Cheating, Gamesmanship, and the Concept of a Practice”
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The Astros' Sign-Stealing Scandal
The Astros’ Sign-Stealing Scandal Major League Baseball (MLB) fosters an extremely competitive environment. Tens of millions of dollars in salary (and endorsements) can hang in the balance, depending on whether a player performs well or poorly. Likewise, hundreds of millions of dollars of value are at stake for the owners as teams vie for World Series glory. Plus, fans, players and owners just want their team to win. And everyone hates to lose! It is no surprise, then, that the history of big-time baseball is dotted with cheating scandals ranging from the Black Sox scandal of 1919 (“Say it ain’t so, Joe!”), to Gaylord Perry’s spitter, to the corked bats of Albert Belle and Sammy Sosa, to the widespread use of performance enhancing drugs (PEDs) in the 1990s and early 2000s. Now, the Houston Astros have joined this inglorious list. Catchers signal to pitchers which type of pitch to throw, typically by holding down a certain number of fingers on their non-gloved hand between their legs as they crouch behind the plate. It is typically not as simple as just one finger for a fastball and two for a curve, but not a lot more complicated than that. In September 2016, an Astros intern named Derek Vigoa gave a PowerPoint presentation to general manager Jeff Luhnow that featured an Excel-based application that was programmed with an algorithm. The algorithm was designed to (and could) decode the pitching signs that opposing teams’ catchers flashed to their pitchers. The Astros called it “Codebreaker.” One Astros employee referred to the sign- stealing system that evolved as the “dark arts.”1 MLB rules allowed a runner standing on second base to steal signs and relay them to the batter, but the MLB rules strictly forbade using electronic means to decipher signs. -
Olympic Doping
Even some Olympic athletes cheat with drugs | Science News for Students 3/16/20, 6:42 AM HEALTH & MEDICINE Even some Olympic athletes cheat with drugs As new ways of doping emerge, scientists develop ways to catch the cheaters Athletes train to get stronger, run faster and jump higher. But some may turn to an illegal short-cut: performance-enhancing drugs. Scientists are working to find these cheaters. JACOB AMMENTORP LUND/ISTOCKPHOTO By Sarah Zielinski August 15, 2016 at 6:00 am MANCHESTER, England — Keen viewers of the Rio Olympics this week may notice that one country’s team is a lot smaller than usual. Russia brought only about 70 percent of the athletes it had expected would compete. Some 30 percent — including all weightlifters and all but one track and field athletes — were banned from the competition. The reason? They were caught up in a cheating scandal. The type of cheating these athletes had participated in is known as “doping.” It involves the use of drugs to improve performance. These drugs have medical purposes for people who are ill. But in healthy athletes, they can provide an illegal advantage by boosting muscle growth or offering other benefits. And it’s not just using these substances that can get an athlete in trouble. Athletes also can get banned for refusing to participate in (or tampering with) efforts to find others who use doping drugs. The Russian scandal involved an elaborate plot to https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/even-some-olympic-athletes-cheat-drugs Page 1 of 5 Even some Olympic athletes cheat with drugs | Science News for Students 3/16/20, 6:42 AM interfere with these tests. -
Gamesmanship Beliefs of High School Coaches
Gamesmanship Beliefs of High School Coaches by Brad Strand, North Dakota State University a coach yells at or challenges game officials, his or her actions are critiqued by athletes, parents, spectators, fans, and the media who Abstract are in attendance or participating in the competition. Depending on This study evaluated gamesmanship beliefs of high school the perception of an individual, a coach can be viewed as passionate coaches from a rural Midwestern state in the United States. Two or pathetic, demanding or demeaning. Coaches tend to talk about hundred and fifty-six coaches participated in this study with sportsmanship and fair play, but often, while in the heat of a game, comparisons drawn by gender, highest level of participation, formal they take the “win at all cost” approach, and pull out all the stops coaching training, years of experience, and officiating experience. to earn a victory (Garbin, 2010). This “win at all cost” approach is Participants completed a 25-statement survey. The survey consisted found in youth league sports as well as high school sports (Garber, of 25 gamesmanship statements that asked subjects to indicate if an 2006; Garner, 2013). action was clearly acceptable (1), acceptable (2), unacceptable (3), Sport scholars have long studied sportsmanship, ethical beliefs, or clearly unacceptable (4). Chronbach's Alpha measure (a=.938) and moral reasoning of athletes and coaches (Beller & Stoll, indicated a high consistency and reliability for the statements on 1995; Doty, 2006; Hahm, 1989; Kavussanu & Roberts, 2001; the survey instrument. A crosstabs analysis provided Pearson Chi- Rees, Howell & Miracle, 1990; Rudd & Stoll, 2004; Weiss & Square or Fischer Exact tests to identify statistical significance Bredemeirer, 1990). -
