DOCSLIB.ORG

Foreword by Marguerite Vogt

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Foreword by Marguerite Vogt Acta Neurochirurgica Supplements Editor: H.-J. Reulen Assistant Editor: H.-J. Steiger 1. Klatzo Cecile and Oskar Vogt: The Visionaries of Modern Neuroscience In Collaboration with Gabriele Zu Rhein Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement 80 Springer-V erlag Wien GmbH Prof. Df. Igor Klatzo Gaithersburg, MD, USA Prof. Df. Gabriele Zu Rhein University of Wisconsin - Madison, Medical School, Madison, WI, USA This work is subject to copyright. AII rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concemed, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machines ar similar means, and storage in data banks. Printing was supparted by Max-Planck-Institut fUr neurologische Forschung, Kiiln, and Merck KGaA, Darmstadt © 2002 Springer-Verlag Wien Originally published by Springer-Verlag Wien New York in 2002 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2002 Product Liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for ali the information contained in this book. This does also refer to information about drug dosage and application thereof. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceuticalliterature. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant proteetive laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: Aseo Typesetters, Hong Kong Jacket illustrations: Ceeile Vogt, drawing by Gerd Aretz, reproduced from a stamp issued by Deutsehe Bundespost in 1989 within the series "Frauen der deutsehen Gesehiehte", eourtesy of Gerd Aretz; Oskar Vogt, drawing by Gustav A. Rieth, courtesy of Hedwig Rieth SPIN: 10867771 With 14 Figures CIP data supplied for ISSN 0065-1419 ISBN 978-3-7091-7291-9 ISBN 978-3-7091-6141-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-6141-8 Contents Curriculum Vitae................................................................... VI Foreword by Marguerite Vogt................................................... IX Preface............................................................................... XI Acknowledgments. .. XIII Roads from Childhood to the Temples of Science Oskar.............................................................................. 1 Krupps............................................................................ 7 Cecile.............................................................................. 9 Meeting of Minds and Hearts in Paris ........................................ 11 Advancing Towards Objectives Through the Berlin Minefield Under the Mighty Shield of the Krupps "Neurological Center" ("Neurologische Zentralstation")..... ........ 15 "Neurobiological Laboratory" .............................................. 18 Kaiser Wilhelm (K -W) Brain Research Institute ........................ 22 Moscow Intermezzo............................................................ 27 Reaching the Top: K-W Brain Research Institute in Berlin-Buch Profile and the Horizons of the K -W Berlin-Buch Institute........... 39 Head-On Collision of Ideologies............................................ 42 Transfer to a Small Arena Neustadt Before and During the War .................................... .. 59 "The Liberation Day" ........................................................ 64 Post-War Dreams and Realities ............................................ 66 Personal Memories ............................................................ 71 Synopsis ............................................................................. 109 Epilogue ............................................................................. 117 References .......................................................................... 125 List of lliustrations ............................................................... 130 Curriculum Vitae of Cecile and Oskar Vogt Oskar Born: April 6th 1870 in Husum, Schleswig-Holstein Edu.: 1888-1890 University of Kie1 1890-1893 University of Jena (M.D.) 1893-1894 O. Binswanger's Clinic (Jena) 1894-1896 A. Fore1's Clinic (BurghOlzli) 1895 P. Flechsig's Clinic (Leipzig) 1896 (Meeting the Krupps) 1897-1898 1.J. Dejerine's Lab., Salpetriere (University of Paris). Cecile Born: March 27th, 1875 in Annecy, Haute-Savoie Edu.: After passing baccalaureat es sciences: 1893-1899 Medical studies at University of Paris 1897 -1899 as "interne" at the Piere Marie's Clinic at Bicetre 1900 Doctorate from University of Paris, with the thesis "Etude sur la myelinisation des hemispheres cere­ braux", dedicated to Oskar Vogt Oskar & Cecile (married in March, 1899) 1899-1902 "Neurological Center" (Neurologische Zentralsta­ tion). 