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Talairach Atlas Labels for Functional Brain Mapping

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Talairach Atlas Labels for Functional Brain Mapping ᭜ Human Brain Mapping 10:120–131(2000) ᭜ Automated Talairach Atlas Labels For Functional Brain Mapping Jack L. Lancaster,* Marty G. Woldorff, Lawrence M. Parsons, Mario Liotti, Catarina S. Freitas, Lacy Rainey, Peter V. Kochunov, Dan Nickerson, Shawn A. Mikiten, and Peter T. Fox Research Imaging Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio ᭜ ᭜ Abstract: An automated coordinate-based system to retrieve brain labels from the 1988 Talairach Atlas, called the Talairach Daemon (TD), was previously introduced [Lancaster et al., 1997]. In the present study, the TD system and its 3-D database of labels for the 1988 Talairach atlas were tested for labeling of functional activation foci. TD system labels were compared with author-designated labels of activation coordinates from over 250 published functional brain-mapping studies and with manual atlas-derived labels from an expert group using a subset of these activation coordinates. Automated labeling by the TD system compared well with authors’ labels, with a 70% or greater label match averaged over all locations. Author-label matching improved to greater than 90% within a search range of Ϯ5 mm for most sites. An adaptive grey matter (GM) range-search utility was evaluated using individual activations from the M1 mouth region (30 subjects, 52 sites). It provided an 87% label match to Brodmann area labels (BA4&BA 6) within a search range of Ϯ5 mm. Using the adaptive GM range search, the TD system’s overall match with authors’ labels (90%) was better than that of the expert group (80%). When used in concert with authors’ deeper knowledge of an experiment, the TD system provides consistent and comprehensive labels for brain activation foci. Additional suggested applications of the TD system include interactive labeling, anatomical grouping of activation foci, lesion-deficit analysis, and neuroanatomy education. Hum. Brain Mapping 10:120–131, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Keywords: Talairach Daemon, volume occupancy, Talairach Labels, brain labels ᭜ ᭜ INTRODUCTION using standardized x-y-z coordinates [Fox et al., 1985; Friston et al., 1989, 1991; Fox 1995]. Widespread use of It is common practice in brain mapping experiments Talairach coordinates [Talairach et al., 1988] fostered to report locations of functional and anatomical sites the development of the BrainMap௡ database that en- codes and queries the locations of functional neuroim- Edited by: Karl Friston, Associate Editor. aging findings using these coordinates [Fox et al., Contract grant sponsor: NIMH; Contract grant number: 5 P01 1994]. The Talairach Daemon (TD) system [Lancaster MH52176-07; Contract grant sponsor: NLM; Contract grant number: et al., 1997] expands this concept by providing easy 1 RO1 LM06858-01. Internet access to a 3-dimensional (3-D) database of *Correspondence to: Jack L. Lancaster, Ph.D., University of Texas brain labels accessed by Talairach coordinates. The Health Science Center at San Antonio, Research Imaging Center, Talairach labels database uses a volume-filling hierar- 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, Texas 78284. chical naming scheme to organize labels for brain E-mail: [email protected] Web address for this project: http://nc.uthscsa.edu/projects/ structures ranging from hemispheres to cytoarchitec- tnlairachdaemon.html tural regions [Freitas et al., 1996, Lancaster et al., 1997]. Received 1 November 1999; Accepted 28 April 2000. This scheme is reflected in the database name, Volume © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc. ᭜ Automated Talairach Atlas Labels ᭜ Occupancy Talairach Labels (VOTL). The focus of this none of these atlas-to-image label-mapping methods report is an evaluation of the accuracy of the TD fully label the brain volume, nor are they simple to use system for obtaining Talairach labels for functional or widely distributed. Alternatively, an efficient im- activation sites. age-to-atlas mapping method is provided in the TD Brain atlases define and catalog rudimentary spatial system to retrieve 1988 Talairach atlas labels for acti- features of brain structure using traditional nomencla- vation coordinates [Lancaster et al., 1997]. ture. Atlas labels provide a consistent terminology for A coordinate-based automated labeling system for qualitative description of regional brain structures. functional activation sites should provide appropriate This is exemplified by the broad use of the 1988 Ta- labels regardless of methodological differences. To test lairach atlas by the human brain mapping community this capability in the TD system, it was compared with [Steinmetz et al., 1989; Fox 1995]. Subcortical struc- a large set of published functional activations that tures such as thalamus, caudate, and lentiform are reported both coordinates and labels. easily identified by visual comparison of atlas sections with high-resolution 3-D MR images. Unlike the sub- METHODS cortical region, however, visual labeling in the cortex is highly problematic. Visual identification of gyri in The methods section is