- 1 - ~orking Group 4
15th Pugwa~Conference on ~ cienc e and World Affairs
Addis 11baba 2 29th Dece mber 1965 - 3rd J a n uary 1966 .
REPORT CF WOR KING GROUP 4
SPECIAL PRO BL EMS OF DEVELOPING COUNTRI ES
I. Introduction 1. Devel opment i s a multi d i mensional p r ocess i n which n a tur a l and soc i a l s cientists must wo r k togethe r to ob t ain a f ull under s t anding o f i t s pr oblems a n d t o arrive at a meaningful str ategy . The nat ural scientist s mus t evalua~ . a n a tion' s
~ resources and determine .. f easible t e chnologie s fer the i r expl oitation . he so- cial scientist s analyse thes e possibilities , in the light of the nation' s e c onomic r esour ces , test the economic and socia l consequences of alternative t e chn ologies , and calculate probable costs a nd b enefits f r om any suggested devel opment decision.
Both natural and soci a l scientists a r e expected to put forward to the pol i tic i ans the d i r ect and ind irect costs of var ious a ltc rnQtive choices . The r esponsibility of the politici ans to mJ ke a choice from amongst altern~tives is clear .
2 . Developi ng countries need to est a blish the following l ines of pol icy f or r apid and orderly pr ogress :
I n politics : a n e fficient system of administration which can wi n
the r espect and loyalty of the citi z ens and can mobilize the ir efforts
and enthusiasm.
In economic policy : a developmen t pl~n t hat is based on sci entific
rese& rch a nd social r e form , a nd has the capa city to make the mos t
productive use of r esources .
In social policy: a program that e nsures equality of oppor tuni ty
for education a nd social we l fare a nd a n equitable d i str ibuti on o f
income .
In inte rnati onal r e l ations: a policy of non- ali gnment .
There a r e ofte n pussible conflicts between r ation a l economic decisions and social for ces , a nd between the e conomic r ealities of international econ om ic - 2 - Wor k i n g Group 4
inte r dependence and the p ursui t of non- a lignm e n t. ~ fforts must b e ma de to s olve t h e se proble ms t h r ough a ~r agma tic r a the r t han ~ doctri n a i r e appr oach .
II I n t e r n a t iona l Aspe cts of De vel opme n t
1. The r e l axa t i on of i nt e r na t i onal t en s i ons , with t he s ubsequent r e duction in arma me nts wo uld not only l e ad to t he c r e-,t i on of bett e r conditions for r apid p rogre ss in t h e developi ng n a tions , but a l s o woul d make possible the trans f e r of much neede d r esource s , b ot h fina n c i a l and pb y s i cal , from the destructive pur pos e s o f a r mamen t s to the constr uctive task of wo rld dev e l opme nt.
2 . f h e n eeds o f dev e l opi ng countries fo r i nt e r nat i ona l a i d and t e chnic a l a ssista nc e will continue f or ye~r s to come . Don or c ountrie s should : (a) give great e r c onsider ~t ion to the t ype and qua lity of t he ir a s sistanc e in the ligh t of de v e l oping countrie s ' needs , ( b) expand t heir c apa city t o provide t he right kind o f t e chn i c a l a ssisti nc e skills by a rrangement s with g ove rnme nt agencie s , unive r s itie s, institutions , a nd f i rms ; (c) de v e l op t r a i nin g f a cilitie s designe d to mee t the s ~ecific r e quir ement s of d e v e lopi nb count r ies .
3 . De velop ment i s a funda men t a l str uct ura l change in a ttitudes , va lue s a nd wa y of life . The p e ople of t he dev e lopi ng countrie s must want to t a ke initia tive s ~ to ma k e dec i s i ons a nd to par t icipat e i n t he de v e l opme n t e f fort . ~he se c a n b e brought a bo u t only by inte rna l efforts . A ma r gin 1 add i t i on of e xpe rts , through inte r nationa l a i d a nd t c chnicu l a ssi st. ne e , to a de velop i ng country ' s stc ck o f skille d ma np owe r is not a mag ic f 0r mula f or dev e l op ment . Interna tional a s s istanc e will b e use f u l only i f the right clim ,t e a nd s truc t u r e of c hange a r e be ing e sta blishe d in t h e country.