1902-1914 Neurobiological Laboratory (Neurobiologisches Laboratorium) 1914-1937 Kaiser Wilhelm Brain Research Institute (Kaiser Wilhelm Institut fUr Hirnforschung) 1914-1931 at Magdeburger Strasse; 1931-1937 in Berlin-Buch 1925-1930 Directorship of the Brain Research Institute (Institut Mozga) in Moscow 1937-1959 Brain Research Institute, Neustadt/Schwarzwald (Institut fur Hirnforschung und allgemeine Biologie, Neustadt/Schwarzwald) July 31th, 1959: Death of Oskar May 4th, 1962: Death of Cecile For my friend, Jerzy (George) Olszewski, whose brilliant career in brain research was th suddenly terminated on February 13 , 1964 by a tiny heart infarct in an otherwise perfectly healthy body and For Marguerite Vogt, whose friendship sustained my inspiration to write about her legendary parents George (1913-1964) Marguerite at the Salk Institute (1998) Foreword by Marguerite Vogt I first met Dr. Igor Klatzo at my parents' Institute for Neurobiology in Neustadt/Schwarzwald, Germany, in 1946. Since my departure from Neu­ stadt for the United States in 1952, I had seen Igor only once, when he visited me at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, in the mid-fifties. Then, in the Fall of 1997, I had an unexpected visit from him in La Jolla. Igor told me that now, after retiring from the N.I.H., he would like to de­ vote his time to writing a biography of my parents, Ct~cile and Oskar Vogt, and he asked whether I could contribute some personal memories to this undertaking. Although I was happy to see Dr. Klatzo again after so many years, I promptly expressed my reservations and hesitation at the suggestion of re­ viving memories of my young years. While the years in my parents' home were rewarding and inspiring, there were also many painful memories of the Nazi time in Berlin and in Neustadt. The Nazi period and the immediate post-war years had been a traumatic period in my life, a period which I tried, as much as I could, to erase from my memory. Nonetheless, Igor was quite persuasive in describing the need for a pub­ lication in which, by using the same "multidisciplinary approach" advo­ cated by my father, the lives of Cecile an Oskar Vogt could be presented from different angles. Igor promised to illuminate the background and the nature of their various struggles aimed at maintaining a straight course in their scientific endeavors. He also convinced me that my personal memories of my parents would contribute to the presentation of them as real people. Klatzo intended to go beyond the dry obituaries and memorial articles, which in the past scrupulously listed the scientific accomplishments of my parents but left a void in understanding them as human beings. Thus, I agreed to provide him with some sketches of events in the lives of my parents, events of both a personal and scientific nature. These were re­ corded during his three visits to La Jolla, where we spent many hours rem­ iniscing about the old times. Many personal stories about my parents are thus included in this treatise, stories that are not really separable from the scientific environment in which the early developments of the neurosciences originated. I hope that recounting some of the events that surrounded the scientific work of my parents also contributes to a better understanding of their sci­ entific outlook and objectives, which have been frequently misrepresented or even maligned by my father's numerous adversaries. x Foreword by Marguerite Vogt The book describes the complex background in which early neuroscience research was pursued. The scientific work was carried out under the con­ stant influence of the major political and ideological upheavals that beset Europe in the first half of the 20th century. Thanks to Igor Klatzo's efforts, the book dwells on the scientific aspects of early neurobiological research as it was intertwined with the human survival in a politically explosive atmo­ sphere. The result is a thoroughly readable and accurate story that emphasizes the indivisibility of scientific research, the personalities involved and envi­ ronment in which the work was pursued. Marguerite Vogt M.D. The Salk Institute, La Jolla, California Preface Human greatness has many connotations. Since the requirements for membership in this category are vague and poorly defined, admittance to the Mount Olympus is frequently erratic and subjective, especially in view of a wide "penumbra zone"* of border cases. Nevertheless, rising above a twilight zone of debatable cases, there are individuals whose right for mem­ bership is unquestionable. In science, one of the unequivocal criteria for "greatness" relates to how far one's scientific achievement affects the opening ofnew horizons, and points to directions for future development and progress. Unveiling new visions can derive only from
