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Deception in Sport: a Conceptual and Ethical Analysis

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Deception in Sport: a Conceptual and Ethical Analysis Deception in Sport: A Conceptual and Ethical Analysis Adam Pfleegor Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree Master of Arts in Applied Health Sciences (Health & Physical Education) Supervisor: Dr. Danny Rosenberg Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario Adam Pfleegor © December, 2010 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................4 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................5 Chapter I: Introduction .................................................................................................................6 Introduction and Overview ..........................................................................................................6 Theoretical Foundations.............................................................................................................19 Main Questions ..........................................................................................................................25 Rationale and Need for the Study ..............................................................................................26 Limitations and Delimitations ....................................................................................................27 Chapter Development ................................................................................................................29 Chapter II: Theoretical Foundations of the Philosophy of Sport ............................................33 Introduction ................................................................................................................................33 Formalism ..................................................................................................................................35 Conventionalism ........................................................................................................................40 Broad Internalism.......................................................................................................................50 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................................................................55 Chapter III: A Taxonomy of Deception in Competitive Sport ................................................57 Introduction ................................................................................................................................57 Deception in Sport .....................................................................................................................58 Extra-Lusory Deception versus Intra-Lusory Deception ...........................................................60 Extra-Lusory Deception .............................................................................................................61 Intra-Lusory Deception ..............................................................................................................67 Sport Skill-Based Deception ......................................................................................................69 Constitutive Deception...............................................................................................................70 Restorative Deception ................................................................................................................73 Non-Sport Skill-Based Intra-Lusory Deception ........................................................................76 Gamesmanship ...........................................................................................................................77 Verbal Sport Deception ..............................................................................................................80 Non-Athletic Physical Skill Deception ......................................................................................82 Concluding Remarks ..................................................................................................................83 3 Chapter IV: The Ethical Status of Deceptive Acts in Competitive Sport ...............................85 Introduction ................................................................................................................................85 Extra-Lusory Deception .............................................................................................................86 Injurious Extra-Lusory Deception .............................................................................................87 Destructive Extra-Lusory Deception .........................................................................................89 Intra-Lusory Deception ..............................................................................................................91 Constitutive Deception...............................................................................................................92 Restorative Deception ................................................................................................................94 Non-Sport Skill-Based Intra-Lusory Deception ........................................................................97 Gamesmanship ...........................................................................................................................98 Verbal Sport Deception ............................................................................................................102 Non-Athletic Physical Skill Deception ....................................................................................106 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................................108 Chapter V: Summary and Conclusions ...................................................................................111 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 111 Summary .................................................................................................................................. 112 Conclusions ..............................................................................................................................120 Contributions............................................................................................................................127 Suggestions for Further Research ............................................................................................130 References ....................................................................................................................................134 4 Acknowledgements I would like to extend my most sincere gratitude to my adviser, Dr. Danny Rosenberg. His extreme dedication, ethical and editorial expertise, and most importantly patience were critical in the completion of this thesis. Without the long hours of help, encouragement, countless meetings and long distance e-mails, I would not have been able to produce the work I am so proud of today and for that, I am deeply indebted. In addition I would like to thank my other committee members, Dr. Ian Ritchie, Dr. Phil Sullivan and Dr. Doug Hochstetler for their time commitment and helpful suggestions along the way. I would also like to thank the Faculty of Applied Health Sciences for the opportunity to complete my MA at Brock University while holding a teaching assistantship. A very special thanks to Dr. Cesar Torres and Dr. Peter Hager for their support and encouragement over the years. Without their guidance, expertise and friendship, I would not be on the same academic level I am today. It is quite possible my academic career would have come to an end of gliding through four undergraduate years without the push they provided. Finally, I would like to thank my family. Without your support and encouraging talks throughout this process, I do not know where I would be, but I certainly would not be the person I have become. You stand behind me in every situation that arises, and words cannot describe what that means to me. 5 Abstract In 1973, Kathleen Pearson offered a pivotal first step into understanding deception in competitive sport and its many intricacies. However, the analysis falls short of truly deciphering this widespread phenomenon. By creating a taxonomy based on Torres (2000) understanding of various types of skills in an athletic contest, a wider array of deceptive practices are encompassed. Once the taxonomy is put forth, weighing the categories against the three-pronged ethical permissibility test established utilizing elements from formalism, conventionalism and broad internalism sheds lights on what deceptive practices should be deemed ethically permissible for use and which tactics should not be a part of an athlete‟s repertoire. By understanding which categories of deception are permissible, the most fair and athletically excellent contest can be created between the opposing players of teams. KEY WORDS: deception; ethical permissibility; gamesmanship; competitive; sport 6 Chapter I: Introduction Introduction & Overview It was the fifty-first minute of the 1986 World Cup quarter final soccer match between England and Argentina on June 22 when Diego Maradona, perhaps the greatest soccer player of all time,
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