer 3a and Subdivisio quadrizonalis: In the Area 17 one Ef are somewhat thicker in the sublayer 1a+b, and in the layer 2. cannot observe Ef in layers 3b-5a. In the Area clearly thicker in layers 4 – 6. Divisio supraradiata: The Area 14 contains 18, Ef are clearly present also in layers 3b-5a, Divisio subquadrizonalis: The sublayer 1o is numerous horizontal Gf in its sublayer 1c there are more fibres in the sublayer 1a, more thicker, and the sublayer 1a is always clearly (which is here even wider), many fibres in the Gf in layers 3b – 6, but less ultratangential fibres. distinguished from 1b due to its paucity in Gf layer 2, and very thick (ultratangential) Ef in Subdivisio propetrizonalis: The Area 19 and especially Ef. In the Area 3, the sublayer 1a layers 1c – 5a (caudally also in the sublayer contains more and coarser Gf in layers 1a, 1b is still relatively rich in fibres, and in all layers 1a+b). Its layers 3b to 6a-alpha are rudimentary, and 3 – 6, coarser Ef in layers 1a, 1b and 3b this area contains less Gf than Area 2 or Area so that it becomes hard to delineate the layer – 6, but almost no ultratangential fibres. The 1 – in comparison with Area 2, Ef in layers 4 5a. This area contains even more radial fibres Area 20 contains a smaller amount of thick Ef, – 6 are thiner, and in comparison with Area in the layer 2, and even thin radial bundles in slightly better developed Radii in the sublayer 1 thicker. The Area 4 differs from the Area 3 the sublayer 3a. At the bottom of the sulcus 5a, and its sublayer 6a-alpha is clearly paler. because it has less fibres in the sublayer 1a, corporis callosi, the Area 14 is present in its This area represents a transition towards the thicker Ef in the sublayer 1b, more Gf in layers rudimentary form and continues around the adjacent (caudal) area of the Pars parietalis. 2 – 6b-alpha and thiner Ef in layers 3 – 6. In genu corporis callosi in the caudal direction. Divisio propemedioradiata: In this division, comparison with Area 1, the Area 4 contains At the caudal border of the Pars frontalis layers 3b+4 contain somewhat greater less fibers in layers 1b – 6b-alpha, but these it undergoes a characteristic architectonic amount of fibres, and layers 5a+4 a greater fibres are coarser. The Area 6 contains more transformation – the lateral Lancisi’s stria amount of radial fibre bundles. fibres in all layers in comparison to theArea 4. appears here. This callosal continuation of the Subdivisio quadrizonalis: The same as the Divisio quadrizonalis: Its sublayer 1o is even Area 14 is not represented on my maps. quadrizonal subdivision of the infraradiate thicker, and the sublayer 1b contains thicker division; the Area 21 looks like the Area 17, Ef. The Area 6 contains numerous thick Ef in regiO unistriata infraraDiata and the Area 22 looks like the Area 18. the sublayer 1c and therefore resembles to – ii. (areae 15 – 32). Subdivisio propetrizonalis: This subdivision the ultratangential subregion. In comparison displays the same features as the propetrizonal with Area 4, the Area 6 contains less fibres in subdivision of the infraradiate division. The layers 2 – 6. The Area 7 contains significantly In this region, Radii in the layer 4 are never so Area 23 looks like the Area 19, and the Area less Ef in the sublayer 1c, and in comparison numerous and so wide as in the layer 5b. 24 looks like the Area 20. with Area 4 and the Area 6 has smaller number of thinner Gf in the layer 1 as well as smaller Subregio extrema Subregio medioradiata number of thinner Ef in layers 2 – 6. The Area 8 Ultratangential fibres spread downwards to the This subregion is characterized by an contains more fibres than the Area 7. The Area layer 3; layers 5a+4 contain only rudimentary increase in the amount of horizontal fibres in 9 is rich in fibres, and especially it also contains Radii; layers 3a and 3b are very thin; layers layers 4 and 3, a clear separation of layers 4 significantly coarser Ef in the sublayer 1b and in 4+5a cannot be separated. The Area 15 is and 5a, the presence of more Radii in layers layers 4 – 6; due to these features it represents prominently quadrizonal, and in comparison 5a and 4 – but in the layer 4 at most a 50% of a transition towards the unitostriate region to Areas 12-14 it contains less horizontal Radii display an equal width as those in the (especially towards its Area 62). fibres in the sublayer 1a, but more of these sublayer 5b.

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Figure 3. The myeloarchitectonic map of the human frontal cortex as represented on the medial hemispheric surface (A), the lateral convexity (B) and the orbital frontal surface (D), as well as on the dorsal frontal surface (C) to better display the Regio unistriata euradiata grossofibrosa. This is not an abstract schema, but the map drawn on the surface of the specific brain. Large black dots mark the borders between myeloarchitectonic regions, while thin dotted lines mark the borders between individual myeloarchitectonic areas. Large white circles denote areas (or their parts) which are burried in depths of cortical sulci. (Translator’s note: it is the left hemisphere of the brain A18 from the Vogt’s collection, but note that lateral, dorsal and orbital parts of the map really represent the left hemisphere, while the medial map is shown in mirror image, as it would be from the right hemisphere! It was an obvious error, noted in later Vogt’s publications. In the original, these maps are represented separately, as Figs 3 to 6, but we put them here together in a single plate).

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Divisio medioradiata: In this division, only 50% progressive development: the number and especially wide; this area is absolutely astriate. of Radii display a half-width of those in the thickness of fibres, the width of layers 1c and 4, The Area 43 as a whole contains less fibres sublayer 5b. This division also encompasses and the eufascicular character. and therefore its sublayers 5a and 6a-alpha are several subdivisions. Divisio pauper: The Area 33 displays the better delineated. Subdivisio quadrizonalis: In comparison smallest amount of fibres and the thinnest to the following subdivisio subtrizonalis, this Ef; its sublayer 1c is three-times thiner than regiO prOpeunistriata – iV. subdivision as a whole contains a smaller the layer 1a+b. The Area 34 contains more (areae 44 – 50) amount of Gf, especially in sublayers 3a fibres and thicker Ef, and its sublayer 1c is and 1a. The Area 25 contains no thick Ef in only two-times thinner than the layer 1a+b. In this region, the sublayer 5b contains more sublayers 3b – 6b-alpha, but still displays few The Area 35 contains even more fibres and fibres and therefore is better delineated from ultratangential fibres in the layer 2. The Area even thicker Ef, and its sublayers 1c ad 1a+b the sublayer 6a-alpha than in the previous 26 contains more Gf, thicker Ef in sublayers 3b are equally wide. region. In addition, the sublayer 6a-alpha to 6b-alpha, but no more ultratangential fibres Divisio dives: In comparison to previous contains more fibres than the sublayer 5a. in the layer 2. division, it contains more fibres and thicker Ef Subdivisio subtrizonalis: Contains a which are especially numerous in the sublayer Subregio grossofibrosa significantly greater amount of Gf, especially 3b. The Area 36 is aeqofascicular, the sublayer Divisio eufasciculata: In this division, layer 3b in the sublayer 3a, but also in the sublayer 1c is poorly delineated from 1a+b, and the – 6a-alpha contain coarser Ef. The Area 44 is 1a. The Area 27 contains more fibres than width of the layer 4 is about 2/3 of the width somewhat less fibrous and with thinner Ef than Area 28 which also displays a significantly of the sublayer 3b. The Area 37 contains even in the Area 38; its sublayer 1c is two-times decreased number of thick Ef in layers 3b+4. more fibres and thicker Ef, layers 4 and 3b are wider than the sublayer 1a+b. The Area 45 is Divisio propeeuradiata: About 50% of its Radii of equal width, and the sublayer 1a+b is much in general less fibrous and displays thinner Ef. in the layer 4 are equally wide as Radii in the better delineated from the 1c because Ef of the Its sublayers 1a+b and 1c are equally wide and sublayer 5b. Otherwise, there are no significant 1a+b are much coarser. contain significantly lesser amount of fibres, so differences between quadrizonal subdivisions that they become poorly delineated from each of medioradiate and propeeuradiate divisions Subregio propeastriata other. The Area 46 displays a further decrease of this subregion. The Area 29 differs from In this subregion, the sublayer 5a is less well in fibre density in the sublayer 1a+b which is the Area 25 due to its thick Ef in layers 3b delineated from neighbouring layers 4 and 5b. three-fifths wider than the 1c. In this area, Ef are – 6b-alpha and its denser feltwork of fibres It contains more fibres and they are coarser. The clearly more delicate. (Faserfilz) in the layer 4. The Area 30 contains sublayer 1c is at least two-times wider than the Divisio dysfasciculata: It encompasses two more and coarser Gf than the Area 29. sublayer 1a+b. The Area 38 contains a smaller areas: the Area 47 (fiber-rich) and the Area Subdivisio trizonalis: It displays the same amount of fibres and its Ef are thinner; its layer 48 which displays a lesser amount of fibres, as general features as the subtrizonal subdivision 5a is clearly delineated. The Area 39 contains a well as much less numerous and thinner Ef in of the mediorate division. The Area 31 looks greater amount of fibres and its Ef are coarser, the sublayer 3b. like the Area 27, and the Area 32 looks like but the layer 5a is poorly delineated. The part the Area 28. of this area, which is designated as 39I on the Subregio tenuifibrosa map, displays a decreased amount of Gf and This subregion encompasses two areas: the regiO unistriata euraDiata thinner Ef. fiber-rich Area 49, and the fiber-poor Area 50 grOssOfiBrOsa – iii. (areae 33 which also displays Ef of finer caliber. – 43). Subregio unistriata degrediens The main characteristic of this subregion is regiO Bistriata – V. (areae 51 a progressive development of the following – 56) This region as a whole displays coarse Ef in features: fibre-richness, the coarseness of fibres, layers 3b – 6. With the exception of Area 33, the innability to delineate layer 5a, the width of it is always trizonal – a slight increase in the layers 4 and 1c, and the eufascicular character. Subregio bistriata paleness of layer 5a can be observed only in It encompases two areas: the Area 40 and the Divisio tenuifibrosa: This division displays no Areas 40, 41 and 43. Area 41. coarse Ef, but its Gf (although very delicate) are interwoven in a denser plexus, especially within Subregio unistriata progrediens Subregio astriata the sublayer 3a. The Area 51 is fibre-poor, and In this subregion, layers 5a and 4 are clearly The Area 42 is very rich in fibres, its layers 1 the Area 52 is fibre-rich. The dorsal parts of delineated, and several features display a – 3 are especially thin, and its layers 4 – 6 are both areas contain more fibres as well as coarser