CHAPTER 11: Ethics and Violence in Sport Practice Questions
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS CHAPTER 11: Ethics and violence in sport Practice questions - text book pages 155 - 156 1) We often talk about sports performers playing fairly. Which of the following options best describes gamesmanship? a. playing within the written rules. b. it’s not whether you won or lost that matters, it’s how you played the game. c. the intention to compete to the limit of the rules and beyond if you can get away with it. d. fair, generous and polite behaviour, especially when playing a sport or game. Answer: c. Explanation: Gamesmanship describes behaviour to the limit and outside the rules of sport. 2) Which one of the following is not an example of sportsmanship-like behaviour? a. respect for an opponent. b. win-at-all-costs attitude. c. punish foul behaviour. d. use drug testing procedures to eliminate cheats. Answer: b. 3) The win ethic is evident in modern day elite sports. Which one of the following is an example of this ethic? a. outcomes over-ride the process of participating. b. allow everyone to compete on a level playing field. c. play within the spirit of the game. d. lend a player to the opposition team who have arrived with one player short. Answer: a. Explanation: The win ethic is based on the statement ‘winning isn’t the most important thing – it’s the only thing. 4) An example of positive deviance is: a. using bribes to influence the outcome of a match. b. continue playing through an injury. c. using performance enhancing drugs. d. -
Judicial Recourse for Victims of Gaming Fraud
SMITH FORMATTED 5.22.17.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 5/30/17 2:23 PM CHEATER’S JUSTICE: JUDICIAL RECOURSE FOR VICTIMS OF GAMING FRAUD Jordan T. Smith* I. INTRODUCTION Legends of extrajudicial “cheater’s justice” dealt upon gaming con-artists and swindlers have deep historical roots. In the Old West, a card shark may have been shot on sight.1 Later, when the mob (allegedly) ran Las Vegas, a hustler might have been given the choice of “hav[ing] the money and the hammer or [walking] out of here,” but not both.2 Gradually, as gambling became more socially acceptable and government regulation of it increased, disputants transitioned from wielding brutish self-help remedies to pursuing legal retribution.3 Today, courts largely accept that a party cheated in a gambling game can recover any losses in a civil action without necessarily being limited to administrative remedies through a state’s gaming regulators.4 * Mr. Smith is an attorney in Nevada. The views expressed in this Article belong solely to the Author and do not reflect the views of any employer or client. 1 See People v. Grimes, 64 P. 101, 103 (Cal. 1901) (“The deceased may have treated the appellant unfairly and unjustly in the matter of the game of cards, but that treatment gave appellant no legal excuse or justification for taking his life.”); see also State v. Vansant, 80 Mo. 67, 73–74, 1883 WL 9952, *5 (1883); Johnson v. State, 10 S.W. 235, 236 (Tex. App. 1888); State v. Shadwell, 57 P. 281 (Mont. 1899). -
Fair Play, Cheating and Gamesmanship in Young Basketball Teams
Journal of Physical Education & Health, 2016, vol. 5 (8), 29-33 FAIR PLAY, CHEATING AND GAMESMANSHIP IN YOUNG BASKETBALL TEAMS F.J. Ponseti; J. Cantallops; A. Muntaner-Mas University of Balearic Islands Abstract The aim of this study was to analyse young basketball players’ attitudes towards fair play, winning, enjoyment, hard play and the acceptability of antisocial behaviour in the context of sports teams, such as cheating and gamesmanship. The sample included 230 adolescents (139 boys and 91 girls) with a mean age of 12.5 years (Range: 10-15 years; SD = 2.09 years). Results showed the importance of fun in sports, and the greater acceptance of gamesmanship and cheating among female players. Key words: Fair play, cheating, gamesmanship, team sports, young players. disadvantage through the use of gamesmanship, Introduction including faking injury, wasting time, or trying to Sport is considered an appropriate instrument for unnerve the opponent [12]. All these behaviours the transference of the practical values of result in negative consequences for the personal and social development, such as: opponent and reflect an absence or diminution of improvement, integration, respect for people and fair play [1, 6]. their different capacities, tolerance, cooperation While there are numerous studies aimed at and fair play. The concept of fair play in sports analysing behaviours associated with fair play teams can be observed through behaviours such and sportsmanship [1, 13, 4], there are few as throwing the ball away when an opponent is studies dedicated to examining the acceptance injured, not exploiting a disadvantaged opponent, of antisocial behaviours by team players and, recognizing one's own failure to comply with the specifically, acceptance of cheating and rules, and truthfully indicating whether the ball gamesmanship [9, 5]. -
“He's Taken a Dive”: Cultural Comparisons of Elite Referee
