Acta Neurochirurgica Supplements

Editor: H.-J. Reulen Assistant Editor: H.-J. Steiger 1. Klatzo

Cecile and Oskar Vogt: The Visionaries of Modern Neuroscience

In Collaboration with Gabriele Zu Rhein

Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement 80

Springer-V erlag Wien GmbH Prof. Df. Igor Klatzo Gaithersburg, MD, USA

Prof. Df. Gabriele Zu Rhein University of Wisconsin - Madison, Medical School, Madison, WI, USA

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Jacket illustrations: Ceeile Vogt, drawing by Gerd Aretz, reproduced from a stamp issued by Deutsehe Bundespost in 1989 within the series "Frauen der deutsehen Gesehiehte", eourtesy of Gerd Aretz; Oskar Vogt, drawing by Gustav A. Rieth, courtesy of Hedwig Rieth

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ISSN 0065-1419 ISBN 978-3-7091-7291-9 ISBN 978-3-7091-6141-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-6141-8 Contents

Curriculum Vitae...... VI Foreword by Marguerite Vogt...... IX Preface...... XI Acknowledgments...... XIII

Roads from Childhood to the Temples of Science Oskar...... 1 Krupps...... 7 Cecile...... 9

Meeting of Minds and Hearts in Paris ...... 11

Advancing Towards Objectives Through the Berlin Minefield Under the Mighty Shield of the Krupps "Neurological Center" ("Neurologische Zentralstation")...... 15 "Neurobiological Laboratory" ...... 18 Kaiser Wilhelm (K -W) Brain Research Institute ...... 22 Moscow Intermezzo...... 27

Reaching the Top: K-W Brain Research Institute in Berlin-Buch Profile and the Horizons of the K -W Berlin-Buch Institute...... 39 Head-On Collision of Ideologies...... 42

Transfer to a Small Arena Neustadt Before and During the War ...... 59 "The Liberation Day" ...... 64 Post-War Dreams and Realities ...... 66 Personal Memories ...... 71

Synopsis ...... 109 Epilogue ...... 117 References ...... 125 List of lliustrations ...... 130 Curriculum Vitae of Cecile and Oskar Vogt

Oskar Born: April 6th 1870 in Husum, Schleswig-Holstein Edu.: 1888-1890 University of Kie1 1890-1893 University of Jena (M.D.) 1893-1894 O. Binswanger's Clinic (Jena) 1894-1896 A. Fore1's Clinic (BurghOlzli) 1895 P. Flechsig's Clinic (Leipzig) 1896 (Meeting the Krupps) 1897-1898 1.J. Dejerine's Lab., Salpetriere (University of Paris).

Cecile Born: March 27th, 1875 in Annecy, Haute-Savoie Edu.: After passing baccalaureat es sciences: 1893-1899 Medical studies at University of Paris 1897 -1899 as "interne" at the Piere Marie's Clinic at Bicetre 1900 Doctorate from University of Paris, with the thesis "Etude sur la myelinisation des hemispheres cere• braux", dedicated to Oskar Vogt

Oskar & Cecile (married in March, 1899) 1899-1902 "Neurological Center" (Neurologische Zentralsta• tion). 1902-1914 Neurobiological Laboratory (Neurobiologisches Laboratorium) 1914-1937 Kaiser Wilhelm Brain Research Institute (Kaiser Wilhelm Institut fUr Hirnforschung) 1914-1931 at Magdeburger Strasse; 1931-1937 in Berlin-Buch 1925-1930 Directorship of the Brain Research Institute (Institut Mozga) in Moscow 1937-1959 Brain Research Institute, Neustadt/Schwarzwald (Institut fur Hirnforschung und allgemeine Biologie, Neustadt/Schwarzwald)

July 31th, 1959: Death of Oskar May 4th, 1962: Death of Cecile For my friend, Jerzy (George) Olszewski, whose brilliant career in brain research was th suddenly terminated on February 13 , 1964 by a tiny heart infarct in an otherwise perfectly healthy body

and

For Marguerite Vogt, whose friendship sustained my inspiration to write about her legendary parents