4 On e of the most importa n t e l e men t s of e conomic a nd t e chnica l assista nce t o t he young s t ate s is the tra,,s f e r of t he r ich industr ial a nd t e chnica l e xpe rie nc e a ccumula t ed by the dev e l ope d countries . ~hi s i n cludes : tra nsfe rring industrial e quipme nt, construc ting i n dus trial l ente rprises , f r oviding techn ica l docume nta tion , a n d t e a c h ing nation a l cadr e s . In t h e p a s t such trans f e r s hn v e r a r e ly brought the full ga i n s the y a r e c apabl e o f. I n part ~t l eas t this has b een du e to the - 3 - 11,orking Gr oup 4
f a ilure of f or e ign consultants , p~rticularly those with equipment to sell r to
evaluate p r ojects in t e rms of a developing country ' s needs r tech~ologidal equip
ment and e c onomic costs .
5 ~ Because the pr oduc tion . r obl ems o f the developed countries o ft e n diffe r
sharply from t hose of developing countries , the latte r cannot a fford s i mp ly to
r e ly on the technical and e c onomic advice of the f or me r. ~hey need to evaluate
i ndustrial pro j e cts independently from their own point of view and to adapt e xist
ing industrial technology to the ir ow n r equirements. Ai d i ng countries shoul d
r e cognize that in the short run investment in buil d ing up the indigenous 8Xp e rtise
o.f developing countries is pe rhc, ps the mos t 1,,roductivo form of assista.n ce the y
c a n give; in the long run it will contribute to the ~orld pool of scienc e a nd
t e chnology .
6 . The growth process in f as t de v e loping countries is ~l most a lways a ccompa n -
i ed by incren sing dG fie its in tL.eir baL.. nce o f po.yments . 'l'he i ncreasing ina bility
of these countries to ~ay for the ca~ital a nd industria l goods they need , is
aggr avated by the unfuvourJble terms of trade they are f acing .
Prices o f exportable raw materials and acricult ural products from developing
countries a r e f alling, a nd in the long r un will rrob~bly continue to f a ll , in
r e l ation to the price of manufa ctured goods .
Efforts to remedy these conditions mus t be supported at the h ighes t l e v e ls ,
a nd a compensatory mo.chinery must be brought into ope r ation through e xisting inte r
n o. tional inst itutions or new ones , est ablis h ed sol e ly fo r this pur pose .
III Development Planning
1 . Pl a nning ..:i.ge ncies in many developing nations have t ended t o shy away from
pos itive d e velopmen t a ction ~nd to concentr a te on the aggr egat e profil e of the
economy . As a r esult, t he absor p tion of o.dvanc ed t echnology is slow and the
e va luat i on of indigenous techn ology to t ake into ~ccount loc~l comparative ad
vantages , a nd the scarcity and abundan c e of the d iffe r ent factors o f production h a s not taken place . - 4 - V1o r k i ng Gr oup 4
Even when the over~ll objectives and targets f or the national economy ,
h a v e b een charted , a nd the ~ermissible r egion of a ction hus been defined in t e r ms
of t he political a n d soci~l r c~litics , wh a t r e ma i ns to be done is the decisional
e l ement s of de -,,,e lopm ent action r emain to be L ,ckled . To supplement ov e r all plans ,
a nd t o ensur e the a pplication of technol ogy in the pre~aration of de ve l opm ent
p rojects , the establishme nt of a ppropri~te institutions on a national o r r egi onal
basis ~s o f gteat i mpor tance . lhe functions of these orgainzations woul d be :
1. To assess the resour ces of the country or r e g i on a nd o. na.lyse t he
pussi bl i t i e s of the ir a ugmentation;
2 •. '.1.'o detE,rmine the wa ys and me d ns o f e xpl oiting these r e sour ces in t he
mo st sui L,ble technolog icn l proc esses a nd i n n m2-nncr c a._pc.b le of p r oducing rno. x i
mum benefi ts;
3 .· To draw up the blueprint of the dev e l opment a ction r equi red , pursu e
its i mp lemen t ati on and follow up its progr e ss • . A successful building of ins titu
t ions t o car ry out the entrepr eneuri~l function is a p r e r equisite fo r devel opment .