divided into development serial MR section images is tedious, subject to repro- and evaluation subsections. The development subsec- ducibility problems [Sobel et al., 1993], and subject to tion describes: (1) creation of a 3-D Talairach Atlas failure for secondary and tertiary sulci, that are not from the published atlas, (2) formulation of the VOTL always present [Ono et al., 1990]. Gyri identification labeling scheme for this 3-D atlas, and (3) features of can be improved by use of surface rendering [Watson the TD system software. The evaluation subsection et al., 1993] and/or surface flattening [Dale and Ser- focuses on three important areas: (1) labeling by the eno, 1993; Drury and VanEssen, 1997] to create images TD system vs. Talairach labels from published func- with better definition of sulcal and gyral boundaries. tional brain studies, (2) labeling by the TD system vs. These processing methods, however, are neither time- knowledgeable users of the Talairach atlas, and (3) efficient nor readily available and provide little sup- labeling accuracy of the TD system in a PET activation port for standardized labeling of individual brains. study. The coordinate-based labeling scheme of the TD sys- tem, with concise gyral definitions, provides a consis- tent labeling alternative to visual labeling of gyri. TD System Development Visual labeling is hampered by vague boundary definitions for many brain structures. For example, 3-D Talairach Atlas complete boundaries of lobes and Brodmann areas are not found in popular atlases due to lack of consensus The 1988 Talairach Atlas contains a series of high- for their definition, including the 1988 Talairach atlas. detail color tracings (coronal, axial, and sagittal sec- Users must therefore select among several possible tions) derived from MR images of a 60-year old right- labels near non-delineated boundaries, increasing in- handed European female. Axial section images were ter-user variability and making labeling susceptible to chosen for developing the 3-D atlas because this sec- observer expectancy-based bias. The VOTL database tion format is the most common acquired by tomo- provides explicit boundaries for each labeled brain graphic medical imagers. There are twenty-seven axial structure to manage this problem (see Methods). sections ranging from z ϭϩ65 mm and to z ϭ -40 Visual labeling is problematic even when explicit mm. The section spacing ranges from 2 mm near the atlas labels are available for lobes, gyri and Brodmann AC to 5 mm for the slices near the top of the brain. areas. Boundaries for these regions are not easy to Each section image was digitized with x-y resolution identify in high-resolution MR images, more difficult of 0.43 mm, and each major structure segmented using in group-average MR images, and practically impos- a combination of color discrimination (Adobe Photo- sible to identify in low resolution images (PET, Shop™, San Jose, CA) and thresholding (Alice™, SPECT, and fMRI), whether from individual subjects PAREXEL, Boston, MA). The digitized section images or group averages. Numerous automated methods, served as reference planes to interpolate a continuous based on computerized mapping of atlas region labels 3-D brain atlas using pixel (x & y) and section (z) onto medical images, have been developed to facilitate locations relative to the AC or origin. Section images labeling [Bohm et al., 1983, 1991; Evans et al., 1991; were assigned the z-coordinate designated in the atlas. Roland et al., 1994; Collins et al., 1994, 1995]. However, All images were carefully registered during digitiza- ᭜ 121 ᭜ ᭜ Lancaster et al. ᭜ Figure 1. A typical set of 3-D data used to create the volume occupancy (VOTL) database around the z ϭ ϩ1 level. Openings in Lobe through Cell levels were provided to emphasize the 3-D nature of data at each level. tion, to guarantee that the x-y coordinate of the origin (volumes of interest - VOIs) from the 3-D Talairach was maintained at a consistent location and that the x- atlas is based on volume occupancy (Fig. 1). More and y-axes were properly aligned. A contiguous 1-mm specifically a volume-filling, hierarchical, anatomical- 3-D Talairach atlas volume was created from the ref- labeling scheme is used, wherein each VOI is defined erence images using resampling in the x and y direc- using 3-D coordinates (for location) and a unique code tions and nearest neighbor interpolation in the z di- (for anatomical label). The VOIs in the computerized rection. Care was taken to guarantee that the brain 3-D Talairach atlas were organized into five hierarchi- dimensions matched that previously published for the cal levels: Hemisphere, Lobe, Gyrus, Tissue type, and atlas brain [Lancaster et al., 1995] (L-R ϭ 136 mm, Cell type (Table I). Rules and procedures were A-P ϭ 172 mm, and S-I ϭ 118 mm). Small regional adopted for the VOTL labeling scheme to explicitly differences were seen, but these were usually less than define boundaries for labeled brain structures [Freitas 1 mm. Since most axial sections of the 1988 Talairach et al., 1996, Lancaster et al., 1997], and the entire brain atlas were incomplete on the right, right-side data was volume fully labeled at each hierarchical level (Fig.
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