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Portsmouth University Research Portal (Pure) “He’s taken a Dive”: Cultural Comparisons of Elite Referee Responses to Reduced Player Behaviour in Association Football Tom Webb & Richard Thelwell Sport Business and Management: An International Journal Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to consider the cultural similarities and differences between elite referees concerning their preparation and performance in dealing with reduced player behaviour. Design: Semi-structured interviews were employed to collect the data. The 37 participants from England, Spain and Italy were selected through the use of purposive sampling, and all were working in the field of refereeing as current elite level referees, ex-elite level referees, referee assessors, referee coaches, or managers and administrators from bodies that manage and train referees. Inductive content analysis was employed to generate themes from the raw data. Findings: Referees have identified particular issues related specifically to player behaviour and also identified specific traits pertaining to players from certain countries. Furthermore, results demonstrate that referees have begun to alter their preparation and performance due to the pressure they perceive exists within Association Football and, more specifically, from the players themselves. Originality: This study is the first to compare cross-cultural elite referee responses regarding their preparation and performance related to player behaviour. Key words: Association Football, elite referees, cultural comparison, player behaviour, simulation. Paper type: Research paper. 1 Introduction There is a body of work that has examined the existence of several factors concerning player behaviour in team sports, such as aggression in ice hockey and field hockey (Shapcott, Bloom, and Loughead 2007). -
Criminalizing Match-Fixing As America Legalizes Sports Gambling
Marquette Sports Law Review Volume 31 Issue 1 Fall Article 2 2020 Criminalizing Match-Fixing as America Legalizes Sports Gambling Jodi S. Balsam Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/sportslaw Part of the Entertainment, Arts, and Sports Law Commons Repository Citation Jodi S. Balsam, Criminalizing Match-Fixing as America Legalizes Sports Gambling, 31 Marq. Sports L. Rev. 1 () Available at: https://scholarship.law.marquette.edu/sportslaw/vol31/iss1/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Marquette Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. BALSAM – ARTICLE 31.1 12/17/2020 8:47 PM ARTICLES CRIMINALIZING MATCH-FIXING AS AMERICA LEGALIZES SPORTS GAMBLING JODI S. BALSAM INTRODUCTION1 In May 2018, the Supreme Court decided Murphy v. NCAA,2 striking down the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act (PASPA) that prohibited states from allowing sports betting.3 At this writing, more than two years after PASPA’s judicial repeal, eighteen states have enacted legal sports betting, five states plus Washington, D.C. have passed legislation that is pending launch, and twenty-four more have introduced sports gambling bills.4 Somewhat myopically, these legislative efforts fail to address the game integrity concerns flagged by the sports leagues and other entities that create the contests on which Associate Professor of Clinical Law, Director of Externship Programs, Brooklyn Law School. I received excellent research assistance from Nick Rybarczyk, Matthew Schechter, Madison Smiley, and Katherine Wilcox. Thank you to Daniel Wallach and to participants in the Brooklyn Law School Faculty Workshop for their time and helpful comments and suggestions. -
Diving in Football, a Social Performance Table of Contents
CARDIFF METROPOLITAN UNIVERSITY Prifysgol Fetropolitan Caerdydd CARDIFF SCHOOL OF SPORT DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) SPORT STUDIES 2015-6 Diving in football, a social performance. Socio-Cultural George Richard Hunt Cardiff Metropolitan University Prifysgol Fetropolitan Caerdydd Certificate of student By submitting this document, I certify that the whole of this work is the result of my individual effort, that all quotations from books and journals have been acknowledged, and that the word count given below is a true and accurate record of the words contained (omitting contents pages, acknowledgements, indices, tables, figures, plates, reference list and appendices). I further certify that the work was either deemed to not need ethical approval or was entirely within the ethical approval granted under the code entered below. Ethical approval code: Exempt_____________________ (enter code or 'exempt') Word count: 11857 Name: George Hunt Date: 10/3/16 Certificate of Dissertation Supervisor responsible I am satisfied that this work is the result of the student’s own effort and was either deemed to not need ethical approval (as indicated by 'exempt' above) or was entirely within the ethical approval granted under the code entered above. I have received dissertation verification information from this student. Name: Date: Notes: The University owns the right to reprint all or part of this document. Diving in football, a social performance Table of Contents Acknowledgements Abstract CHAPTER 1. 1.0 INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 2. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Symbolic Interactionism 2.2 Performance 2.3 Impression Management 2.4 Interaction order CHAPTER 3. 3.0 METHODS 3.1 Research Paradigm 3.2 Sampling strategy 3.3 Data Collection 3.4 Ethics 3.5 Data Analysis 3.6 Judgement Criteria CHAPTER 4. -