The Jsswan Vevelopment Center s may ~rovid e a useful e xamp le . .1.he ,·ls swa n l; r o j e ct
h a s ope r J ted on the thesis t h~t , to be fully ~r eductive , development activities
must be based on f a ctua l , techno- economic r esc~rch , The first steps t aken b y
the P r oject were the orgo.n i zing a nd st- ffing c f seven dev e lopment cent e r s -- in mine r c,. ls , ind us try , .:.:,gricultur e, ,mt e r resources, human rcsour c 0s , t r a nsport a n d r u r al a nd ur ba n planning. E::i.ch of t l1e Centers vms r espcnsible for surveyi ng , c a taloguing a nd e va luating the r ~s ources potentials in its s~ctor , fur a nal ysing present methods and for prepa ring detaile d devel opment ~ roje cts to make opti mu m use of those r esource s which held the grc :~t e st p r oductiv e promi se . 1:; , G. . 4. 5.
iv - I?:DUS'L', I -, LIZ,1 TION
1. Industria liza tio n is vit~l f 0 r r c i sing standards c f living, for providing full eG~l oy~ent and f o r c han ging the s oi3l ~nd political e nviron~ent a n~ structure in the dev2l cping ccuntries . Its prog r ess in the past dec ade in ~ost o f these c c untries has been disappoint ingly slow . The gr ow th c f indn~try ha s o ften in the pas t f ail ed t o be integrated with the r escurces , min• r a l a n d agricultura l, o f a developing c ountry , for the s a k e 6f t he r e l ~tive ly easy r ro duction of i Bpcr t r epl3c ing c o nsume r goods behind high teriff wall s . In s ~~ll c ountrie s with li~ite d ~arkets this has l ed t o r u blic or r ri vc, t e l.l'.) n crolie s ' o r oligor oly gr our p roduc tic n a t l ow leve ls c f e ffici e ncy a nd high c os t . This hGs f n i l ed t o s p r end t h e gains c f i ndu stri~liz2tion br oq dly urnc ng the popul~tio n 3nd h~s nr t l ed t o s e lf- g ene r ~ting industria l gr ow th~ In gen e r a l this h~s ~gain usua lly h een t h e r e s ult o f inndequ a t e eva lua tic n c f ~roje cts frc~ a dev e l o-in g c ountry ' s p oint o f
view, n nd in pc-, rticul ::c r the r e h :_c s b ee n ,?. f a ilure t o ccnside r the ne eds c f increns i n~ the ~u~~ly o f arr icultural inputs such a s f e rtilize rs , pesticides ~ nd =~riculturc l i rnp l ern e nts , a nd a l ac ~ c f c c n side r n tion f or the p r oc e ssing o f a g ricultura l p r oducts ~
2 . S rna ll c ountries f a c e r ~rticuls rly gr a v e r roblems in their e fforts t o industria lize , be c Qu s e the ir hu~~n 2nd p hysical r esources a nd t~ir ma rkets are o ft e n ina de qu a te f e r mode rn l a r ge scale industrie s . In these c ountries ~ c onc entr ction o f initia l effort in o ne or a f ew industria l areas a nd the f or n2 tion of r e giona l resource pools a n d ma rke t integra tion a gree~ents whenever t e chnica lly and e c o nomica lly pr a cticabl e , · c ould s peed u p industri a l growth a nd helf to s p r ead its bene fits, . l .Ii. 1L 6
Industrializa tion i s not , however, simp ly a ~a tter of t e chnology and economics. It i s in itself a proc ess of educ,\ ting n n d tra ining the reservior of underemployed l n bour migratin g into urba n c enters. ? r o duction inefficiency in the first s t ages of newly establi shed industries may be compensated by the gR in in tr~ining workers a n ~ mR nagers .
Inadequat e attention to t he need of ch~ng ing the social outlook a nd ha bits of agricult ura l societie , bo th in p otentia l e n t r epr e n e urs a nd in the l abour force, hns been ri erh,J ;Js a s im,)Orta nt a f n c tor in the f a ilure to develop industries uickly a s t echnic a l a nd e c on omic shortcomings . Speedy n nd fundamenta l c hanges in educ~tion are needed .
4 . Mod ern ind u s trial growth ine vitably lea ds to urba niza tion. .,1 though there are n o short cuts t o the creation of f unctiona l and pleasant towns and cities, increa ses in productivity make the ir creation p ossible, a nd they c an then greatly enrich the life of a nation and its peop le.
