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Państwo I Społeczeństwo Państwo i Społeczeństwo w numerze m.in.: Kazimierz Z. Sowa - o tożsamości Europy Zbigniew Pucek - o więzi społecznej w wielokulturowej rzeczywistości Galicji Tadeusz Paleczny - o komunikacji międzykulturowej Krzysztof Loska - o postmodernizmie w teorii filmu Józef Kuźma - o nauce o szkole Anna Kozłowska - o miejscu technologii informacyjno-komunikacyjnych w rozwijaniu kompetencji pedagogicznych Kraków „Państwo i Społeczeństwo" - czasopismo Krakowskiej Szkoły Wyższej im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego Rada Wydawnicza: Klemens Budzowski, Zbigniew Maciąg, ]acek M. Majchrowski Redaktor naczelny: Jacek M . Majchrowski Sekretarz redakcji: Halina Baszak-Jaroń Adres redakcji: ul. Kanonicza 9 31-002 Kraków tel. (012) 292 74 00,433 99 00 e-mail: [email protected] Redakcja nie zwraca materiałów nie zamówionych. Decyzja o opublikowaniu tekstu uzależniona jest od opinii recenzentów. Redakcja zastrzega sobie prawo skracania tekstów przeznaczonych do druku. Teksty powinny być przesyłane w dwóch egzemplarzach wraz z wersją elektroniczną. © Copyright by Krakowska Szkoła Wyższa im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego, 2008 ISSN 1643-8299 KSIĘGARNIA AKADEMICKA ul. św. Anny 6, 31-008 Kraków tel./faks (012) 43 127 43,42210 33 w. 11-67 [email protected] www.akademicka.pl Recenzenci: prof. zw. dr hab. Kazimierz Denek ks. dr hab. Janusz Mastalski, prof. PAT dr hab. Zbigniew B. Rudnicki Redakcja naukowa: Zbignieiu Pucek Adiustacja i korekta: Justyna Wójcik, Izabela Zamorska-Wasielak Skład i łamanie: Pracownia DTP „Register" ROK VIII NR 1 2008 PAŃSTWO I SPOŁECZEŃSTWO PRACE SOCJOLOGICZNE I ANTROPOLOGICZNE Kazimierz Z. Sowa: Społeczeństwo obywatelskie a polityka - uwagi o historycznych uwarunkowaniach i perspektywach społeczeństwa obywatelskiego w Polsce...............5 Małgorzata Winiarska-Brodowska: Europa obywateli - inicjatywy Unii Europejskiej 25 Tadeusz Paleczny: Komunikacja międzykulturowa w globalizującym się świecie.................35 Zbigniew Pucek: Więź społeczna w wielokulturowej rzeczywistości Galicji...........................59 Anna Kamat-Napieracz: Szansa i wymóg: tożsamość jednostkowa w koncepcjach Anthony'ego Giddensa i Zygmunta Baumana...................................................................... 71 Agnieszka Ostafinska-Konik: Model interpretacji przemian tożsamości narodowej...........101 Kazimierz Z. Sowa: Tożsamość Europy a jej wewnętrzne granice............................................113 Katarzyna Brataniec: Współczesne koncepcje cywilizacji a problem globalizacji.................. 125 Dominika Blachnicka: Pomiędzy ojczyzną a obczyzną. Najnowsza fala emigracji Polaków do Wielkiej Brytanii w perspektywie koncepcji transnacjonalizmu...............................139 Piotr Stawiński: Społeczny odbiór satanizmu. Źródła i dynamika przekonań na przykładzie Stanów Zjednoczonych lat 80.......................................................................151 Dariusz Grzonka: Agresja i przemoc w przestrzeni sacrum........................................................ 165 Jarosław Rokicki: Czynniki biologiczne i kulturowe we współczesnych dyskusjach socjologicznych i antropologicznych...................................................................................... 177 Paulina Sekuła: Przywództwo polityczne w społeczeństwie informacyjnym. Kryzys czy ewolucja m odelu?..................................................................................................193 Marcin Konik: Filozofia polityczna Dantego w świetle traktatu De monarchia...................... 209 Joachim Diec: The Demographic Factor in Russia's Eastern Territories................................... 225 Piotr Górski: Między inteligencką tradycją a menedżeryzmem. Kształtowanie ideologii menedżerskiej i nowoczesnej kultury pracy w Polsce międzywojennej....................... 231 PRACE KULTUROZNAWCZE Piotr Kletowski: Filmowa twórczość Gaspara Noś w perspektywie teorii teatru okrucieństwa Antonina Artauda............................................................................................. 245 Krzysztof Loska: Postmodernizm w teorii filmu ........................................................................... 259 PRACE PEDAGOGICZNE I METODOLOGICZNE Józef Kuźnia: Nauka o szkole najlepszą drogą ku nowej jakości edukacji...............................283 Anna Kozłowska: Miejsce technologii informacyjno-komunikacyjnych w rozwijaniu kompetencji pedagogicznych................................................................................................... 291 Boris Koźułu Opis cech badań w metaanalizie............................................................................... 