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Neuroscience in Nazi Europe Part II: Resistance Against the Third Reich Lawrence A
    HISTORICAL REVIEW Neuroscience in Nazi Europe Part II: Resistance against the Third Reich Lawrence A. Zeidman ABSTRACT: Previously, I mentioned that not all neuroscientists collaborated with the Nazis, who from 1933 to 1945 tried to eliminate neurologic and psychiatric disease from the gene pool. Oskar and Cécile Vogt openly resisted and courageous ly protested against the Nazi regime and its policies, and have been discussed previously in the neurology literature. Here I discuss Alexander Mitscherlich, Haakon Saethre, Walther Spielmeyer, Jules Tinel, and Johannes Pompe. Other neuroscientists had ambivalent roles, including Hans Creutzfeldt, who has been discussed previously. Here, I discuss Max Nonne, Karl Bonhoeffer, and Oswald Bumke. The neuroscientists who resisted had different backgrounds and moti vations that likely influenced their behavior, but this group undoubtedly saved lives of colleagues, friends, and patients, or at least prevented forced sterilizations. By recognizing and understanding the actions of these heroes of neuroscience, we pay homage and realize how ethics and morals do not need to be compromised even in dark times. RÉSUMÉ: Neuroscience en Europe sous domination nazie, 2e partie : résistance contre le Troisième Reich. J’ai mentionné antéri eurement que tous les neuroscientifiques n’avaient pas collaboré avec les nazis qui, de 1933 à 1945, ont tenté d’éliminer la maladie neurologique et psychiatrique du patrimoine génétique. Oskar et Cécile Vogt se sont opposés ouvertement et ont protesté courageusement contre le régime nazi et ses politiques. Ce sujet a déjà été exposé dans la littérature neurologique. Je discute ici d’Alexander Mitscherlich, de Haakon Saethre, de Walther Spielmeyer, de Jules Tinel et de Johannes Pompe.
    [Show full text]
  • Außenseiter: Cécile Und Oskar Vogts Hirnforschung Um 1900 Satzinger, Helga 2011
    Repositorium für die Geschlechterforschung Außenseiter: Cécile und Oskar Vogts Hirnforschung um 1900 Satzinger, Helga 2011 https://doi.org/10.25595/241 Veröffentlichungsversion / published version Sammelbandbeitrag / collection article Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Satzinger, Helga: Außenseiter: Cécile und Oskar Vogts Hirnforschung um 1900, in: Bleker, Johanna; Hulverscheidt, Marion; Lenning, Petra (Hrsg.): Visiten. Berliner Impulse zur Entwicklung der modernen Medizin (Berlin: Kulturverlag Kadmos, 2011), 179-195. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25595/241. Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY 4.0 Lizenz (Namensnennung) This document is made available under a CC BY 4.0 License zur Verfügung gestellt. Nähere Auskünfte zu dieser Lizenz finden (Attribution). For more information see: Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.de www.genderopen.de Johanna Bleker, Marion Hulverscheidt, Petra Lennig (Hg.) Visiten Berliner Impulse zur Entwicklung der modernen Medizin Mit Beiträgen von Thomas Beddies, Johanna Bleker, Gottfried Bogusch, Miriam Eilers, Christoph Gradmann, Rainer Herrn, Petra Lennig, Ilona Marz, Helga Satzinger, Heinz-Peter Schmiedebach und Thomas Schnalke Kulturverlag Kadmos Berlin Inhalt Vorwort . 7 Einleitung . 9 Auf dem Weg zur naturwissenschaftlichen Medizin 1810–1870 Heinz-Peter Schmiedebach Grenzverschiebungen. Zur Berliner Psychiatrie im 19. Jahrhundert................ 19 Ilona Marz Stiefkind der Medizin? Die Anfänge der akademischen Zahnheilkunde in Berlin ............................... 37 Petra Lennig Benötigen Ärzte Philosophie? Die Diskussion um das Philosophicum 1825−1861 . 55 Gottfried Bogusch Wissenschaftler, Lehrer, Sammler. Der erste Berliner Universitätsanatom Karl Asmund Rudolphi.. 73 Johanna Bleker »Schönlein ist angekommen!« Der Begründer der klinischen Methode in Berlin 1840−1859.................. 89 Thomas Schnalke Die Zellenfrage.