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Ef in otherwise equally wide Radii. However, the regiO unitOstriata (areae 57 – 66) Divisio propeunistriata: In this division, the transition is very gradual, and therefore I did sublayer 6a-alpha contains more fibres than not subdivide these areas further. Subregio subunitostriata in other divisions and thus announces the Divisio grossofibrosa: Its Area 53 displays In this subregion, the sublayer 5a displays neighbourhood of unistriate Areas 5 and 9. The coarser Ef (also in the sublayer 1a+b) and that clearly smaller amount of fibres than the layer Area 61 differs from the Area 5 by the presence feature hints to the nearness of the unitostriate 4. It has four divisions. of coarse Ef in layers 4 and 5a. The Area 62 differs region. The network of Gf in this division is less Divisio propebistriata (= the Area 57): from the Area 61 by its richness in Ef, but a smaller dense. Layers 4 and 5b are clearly separated by a amount of Gf, especially in layers 4 and 5b. pale sublayer 5a. The sublayer 6a-alpha is Subregio subbistriata significantly paler than the sublayer 5b (as Subregio unitostriata This subregion contains two areas, one with fine in the Area 56). The coarser Ef are present in In this subregion, the layer 5a cannot be fibres (the Area 54) and another with coarse layers 1a+b and 4 – 5b (as in the Area 56). delineated. fibres (the Area 55). In both areas, the sublayer Divisio subunitostriata: it encompasses the Divisio trizonalis: The fibre-poor Area 63 5a is relatively rich in myelinated fibres. However, fibre-rich Area 58 and the fibre-poor Area contains very few Gf, so that Ef completely in comparison to the unitostriate region, the Ef 59. In both areas, the sublayer 5a is less well predominate in layers 4 – 5b. The intermediate (also in the sublayer 1a+b) are thinner, and Gf are delineated, and Ef are coarser. In distinction to Area 64 in addition displays an increase in more numerous in layers 4 and 5b. the Area 58, the Area 59 has less pronounced numbers of Ef. The fibre-rich Area 65 displays Gf (especially in the sublayer 5a) and thinner Ef an additional increase in the number of Ef. In Subregio propeunistriata in layers 1a+b and 4-5b. distinction to the Area 58 (and thus naturally This subregion contains one area (the Area Divisio multostriata (= the Area 60): The in distinction to Areas 57 and 59) coarser and 56) in which the sublayer 5a is relatively layer 3 is here very rich in fibres, and there more numerous Ef in layers 1a+b and 4 – 6, but wide and poor in fibres, while the sublayer is a special collection of fibres (the Kaes- a smaller amount of Gf, at least in layers 1 – 3. 6a-alpha is clearly more darkly stained than Bechterew’s stripe) in the superficial part of Divisio propebizonalis (= the Area 66): This the sublayer 5a. the sublayer 3a. division/area is characterized by clearly thinner sublayer 1c.

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SUPPLEMENT 1. The table summarizing Vogt’s myeloarchitectonic parcellation of the human frontal cortex in 6 regions (with subregions and divisions within subregions) encompassing the total of 66 individual myeloarchitectonic areas.

Subregio unistriata degrediens regiO unistriata euraDiata Divisio propemedioradiata TENUIFIBROSA – I. (Areae 1 – 14) Subdivisio quadrizonalis Area 40 (Area dives) Area 21 (Area tenuifibrosa) Area 41 (Area pauper) Subregio eutangentialis Area 22 (Area intermedia) Divisio trizonalis Subdivisio propetrizonalis Subregio astriata Area 1 (Area pauper) Area 23 (Area grossofibrosa) Area 42 (Area typica) Area 2 (Area dives) Area 24 (Area reuniens) Area 43 (Area atypica) Divisio subquadrizonalis Area 3 (Area propetrizonalis) Subregio medioradiata regiO prOpeunistriata – iV. Area 4 (Area subquadrizonalis pauper) Divisio medioradiata (areae 44 – 50) Area 5 (Area subquadrizonalis dives) Subdivisio quadrizonalis Divisio quadrizonalis Area 25 (Area pauper) Subregio grossofibrosa Area 6 (Area propeultratangentialis) Area 26 (Area intermedia) Divisio eufasciculata Area 7 (Area quadrizonalis pauper) Subdivisio subtrizonalis Area 44 (Area tenuifasciculata) Area 8 (Area quadrizonalis intermedia) Area 27 (Area dives) Area 45 (Area aequofasciculata) Area 9 (Area quadrizonalis dives) Area 28 (Area reuniens) Area 46 (Area sublatofasciculata) Divisio propeeuradiata Divisio dysfasciculata Subregio ultratangentialis Subdivisio quadrizonalis Area 47 (Area dives) Divisio euradiata Area 29 (Area pauper) Area 48 (Area pauper) Area 10 (Area subultratangentialis) Area 30 (Area intermedia) Area 11 (Area ultratangentialis quadrizonalis) Subdivisio trizonalis Subregio tenuifibrosa Area 12 (Area ultratangentialis Area 31 (Area dives) Area 49 (Area dives) propetrizonalis) Area 32 (Area reuniens) Area 50 (Area pauper) Divisio propesupraradiata = Area 13 (Area propesupraradiata) regiO unistriata euraDiata regiO Bistriata – V. (areae 51 Divisio supraradiata = Area 14 (Area supraradiata) grOssOfiBrOsa – iii. (areae 33 – 56) – 43) regiO unistriata infraraDiata Subregio bistriata – ii. (areae 15 – 32) Divisio tenuifibrosa Subregio unistriata progrediens Area 51 (Area pauper) Subregio extrema Divisio pauper Area 52 (Area dives) Area 15 (Area pauper) Area 33 (Area latofasciculata) Divisio grossofibrosa = Area 53 (Area Area 16 (Area dives) Area 34 (Area sublatofasciculata) grossofibrosa) Area 35 (Area aequofasciculata) Subregio typica Divisio dives Subregio subbistriata Divisio infraradiata Area 36 (Area subtenuistriata) Area 54 (Area tenuifibrosa) Subdivisio quadrizonalis Area 37 (Area aequostriata) Area 55 (Area grossofibrosa) Area 17 (Area tenuifibrosa) Area 18 (Area intermedia) Subregio propeastriata Subregio propeunistriata = Area 56 Subdivisio propetrizonalis Area 38 (Area subunistriata) (Area propeunistriata) Area 19 (Area grossofibrosa) Area 39 (Area propeastriata) Area 20 (Area reuniens)

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regiO unitOstriata – Vi. (areae 57 – 66) Area 58 (Area dives) Subregio unitostriata Area 59 (Area pauper) Divisio trizonalis Subregio subunitostriata Divisio multostriata = Area 60 (Area Area 63 (Area pauper) Divisio propebistriata = Area 57 (Area multostriata) Area 64 (Area intermedia) propebistriata) Divisio propeunistriata Area 65 (Area dives) Divisio subunitostriata Area 61 (Area dives) Divisio propebizonalis = Area 66 (Area Area 62 (Area pauper) propebizonalis)

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SUPPLEMENT 2: Cytoarchitectonic & myeloarchitectonic papers of the Vogt-Brodmann school – an annotated bibliography