George (1913-1964) Marguerite at the Salk Institute (1998) Foreword by Marguerite Vogt

I first met Dr. Igor Klatzo at my parents' Institute for Neurobiology in Neustadt/Schwarzwald, Germany, in 1946. Since my departure from Neu• stadt for the United States in 1952, I had seen Igor only once, when he visited me at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, in the mid-fifties. Then, in the Fall of 1997, I had an unexpected visit from him in La Jolla. Igor told me that now, after retiring from the N.I.H., he would like to de• vote his time to writing a biography of my parents, Ct~cile and Oskar Vogt, and he asked whether I could contribute some personal memories to this undertaking. Although I was happy to see Dr. Klatzo again after so many years, I promptly expressed my reservations and hesitation at the suggestion of re• viving memories of my young years. While the years in my parents' home were rewarding and inspiring, there were also many painful memories of the Nazi time in Berlin and in Neustadt. The Nazi period and the immediate post-war years had been a traumatic period in my life, a period which I tried, as much as I could, to erase from my memory. Nonetheless, Igor was quite persuasive in describing the need for a pub• lication in which, by using the same "multidisciplinary approach" advo• cated by my father, the lives of Cecile an Oskar Vogt could be presented from different angles. Igor promised to illuminate the background and the nature of their various struggles aimed at maintaining a straight course in their scientific endeavors. He also convinced me that my personal memories of my parents would contribute to the presentation of them as real people. Klatzo intended to go beyond the dry obituaries and memorial articles, which in the past scrupulously listed the scientific accomplishments of my parents but left a void in understanding them as human beings. Thus, I agreed to provide him with some sketches of events in the lives of my parents, events of both a personal and scientific nature. These were re• corded during his three visits to La Jolla, where we spent many hours rem• iniscing about the old times. Many personal stories about my parents are thus included in this treatise, stories that are not really separable from the scientific environment in which the early developments of the neurosciences originated. I hope that recounting some of the events that surrounded the scientific work of my parents also contributes to a better understanding of their sci• entific outlook and objectives, which have been frequently misrepresented or even maligned by my father's numerous adversaries. x Foreword by Marguerite Vogt

The book describes the complex background in which early neuroscience research was pursued. The scientific work was carried out under the con• stant influence of the major political and ideological upheavals that beset Europe in the first half of the 20th century. Thanks to Igor Klatzo's efforts, the book dwells on the scientific aspects of early neurobiological research as it was intertwined with the human survival in a politically explosive atmo• sphere. The result is a thoroughly readable and accurate story that emphasizes the indivisibility of scientific research, the personalities involved and envi• ronment in which the work was pursued.

Marguerite Vogt M.D. The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California Preface

Human greatness has many connotations. Since the requirements for membership in this category are vague and poorly defined, admittance to the Mount Olympus is frequently erratic and subjective, especially in view of a wide "penumbra zone"* of border cases. Nevertheless, rising above a twilight zone of debatable cases, there are individuals whose right for mem• bership is unquestionable. In science, one of the unequivocal criteria for "greatness" relates to how far one's scientific achievement affects the opening ofnew horizons, and points to directions for future development and progress. Unveiling new visions can derive only from creative people who conceive original ideas and con• cepts, and who are daring enough to promote them against the indifference or opposition of the establishment. Maintaining the integrity and the faith to one's own ideals may require extraordinary strength of character, - up to courting persecution or even death, - as happened in the middle ages, and more recently, in the first half of this century with regard to Cecile and Os• kar Vogt, whose lives and accomplishments are described in this book. Thus the greatness of the Vogts is based both on their penetrating vision of the future for brain research and on the sterling quality of their character, which sustained a "test of fire" during the Nazi years in Germany. Although the Vogts' contributions to brain research have been amply de• scribed in a number of memorial and obituary articles, their lives in politi• cally tumultuous periods, filled with struggles for their aims, have remained largely unknown. F or this reason, the main aim of this book is dedicated primarily to fill this gap and to present to the scientific community, as live as possible, the picture of their personalities, in addition to the recognition of Cecile and Oskar Vogt's greatness in pioneering modern brain research. It is hoped that this account of the Vogts as living human beings, with struggles against the rigid rules of society, academia, political intolerance and suppression which al• lowed them to sail through vastly different periods of European history, might serve as an inspiration to young generations of neuroscientists. As pioneers of modern neuroscience, the Vogts played the decisive role in establishing brain research as a distinct branch of science, which relies on the application of multidisciplinary approaches to the solution of a particular