5 .. Politica l f n c tors c a n not be ign red in industri7 l growth, f or industrial development h~s both immedia t e ~nd long term imp lica tions for the political s tructure of a country nnd vice versn . Thus both social a nd p oliticnl issues must be t aken into a ccount in p l anning a nd p romoting indust ries . It is c lear that t e chnic~ l a n,' economic optima s may not ~lwa ys coincide with socin l a n d p olitic~l a i ms. ~ ~ T • (i • •i: • 7
-., ... -,. V- ~ .. ,, .... .:...,
1, •" mc1j or crisis c onfrontinr~ Tl :-ikind for t he b,11::mce of t'.lis century is the need to provide food for the world ' s ·;eo,:·l e . :e are already f a c ed with the
spectre of serious ma lnutrition nnd hunger n n ~ st~rv □ tion will increa se unless we c a n rapi d ly raise food ~irorl:..1ction to ncet our needs . Even at the p resent very inadequate l e vels o f nutrition t l1ere wi ll p robably be overall food deficit in underdeveloped countries of fi f ty million tons ( g r a in equivalent) by 1980 compared with 2 7 million tons 1964 - 65 . If nutritional levels are to be r aise d by 10%, whi c h is essentinl to reduce the r resent serious ma lnutrition, t he food defici t in 1980 wi ll be a pproximately 150 million tons per year . These estimnted aeficits a r e ba s ed on t he assumptions tha t the rate of p opul a tion growth will somewhnt diminish wh ile p resent rates of increase i n food production will continue uncha nged . Even a 1~, increase in nutritional levels would not be sufficient to overcome t he most serious rlcficiency i n the ~iet of the p oor - the lack of h i gh q unli ty protein , t hat i s p rotein havin;, the right proportions of amino a cid s .
2 . What c an b e done to combat this tr~gi c s i tua t ion? ~e believe tha t the p r o½lem must be ~ tta c ked on four f ron ts; i ncrea sed •>roduction of food in under-d eveloped countries; continued provision of food a i d by countries with surplus productive c npaci ty, the ~>roduction of d i eta ry~n leme nts containing high ~uality prote in a n d o ther essential comp onents now lacking in the d i ets of the poor, a n d huma n ferti lity control where i t is needed ,
If the underdeveloped countri es are to ren ch self sufficie ncy in food production by 1980 a t least on a regional basis , a nd i f a 10% inc rea se in levles of nutri t i on is to be atta ined prod uction raust rise by about 300 million tons , almost 50% above the 1965 p roduction level of 650 million tons . In order to raise t h e procuction by this amount b oth the a rea und er cultiva tion and yields per h e cta re must be increased . J.ddi tional land could be p ut under cultiva t ion in South America and f\. frica , whilst in South a n d East ,\sia dep endence must be p laccrl on increasing yeld s .
3 . The physica l factors needed to increase y ields a re well recog nized ; sufficient wa ter to meet the evapot ranspiration req u i rements of the crop s a nd to maintain salinity control; chemic al fertilisers ; hig h yielding seeds; p est and d isease control; imp roved agricultural practices, e . g . bett er s eed bed p r e paration a n d soil conditioning ma de p ossi ble by i mproved ,
1 . G. 4. 8
f a r □ t ools nn d ~ech~niz~ti0n . •~ h ~t is ne t ge ne r a lly r e cognized is tha t a ll the s e inr ut s oust be used in c ombin&t i on . Chem ical f ~rtilise rs will give little be ne fit a n d rna y 2ctua lly b e har mful unless sufficie nt w2 t e r is a va ilabl e a t the right time . Onl y limite d amo unts o f chem ica l f e rtilise r c ~n b e used on when t o r rice unle s s n on -lc dging high yielding cror va rie tie s a r e e mp l oy ed . The hi g h yie l ds o bta ined with chenica l fertilisers a pplied t o i mp r ov ed cror v2 rie tios a r e ~n o~en invita tion to pests o f a ll k inds , a nd the yie l d increas e s c a n not be retained f or huma n use unless e ffe ctive rest c o ntr0l ~ensures a re used L
4. To incre~se the f ood pr oduction by 300 mjllio n tons it will be necess2ry t o C3 rry ou t a n integr ~ t ed r r ogr emoe o f c apita l ,nve stme nt in f e rtilise r r l ~nts , irriga ti on deve l or rae nt , p ro duction o f i mrr ov ed seeds , pes t c o ntrnl , me c hnniz3 tio n a nd ngricultura l r ese~rch nnd tra inin[ , But f und~oenta l s ocia l a nd e c on omic c han ges will a lso be r eouired . These include owner