Deception in Sport: a Conceptual and Ethical Analysis
Deception in Sport: A Conceptual and Ethical Analysis Adam Pfleegor Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree Master of Arts in Applied Health Sciences (Health & Physical Education) Supervisor: Dr. Danny Rosenberg Faculty of Applied Health Sciences Brock University St. Catharines, Ontario Adam Pfleegor © December, 2010 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgments............................................................................................................................4 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................5 Chapter I: Introduction .................................................................................................................6 Introduction and Overview ..........................................................................................................6 Theoretical Foundations.............................................................................................................19 Main Questions ..........................................................................................................................25 Rationale and Need for the Study ..............................................................................................26 Limitations and Delimitations ....................................................................................................27 Chapter Development ................................................................................................................29 -
Corked Bats, Juiced Balls, and Humidors: the Physics of Cheating in Baseball ͒ Alan M
Corked bats, juiced balls, and humidors: The physics of cheating in baseball ͒ Alan M. Nathana Department of Physics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 ͒ Lloyd V. Smithb and Warren L. Faber School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164 ͒ Daniel A. Russellc Department of Physics, Kettering University, Flint, Michigan 48504 ͑Received 13 September 2010; accepted 14 January 2011͒ Three questions of relevance to Major League Baseball are investigated from a physics perspective. Can a baseball be hit farther with a corked bat? Is there evidence that the baseball is more lively today than in earlier years? Can storing baseballs in a temperature- or humidity-controlled environment significantly affect home run production? These questions are subjected to a physics analysis, including an experiment and an interpretation of the data. The answers to the three questions are no, no, and yes, respectively. © 2011 American Association of Physics Teachers. ͓DOI: 10.1119/1.3554642͔ I. INTRODUCTION II. DESCRIPTION OF THE BAT AND BALL TEST FACILITY Baseball is rich in phenomena that are ripe for a physics analysis. In the last decade there has been an explosion in the All the experimental work for these studies was done at the bat-ball test facility at the Sports Science Laboratory at number of papers addressing interesting issues in baseball 1 from a physics perspective. In this paper we address three Washington State University. The experimental setup is de- picted schematically in Fig. 1. The measurements consisted issues of relevance to Major League Baseball. Although the of firing a baseball from a high-speed air cannon onto a issues are seemingly separate, they all involve the kinematics stationary impact surface. -
Are Casinos Cheating?
\\jciprod01\productn\H\HLS\10-1\HLS102.txt unknown Seq: 1 21-JAN-19 9:04 Casino Countermeasures: Are Casinos Cheating? Ashford Kneitel1 Abstract Since Nevada legalized gambling in 1931, casinos have proliferated into the vast majority of states. In 2015, commercial casinos earned over $40 billion. This is quite an impressive growth for an activity that was once relegated to the backrooms of saloons. Indeed, American casino companies are even expanding into other countries. Casino games have a predetermined set of rules that all players—and the casino itself—must abide by. Many jurisdictions have particularized statutes that allow for the prosecution of players that cheat at these games. Indeed, players have long been prosecuted for marking cards and sliding dice. And casino employees have long been prosecuted for cheating their employers using similar methods. But what happens when casinos cheat their players? To be sure, casinos are unlikely to engage in tradi- tional methods of cheating for fear of losing their licenses. Instead, this cheating takes the form of perfectly suitable—at least in the casinos’ eyes—game protection counter- measures. This Article argues that some of these countermeasures are analogous to traditional forms of cheating and should be treated as such by regulators and courts. In addition, many countermeasures are the product of a bygone era—and serve only to slow down games and reduce state and local tax revenues. Part II discusses the various ways that cheating occurs in casino games. These methods include traditional cheating techniques used by players and casino employees. An emphasis will be placed on how courts have adjudicated such matters.