* Twilight zone. Biological tenn for a transition zone containing both irreversibly damaged and recuperatory cells. XII Preface problem. At the same time, they emphasized the role of genetics, so impor• tant now for the development, normal composition and function of brain tissue, as well as for the induction of pathological processes in the brain. The application of multidisciplinary approaches has found wide accep• tance and has led to the recognition of Neuroscience as a distinct field of science, uniting and representing various disciplines of neurological research. This was recognized by the establishment, in 1959, of the International Brain Research Organization (I.B.R.O.) of the United Nations, comprising all fields of brain research, and it was formalized over 30 years ago by the es• tablishment of the Society for Neuroscience, which flourished since its foun• dation, attracting nearly 30.000 participants to the recent annual meetings. The Vogts' most important contributions to Neuroscience are related primarily to their monumental work on brain architectonics, correlating the function of the brain with its structure, as well as their concept of pathoclisis (see pp. 26-28), which becomes currently most relevant for the interpreta• tion and elucidation of various neurobiological phenomena. The Vogts' ideas and theories, correctness of which is abundantly confirmed with the latest molecular biology approaches, are thus opening new horizons for understanding of the normal function and pathology of the human brain in Neuroscience. With the emphasis of this book on the personal lives and struggles of the Vogts, it should be remembered that people do not live on bread alone, and even legendary heroes have their vanities and foibles which have to be in• cluded to obtain a fully human portrait of their personality. It has been most fortunate that their daughter, Dr. Marguerite Vogt, has most gen• erously agreed to contribute some of her memories dealing with events and daily life, as seen from within the Vogt family. It is hoped that this will make the story of her great parents more com• prehensible and human. Acknowledgments