ship o f the l ~nd by t he cultiv•0 t or s t he~selves ; c cnsolida t~ on o f s m~ ll hol di ngs intc vi~bl e pl o t s t hr ou gh dev e l op~ent o f co oper a tive s n n d in o t her w~ys; cdeQu Gt e r e turns t o the f 3rme rs f or t heir l \bour nn d i nv es t ncnt; a v ~il2bi l ity o f c o nsume r goods to the cultiv~t or s n nd th0ir f ~rilies ; wi de s p r ead disse~i n~tion c f pric~ry ~n d scc c nd~ ry educ ~t tcn ; ~n d v "stly i mn r c v ed tra nsport e n d c o~~unic ~ti on . d~nn g the c 2pita l inve stMe nt , r e quired will be t he c cnstructic n o f r oads , e ffe ctive stor~ge f a cilitie s , p r oc essing r l ~n ts t o c on s e rve perishnbl e p roducts a n d institutes c f agricultura l r e s e~rch 3 n d educ ~tion ~ \
- 9 - ,fo rking Group 4
5 . Agricul tur .:i. l r ese2..rch is urgently needed in ma ny fi e l ds . '1'he importa nt problems now lie in pllysiol ogy , pathol ogy , genetics , e c olog y a nd soil r e search.• f r opical r ain f or ests , until now u sed only fer shifting cultivation , r equire specio.l attention .
6 . ~e estima te th~t t he c apital investwerit r e quired to incro~se p roduction by 300 million ton of grain. equiv~lent would b e 80 thousand million over t he n ext
15 years , with a fore ign e xcha n ge compone n t of o.b out 20 thousa n d million dolla rs .
The value of the food prod uc ed from this invest ment wo uld be a~o ut 31 thous ~nd million dollars per y.nr so tha t thu c apita l outp ut r~tio woul d be 2. 5. On the other h&nd , if production is not incrcnsod suffic i e ntly , the cost of meeting food deficit would be 60 thous a nd million dollars ov e r the n e xt 15 y~~rs if there is no incruo.se in t he l e v e l of nutrition and o.bout 110 thc usa nd million dolla rs with a 10% incre~se in nutritional l e v e l s .
7. A s e v e re food shorta&c exists a t t he p r esent tiwc in ~2rts of the under- developed wo rld mo st tragic ,.,lly in Indi::i. . l'his s hortc:.ge m::.y continue for ninny yea rs to come . It will b e necessary , therefor e , t o continue food a id from countries which ha ve a n e xc e ss production c ~µ a city. Jccnuse a ctua l food sur p lus is in con trast to sur plus r; roductive co.po.city in ~e v c loped countri es o. re r a pidly disap- pe~ring the character of food a id ~ r ogr a mm e s must be cha nged . In the futur e it will be n e cessary to incorporate f ood aid 2 s et n integr a l p& rt cf ov e r oll ass i stance progrommes fr om the developed to the under - developed countri es .
8. vi e suggest t hat much grect t c: r use b e rn::de of multila t e r o. l mechanisms for this purpose. In this way it would be possible to gain a greater degre e of cooper a tion from a ll pr oducing countries to f rovide f0r g r eater stability a nd continuity in the p r ogrammes ;:i.ncl mos t importa nt of a ll t o ._, ain inc r eo.s e d assurances tha t the r c ceivinb countrie s will use the funds obtaine d from the sale of i mported foods to increase the ir GW n agricultu r a l pro~uction . .i . G. -1 •. 10
9 .. About 2 , 400 mi llion peoµle n ow live in the less developed countries. Un less extensive f ertility c ontrol c nn be att8 ined t ey will cont~ in nearly 3500 million human be in~s l t:5 years fro:.i now , fln increase of 43% or 2 . 4% p er yea r. This r a~i d r a te of incrense results in a ver y hiGh proportion of children in the totEil -;Jopulation a ;,;Jroxirw.tely 45% under 15 years old, and hence a high de)endency burden on t he pro~uci ng adul t s i n the society. The r api d rnte of increase in hum.:1 n mmbers nlso me a ns thn t e ven a re l a tiv ely high r a te of e c onomic growth g ives very little improvement in per c api t a income and therefore very little incr23 se in ability to save for c a9ita l investment . Educ ation , health , a n d other services demand a larger prop ortion of t~e total national income thnn i s the c a se in countries with a low r a te of p opula tion increase and a relatively samll p rop ortion of children in the p op ula tion.