    [Show full text]
  • Oskar Vogt: the First Myeloarchitectonic Map Of
    Communication • DOI: 10.2478/v10134-010-0005-z • Translational Neuroscience • 1(1) • 2010 • 72–94 Translational Neuroscience OSKAR VOGT: THE FIRST MYELOARCHITECTONIC MAP OF Miloš Judaš1 THE HUMAN FRONTAL CORTEX Maja Cepanec1,2 Abstract 1University of Zagreb School of The aim of this paper is threefold: (a) to provide the translation in English of Oskar Vogt’s seminal 1910 paper Medicine, Croatian Institute for Brain describing the first myeloarchitectonic map of the human frontal cortex, introduced by a brief historical review Research, Šalata 12, 10000 Zagreb, of Cécile & Oskar Vogt’s contribution to neuroscience; (b) to provide an annotated bibliography of major works of Croatia cortical cytoarchitectonics and myeloarchitectonics in the tradition of the Brodmann-Vogt architectonic school 2University of Zagreb, Faculty of (Supplement 2); and (c) to provide an annotated bibliography of major works of the Russian architectonic school Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Speech and which was founded by Oskar Vogt (Supplement 3). Language Pathology, Developmental Neurolinguistics Lab, 10000 Zagreb, Keywords Croatia Brodmann-Vogt architectonic school • cytoarchictonics • myeloarchitectonics cerebral cortex • Russian architectonic school • history of neuroscience Received 04 March 2010 © Versita Sp. z o.o. Accepted 20 March 2010 1. Introduction (the chief of the university psychiatric clinic) In the Spruce Mountains (Fichtelbirge) who firmly believed that mental disorders had region, there was an exclusive resort called Cécile and Oskar Vogt were pioneers of an anatomical basis. Oskar Vogt graduated as Alexandersbad, and in the summer of 1896 modern neuroscience who opened new a physician in 1893, and in 1894 obtained his Vogt accepted position there as a physician horizons and pointed to directions for future doctorate in medicine from Jena University, to (Kurarzt).
    [Show full text]
  • Nikolay Vladimirovich Timofeeff-Ressovsky (1900-1981
    Copyright 2001 by the Genetics Society of America Perspectives Anecdotal, Historical and Critical Commentaries on Genetics Edited by James F. Crow and William F. Dove Nikolay Vladimirovich Timofeeff-Ressovsky (1900±1981): Twin of the Century of Genetics Vadim A. Ratner Institute of Cytology & Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia Don't treat science with savage seriousness. N. V. Timofeeff-Ressovsky ikolay Vladimirovich Timofeeff-Ressovsky born Moscow University, participated in various intellectual N September 7, 1900, would now be 100 years old. circles, sang as a ®rst bass in the Moscow military chorus, He was of the same age as the ªCentury of Genetics.º was a load-carrying worker, and ®nished Moscow Univer- This is especially notable now, at the border between sity in 1922. Later he talked about this grim period two millennia, ªa time to cast away stones, and a time (Timofeeff-Ressovsky 2000, p. 106): ªI think, never- to gather stones together.º It is remarkable that the theless, that all in all the life was merry±very few hungry, personality and fate of Nikolay V. Timofeeff-Ressovsky, very few frozen. Rather, people were young, healthy, N.V., re¯ect the most crucial, tragic, and dramatic events and vigorous.º of the century. In 1922 N.V. began his work as a scientist at the Insti- N. V.'s roots were in the nineteenth century, in Rus- tute of Experimental Biology with Professor N. K. Kolt- sian history and classics. His genealogy is living Russian sov. Nikolay Konstantinovich Koltsov was an outstanding history: It contains the Cossaks of the legendary Cossak ®gure in Russian biological science.