Significant methodological Brodmann K (1903) Zwei neue Apparate zur Rose M, Rose S (1933) Die Topographie der improvements in tissue Paraffinserientechnik (Mit zwei Textfiguren). architektonischen Felder der Grosshirnrinde Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie am Kaninchenschädel. Journal für Psychologie processing and the production (Leipzig) 3(5):206-210. und Neurologie (Leipzig) 45:264-276. of architectonic maps: Brodmann K (1908) Ueber Rindenmessungen. Vogt M (1928a) Ueber omnilaminäre Zentralblatt für Nervenheilkunde und Strukturdifferenzen und lineare Grenzen At the beginning of their collaboration, Korbinian Psychiatrie 19 (Jahrgang 31):781-798. der architektonischen Felder der hinteren Brodmann and Oskar Vogt first published several Brodmann K (1909) Brodman vs. Theodor Zentralwindung des Menschen (Mit 5 Tafeln methodological papers, to explain significant Kaes on measurements of cortical thickness. (27-31) und 3 Abbildungen im Text). Journal improvements in the histological processing T. Kaes: Ueber Rindenmessungen. Eine für Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 35(5- of tissue, the production and reproduction of Erwiderung an Dr. K. Brodmann (pp. 178-182); 6):177-193. high quality microphotographs, methods of K. Brodmann: Antwort an Herrn Dr. Th. Kaes: Vogt M (1928b) Erwiderung zu dem making architectonic maps, and measurements Ueber Rindenmessungen (pp. 635-639); Replik vorstehenden Aufsatz v. Economos. Journal of the cortical thickness (Brodmann 1903, 1908, von Dr. Th. Kaes (pp. 639-641). Neurologisches für Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 36(3- 1909; O. Vogt 1904, 1905/06, Henneberg 1910). Centralblatt, Jahrgang 28:178-182, 635-641. 4):323-324. These methodological approvements were Cobb S (1925) On the application of micrometry Vogt M (1929) Ueber fokale Besonderheiten additionally explained in later publications to the study of the area striata (With 7 Figures der Area occipitalis im cytoarchitektonischen (O. Vogt 1929, 1951a), and series of students in the text). Journal für Psychologie und Bilde (Mit 4 Tafeln – Tafeln 56-59). Journal für became involved in the elaboration of Neurologie (Leipzig) 31(5):261-274. Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 39(4- 6):506-510. quantitative methods for measuring the Gerhardt E, Kreht H (1933) Zur Volumen- und cortical thickness and the volume and the Oberflächengrösse der Area striata (Mit 3 Vogt O (1904) Die hirnanatomische surface area of cortical areas (Alouf 1929, Abbildungen im Text). Journal für Psychologie Abteilung des Berliner Neuro-Biologischen und Neurologie (Leipzig) 45(2-3):220-224. Universitäts-Laboratoriums mit besonderer Cobb 1925, Gerhard & Kreht 1933, Kreht 1933, Berücksichtigung ihrer bisherigen Resultate Stella Rose 1927, Maximilian Rose 1933, Rose Heinze G (1954) Grössebestimmung und auf dem Gebiete der Reproduktionstechnik. & Rose 1933, Heinze 1954), as well as the Darstellung von Rindenfelder. Journal für Hirnforschung 1(3):199-205. Verhandlungen der Anatomisches Gesellschaft determination of effects of the fixation and (Anatomischer Anzeiger – Ergänzungsheft), Henneberg R (1910) Messung der the postmortem period on the appearance Jahrgang 1904, pp. 79-83. Oberflächenausdehnung der Grosshirnrinde. of the cytoarchitectonic organization of the Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie Vogt O (1905) Das Pantomikrotom des cerebral cortex (Maximilian Rose 1929b). (Leipzig) 17(3/4):144-158. Neurobiologischen Laboratoriums. Journal During the early period of their training at the für Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 6(3- Kreht H (1933) Eine Methode zur Vogt’s institute in Berlin, Russian students (M. 4):121-125. Volumenbestimmung architektonischer Gurevich, A. Hatchaturjan, Idalia and Nikolai Felder (Mit 2 Abbildungen im Text).. Journal Von Economo C (1928) Bemerkungen zu dem Popov, I.D. Sapir, S.A. Sarkisov) were especially für Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 45(2- Aufsatz von „Ueber omnilaminäre involved in these tasks (see Supplement 2). An 3):214-219. Strukturdifferenzen und lineare Grenzen interesting methodological dispute concerning der architektonischen Felder der hinteren Rose M (1929b) Ueber den Einfluss der the sharpness of areal borders and the reliability Zentralwindung des Menschen“ dieses Journal Fixierung auf das Zellbild der Grosshirnrinde Bd. 35. 1928. Journal für Psychologie und of their determination developed between (Mit 6 Tafeln – 9 -14). Journal für Psychologie Neurologie (Leipzig) 36(1-2):320-322. Vogt’s daughter Marthe Vogt (M. Vogt 1929a,b, und Neurologie (Leipzig) 38(2):155-167. 1929) and another giant of the human cortical Rose M (1933) Die Volumenbestimmung der architectonics, Constantin von Economo from architektonischen Zentren im Vorderhirn des The seminal contribution to Vienna (Von Economo 1928). Menschen mittels Waage. Journal für Psychologie cytoarchitectonics of Korbinian Alouf I (1929) Die vergleichende und Neurologie (Leipzig) 45:277-290. Brodmann: Cytoarchitektonik der Area striata (Mit 70 Rose S (1927) Vergleichende Messungen im Abbildungen im Text und 6 Doppeltafeln Allocortex bei Tier und Mensch. Journal für In the period from 1900 to 1910, Brodmann’s – Tafeln 1-6). Journal für Psychologie und Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 34(5):250- output was truly outstanding. He single- Neurologie (Leipzig) 38(1):5-41. 255. handedly established the modern comparative

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cytoarchitectonics. However, while completing Dementia senilis und Idiotie (Mit 7 Tafeln) These findings were summarized in his these studies, he first published several interesting (Nach einem Vortrag in der Berliner book (Brodmann 1909) and in two chapters studies on plethysmography, psychopathology Gesellschaft für Nerologie und Psychiatrie, contributed to leading contemporary of polyneuritic psychosis and examination of the Februar 1905). Journal für Psychologie und handbooks (Brodmann 1910, 1914): nervous tissue in polarized light: Neurologie(Leipzig) 5(5):173-199. Brodmann K (1902a) Plethysmographische His magnum opus was published between Brodmann K (1909) Vergleichende Studien am Menschen. Erster Teil: Untersuchungen 1903 and 1908 in the Vogt’s journal as a series Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in über das Volumen des Gehirns und Vorderarms im of seven monographs: ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Schlafe. Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie Brodmann K (1903a) Beiträge zur Zellenbaues. Leipzig: J.A. Barth, xii + 324pp. (Leipzig) 1(1/2):10-71. histologischen Lokalisation der Grosshirnrinde. (Reprinted 1925). Brodmann K (1902b) Experimenteller und I. Mitteilung: Die Regio Rolandica (9 Tafeln). Brodmann K (1910) Feinere Anatomie des klinischer Beitrag zur Psychopathologie Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie Grosshirns. In: Lewandowsky M (Hrsg.) der polyneuritischen Psychose. Journal für (Leipzig) 2(2/3):79-107. Handbuch der Neurologie, Bd. 1: Allgemeine Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 1(5- Brodmann K (1903b) Beiträge zur Neurologie. Berlin: Springer, pp. 206-307. 6):225-246. histologischen Lokalisation der Grosshirnrinde. Brodmann K (1914) Physiologie des Gehirns. Brodmann K (1903) Bemerkungen zur II. Mitteilung: Der Calcarinatypus (1 Tafel und Die anatomische Feldertopographie der Untersuchung des Nervensystems im 61 Textabbildungen). Journal für Psychologie Grosshirnoberfläche. In: Krause F (Hrsg) Die polarisierten Lichte. Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 2(4):133-159. Allgemeine Chirurgie der Gehirnkrankheiten, I. und Neurologie (Leipzig) 2(5):211-213. Brodmann K (1905a) Beiträge zur Teil, II. Abschnitt. Stuttgart: F. Enke, pp. 99-112. Brodmann K (1904) Experimenteller und histologischen Lokalisation der Grosshirnrinde. klinischer Beitrag zur Psychopathologie der III. Mitteilung: Die Rindenfelder der niederen In addition, he published a lengthy article polyneuritischen Psychose. B. Experimenteller Affen (40 Textabbildungen und 7 Tafeln mit which is important because in it Brodmann Teil. Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie 31 Figuren). Journal für Psychologie und for the first time described his architectonic (Leipzig) 3(1-2):1-48. Neurologie (Leipzig) 4(5/6):177-226. findings in brains of gibbons and chimpanzees Brodmann K (1905b) Beiträge zur (Brodmann 1912): histologischen Lokalisation der Grosshirnrinde. He also published several early reports IV. Mitteilung: Der Riesenpyramidentypus (in collaboration with Max Bielschowsky) und sein Verhalten zu den Furchen bei den Brodmann K (1912) Neue Ergebnisse über concerning the development of neurofibrils in Karnivoren (Mit 26 Textfiguren). Journal die vergleichende histologische Lokalisation the human cerebral cortex (Brodmann 1905, für Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) der Grosshirnrinde mit besonderer 1906, 1907) and on the cortical neuropathology 6(1/2):108-120. Berücksichtigung des Stirnhirns. Anatomischer Anzeiger (Ergänzungsheft zum 41. Band):157- in cases of dementia (Bielschowsky & Brodmann Brodmann K (1906) Beiträge zur 216. 1905): histologischen Lokalisation der Grosshirnrinde. V. Mitteilung: Ueber Brodmann K (1905) Demonstration von den allgemeinen Bauplan des Cortex Brodmann was not able to obtain the Fibrillenpräparaten zur Histogenese des pallii bei den Mammaliern und zwei position at the Berlin University. Therefore, Centralnervensystems. Neurologisches homologe Rindenfelder im besonderen. he disappointedly departed from Vogts in Centralblatt, Jahrgang 24, Nr. 14, p. 669. Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Furchenlehre 1910 and moved to Tübingen to start an (Mi6 298 Textfiguren). Journal für Brodmann K (1906) Demonstration independent career. However, the outbreak Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 6 zur Entwicklung der Neurofibrillen im of World War I and his premature death in (Ergänzungsheft):275-400. Centralnervensystem (20. Versammlung 1918 prevented the realization of his scientific Brodmann K (1908a) Beiträge zur der anatomisches Gesellschaft, goals – especially the publication of the histologischen Lokalisation der Grosshirnrinde. Juni 1906). Anatomischer Anzeiger cytoarchitectonic atlas of the human brain. It 29(Ergänzungsheft):288. VI. Mitteilung: Die Cortexgliederung des is often stated that, because Brodmann never Menschen. Journal für Psychologie und Brodmann K (1907) Bemerkungen über Neurologie (Leipzig) 10(6):231-246. managed to publish such an atlas, we have die Fibrillogenie und ihre Beziehungen zur to deal only with his famous cortical map Myelogenie mit besonderer Berücksichtigung Brodmann K (1908b) Beiträge zur which was vaguely supported by histological des Cortex cerebri. Neurologisches Centralblatt histologischen Lokalisation der Grosshirnrinde. descriptions. However, this is simply not true, 26:338-349. VII. Mitteilung: Die cytoarchitektonische Cortexgliederung der Halbaffen (Lemuriden) even if one relies exclusively on his 1909 book Bielschowsky M, Brodmann K (1905) Zur (Mit 45 Textfiguren und 9 Tafeln). Journal (or its recent translation in English by Lawrence feineren Histologie und Histopathologie für Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 10 Garey). Namely, the book is profusely illustrated der Grosshirnrinde mit besonderer (Ergänzungsheft):287-334. with drawings and microphotographs of Berücksichtigung der Dementia paralytica,