10. Clea rly t he na tural resources of t he earth are sufficient to supp ort a very much larger number of ;1 ople than are now a live, but t h is will only be true i..f tec hnology anrl h um::in effort cnn be c omb ined with C"'pitn l in vestment , g reatly t o increa se agr i cultur a l and industriRl prod uction . The needed i ncreases in production 0 r e seve rely inhibite~ by r n~i d rates of popula tion growth . ·::x:,erienc e with noclcrn Aethods of fertility control is already being g~ ined in severAl devel oDin~ countries, a n d this makes it p ossible to have some confidenc e t ha t the nver~g- r ~t e of increa se could be reduced below 21/ per yen r over t he next t wo decades , if a n all out effort were ma de in adrainistration , organization And ertuca tion . It must be reme r.1ber ed however tlm t ferti l i t y control is n r.ia t ter of ind ividual decision by men and woenn, a nd t he role of g overnments c An be confined to encouraging and he l p ing t hem to carry out t hese dic i sions . Of fundame nt 1 importa nce, is the necessity to decrease r~tes of infant ;)nd child mortality so tha t parents c a n f2el assur ed tha t the ir chi!dren will survive . Improve- ment in educa tion and communi c a tion, and n rise in the sta tus of women, are also necessary i f a r eally adequate Jegr ee of fertility control is to be atta i n ed.
11 . 1:Je wish so emphasize tha t fertility contro l is not one of the main solutions for changing t he econ om ic and soc inl cond itions of developing na tions . It c c:i n not na turally reduc e malnuitrition s o that reliance must be p l a ced on incre~se d production in develop ing cou ntries and aid from deve lop e d countries. \J . G. 4 . 11
vi FT~CT3 I N . ;:;]) i':U ITRITICN
1 . Hu ma n hunger in the worl d today is no t only a ua n t itntiv e but a lso qu a lita tive . Curr ent v ege t r.'. l :::- r eduction , even i f successfully enl ur ged to supply necess~ry c ~l ories , ~r ovides , with the exception of some l egu minous r l rnt , ~roducts de fici e nt i n p roteins o f r equired quality. Not only does p rcte in defic i enc y c ause gr a v e diseases , but ~t nlso r educ e s nhysical a nd mental a ctivity a n d c o nsequently t h e effi ciency r equired for economic a n d socia l develo~me nt . The p r esent deficit in developing cou ntries is estimated t o exc eed 1 0 mi llion tons o f high - quality r rotein , and ne0rly 20 and 36 million tons for 1980 a nd 2000 respecti vel y .
2 . For many reasons , the clqssic r r oduct"on of animal pro t~ i n c ann ot be the rrimary means o f overcoming protein defi ciency. Vegeta t i v e , fish , chewic a l , and ~icrobi c sources offer mo re rromi sing opportu nities . A major e ffort should be dev oted to increasing the producti v ity o f c r ops which are rich in p r o teins , such as soya beans , cotto nseed , and reanuts. These , t cge the r with ma r i ne fish and ~ossibl y fresh water fish , s ~ould be 7rocesse as c oncentrc tes a nd used to fortify hu ma n di ets , esreci r lly of c hil dren . Thorough study should be dev oted t o designing the reos t efficient and e c onomic al r rote in- rich dietary su,rl e~ent cs ~ell ~s t o exnrnining the bes t ways o f p r oc essing these resources, especislly fis h , t c make them diges t ibl e a nd t a s t eful .
3 ■ In r e c ent years new rrotein-rich sources h~v e b?en develcped in producing y e~s t cells, net only from s u g~ r sources but a lso from crude retroleur:. Frc t 2in r r oducti,n by yeas t c ells c a n be r e l ative l y eQsily develo~ed ~s a n effici e nt r2rt o f the u s u al industria l proc essing o f crude p etrol eu m. This scurce a l one might econo mically provide milli ons o f tons o f high- quality protein. Countries fr om wh ich ~e trc l eum is extr~cted ~nd in wh ich c r u de petroleum is r e fined should , there f ore , t ~ke ster s to ensure ; i mmed i ate c onc entra tion on rertine nt rese2rch , a nd incl usi on o f a scheme no t only of p r er:,ring nitrogen fertil izer s , gut a l s o of p repQring proteins from yeas t . 1:, 11 the se abov e- - 12 -
W. G. 4 . 12
mentioned methods , supu l emented by production of s ~ecific amino acids, (such as lysine and methionine) could help solve the problem of dietary deficiency in relatively short time .