    [Show full text]
  • In Retrospect: Brodmann's Brain
    OPINION NATURE|Vol 461|15 October 2009 In Retrospect: Brodmann’s brain map A classic neurology text written 100 years ago still provides the core principles for linking the anatomy of the cerebral cortex to its functions today, explains Jacopo Annese. Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex Using a microscope designed for the purpose, discuss these towards the end. Some of his by Korbinian Brodmann he undertook meticulous examinations of peers were more forthright about labelling First published 1909 (in German). cortical tissue from the brains of humans and cortical regions according to function, notably many other mammals, the results of which the Australian-born neurologist A. W. Camp- enabled him to construct his map of the human bell, who used clinical evidence with results The development of advanced magnetic cortex. The map looks simple, yet the book from physiological experiments and anatomi- resonance imaging techniques over the past makes it clear it is based on a monumental cal analysis to make his case. Still, Brodmann’s 30 years has heralded today’s ‘golden age’ of analytical effort. His exquisite powers of obser- objective approach has ensured that his maps human brain mapping. Yet in the quest to chart vation and great attention to detail transform have endured, eclipsing others of the time such structural and functional subdivisions in the for the reader the tedium of scientific annota- as Campbell’s. brain, and in the cerebral cortex in particular, tion into an exercise in anatomical voyeurism. Another of Brodmann’s long-lasting the first quarter of the twentieth century was achievements documented in the book is his at least as momentous.
    [Show full text]
  • Genes and Men
    Genes and Men 50 Years of Research at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics Genes and Men 50 Years of Research at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics contents 4 Preface martin vingron 6 Molecular biology in Germany in the founding period of the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics hans-jörg rheinberger 16 some questions to olaf pongs und volkmar braun 18 From the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics to the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics carola sachse 32 some questions to kenneth timmis und reinhard lührmann 34 Remembering Heinz Schuster and 30 years of the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics karin moelling 48 some questions to regine kahmann und klaus bister 50 Ribosome research at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics in Berlin-Dahlem – The Wittmann era knud h. nierhaus 60 some questions to tomas pieler und albrecht bindereif 62 “ I couldn’t imagine anything better.” thomas a. trautner interviewed by ralf hahn 74 some questions to claus scheidereit und adam antebi 76 50 years of research at the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics – The transition towards human genetics karl sperling 90 some questions to ann ehrenhofer-murray und andrea vortkamp 92 Genome sequencing and the pathway from gene sequences to personalized medicine russ hodge 106 some questions to edda klipp und ulrich stelzl 108 Transformation of biology to an information science jens g. reich 120 some questions to sylvia krobitsch und sascha sauer 122 Understanding the rules behind genes catarina pietschmann 134 some questions to ho-ryun chung und ulf ørom 136 Time line about the development of molecular biology and the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics 140 Imprint preface research in molecular biology and genetics has undergone a tremen- dous development since the middle of the last century, marked in particular by the discovery of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick and the interpretation of the genetic code by Holley, Khorana and Nirenberg.
    [Show full text]
  • Human Pallidothalamic and Cerebellothalamic Tracts: Anatomical Basis for Functional Stereotactic Neurosurgery
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Springer - Publisher Connector Brain Struct Funct (2008) 212:443–463 DOI 10.1007/s00429-007-0170-0 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Human pallidothalamic and cerebellothalamic tracts: anatomical basis for functional stereotactic neurosurgery Marc N. Gallay Æ Daniel Jeanmonod Æ Jian Liu Æ Anne Morel Received: 7 September 2007 / Accepted: 20 December 2007 / Published online: 10 January 2008 Ó The Author(s) 2008 Abstract Anatomical knowledge of the structures to be two tracts in the subthalamic region, (3) the possibility to targeted and of the circuitry involved is crucial in stereo- discriminate between different subthalamic fibre tracts on tactic functional neurosurgery. The present study was the basis of immunohistochemical stainings, (4) correla- undertaken in the context of surgical treatment of motor tions of histologically identified fibre tracts with high- disorders such as essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson’s resolution MRI, and (5) evaluation of the interindividual disease (PD) to precisely determine the course and three- variability of the fibre systems in the subthalamic region. dimensional stereotactic localisation of the cerebellotha- This study should provide an important basis for accurate lamic and pallidothalamic tracts in the human brain. The stereotactic neurosurgical targeting of the subthalamic course of the fibre tracts to the thalamus was traced in the region in motor disorders such as PD and ET. subthalamic region using multiple staining procedures and their entrance into the thalamus determined according to Keywords Basal ganglia Á Thalamus Á Motor disorders Á our atlas of the human thalamus and basal ganglia [Morel Essential tremor Á Parkinson’s disease (2007) Stereotactic atlas of the human thalamus and basal ganglia.