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the human cerebral cortex. In addition, in for Psychiatry and Neurology (Berliner The rest was left to Vogt’s students, collaborators his I. and II. Mitteilung (Brodmann 1903a,b) Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Neurologie), the and followers. Brodmann published a very detailed German Anatomical Society (Anatomischer descriptions of human motor, somatosensory Gesellschaft). These lectures were also regularly Confirming and extending the and visual cortex (supplemented by numerous reported in contemporary equivalents of initial findings: the Brodmann- photomicrographic plates of high quality). „Neuroscientist’s Readers Digest“, such as the Vogt architectonic school: Finally, he described his findings on human Neurologisches Centralblatt, the Centralblatt für insular and parietal cortex at several meetings Nervenheilkunde, and appropriate sections of and published a brief descriptions (Brodmann the Anatomischer Anzeiger, the Berliner klinische A number of students, collaborators and 1903, 1907, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1913, 1918): Wochenschrift and the Allgemeine Zeitschrift international visitors to the Berlin Institute für Psychiatrie. Thus, the factual basis of his continued to elaborate the basic Brodmann- Brodmann K (1903) Die Insel. Vortrag cortical parcellation was well understood by Vogt concept of cortical parcellation. That Berliner Gesselschaft für Psychiatrie und Brodmann’s contemporaries. work ramified in four main directions: (a) the Nervenkrankheiten. Neurologisches completion of the human myeloarchitectonic Zentralblatt 22:1133-1134. Myeloarchitectonic studies of cortical map, (b) the analysis of the extent Brodmann K (1907) Zur histologischen Oskar Vogt: of overlap and correspondence of cyto- and Lokalisation des menschlichen myeloarchitectonic maps in humans and other Scheitellappens, mit Demonstrationen Oskar Vogt published two general papers on animals (c) the extension of comparative and – autoreferat (Berliner Gesellschaft für cortical parcellation, including some data on developmental cytoarchitectonic findings of Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, Sitzung myeloarchitectonics (Vogt 1903, 1906). In 1910, Brodmann, and (d) conducting detailed cyto- vom 11. November 1907). Neurologisches he published the first myeloarchitectonic map and myeloarchitectonic studies of subcortical Centralblatt, Jahrgang 26:1130-1133. of the human frontal cortex (Vogt 1910 – see structures related to the cortex (such as the Brodmann K (1908) Ueber den gegenwärtigen translation), and shortly after that a more amygdala, the claustrum, the basal forebrain Stand der histologischen Lokalisation der detailed myeloarchitectonic description of and the ). Grosshirnrinde (Jahresversammlung des the human parietal cortex (Vogt 1911). Finally, Deutschen Vereins für Psychiatrie in Berlin vom Vogts offered a detailed description of the THE HUMAN MYELOARCHITECTONIC MAP: 24. bis 25. April 1908, II. Sitzung, 24. April 1908 myeloarchitectonics of the human allocortex A. Knauer published a brief account of the nachmittags). Neurologisches Centralblatt, Jahrgang 27, Nr. 11 of 1. Juni 1908, pp. 542-544. and most parts of the isocortex in their major myeloarchitectonics of the Broca’s area monograph (Vogt & Vogt 1919). (Knauer 1909), Eduard Beck (Beck 1925, Brodmann K (1909) Ueber das Vorkommen 1928a, 1930/31) and W. Krahmer (Krahmer der sogen. Affenspalte beim Menschen (mit Demonstration) (Berliner Gesellschaft Vogt O (1903) Zur anatomischen Gliederung 1925) published detailed myeloarchitectonic für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, des Cortex cerebri (Mit 5 Tafeln und 2 maps of the human temporal cortex and of Sitzung vom 8. März 1909.). Neurologisches Textabbildungen). Journal für Psychologie und the chimpanzee auditory cortex (Beck 1928b, Centralblatt, Jahrgang 28, p. 283 + discussion Neurologie (Leipzig) 2(4):160-180. 1929), Werner Lungwitz (Lungwitz 1937) on pp. 384-386. Vogt O (1906) Ueber strukturelle Hirncentra the myeloarchitectonic map of the human Brodmann K (1911) Neue Probleme der mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der preoccipital cortex, i.e. the Brodmann’s area Rindenlokalisation. Neurologisches strukturellen Felder des Cortex pallii (Mit 66 19, and Eduard H. Strasburger published Centralblatt, Jahrgang 30, pp. 696-698. Abbildungen). Anatomischer Anzeiger 29 comparative myeloarchitectonic studies of (Ergänzungsheft):74-114. Brodmann K (1913) Neue Forschungsergebnisse the human and chimpanzee frontal cortex der Grosshirnrindenanatomie mit besonderer Vogt O (1910) Die myeloarchitektonische (Strasburger 1937a,b) and of the Broca’s region Berücksichtigung anthropologischer Fragen. Felderung des menschlichen Stirnhirns. in humans and apes (Strasburger 1938a,b). Verhandlungen der 85. Versammlung der Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie After the World War II, Ernst-Günther Batsch re- (Leipzig) 15:221-238. deutsche Naturforscher, p. 200. analyzed the myeloarchitectonics of the human Brodmann K (1918) Individuelle Variationen Vogt O (1911) Die Myeloarchitektonik des parietal isocortex (Batsch 1956). der Sehsphäre und ihre Bedeutung für die Isocortex parietalis (Mit 4 Textfiguren und Tafel Klinik der Hinterhauptsschüsse (Eigenbericht). 25-27). Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie Batsch EG (1956) Die myeloarchitektonische Neurologisches Centralblatt 1918, pp. 419-421. (Leipzig) 18(Ergänzungsheft 2):379-390. Untergliederung des Isocortex parietalis beim In the period from 1903 to 1908, he regularly Vogt C, Vogt O (1919) Allgemeine Ergebnisse Menschen (Mit 28 Textabbildungen und 10 unserer Hirnforschung. Journal für Psychologie reported his findings at annual meetings of Tafeln). Journal für Hirnforschung 2(2/3):225-270. und Neurologie (Leipzig) 25 (Ergänzungsheft the Society of German Psychiatrists (Verein Beck E (1925) Zur Exaktheit der 1):273-462. deutscher Irrenärzte), the Berlin Society myeloarchitektonischen Felderung des Cortex

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cerebri (Mit 2 Abbildungen im Text). Journal Strasburger EH (1938b) Die Anatomie der Mitteilungen 4:10-25. für Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) kortikalen Sprachzentren. Archiv für Sprach- Hopf A (1966b) Ueber eine Methode 31(5):281-288. und Stimmheilkunde 2:12-39. zur objektiven Registrierung der Beck E (1928a) Die myeloarchitektonische Especially important were studies of Adolf Myeloarchitektonik der Hirnrinde. Journal für Felderung des in der Sylvischen Furche Hopf, who started his research at the Vogt’s Hirnforschung 8:301-314. gelegenen Teils des menschlichen Institute in Neustadt in 1949, and after Vogt’s Hopf A (1968a) Registration of the Schläfenlappens. Journal für Psychologie und death succeded him in 1959 as the director of myeloarchitecture of the human frontal Neurologie (Leipzig) 36:1-21. the Institute as well as the editor of his Journal lobe with an extinction method. Journal für Beck E (1928b) Das Hörzentrum (now called the Journal für Hirnforschung). Hirnforschung 10:259-269. des Schimpansen in seinem He developed a quantitative (photometric) Hopf A (1968b) Photometric studies on the myeloarchitektonischen Aufbau (mit 11 approach to Vogt’s myeloarchitectonic method myeloarchitecture of the human temporal Abbildungen). Journal für Psychologie und (Hopf 1954b,c; 1965b, 1966a,b) and published lobe. Journal für Hirnforschung 10:285-297. Neurologie (Leipzig) 36:325-349. important myeloarchitectonic studies on the Hopf A (1969) Photometric studies on the Beck E (1929) Der myeloarchitektonische human frontal (Hopf 1956, 1968a), temporal myeloarchitecture of the human parietal lobe. Bau des in der Sylvischen Furche gelegenen (Hopf 1954a, 1955, 1968b) and parietal cortex I. Parietal region (with 19 figures). Journal für Teils des Schläfenlappens beim Schimpansen (Hopf 1969, 1970; Hopf & Helge Gräfin Vitzthum Hirnforschung (Internationales Journal für (Troglodytes niger). Journal für Psychologie 1957). He also published an architectonic study Neurobiologie) 11(4):253-265. und Neurologie (Leipzig) 38:309-420. on the sensory aphasia (Hopf 1957) and the Hopf A (1970) Photometric studies on the Beck E (1930/31) Die Myeloarchitektonik der comparative volumetric study on thalamus myeloarchitecture of the human parietal lobe. dorsalen Schläfenlappenrinde beim Menschen. II. Postcentral region (With 9 figures). Journal (Hopf 1965a). Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie für Hirnforschung 12(1/2):135-141. (Leipzig) 41:129-262. Hopf A (1954a) Die Myeloarchitektonik des Hopf A, Gräfin Vitzthum H (1957) Ueber die Isocortex temporalis beim Menschen (Mit 9 Knauer A (1909) Die Myeloarchitektonik Verteilung myeloarchitektonischer Merkmale Abbildungen im Text und Tafeln I-XII). Journal der Broca’schen Region (XV Versammlung in der Scheitellappenrinde beim Menschen für Hirnforschung 1(3):208-279. mitteldeutsch Psychiat u Neurol zu Jena am (Mit 24 Abbildungen im Text). Journal für Hopf A (1954b) Zur architektonischen 24. okt. 1909). Neurologisches Centralblatt, Hirnforschung 3(2/3):79-104. Jahrgang 28:1240-1243. Gliederung der menschlichen Hirnrinde. Journal für Hirnforschung 1:442-496. Krahmer W (1925) Ein myeloarchitektonischer Felderungsversuch. Journal für Psychologie Hopf A (1954c)Zur Frage der Konstanz und THE CORRESPONDENCE OF CYTO- AND und Neurologie (Leipzig) 32(1-2):89-92. Abgrenzbarkeit myeloarchitektonischer MYELOARCHITECTONIC MAPS: Ludwig Riegele Rindenfelder. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Lungwitz W (1937) Zur myeloarchitektonischen (Riegele 1931) and Hans Kreht (Kreht 1936a) Nervenheilkunde 172:188-206. Untergliederung der menschlichen Area established the correspondence of cyto- and praeoccipitalis (Area 19 Brodmann) (Mit 43 Hopf A (1955) Ueber die Verteilung myeloarchitectonics maps of Broca’s region, Abbildungen im Text). Journal für Psychologie myeloarchitektonischer Merkmale in der and Kreht also described a homologous region und Neurologie (Leipzig) 47(6):607-638. isokortikalen Schläfenlappenrinde beim in chimpanzees and orangutans (Kreht 1936b). Menschen (Mit 18 Abbildungen im Text). Strasburger EH (1937a) Die myeloarchitektonische A visitor from China, Gu Ngowyang, performed Journal für Hirnforschung 2(1):36-54. Gliederung des Stirnhirns beim Menschen und a cytoarchitectonic parcellation of the human Schimpansen (Mit 41 Abbildungen im Text). Hopf A (1956) Ueber die Verteilung gyrus rectus (Ngowyang 1932b), the entire Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) myeloarchitektonischer Merkmale in frontal cortex (Ngowyang 1934a), subareas of der Stirnhirnrinde beim Menschen (Mit 47(5):461-491. the primary visual cortex in humans (Ngowyang 24 Abbildungen im Text). Journal für Strasburger EH (1837b) Die 1934b) and other primates (Ngowyang 1937). Hirnforschung 2(4):311-333. myeloarchitektonische Gliederung des He (Ngowyang 1932,a 1936) and Max De Crinis Hopf A (1957) Architektonische Stirnhirns beim Menschen und Schimpansen. (De Crinis 1933) also described a special type of II. Teil. Der Faserbau des Stirnhirns beim Untersuchungen an sensorischen Aphasien. cells in the human insular cortex (so-called von Schimpansen (Mit 37 Abbildungen im Text). Journal für Hirnforschung 3:275-530. Economo’s cork-screw cells). Gottfried Heinze Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie Hopf A (1965a) Volumetrische Untersuchungen re-analyzed the cytoarchitectonics of the (Leipzig) 47(6):565-606. zur vergleichenden Anatomie des Thalamus. human occipital cortex (Heinze 1954). Strasburger EH (1938a) Vergleichende Journal für Hirnforschung 8(1):25-38. myeloarchitektonische Studien an der Hopf A (1965b) Objektive Registrierung erweiterten Brocaschen Region des Menschen der Myeloarchitektonik der Hirnrinde. Die De Crinis M (1933) Ueber die Spezialzellen (Mit 69 Abbildungen im Text). Journal für Naturwissenschaften 52:479. in der menschlichen Grosshirnrinde (Mit 12 Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 48(5- Abbildungen im Text). Journal für Psychologie Hopf A (1966a) Messungen des 6):477-511. und Neurologie (Leipzig) 45(6):439-449. Markfasergehalts der Hirnrinde. Zeiss-