4 . Other possi ble sources of high- quali ty protein include fisheries particula rly in a rtificiq l, newly-formed lakes, and t he use of wild maffi ma~ eFpecially from tronical regions , for meat production . For example , artificia l lakes behind dams may p~ovide new habitats for fish and , hence , form a future source of protein . Deta iled and thorough ecological studies of these equatic environments are r ecommended . Pos sible control of the chemistry of the water , the kinds a nd nuDbers of primary a nd seconda ry products and the adaptation of particular fish to the environment should be investigated .
Because large populations of go.me mamma ls are better adapted to their n atur a l environments tha n are dom e stic stock , emphasis on uti lization of native mar:mF,li:}n populations as a source of protein is strongly encouraged . Studies should include ecological investig~tion of these a nima ls in relation to their habita ts, a s we ll as investigJtions of possible means of improving them genetically .
5. Educa tion in t he utiliza tion of food is e xtremely important to a speedy improvement in nutrition . r; . G. 4 . 1 _"73
1 . Increase ~nd c c ntrc l of w~ t e r su~~lie s for irrigation agriculture , a nd cml'ci- purpose :p r or;r£".:.;:··es of river basin develc:;r::.::r t for hyd ro- electric power , w2ter sur?lies , flocd c entra l , n ~vica tion , i nproved fish e ries , irt·1 r c v ed ,·u l lie he-~ l th and tourism 2.re dra~~ tic 2 n d wi del y a cc ept ed t y;e o f e c cncmi c development . ~ e believ e tha t these p r O[sT c'.r:r:.e s c ould c, l s o be use d to be tte r the r elationshi ps be t wee n n~ t '~ns . Rive r basins r e c ognize n o na tional bound~ries , and n e i g hbo uring countri es c a n often gai n g r ea t na tio na l ben e fi t s fro~ integr ~ t0d dev e l crmen t of these c ommo n r ive rs . Spe cifica lly we r c c ornend : (a) A Nile va lle y ~uthority o r c ommission be est~blishe d , t o serve t wo functions : c olle ctio n o f ne t eorologica l , hydrol ogic ~l a nd e c ologic a l dat~ throu g h ou t the course o f the Nile a n d its tributa rie s ; a na l ysis a nd f l a nning o f schenes for increasing the beneficial use of the Nile wa t ers . Zv entua lly, if agreed by r esrective cou ntries a n inte rna tio na l agency t o c a rry c ut these scheme s coul d be for me d t o sha r e the benefits a n d costs . - 14 - ~orking Gr oup 4
(b) It would benefit b0th India ~nd Pakistan to join in the co-op e r ative deve l opment of i r rigati on , hydr oel e ctric power , and flo od control in t he Ganges -
Bra hmaputr a basin . In this a r ea some 150 million people now live a t a bare s ub - sistance l e vel, a nd their numbers are r u~ i d ly incre~sing . For the most part they depend upon a sinble crop p l ant ed during the monsoon se~son a nd Juring the l on g dr y pa r t of the year t 1ere is s e r i ous under- employment in this overwhel mi n gl y rural r egi on . Development of surfa c e a nd und ergr ound wa ter fo r irrigation wob l d make it possible to g r ow two and per haps e v en thr ee crops each year . ~his woul d dou ble or treble airicultural p rc:11c tivity . Because the river flows a r e so en0rmous a n d so ~ifficult to c ontrol th0 r equired c apital investment wou ld be very l a r ge e ven though the expected rGtio of benefits t o c osts wo uld be v e r y high .
The ~ r ospects and p ossibilities f or such rrojects cculd be studied i n co- operation with United Nat i ons and its specialized cgencies . -15-
W. G. 4 . 15
2 . Water management ·1 lso involves the provision of a s a fe w:1ter supply for villages and towns . This in turn would be a most i mportant contribution tow&rds the control, and even the eventual abolition, of some infe ctions and parasitic dise~rne s which now in extreme cases decimate whole people , especio.J.ly children . Where the s e diseases do not l ead to high mortality rates unde rmine the mental and physical vitality of the people .
3 . The problems of settling nomadic peopl es often a rises with changes in l and and water use and n e c esGitates a profound change in social and e conomic adjustment which requires a great denl of attenti on .