T he completion of this biography would not have been possible without the assistance and encouragement from several people and institutions, which I was fortunate to receive at appropriate periods during my writing. Professor Konstantin-Alexander (Peter) Hossmann, Director of the Max• Planck Institutefor Neurological Research in Cologne has been the man who initiated this undertaking, set me on the trail, and has been my guide in all matters concerning the collection of documentation in Germany. It was during the Cerebral Blood Flow & Cerebral Metabolism Sympo• sium in Cologne, June 1995 when Peter casually mentioned that the Max• Planck Society would be interested that I, as one of the very few surviving pupils of the Vogts, could contribute an essay on the fate and tribulations of the Vogts, particularly, during the Nazi period in Germany. I replied to Peter that I would be happy to write about the Vogts, but my own experience of Germany during Nazi times was confined to a two week attendance of the Olympic Games in Berlin in 1936. This conversation, held on a beautiful June day on the lawn of the Hoss• manns' residence, stirred in me unforgettable memories of the years I had spent with the Vogts in Neustadt, as well as a feeling of some disappoint• ment and indignation that the Vogts had not been receiving the recognition they fully deserve, particularly at the present time when their contributions to modem Neuroscience are becoming increasingly important and relevant. After owing so much to the Vogts for opening the doors to my career in brain research, I realized that it should be my duty to try to ameliorate the prevailing neglect and ignorance of their work. At the end of our conversation, I assured Peter that I would be willing to write about the Vogts, provided that I could review some relevant docu• mentation which should be obtainable from various archives in Germany. In parting, Peter mentioned that he would make further inquiries at the Max-Planck Society, and that he was rather optimistic about obtaining the Society's approval for my search for relevant documentation about the Vogts which should be located primarily in archives in Berlin and Dussel• dorf. Several months after this conversation, another event, most relevant to writing this book, took place, and this was my meeting Marguerite Vogt, whom I had not seen for more than 30 years, since my last visit in Pasadena, CA. While attending the International Brain Edema Symposium in San Di• ego, I had overheard someone mentioning that Marguerite was still working XIV Acknowledgments very actively at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, which is in a close vicinity to San Diego. So - a taxi ride, - and we both were overjoyed to see each other after many years. My visit with Marguerite was brief due to my heavy travel schedule, but most importantly to me, after some initial hesitation, she consented to help me with writing the biography of her parents and we made a date for my coming to La Jolla, in January, 1997, to put memories of her parents on tape. Altogether, I had three visits to La Jolla for "mem• ory sessions" with Marguerite. These "sessions" were held in her office at the Salk Institute, frequently in the presence of Dr. Martin Haas, a devoted friend who was always concerned about Marguerite's welfare. Occasionally, our meeting would take place in a restaurant overlooking the Pacific Ocean. With a discretely running tape recorder, I would ask Marguerite all kinds of things about her parents, and then I had to keep her answers focused on my questions, which was not always easy. In spite of her tendency to veer into different topics, mostly related to her work, some precious pearls of information about the personality of her parents dropped from time to time into the recorder. On such occasions, I was struck by how the simple authenticity of Marguerite's sometimes sketchy remarks so clearly illuminated the character and qualities of her parents. A similar feel• ing of being present as a witness was with me when I found revealing au• thentic documents in the archives, as I could almost visualize Oskar's facial expression when dictating a letter to Bielschowsky, or when he was report• ing to Max Planck the night-time Nazi raid on his Institute in Buch. I dedicate this book to Marguerite Vogt as an expression of my deep grat• itude for opening her memories to me, with the full awareness that without her participation it would not have been possible to write this biography in which the main emphasis is placed on the human qualities and character of her parents. Returning now to my main benefactor, namely to the Max-Planck Society - in December, 1996, I received a letter from the Society's headquarters in Munich, signed by Ms. Beatrice Fromm, Chief Administrative Officer, no• tifying me that the Society had approved my collecting of documentation of the Vogts in Germany, and providing me with an allowance for travel and living expenses. I remain deeply indebted to the Max-Planck Society for this most generous assistance which, unquestionably, was most essential in giving a real start to my undertaking. Most important for me was a free access to the Archives of the History of the Max-Planck Society, in Berlin-Dahlem, and to the O~cile & Oskar Vogt Archives of Dusseldorf University. In Berlin, the reading of the au• thentic letter exchanges between Oskar Vogt, Max Planck, Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Max Bielschowsky, Reichsminister of the Interior Wilhelm Frick, Count zu Raventlow and others filled me with awe, and my eyes were opened to the reality of life under the Nazi regime. While going through the files of the Max-Planck Archives in Berlin-Dahlem, I found there a friendly welcome and valuable assistance from Professor Eckart Henning, the Director of the Max-Planck Society Archives, and his associate, Dr. Marion Kazemi. Acknowledgments xv