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Heinze G (1954) Zytoarchitektonische of Brodmann-Vogt tradition was exhibited Sanides F (1960) Grenzerscheinungen an Untergliederung der Area occipitalis (Mit by Friedrich Sanides. After initial studies myeloarchitektonischen Feldergrenzen. 2 Grossbildern und 9 Tafeln). Journal für on the human amygdala (Sanides 1957a), Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Morphokinese Hirnforschung 1(3):173-198. insulae terminales (Sanides 1957b), borders der menschlichen Grosshirnrinde (Mit 9 Kreht H (1936a) Cytoarchitektonik of cortical areas (Sanides 1958, 1960) and Textabbildungen). Deutschen Zeitschrift für Nervenheilkunde 180:381-405. und motorisches Sprachcentrum (Mit the human visual cortex (Sanides & Vitzthum 14 Textabbildungen). Zeitschrift für 1965a,b), he published a series of important Sanides F (1962) Die Architektonik des mikroskopisch-anatomische Forschung (= cyto-myeloarchitectonic studies of the human menschlichen Stirnhirns. Zugleich eine Darstellung der Prinzipien seiner Gestaltung Jahrbuch für Morphologie und mikroskopische frontal lobe (Sanides 1962, 1963a,b, 1964), als Spiegel der stammesgeschichtlichen Anatomie, zweite Abteilung) 39(2):331-354. followed by another series of papers on Differenzierung der Grosshirnrinde. Kreht H (1936b) Zur Architektonik der comparative cortical architectonics (Sanides Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Brocaschen Region beim Schimpansen 1968, Sanides & Hoffmann 1969, Sanides & Neurologie und Psychiatrie Heft 98. Berlin und Orang-Utan (Mit 28 Textabbildungen). Krishnamurti 1967, Sanides & Sanides 1972, – Göttingen - Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, Zeitschrift für Anatomie und 1974). He summarized his views on the 201pp. Entwicklungsgeschichte 105:654-677. evolution of the cerebral cortex in mammals in Sanides F (1963) Die Architektonik des Ngowyang G (1932a) Beschreibung einer Art several important reviews and book chapters menschlichen Stirnhirns und die Prinzipien von Spezialzellen in der Inselrinde, zugleich (Sanides 1969, 1970, 1971, 1975). Through seiner Entwicklung. Fortschritte der Medizin Bemerkungen über die v. Economoschen his joint publications with Albert Galaburda, 81:831-838. Spezialzellen (Mit 2 Abbildungen im Text). Norman Geschwind and Deepak Pandya Sanides F (1963) Architektonische und Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie (Galaburda & Sanides 1980, Galaburda et al. funktionelle Differenzierung des Stirnhirns. (Leipzig) 44(5-6):671-674. 1978, Pandya & Sanides 1973) on the auditory Nervenarzt (Berlin) 34:159-168. Ngowyang G (1932b) Die Cytoarchitektonik der cortex in humans and monkeys, he introduced Sanides F (1964) The cyto-myeloarchitecture Felder der Gyrus rectus. Journal für Psychologie concepts of Brodmann-Vogt architectonics of the human frontal lobe and its relation und Neurologie (Leipzig) 44:475-493. to neuroscientists in the . With to phylogenetic differentiation of the Ngowyang G (1934a) Die Cytoarchitektonik Emilia Sas, he also published important studies cerebral cortex (with 9 figures). Journal für ds menschlichen Stirnhirns. I. Teil. on Cajal-Retzius cells and the subpial granular Hirnforschung 6(5):269-282. Cytoarchitektonische Felderung der layer (Sanides & Sas 1970, Sas & Sanides 1970). Sanides F (1968) The architecture of the cortical Regio granularis und Regio dysgranularis. taste nerve areas in the squirrel monkey Monographs of the National Research Institute Galaburda AM, Sanides F (1980) (Saimiri sciureus) and their relationship to of Psychology, Academia Sinica Shangai, insular, sensorimotor and prefrontal regions. Monograph No. 7, pp. 1-68. Cytoarchitectonic organization of the human auditory cortex. The Journal of the Brain Research 8:97-124. Ngowyang G (1934b) Die Comparative Neurology 190:597-610. Sanides F (1969) Comparative architectonics cytoarchitektonischen Unterfelder der Area of the of mammals and their striata beim Menschen (Mit 26 Abbildungen im Galaburda AM, Sanides F, Geschwind N (1978) Cytoarchitectonic left-right asymmetries in the evolutionary interpretation. Annals of the New Text und 2 Lichtdruckdoppeltafeln – Tafeln 23 York Academy of Sciences 167:404-423. u. 24). Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie temporal speech region. Archives of Neurology Sanides F (1970) Functional architecture of (Leipzig) 46(6):351-363. 35:812-817. motor and sensory cortices in Primates in the Ngowyang G (1936) Neuere Befunde über die Pandya DN, Sanides F (1973) Architectonic parcellation of the temporal operculum in light of a new concept of neocortex evolution. Gabelzellen. Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und In: Noback C, Montagna W (eds) Advances in mikroskopische Anatomie 25:236-239. rhesus monkey and its projection pattern. Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungs- Primatology Vol. 1: The Primate Brain. New Ngowyang G (1937) Structural variations of Geschichte 139:127-161. York: Meredith, chapter , pp. 137-208. the visual cortex in primates. The Journal of the Sanides F (1971) Evolutionary aspects of Comparative Neurology 67:89-108. Sanides F (1957) Untersuchungen über die histologische Struktur des Mandelkerngebietes the primate neocortex. Proceedings of the Riegele L (1931) Die Cytoarchitektonik rd (Mit 52 Abbildungen im Text). Journal für 3 International Congress of Primatology in der Felder der Brocaschen Region (Mit 3 Hirnforschung 3(1):56-77. Zürich 1970; 1:92-98. (Basel: Karger). Abbildungen im Text und 7 Tafeln – Tafeln Sanides F (1957) Die Insulae terminales des Sanides F (1975) Comparative neurology of the 4-10). Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie temporal lobe in primates including man with (Leipzig) 42(5-6):496-514. Erwachsenen-gehirns des Menschen. Journal für Hirnforschung 3:243-273. reference to speech. Brain & Language 2:396-419. Sanides F (1958) Vorläufige Darstellung Sanides F, Hoffmann J (1969) Cyto- and The most balanced (and probably the most eines histologischen Phänomens an myeloarchitecture of the visual cortex of the important) approach to correlating cyto- and cytoarchitektonischen Feldergrenzen. Journal cat and of the surrounding integration cortices. myeloarchitectonic findings in the context für Hirnforschung 4:273-313. Journal für Hirnforschung 11:79-104.