    [Show full text]
  • Pierre Buser 118
    EDITORIAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE Marina Bentivoglio Duane E. Haines Edward A. Kravitz Louise H. Marshall Aryeh Routtenberg Thomas Woolsey Lawrence Kruger (Chairperson) The History of Neuroscience in Autobiography VOLUME 3 Edited by Larry R. Squire ACADEMIC PRESS A Harcourt Science and Technology Company San Diego San Francisco New York Boston London Sydney Tokyo This book is printed on acid-free paper. (~ Copyright © 2001 by The Society for Neuroscience All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Requests for permission to make copies of any part of the work should be mailed to: Permissions Department, Harcourt Inc., 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, Florida 32887-6777 Academic Press A Harcourt Science and Technology Company 525 B Street, Suite 1900, San Diego, California 92101-4495, USA http://www.academicpress.com Academic Press Harcourt Place, 32 Jamestown Road, London NW1 7BY, UK http://www.academicpress.com Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 96-070950 International Standard Book Number: 0-12-660305-7 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 01 02 03 04 05 06 SB 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Contents Morris H. Aprison 2 Brian B. Boycott 38 Vernon B. Brooks 76 Pierre Buser 118 Hsiang-Tung Chang 144 Augusto Claudio Guillermo Cuello 168 Robert W. Doty 214 Bernice Grafstein 246 Ainsley Iggo 284 Jennifer S. Lund 312 Patrick L. McGeer and Edith Graef McGeer 330 Edward R.
    [Show full text]
  • Webb Haymaker Founders of Neurology Archive, 1946-1978
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt287035hx No online items Webb Haymaker Founders of Neurology archive, 1946-1978 Processed by Staff of the UCLA History and Special Collections Division for the Sciences. Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library History and Special Collections for the Sciences History and Special Collections Division for the Sciences UCLA 12-077 Center for Health Sciences Box 951798 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1798 Phone: 310/825-6940 Fax: 310/825-0465 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.library.ucla.edu/libraries/biomed/his/ ©2010 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. Webb Haymaker Founders of 421 1 Neurology archive, 1946-1978 Descriptive Summary Title: Webb Haymaker Founders of Neurology archive, Date (inclusive): 1946-1978 Collection number: 421 Creator: Haymaker, Webb, M.D. 1902-1984 Extent: 9.33 linear ft., 8 cartons plus 1 lantern slide box, 573 folders, 10 lantern slides Repository: University of California, Los Angeles. Library. Louise M. Darling Biomedical Library History and Special Collections for the Sciences Los Angeles, California 90095-1490 Abstract: Much of this collection consists of correspondence, texts, and photographs created and gathered for an exhibit about individuals important in the history of basic and clinical neuroscience. The materials of this multi-authored, international endeavor were expanded, under leadership and editing by Webb Haymaker and backing by the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and the Army Medical Library, U.S.A., into a printed volume of 133 biographical sketches, portraits, and short bibliographies, titled The Founders of Neurology . The Haymaker archive also contains over 700 portraits of the attendees at the 4th International Congress of Neurology, Paris, 1949, for which the original exhibit was created, plus portraits of numerous other individuals of interest to Haymaker.
    [Show full text]
  • A Dual Larynx Motor Networks Hypothesis 1 Michel
    1 A dual larynx motor networks hypothesis 2 Michel Belyk1, Nicole Eichert2, Carolyn McGettigan1 3 4 1Department of Speech Hearing and Phonetic Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom 5 2Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield 6 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom 7 8 RUNNING TITLE: Dual laryngeal network hypothesis 9 Keywords: larynx, somatotopy, motor system, brain evolution, cerebellum, supplementary motor area 10 11 12 [This is a pre-print to an article Accepted at Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B] 13 14 15 Correspondence to: 16 Michel Belyk, Ph.D. 17 Speech Hearing and Phonetic Sciences 18 University College London 19 London, United Kingdom 20 e-mail: [email protected] Belyk et al. preprint 2 21 Abstract 22 23 Humans are vocal modulators par excellence. This ability is supported in part by the dual representation of the 24 laryngeal muscles in the motor cortex. Movement, however, is not the product of motor cortex alone but of a 25 broader motor network. This network consists of brain regions which contain somatotopic maps that parallel 26 the organisation in motor cortex. We therefore present a novel hypothesis that the dual laryngeal 27 representation is repeated throughout the broader motor network. In support of the hypothesis we review 28 existing literature which demonstrates the existence of network-wide somatotopy, and present initial evidence 29 for the hypothesis’ plausibility. Understanding how this uniquely human phenotype in motor cortex interacts 30 with broader brain networks is an important step toward understanding how humans evolved the ability to 31 speak.