303 Ołena Boczarowa: Strategia rozwoju szkolnictwa wyższego Ukrainy w warunkach Procesu Bolońskiego....................................................................................................................313 Bernard Maj, Marta Woźniak: Metody nauczania e-leamingu..................................................319 RECENZJE Maria Magoska: Joseph E. Stiglitz, Wizja sprawiedliwej globalizacji. Propozycje usprawnień, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, Warszawa 2007,301 s..................................................... 329 Małgorzata Winiarska-Brodowska: Prywatnie o publicznym/publicznie o prywatnym, red. Rafał Drozdowski, Marek Krajewski, Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM, Poznań 2007,140 s........................................................................................................................333 RAPORTY Z BADAŃ Paweł Ciacek: Przyczyny wyjazdu z Polski - najnowsza emigracja......................................... 339 Państwo i Społeczeństwo VIII: 2008 nr 1 Kazimierz Z. Sowa SPOŁECZEŃSTWO OBYWATELSKIE A POLITYKA - UWAGI O HISTORYCZNYCH UWARUNKOWANIACH I PERSPEKTYWACH SPOŁECZEŃSTWA OBYWATELSKIEGO W POLSCE1 Pojęcie społeczeństwa obywatelskiego ma w myśli europejskiej wiekową tradycję sięgającą czasów antycznych. Ale w socjologii, która od momentu swojego powsta­ nia w wieku XIX zajmowała się społeczeństwem tout court, nie odegrało ono więk­ szej roli. Znacznie więcej uwagi poświęcili mu filozofowie społeczni XVIII i XIX stulecia, zwłaszcza brytyjscy i niemieccy, zajmujący się problematyką rozwoju spo­ łecznego. Żywo dyskutowane, ale niejednoznacznie rozumiane, straciło z czasem swój poznawczy i teoretyczny appeal. Obecnie obserwujemy jednak renesans tego pojęcia, związany m.in. z przemianami ustrojowymi w krajach Europy Środkowo- Wschodniej, w tym w Polsce. Uwagi wstępne Społeczeństwo obywatelskie - jako pojęcie, ale także jako fenomen społeczny - od­ żyło dopiero, dość niespodziewanie, w drugiej połowie XX w., i to w krajach nale­ żących wtedy do obozu socjalistycznego, a zwłaszcza w Polsce i ówczesnej Czecho­ słowacji. W tamtym czasie, w ramach walki komunistów z tzw. burżuazyjnymi prze­ żytkami, praktycznie wyeliminowano z życia publicznego tytuł „pan/i” i zastąpiono go, jak na rewolucyjne czasy przystało, pojęciem „obywatel/ka”. Natomiast człon­ kom PZPR we wszystkich nieanonimowych sytuacjach społecznych przysługiwał obowiązkowo tytuł „towarzysz/ka”. Być może właśnie ów mimowolny podział ludzi na obywateli itowarzyszy, który praktycznie odpowiadał podziałowi na m y i oni, dał asumpt do wprowadzenia i praktykowania w nieoficjalnym czy też ' Tekst niniejszy ukazał się po raz pierwszy w kwartalniku „Trzeci Sektor” 2007, nr 11. 6 KAZIMIERZ Z. SOWA niezależnym życiu kulturalnym pojęcia społeczeństwo obywatelskie. O ile pojawienie się tego terminu przypada na lata 70. XX w., o tyle jego upowszech­ nienie się, przynajmniej w Polsce, nastąpiło po powstaniu Solidarności, a zwłaszcza w ponurych latach stanu wojennego. O tym, że nazwa społeczeństwo obywatelskie jest pojęciem wiekowym, posiadającym określoną konotację naukową, wiedzieli wtedy w Polsce tylko nieliczni; zdecydowana większość tamtego „społeczeństwa obywatelskiego” sądziła, iż jest to nazwa utworzona ad hoc na określenie ówczesne­ go, samoorganizującego się przeciw niechcianej władzy - i właśnie posiadającego obywatelską godność - społeczeństwa. Bardziej powszechna świadomość, że tamto społeczeństwo dopisuje właśnie nowy rozdział do z dawna ukształtowanej tradycji społecznej, przyszła później, wraz z żywym zainteresowaniem zachodnich socjolo­ gów i politologów wydarzeniami w Polsce, na Węgrzech i w Czechosłowacji. Czymże więc jest społeczeństwo obywatelskie? Tego ciągle jakby do końca nie wiadomo, a w każdym razie istnieje na to pytanie wiele różnych, mniej lub bar­ dziej zadowalających odpowiedzi. Wielość ujęć i interpretacji dobrze ilustruje zbiór tekstów poświęconych idei społeczeństwa obywatelskiego, wydanych w drugiej po­ łowie zeszłej dekady przez Jerzego Szackiego2. Ów wielki znawca historii idei i my­ śli społecznej w końcowej części swojego niezwykle obszernego Wstępu do tego zbioru pisze, iż dorobek teoretyków społeczeństwa obywatelskiego [...] polega w szczególności na pokazaniu, iż to, co nazywamy patetycznie wolnością, nie sprowadza się do uroczystych aktów obalania tyrana, zmieniania ustroju, proklamowania demokracji i powoływania rządów drogą wolnych wyborów, lecz obejmuje także, a może nawet przede wszystkim, trudniejszą do precyzyjnego zdefiniowania przestrzeń społecz­ ną, gdzie obywatele robią na co dzień to, co chcą robić, wyznaczając tym samym, nawet nie wiedząc i nie myśląc o tym, granice i kierunek tego, co robi ich rząd3. Na pierwszy rzut oka dorobek ten wydaje się skromny. Niemniej w przytoczo­ nym cytacie zawarte są dwie niezwykle ważne myśli, które dotykają jak się zdaje, istoty społeczeństwa obywatelskiego. Po pierwsze, o społeczeństwie obywatelskim możemy mówić tylko wówczas, gdy
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