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Sanides F, Krishnamurti A (1967) cytoarchitectonic analysis of the chimpanzee (Mit 188 Abbildungen im Text). Journal für Cytoarchitectonic subdivisions of sensorimotor (Gerhardt 1938) and human (Gerhard 1940) Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 48(1- and prefrontal regions and of bordering insular parietal isocortex. Finally, Eduard Beck 2):56-163. and limbic fields in slow loris (Nycticebus compared the cytoarchitectonics of the human Zunino G (1909) Die myeloarchitektonische coucang coucang). Journal für Hirnforschung and rhesus monkey occipital lobe (Beck 1934), Differenzierung der Grosshirnrinde beim 9:225-252. studied the morphogenesis of the Ammon’s Kaninchen (Lepus cuniculus). Journal für Sanides F, Sanides D (1972) The «extraverted horn (Beck 1949) and published a monograph Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 14:38-70. neurons» of the mammalian cerebral on the comparative architectonic development cortex. Zeitschrift für Anatomie und of the cerebral cortex (Beck 1940). In the context of the comparative Entwicklungsgeschichte 136:272-293. Beck E (1934) Der Occipitallappen des Affen cytoarchitectonics, Maximilian Rose deserves Sanides D, Sanides F (1974) A comparative (Macacus rhesus) und des Menschen in a special credit for his thoroughness and Golgi study of the neocortex in insectivores seiner cytoarchitektonischen Struktur. I. Teil: excellence. After the graduation in medicine and rodents. Zeitschrift für mikroskopisch- Macacus rhesus (Mit 28 Abbildungen im Text in 1908 from Jagiellon University in Cracow, anatomische Forschung (Leipzig) 88(5):957-977. und 22 Lichtdruck-Doppeltafeln). Journal für he received his initial training in Tübingen Sanides F, Sas E (1970) Persistence of horizontal Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 45(4- under the Brodmann’s guidance in 1910. After cells of the Cajal foetal type and of the subpial 5):193-323. World War I, he returned to Cracow to work at granular layer in parts of the mammalian Beck E (1940) Morphogenie der Hirnrinde the neurological clinic, and from 1925 to 1928 paleocortex (with 10 figures). Zeitschrift (Mit 74 Abbildungen im Text). Berlin: Verlag für mikroskopisch-anatomische Forschung he worked at the Vogt’s institute in Berlin. von Julius Springer, 167pp (= Monographien 82(4):570-588. After returning in 1928 to Poland, he became aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Neurologie und a professor of neurology and the chief of the Sas E, Sanides F (1970) A comparative Golgi Psychiatrie, Heft 69, herausgegeben von O. brain research laboratory at Warsaw University, study of Cajal foetal cells (with 12 figures). Bumke, O. Förster, E. Rüdin u. H. Spatz). Zeitschrift für mikroskopisch-anatomische and in 1931 he became a professor of psychiatry Beck E (1949) Neues zur Morphogenie des Forschung 82:385-396. & neurology and the director of the Brain Cornu Ammonis. Allgemeine Zeitschrift für Research Institute at the King Stefan Batory Sanides F, Vitzthum HG (1965a) Zur Psychiatrie 124:69-86. Architektonik der menschlichen Sehrinde University of Vilnius. From 1927 to his sudden Flores A (1911) Die Myeloarchitektonik und und den Prinzipien ihrer Entwicklung (Mit 10 death in 1937, he was the Editor-in-Chief of the die Myelogenie des Cortex cerebri beim Igel, Textabbildungen). Deutsche Zeitschrift für Journal of Psychology and Neurology on Vogt’s Erinaceus europaeus. Journal für Psychologie Nervenheilkunde 187:680-707. und Neurologie (Leipzig) 17:215-247. request. Sanides F, Vitzthum HG (1965b) Die In a long series of monographs published Gerhardt E (1938) Der Isocortex parietalis Grenzerscheinungen am Rande der in the Vogt’s journal and accompanied by beim Schimpansen (Mit 85 Abbildungen im menschlichen Sehrinde (Mit 8 Textabbildungen, Text). Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie large microphotographic plates of the highest davon 1 farbigen). Deutsche Zeitschrift für (Leipzig) 48(5-6):329-386. quality (which together comprise one of the Nervenheilkunde 187:708-719. best and most extensive cytoarchitectonic Gerhardt E (1940) Die Cytoarchitektonik des Isocortex parietalis beim Menschen (Mit 80 atlases ever published) he first studied the THE COMPARATIVE ARCHITECTONICS: Abbildungen). Journal für Psychologie und developing and adult cerebral cortex of small Theodor Mauss confirmed Brodmann’s Neurologie (Leipzig) 49(4-6):367-419. rodents, insectivores and bats (Rose 1912), parcellation of the Cercopithecine cortex by Klempin I (1921) Ueber die Architektonik the prosencephalon of birds (Rose 1914) myeloarchitectonic method (Mauss 1908) and der Grosshirnrinde des Hundes. Journal für and reptiles (Rose 1923), and the cortical published myeloarchitectonic maps of the Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 26:229. architectonics in dolphins (Rose 1926b). gibbon and orangutan cortex (Mauss 1911). Mauss T (1908) Die faserarchitektonische He published cytoarchitectonic atlases of G. Zunino published a myeloarchitectonic Gliederung der Grosshirnrinde bei den niederen the mouse (Rose 1929a) and the rabbit map of the cortex of rabbit (Zunino 1909), A. Affen. Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie (Rose 1931) cerebral cortex, an extensive Flores myeloarchitectonic and myelogenetic (Leipzig) 13:263-325. comparative study of the anterior cingulate analysis of the hedgehog cortex (Flores Mauss T (1911) Die faserarchitektonische and retrosplenial cortex (Rose 1927b) and 1911), and I. Klempin a map of the dog cortex Gliederung des Cortex cerebri der the insular cortex and the claustrum in (Klempin 1921). Kurt Sgonina published a very antropomorphen Affen (35 Textfiguren und the developing and adult human brain detailed comparative architectonic study of Tafeln 40-42). Journal für Psychologie und (Rose 1928a,b). He introduced the concept entorhinal and presubicular region in humans, Neurologie (Leipzig) 18(Ergänzungsheft of the Mesocortex (Rose 1926a) and his gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, gibbons, 3):410-467. magnum opus is devoted to comparative baboons and rhesus monkeys (Sgonina Sgonina K (1937) Zur vergleichenden Anatomie cytoarchitectonics and development of the 1937). Edith Gerhardt published an extensive der Entorhinal- und Präsubikularregion allocortex (Rose 1926c, 1927a). He summarized

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his views and findings in several reviews and 2-39). Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie Mandelkerngebietes (Subzona semicorticalis handbook chapters (Rose 1932, 1935a,b). His (Leipzig) 37(4):467-624. amygdalea und Subzona claustralis work encompasses about 1.500 text pages, Rose M (1929a) Cytoarchitektonischer Atlas der praeamygdalea) (Mit 107 Abbildungen). almost 1.000 text illustrations and more than Grosshirnrinde der Maus (Mit 4 Abbildungen Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie 300 large plates with microphotographs of im Text und 29 Tafeln). Journal für Psychologie (Leipzig) 49(1-2):1-136. Nissl-stained sections. und Neurologie (Leipzig) 40:1-64. Brockhaus H (1940b) Die Cyto- und Myeloarchitektonik des Cortex claustralis Rose M (1912) Histologische Lokalisation der Rose M (1930) Vergleichende Zytoarchitektonik und des Claustrum beim Menschen (Mit 138 Grosshirnrinde bei kleinen Säugetieren (Rodentia, der Grosshirnrinde. Fortschritte der Neurologie Abildungen). Journal für Psychologie und Insectivora, Chiroptera). Journal für Psychologie und Psychiatrie 2:263-284. Neurologie (Leipzig) 49(4-6):249-348. und Neurologie (Leipzig) 19:391-479. Rose M (1931) Cytoarchitektonischer Atlas Brockhaus H (1942a) Zur feineren Anatomie Rose M (1914) Ueber die cytoarchitektonische der Grosshirnrinde des Kaninches. Journal für des Septum und des Striatum (Mit 72 Gliederung des Vorderhirns der Vögel. Journal Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 43:353- Abbildungen). Journal für Psychologie und für Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 440. Neurologie (Leipzig) 51(1-2):1-56. 21:278-352. Rose M (1932) Die vergleichende Brockhaus H (1942b) Vergleichend- Rose M (1923) Histologische Lokalisation des Zytoarchitektonik des Stirnhirns und ihre anatomische Untersuchungen über den Vorderhirns der Reptilien (Mit 10 Tafeln - Tafeln Beziehung zur Physiologie und Klinik. Basalkernkomplex (Mit 37 Abbildungen). 24-33). Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie Fortschritte der Neurologie 4:501-518. Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 29(4-5):219-272. Rose M (1935a) Entwicklungsgeschichtliche (Leipzig) 51(1-2):57-95. Rose M (1926a) Ueber das histogenetische Einleitung. Ontogenie des Brockhaus H (1942c) Beitrag zur normalen Prinzip der Einteilung der Grosshirnrinde (Mit Zentralnervensystems und des Sympathicus. Anatomie des Hypothalamus und der Zona 16 Tafeln - Tafeln 7-22). Journal für Psychologie Phylogenie des Zentralnervensystems. incerta beim Menschen. Versuch einer und Neurologie (Leipzig) 32(3):97-160. In: Bumke O, Förster O (Hrsg) Handbuch der Neurologie, Erster Band: Allgemeine architektonischen Gliederung (Mit 115 Rose M (1926b) Der Grundplan der Neurologie, I. Anatomie. Berlin: Springer- Abbildungen). Journal für Psychologie und Cortextektonik beim Delphin (Mit 12 Verlag, pp. 1-34. Neurologie (Leipzig) 51:96-196. Abbildungen auf 4 Tafeln - Tafeln 23-26). Friedemann M (1912) Die Cytoarchitektonik Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie Rose M (1935b) Cytoarchitektonik und des Zwischenhirns der Cercopitheken, mit (Leipzig) 32(4-5):161-169. Myeloarchitektonik der Grosshirnrinde. In: Bumke O, Foerster O (Hrsg) Handbuch besonderer Berücksichtigung des Thalamus Rose M (1926c) Der Allocortex bei Tier und der Neurologie I. Allgemeine Neurologie I. opticus. Journal für Psychologie und Mensch. I. Teil (Mit 21 Textabbildungen und Anatomie. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 588-601. Neurologie (Leipzig) 18:309-378. 30 Doppeltafeln - Tafeln 1-30). Journal für Hassler R (1937) Zur Normalanatomie der Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 34(1- Substantia nigra. Journal für Psychologie und 2):1-111. THE ARCHITECTONICS OF SUBCORTICAL STRUCTURES: Paul Hilpert published an early Neurologie (Leipzig) 48:1-55. Rose M (1927a) Die sogenannte Riechrinde Hassler R (1938) Zur Pathologie der Paralysis beim Menschen und beim Affen. II. Teil des and important cyto- and myeloarchitectonic agitans und des postencephalitischen «Allocortex bei Tier und Mensch» (Mit 13 study of the human amygdala (Hilpert Parkinsonismus. Journal für Psychologie und Textabbildungen und 35 Doppeltafeln - Tafeln 1928), and M. Friedemann described Neurologie (Leipzig) 48:1-55, 387-476. 42-76). Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie cytoarchitectonics of the diencephalon and (Leipzig) 34(6):261-401. thalamus of Cercopithecidae (Friedemann Hilpert P (1928) Der Mandelkern des Menschen. I. Cytoarchitetkonik und Faserverbindungen Rose M (1927b) Gyrus limbicus anterior und 1912). Rolf Hassler published his seminal studies (Mit 11 Doppeltafeln (5-15) und 1 Regio retrosplenialis (Cortex holoprotoptychos on the substantia nigra and the pathology of Textabbildung). Journal für Psychologie und quinquestratificatus). VergleichendeParkinson’s disease (Hassler 1937, 1938). Harald Neurologie (Leipzig) 36(1-2):44-74. Architektonik bei Tier und Mensch (Mit 63 Brockhaus published a series of excellent and Textabbildungen und 21 Doppeltafeln – Tafeln very detailed cyto- and myeloarchitectonic 6-26. Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie studies of the human amygdala (Brockhaus LEFT-RIGHT DIFFERENCES IN THE HUMAN (Leipzig) 35(3-4):65-173. 1940a), the insular cortex and the claustrum CORTICAL ARCHITECTONICS: After the World Rose M (1928a) Die Ontogenie der Inselrinde. (Brockhaus 1940b), the septum and striatum War II, several investigators used Brodmann- Zugleich ein Beitrag zur histogenetischen (Brockhaus 1942a), the basal forebrain Vogt maps and concepts to investigate left-right Rindeneinteilung (Mit 11 Lichtdruck-Doppeltafeln (Brockhaus 1942b) and the hypothalamus and asymmetries in certain regions of the human – Tafeln 20-30). Journal für Psychologie und zona incerta (Brockhaus 1942c). cerebral cortex. Eduard Beck investigated left- Neurologie (Leipzig) 36(3-4):182-209. right differences of the precentral Rose M (1928b) Die Inselrinde des Menschen Brockhaus H (1940a) Zur normalen (Beck 1950a,b) and of Wernicke’s area (Beck und der Tiere (Mit 114 Abbildungen im Text und pathologischen Anatomie des 1955), which was subsequently analyzed in the und 38 Lichtdruck-Doppeltafeln – Tafeln