In Dusseldorf, I received equally gracious assistance from Professor Adolf Hop!, successor to Oskar Vogt, and Professor Karl Zilles, the current di• rector of the C&O Vogt Brain Research Institute of Dusseldorf University. Quite soon after I began browsing through the documents in the C&O Vogt Archives, I was fortunate to find a jewel - a two page letter from Dr. Freudenberg to a small Nazi functionary in Neustadt which provided me with sufficient material to write the chapter "The Day of Liberation", re• ferring to the day on which the French troops entered Neustadt. In perusing the Vogts' private correspondence, I felt a lump in my throat when reading my own letter to Oskar Vogt, written in November, 1946, with gothic letters in which I was awkwardly asking him to accept me as a research fellow at his Neustadt Institute. My most helpful guide in the Dusseldorf archives was Dr. Ursula Grell, to whom I am also indebted for reading one of my early drafts of the manu• script, and for pointing out in her critical remarks the "fuzzy" definition of my aims, and a sometimes chronologically "sloppy" arrangement of the events. Gratefully accepting her criticism, I modified accordingly some parts in the later drafts of my manuscript. On other occasions during my visits to the C&O Vogt Institute in Dus• seldorf, I received valuable assistance from Dr. Katrin Amunts who gave me valuable hints and references concerning the correlation of modem func• tional imaging approaches with the cytoarchitectonic mapping by Brod• mann and the Vogts, whereas Mr. Peter Sillmann kindly provided me with photocopies of illustrations for consideration for this book. Designing a proper fit for the illustrations within the text of the manu• script required the use of a computer, and lowe my gratitude to Professor GUnter Mies, associate of Professor Hossmann at the Max-Planck Insitute in Cologne, who patiently introduced me to the "tricks of the trade" and was most helpful in all "computer problems" I encountered in writing this book. Being aware of the significance of the Krupp family in the Vogts' lives I was anxious to explore the Historical Krupp Archives, located at the Villa Hugel in Essen. Following a letter from Peter Hossmann to Dr. Gerhard Cromme, Chainnan of the Board of the Directors of the Krupp Enter• prises, (Fried. Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp) I promptly received pennission to visit the Krupp Archives located in the wing of the Villa Hugel, this most impressive palatial manor of the Krupp family where Dr. Renate Kohne• Lindenlaub, Curator of the Archives, instructed her representative, Mr. Herwig Muther, to provide any help I needed in locating files pertinent to the Vogts. I am also grateful to Dr. K6hne-Lindenlaub for her pennission to use the illustration from her book "Villa Hugel in Essen" (published by Deutscher Kunstverlag Munchen) depicting Oskar Vogt with the Krupp family. With limited time on my first visit, my reading was confined mostly to the period of Friedrich Albert and Margarethe Krupp to whom the Vogts owed so much in reaching the top in brain research. At the end of my visit, I was given a tour through the interior of the main building, the subdued splendor XVI Acknowledgments of which, similar to the Blenheim Palace, testifies to the importance and power of families such as the Krupps and Marlboroughs in their respective countries at the tum of the twentieth century. Collecting material on the Vogts in Germany has been like embarking on an exciting African safari, where one can never know what priceless trophy might be hiding behind the next hill. After accumulating a bag of "tro• phies", I was ready to start the "real writing", and I soon realized the dif• ficulties with which I was confronted. As a retiree, at home in Maryland and spending the winters in sunny Florida Keys, I was quite isolated from bibliographical sources, and, at the same time, I was frequently uncertain about the proper interpretation of some officially written letters and mem• oranda, collected in Germany. Here again, my good luck did not let me down, and I found most valu• able help from Professor Jurgen Peiffer. His excellent monograph on "Brain Research in Twilight ... " [1], in which he describes the role Professors Hallervorden and Ostertag played during Nazi time gave me a lot of infor• mation about the background of hostility between these two professors and the Vogts. Knowing Peiffer as a fellow neuropathologist for a long time, I could not resist bombarding him with questions about some points in his monograph which were not quite clear to me, and he eventually kindly consented to help me with interpreting various happenings during the Nazi times, which I found difficult to understand. Thus, I am deeply grateful to Professor Peiffer for most valuable supervision and corrections he so gen• erously provided during the writing of the manuscript. Another person, whose help and collaboration turned out to be very valuable for complete coverage of the Vogts' lives, was Professor Heinz Schulze, retired Head of the Department of Neurology, Charite Hospital, Humboldt University, Berlin, whom I met during my last visit with the Vogts in 1958. Professor Schulze was fortunate to secure a permission from the East German Government for a sabbatical year at the Vogts' Institute in Neustadt, which he left after the death of Oskar and departure of Ce• cile Vogt. To cover the last years of the Vogts' activity in Neustadt and the fate