    [Show full text]
  • Bigbrain 3D Atlas of Cortical Layers: Cortical and Laminar Thickness Gradients Diverge in Sensory and Motor Cortices
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/580597; this version posted December 10, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 BigBrain 3D atlas of cortical layers: cortical and laminar thickness gradients diverge in sensory and motor cortices 1,2,3 4 4 1 Konrad Wagstyl* ,​ Stéphanie Larocque ,​ Guillem Cucurull ,​ Claude Lepage ,​ ​ 4 5 ​ ​ 5,6 ​ 1 Joseph Paul Cohen ,​ Sebastian Bludau ,​ Nicola Palomero-Gallagher ,​ Lindsay B. Lewis ,​ 1 ​ 5 ​ 5 2 ​ 4,7 ​ Thomas Funck ,​ Hannah Spitzer ,​ Timo Dicksheid ,​ Paul C Fletcher ,​ Adriana Romero ,​ Karl 5 ​ 5,8 ​ 4 ​ 1 ​ ​ Zilles ,​ Katrin Amunts ,​ Yoshua Bengio ,​ Alan C. Evans ​ ​ ​ ​ 1. McGill Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal, Canada, H3A 2B4 2. Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, CB2 0SZ 3. Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK, WC1N 3AR 4. MILA, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada, H2S 3H1 5. Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Germany, 52425 6. Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52074 Aachen 7. Department of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, Canada, H3A 0E9 8. Cecile und Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany, 40225 Corresponding Author: Konrad Wagstyl, [email protected], Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, 12 Queen Square, LONDON WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/580597; this version posted December 10, 2019.
    [Show full text]
  • Microstructural Parcellation of the Human Cerebral Cortex – from Brodmann’S Post-Mortem Map to in Vivo Mapping with High-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    PERSPECTIVE ARTICLE published: 18 February 2011 HUMAN NEUROSCIENCE doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00019 Microstructural parcellation of the human cerebral cortex – from Brodmann’s post-mortem map to in vivo mapping with high-field magnetic resonance imaging Stefan Geyer*, Marcel Weiss, Katja Reimann, Gabriele Lohmann and Robert Turner Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany Edited by: The year 2009 marked the 100th anniversary of the publication of the famous brain map of Patrik Vuilleumier, University Medical Korbinian Brodmann. Although a “classic” guide to microanatomical parcellation of the cerebral Center and University Hospital Geneva, Switzerland cortex, it is – from today’s state-of-the-art neuroimaging perspective – problematic to use Reviewed by: Brodmann’s map as a structural guide to functional units in the cortex. In this article we discuss Katrin Amunts, Aachen University, some of the reasons, especially the problematic compatibility of the “post-mortem world” of Germany microstructural brain maps with the “in vivo world” of neuroimaging. We conclude with some *Correspondence: prospects for the future of in vivo structural brain mapping: a new approach which has the Stefan Geyer, Department of enormous potential to make direct correlations between microstructure and function in living Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, human brains: “in vivo Brodmann mapping” with high-field magnetic resonance imaging. Stephanstrasse 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Keywords: brain map, cortical areas, cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture, quantitative T1 map Germany. e-mail: [email protected] Around the turn of the twentieth century, several neuroanatomists, A major goal of Brodmann was to elucidate the evolutionary among them Alfred Walter Campbell, Grafton Elliot Smith, background of structural differentiation in the cortex.
    [Show full text]