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human and ape brain by Dorothee Beheim- Frage der Rechts- und Linkshirnigkeit (Mit 11 mikroskopisch-anatomische Forschung Schwarzbach (Beheim-Schwarzbach 1974, Textabbildungen). Deutsche Zeitschrift für (Leipzig) 88(2):325-363. 1975). H. Schulze investigated asymmetries Nervenheilkunde 163:214-244. Beheim-Schwarzbach D (1975) Weitere of the human inferior parietal lobule (Schulze Beck E (1955) Typologie des Gehirns am Beispiel Untersuchungen zur cytoarchitektonischen 1960). des dorsalen menschlichen Schläfenlappens Gliederung der Dorsalfläche der 1. Beck E (1950a) Unterschied zwischen links nebst weiteren Beiträgen zur Frage der Temporalwindung bei einem Sprachgenie und und rechts im cytoarchitektonischen Bau der Linksrechtshirnigkeit. Deutsche Zeitschrift für bei zwei Anthropoiden (Mit 6 Abbildungen). vorderen Zentralwindung und die Frage der Nervenheilkunde 173:267-308. Zeitschrift für mikroskopisch-anatomische Linkshirnigkeit (Mit 20 Textabbildungen). Beheim-Schwarzbach D (1974) Forschung (Leipzig) 89(5):759-776. Deutsche Zeitschrift für Nervenheilkunde Cytoarchitektonik der Dorsalfläche der Schulze HAF (1960) Zur individuellen 163:183-213. 1. Temporalwindung links (T1) bei sechs cytoarchitektonischen Gestaltung der linken Beck E (1950b) Nachweis vom menschlichen Gehirnen (darunter vier und rechten Hemisphäre im Bereich des Lobulus unterschiedlichen Bau in der linken und Elitegehirne) der Sammlung von C. und O. parietalis inferior. Journal für Hirnforschung rechten hinteren Zentralwindung und die Vogt (Mit 15 Abbildungen). Zeitschrift für 4:486-517.

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SUPPLEMENT 3: Publications of the Russian architectonic school – an annotated bibliography

As already mentioned in the introductory text, Sarkisov, Nikolai and Idalia Popov, I.N. Filimonov, Allgemeine Betrachtungen. Journal für the Brain Research Institute in Moscow was M. Gurevich) received an initial training in the Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 42:210- founded by Oskar Vogt. Namely, after the death Vogt’s institute in Berlin (Vogt 1929) Sarkisov 229. of Lenin in 1924, Vogt accepted the invitation to conducted an experimental study of effects Filimonoff IN (1932) Ueber die Variabilität der study the Lenin’s brain, and with the approval of the type and duration of the fixation on the Grosshirnrindenstruktur, II. Regio occipitalis of both Soviet and German government histological structure of the cortex, as well as beim erwachsenen Menschen. Journal für authorities, he used this opportunity to the tissue shrinkage after paraffin embedding Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 44:1-96. establish a new brain research institute. Vogt and its changes in form after sectioning on the Filimonoff IN (1933) Ueber die Variabilität der was the director of the Institute from 1925 microtome (Sarkissow 1930a,b). Grosshirnrindenstruktur. III. Regio occipitalis to 1930 (I.N. Filimonov was appointed as an Others were involved in methodological bei den höheren und niederen Affen. Journal für acting director at the end of 1927) and he studies on measurements of the cortical Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 45:69-137. published a report describing the first 4 years thickness, cortical surface area and the volume Gurewitsch M (1930) Cytoarchitektonische of institute’s activities (Vogt 1929) and added of individual cortical areas (Popoff 1927, 1929, Gliederung des Neostriatums der some interesting details almost 20 years later Popoff & Popoff 1929a, Gurewitsch et al. 1928). Säugetiere. Zeitschrift für Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte 93(6):723-742. (Vogt 1951) . The advancement during the next They also performed original studies on some decade was described by Blinkov & Poljakov unresolved problems of cortical architectonics Gurewitsch M, Bychowsky G (1928) Zur (1938). There are also several recent reviews on and cortical development – e.g., comparative Architektonik der Hirnrinde (Isocortex) des Hundes. Journal für Psychologie und the history of the Moscow Institute and Lenin’s architectonics of the visual cortex (Alouf 1929) Neurologie (Leipzig) 35:283-300. brain (Bentivoglio 1998; Richter 2007). and its interindividual variability in humans (Sapir 1929), the allocortex of the rat (Popoff Gurewitsch M, Chatchaturian A (1928) Zur Zytoarchitektonik der Grosshirnrinde Bentivoglio M (1998) Cortical structure and & Popoff 1929b), the postnatal development der Feliden. Zeitschrift für Anatomie und mental skills: Oskar Vogt and the legacy of of the dog cerebral cortex (Sarkissow 1929), Entwicklungsgeschichte 87:100-138. Lenin’s brain. Brain Research Bulletin 47:291- the architectonics of the cerebral cortex in Gurewitsch M, Chatschaturian A, 296. adult dogs (Gurewitsch & Bychowsky 1928), Chatschaturow A (1928) Methodik der Blinkov SM, Poljakov GI (1938) The activities of cats (Gurewitsch & Chatchaturian 1928) and Zeichnung zytoarchitektonischer Karten und the Moscow Brain Institute. Acta medica SSSR rodents (Gurewitsch et al. 1929). Messung der Felder (Mit 6 Textabbildungen 1:674-679 (in Russian). The most important contributions from und 1 Tafel). Zeitschrift für die gesamte Richter J (2007) Pantheon of Brains: The that period were undoubtedly Filimonov’s Neurologie und Psychiatrie 114:50-62. Moscow Brain Research Institute 1925-1936. detailed studies on prenatal and postnatal Gurewitsch M, Bychowsky G, Uranowsky J Journal of the History of Neuroscience 16:138- development of the human cerebral cortex (1929) Zur vergleichenden Zytoarchitektonik 149. (Filimonoff 1929, 1931) and its interindividual der Grosshirnrinde der Säugetiere. I. Mitteilung. Vogt O (1929) Bericht über die Arbeiten des variability in adults (Filimonoff 1932, 1933). Nager (Mit 27 Textabbildungen). Zeitschrift für Moskauer Staatsinstituts für Hirnforschung die gesamte Anatomie, I. Abteilung 90:549- (Nach einem Vortrag, gehalten am 10. Alouf I (1929) Die vergleichende 596. 11. 1929 im Pantheon des Staatsinstituts Cytoarchitektonik der Area striata (Mit 70 Popoff N (1927) Zur Kenntnis der Grösse für Hirnforschung in Moskau). Journal für Abbildungen im Text und 6 Doppeltafeln der Area striata und die Methodik ihrer Psychiatrie und Neurologie 40(3-4):108-118. – Tafeln 1-6). Journal für Psychologie und Ausmessung (Mit 4 Abbildungen im Text). Vogt O (1951a) Ueber nationale Neurologie (Leipzig) 38(1):5-41. Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie Hirnforschungsinstitute. Journal für Filimonoff IN (1929) Zur embryonalen (Leipzig) 34(5):238-242. Psychologie und Neurologie 50(1-2):1-10. und postembryonalen Entwicklung der Popoff I (1929) Ueber einige Grössenverhältnisse Grosshirnrinde des Menschen. Journal für der Affenhirne. Journal für Psychologie und From these Vogt’s reports we learn that years Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) 39:323- Neurologie (Leipzig) 38(1):82-90. 389. 1925 – 1927 were mostly devoted to the Popoff I, Popoff N (1929) Beitrag zur Kenntnis processing of the Lenin’s brain. At the same Filimonoff IN (1931) Ueber die Variabilität der quantitativen Differenzen zwischen time, several Russian reserchers (I.D. Sapir, S.A. dr Grosshirnrindenstruktur, I. Mitteilung: den Menschen- und Affenhirnen. Journal