of their Institute, I asked Professor Schulze to co-author the "Epilogue" chapter, and I am grateful to him for his contribution which extends the story of the Vogts' lives and contributions into the present day. Being multilingual sometimes has the disadvantage of being not at home in any of the languages one is supposed to command. Thus, I felt, I needed editorial assistance from someone familiar with the terms used in brain research, who could correctly understand the logic of my statements, particularly those derived from my mental translations into English of German scientific texts or documents. Such a person would, ideally, have both a German and an American background in the neuro• logical sciences and an easy command of both languages. With my good luck, I found such a person in my esteemed colleague, Gabriele Zu Rhein, a Professor emeritus of Pathology (Neuropathology) at the University of Wisconsin, in Madison. Gabriele and I both survived World War II in Europe (she in Germany, I Acknowledgments XVII in Poland), we both graduated in medicine with the intention of continuing in the field of neurology, and, after some post-war years in Germany, we both landed on the American continent and pursued careers in brain re• search. I am indebted to Gabriele for her skill and dedication in improving to a great degree the readability of this book, and, also for the correction of certain errors in my descriptions of post-war Germany. Her knowledge of the German political and academic climate assisted me in portraying the country's atmosphere during the nineteen thirties and forties. During my visits to Germany, I was able to locate several people who were directly connected with the Brain Research Institute in Neustadt and who provided me with valuable information for my writing. I would like to mention first Cordula Nitsch (nee Hassler), Professor of Anatomy and Neuroanatomy at the University of Basel, Switzerland, and her husband, Frank Nitsch. They kindly arranged for me to meet Cordula's aunt, Ruth Hassler, who was "recruited" by Oskar Vogt from the Krupps' household, where she had been a companion of their youngest daughter, to work at his newly opened Brain Research Institute Berlin Buch. Remaining loyal to the Vogts, she followed them from Berlin to Neustadt and stayed until the end after their "banning" by the Nazis. Talking with Ruth Hassler from the perspective of her many years with the Vogts gave me a much better understanding of some critical periods in their lives. Another "rediscovery" among the Neustadt "alumni" was Dr. Waldtraut Frank (nee von Westhoven), whom I vividly remember from Neustadt as the always cheerful assistant helping Marguerite Vogt with her "flies". After graduation from medical school, Waldtraut pursued a strictly clinical career, marrying her classmate Dr. Karl-Theodor Frank. Both became internists and continue to pursue a successful and highly respected praxis in Freiburg/ Br. Meeting Waldtraut has refreshed many forgotten memories from Neu• stadt, whereas Karl-Theodor ("Kato"), being a linguist, went most metic• ulously through my manuscript and corrected a number of misspellings of German names and places. As one of my rediscovered "old Neustadt friends", I would like also to express my gratitude to Professor Lise/oue Gerhardt, who before her grad• uation from medical school, worked as an assistant at the Neustadt Insti• tute. After the Vogts's demise, she left and became a qualified pathologist and neuropathologist working under Professor Hubert Meessen, Director of the Pathological Institute of the Dusseldorf University, and later received the appointment as Chairman of the Department of Pathology and Neuro• pathology of Essen University. My visits to her home in Eifel, near the Mosel river, were always asso• ciated with lengthy and hearty reminiscences of "old Neustadt times", with Liselotte talking wittily about stories long forgotten or unknown to me. I would like also to express my thanks to myoId friend, Professor Lech Iwanowski, for supplying me with biographical data on Professor Max• imilian Rose and Jerzy Olszewski. Both Lech and I grew up in Vilnius, the present capital of Lithuania, and shared many threatening moments during the war in Eastern Poland. After the war, I soon left for the West, whereas XVIII Acknowledgments

Lech remained in Poland. After working at the Research Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences and receiving fellowships for neurological re• search in the U.S. and Canada, he became a prominent neuropathologist, highly respected in his country and abroad. I am indebted to Frau Hedwig Rieth for her generous permission to use in my book the striking drawing of Oskar Vogt done by her late husband, Dr. Gustav Adolf Rieth, in 1958 in Neustadt, which, in my opinion, reveals most truthfully the character of the man. Last but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Mary M. Herman-Rubinstein, retired Professor of Pathology (Neuropathology) from the Universities of Stanford and of Virginia, currently Senior Staff Scientist at the N.I.H., who is my close friend and neighbor, domiciled in Gaithers• burg, Maryland. She has continuously encouraged me, and has always been ready, when needed, with all kinds of assistance in my writing. She has ob• tained for me some important references from the N.I.H. libraries, and has always agreed to read the first, roughly written pages of my manuscript and to provide her prompt corrections and suggestions.