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für Psychologie und Neurologie (Leipzig) Blinkov SM (1938) On the variability of the in the human brain. Trudi Instituta Mozga 38(2):168-178. structure of the cerebral cortex. The temporal 3-4:107-154 (in Russian). Popoff I, Popoff N (1929) Allocortex bei der Ratte lobe. Contribution III. The middle temporal Stankevich IA (1940) The development of the (Mus decumanus). Journal für Psychologie und region of the adult human. Trudi Instituta inferior parietal region in the human brain Neurologie (Leipzig) 39:257-322. Mozga (Moscow) 3-4:313-362. (in Russian) during the different prenatal stages – the late Sapir ID (1929) Zur individuellen Architektonik Blinkov SM (1940) On the variability of the ontogenesis. Trudi Instituta Mozga (Moscow) 5 der Grosshirnrinde des Menschen (Mit 34 structure of the cerebral cortex. The temporal (in Russian). Abbildungen im Text und 2 Tafeln – Tafeln 49 lobe: The superior temporal region of the adult Stankevich IA, Shevchenko JG (1935) The u. 50). Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie human. Trudi Instituta Mozga (Moscow) 5. variability of the structure of the cerebral 39(4-6):390-428. Filimonoff IN (1938) The allocortical and cortex. The inferior parietal region of the adult Sarkissow SA (1929) Ueber die postnatale peri-allocortical formations in man and their human. Trudi Instituta Mozga 1:119-172. (in Entwicklung einzelner cytoarchitektonischer ontogenesis (with 222 figures in the text and the Russian). Felder beim Hunde. Journal für Psychologie accompanying Atlas of 83 microphotographic plates). Trudi Instituta Mozga (Moscow) 3-4:15- und Neurologie (Leipzig) 39:486-509: In 1949, Sarkisov, Filimonov and 106. (in Russian) Sarkissow SA (1930a) Zur Frage nach dem Preobrazhenskaja edited an important Gurevich M, Khatchaturian A (1938) The Einfluss der Fixierung auf das Zellbild der monograph on the cytoarchitectonics of the variability of the structure of the cerebral Grosshirnrinde. Journal für Psychologie und human cerebral cortex: Neurologie (Leipzig) 41:265-272. cortex. The superior parietal region of man. Trudi Instituta Mozga 3-4:275-310. (in Russian) Sarkissow SA (1930b) Ueber die Schrumpfung Sarkisov SA, Filimonov IN, Preobrazhenskaja des Gehirns bei Paraffineinbettung (Zur Kononova EP (1935) The variability of the NS, eds (1949) Cytoarchitectonics of the Methodik der cytoarchitektonischen structure of the cerebral cortex. I. The inferior Cerebral Cortex of Man (Citoarhitektonika kori Forschung) (Mit 21 Abbildungen im Text). frontal gyrus. Trudi Instituta Mozga 1:49-116. boljshogo mozga cheloveka). Moscow: Medgiz Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie (in Russian) (in Russian) (Leipzig) 41(1-2):76-95. Kononova EP (1938) The variability of the structure of the cerebral cortex. II. The frontal region of the adult human. Trudi Instituta This book contains several interesting chapters, After the 1930, researchers at the Moscow’s Mozga 3-4:213-274. (in Russian) such as contributions of I.A. Stankevich on „The Institute pursued an independent lines of Kononova EP (1940) The development of the Inferior Parietal Region“ and of M.O. Gurevich & research, but their work was published almost frontal region during the postnatal period. V.M. Minaeva on „The Superior Parietal Region“; exclusively in Russian and thus remained Trudi Instituta Mozga 5:73-124. (in Russian) the contribution of E.P. Kononova on „Methods largely unknown to the present. The major Minaeva VM (1948) The postnatal development of Investigation of Architectonic Structure initial vehicle for publication was a series of of the superior parietal region in the human of the Cerebral Cortex“ (pp. 221-240), and of monographs (accompanied with atlases of brain. Trudi Instituta Mozga 6:77-107 (in I.N. Filimonov on „Cortical Cytoarchitecture microphotographic plates) published by the Russian) – General Concepts. The Classification of the Institute, edited by Sarkisov & Filimonov, and Preobrazhenskaja NS (1948) The postnatal Architectonic Formations“ (pp. 11-32). entitled (in both French and Russian – but development of the occipital region in the published exclusively in Russian) as: human brain. Trudi Instituta Mozga 6:44-70 (in Finally, in 1955, they published the Russian Russian). cytoarchitectonic atlas of the human cerebral Les Travaux de l’Institut du Cerveau, Moscou: Shevchenko JG (1936) The variability of the cortex: Edition de l’Institut du cerveau / Trudi Instituta structure of the cerebral cortex. II. The inferior Mozga, Moskva: Izdanie Gosudarstvennogo parietal region of apes. Trudi Instituta Mozga Sarkisov SA, Filimonov IN, Kononova EP, Instituta Mozga. (Moscow) 2. Preobrazhenskaja NS, Kukuev LA (1955) Shevchenko JG (1938) The variability of the Cytoarchitectonic Atlas of the Human Cerebral The first 6 volumes (published between structure of the cerebral cortex. III. The inferior Cortex (Atlas citoarhitektoniki kori boljshogo 1935 and 1948) contain a number of seminal parietal region of monkeys. Trudi Instituta mozga cheloveka). Moscow: Medgiz – contributions: Mozga (Moscow) 3-4. gosudarstvennoe izdateljstvo medicinskoi Shevchenko JG (1940) The variability of the literaturi, 278pp + Atlas (in Russian). structure of the cerebral cortex. IV. The inferior Blinkov SM (1936) On the variability of the parietal region. The inferior parietal formation structure of the cerebral cortex. The basal The Atlas consists of the text volume (278pp) of the Hapale jachus. Trudi Instituta Mozga temporal region of the adult human. Trudi and a set of 203 large photomicrographic plates. (Moscow) 5:x-x. Instituta Mozga (Moscow) 2:77-153. (in After the Introduction (pp. 3-18) which contains Stankevich IA (1938) The postnatal Russian) Russian cytoarchitectonic map illustrated on development of the inferior parietal region

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drawings of lateral, medial, frontal, occipital, „Paleocortex, archicortex and intermediate in man, monkey and dog. The Journal of the dorsal and basal view of cerebral hemispheres, cortex, amygdala, claustrum“, and on pp. 174- Comparative Neurology 125:295-302. there are 10 descriptive chapters: I. N.S. 192 a chapter of E.P. Kononova „The frontal Filimonoff IN (1947) A rational subdivision of Preobrazhenskaja & I.N. Filimonov „The occipital region“). the cerebral cortex. Archives of Neurology and region“ (pp. 19-37 and Plates 1-17); II. I.A. Some of them also published important Psychiatry (Chicago) 58:296-311. Stankevich „The inferior parietal region“ (pp. monographs on selected topics: Filimonoff IN (1964) Homologies of the cerebral 38-54 and Plates 18-38); III. V.M. Minaeva „The formations of mammals and reptiles with 11 superior parietal region“ (pp. 55-67 and Plates Blinkov SM (1955) Structural Features of the Figures). Journal für Hirnforschung 7(2):229- 39-48); IV. A.A. Hachaturjan „The postcentral Human Cerebrum: The Temporal Region of 251. region“ (pp. 68-85 and Plates 49-59); V. L.A. Man and Primates. Moscow: Medgiz, 128pp (in Filimonoff IN (1965b) On the so-called Kukuev & A.A. Hachaturjan „The precentral Russian) Rhinencephalon in the dolphin. Journal für region“ (pp. 86-107 and Plates 60-70); VII. Filimonoff IN (1949) Comparative Hirnforschung 8:1-23. S.M. Blinkov „The temporal region“ (pp. 168- Anatomy of Mammalian Cerebral Cortex Filimonoff IN (1966) The claustrum, its origin 211 and Plates 120-158); VIII. I.A. Stankevich (Sravniteljnaja anatomija kori boljshogo and development (with 19 Figures). Journal für „The insular region“ (pp. 212-226 and Plates mozga mlekopitajoshih). Moscow: Edition of Hirnforschung 8(5-6):503-528. 159-171); IX. S.M. Blinkov „The limbic region“ the Academy of Medical Sciences, 158pp (in Preobrazhenskaja NS (1966) Die Russian). (pp. 227-238 and Plates 172-180); and X. I.N. zytoarchitektonischen Besonderheiten der Filimonov „Palaeocortex, Archicortex and Filimonovv IN (1963) The Comparative Rinde des Okzipitalgebietes und einiger Intermediate cortex“ (pp. 239-269 and Plates Anatomy of the Reptilian Brain. Moscow: subkortikaler Bildungen des Gehirns während Nauka (in Russian). der Entwicklung (Mit 13 Abbildungen). Journal 181-203). The text volume is concluded with für Hirnforschung 8(3):269-281. the list of all tables (pp. 270-278), the list Kononova EP (1962) Frontal region of the of abbreviations and one-page contents – cerebrum (Lobnaja oblast boljshogo mozga). Preobrazhenskaja MNS (1970/71) Leningrad: Medgiz, 176pp. (in Russian) Faserarchitektonik der Grosshirnrinde des but, curiously, contains no list of references Menschen (Mit 8 Abbildungen). Journal für (which were also not mentioned in the text Hirnforschung 12(6):439-448. itself). Selected publications of the Preobrazhenskaja NS, Kessarew WS, Russian architectonic school Stankewitsch IA, Minajewa WM (1973) Most of these authors also contributed chapters published after the World War Morphologische Gesetzmässigkeiten der in two books edited by S.A. Sarkisov: II and available in German or Evolution des Grosshirns (Mit 7 Abbildungen English: und 1 Tabelle). Zeitschrift für mikroskopisch- Sarkisov SA, ed (1961) The Structure and anatomische Forschung (Leipzig) 87(4):490- Functions of Analyzers During the Human 504. Ontogenesis (in Russian). Moscow: Medgiz. Blinkov SM, Glezer I (1968) The Human Brain Sarkisov SA (1960) The functional interpretation Sarkisov SA, ed (1965) Development of the in Figures and Tables. New York: The Plenum of certain morphological structures of cortex of Child’s Brain (Razvitie Mozga Rebenka). Press. the brain in the evolutionary aspect. In: Tower Moscow/Leningrad: Meditsina/Medgiz, in Blinkov SM, Ponomarev VS (1965) Quantitative DB, Schadé JP (Eds) Structure and Function of Russian (contains, on pp. 218-339, especially determinations of neurons and glial cells in the Cerebral Cortex. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. important chapter by Filimonov, entitled the nuclei of the facial and vestibular nerves 81-87.

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