VIII CONSETIV:,.T ION
The mo untains and v a l leys, the deserts and plains , the l akes and rive rs , the animals nnd plants , in short, all the ch8. racteristic natural fe:•.tures of c:my country, are in separable from its economy . As ::i ,_1e,~.ns of maint aining these features , national conservRtion pr&ctices are essential . Fina ncing of these practices mi ght be f a cilitated by developing tourism and r ecreation b ased on t he att~action of natura l wild life Rnd scenery .
Since the 2 i ms a nd goals of the Inte rnati onal Biologica l Programme and I nternationa l Hydrologic~l Dec3de a r e devoted to Droblems of productivity and conservation, it is r e comme nded t hat every e~fort should be made to co-ordinate and co- operate with both schemes and p l a ns . Furthe rmore, all possible effort should be made to sec that investigators in developing countries collnbor ate with colleagues in developed nnti ons so that both c an p2rticipate efficiently in solving tbe problems of 211 mankind . W. G. 5
REPORT OF WORKING GROUP 5
Security probl ems i n t he developing countries and r egions form an i ntegral part of t he world security problems· t hey are influenced by t he latter and at t he same time t hey influence i n not a smal l me asur e t he s ecurity and 1eace of the whole world.
1. The Attitudes of Developing Countries Towards Security Problems.
As a result of eliciting the views of participants from developing countries, the Groµp concluded t hat the security of developing nations is gravely endangered by acts of interference, cove rt or overt, in t heir internal affairs as well as by colonialism and neo-colonialism. Many developing countries had a frontier problem as a r esult of the division of tribes by boundaries drawn by the colonial powers. Every encouragement should be given t o the peaceful settlement of such disputes. They felt that while t here might be differences of psychological attitude in developing countries to military matters, the fundamental distinction between t he different national policies derived from their assessment of whet he r t here was a t hr eat to security and territorial integrity or not. While some developing countries f eel t he need for defence forces of some scale , others,where t here is no i mportant external t hr eat t o security; feel t hey do not. A view was expressed t hat f or ei gn military bases constitute a t hr eat to peace and security of developing countries. On the other hand, all countries f elt the need for police forces to maintain law and order.
A participant from a developing country suggested that they were sometimes used f or maintaining national unity. The present size of military f orces in s ome areas, as for example in some Latin American countries, was questioned in relat i on to their internal and external needs .
The view was expressed that even though there was no immediate threat it is necessary for a country t o maintain a certain level of arms to meet contingencies arising from external pressures. In some cases a country may be called upon to make provision for a contribution t o a U. N. peace-keeping f orce or s ome f orm of regional collective security but this should not be used as a pretext to maintain unnecessarily large standing military f orces . The question of scale is, ther efore , an individual matter i n t he ligh t of l ocal circumstances, but it is clearly necessary t o limit armaments. Economic developme nt clearly must have first priority but a substantial bod y of opini on f elt that t his col1ld W. G. 5 2 be endangered by inadequate security arr angements .
2. Ec onomic Burden of Armaments on Developi ng Count r i es .
The sub-corrL~ittee has taken into account the percentage of development expenditure spent on t he armed forces and t he fact that only in some cases is a
substantial portion of this expenditure channelled back into t he domes t ic economie s.
Al though the armed f orces in some countries are performi ng valuable servi ces ,
such as r oad and bridge building and illiteracy campaigns , it was f elt t hat this could be done better and more economically by means of appropriate civilian
organizations, youth services, etc . Thus even a small defence expenditure i s a
serious drain not only on financial resources , especiall y f or eign exchange, but also ultimately on the limited reservoir of technically trained manp ow er. Any
considerable expenditure on the armed f orces is liabl e to t hreaten a national development plan and bring about a risk of infl ation . Even t he increased
taxation involved will inhibit economic progress by making more diffi cult l a r ge
scale local capital formation. In these circumstances, it is clear that the developing countries need the stimulus of an example by the maj or developed powers .
In the view of the Working Group, this would be most product ive if it coul d take the f orm of a reduction of defence expenditures beginning from the maj or powers wit h a diversion of an agreed proportion of the defence expenditure t o the
economic development of the less developed states, who in turn would be expect ed
t o set a ceiling t o their own armed f orces in strict accordance with their int ernal security needs .
J . Current Conflicts.
Before continuing with an examination of the over al l problems , it was decided t o examine such causes of current conflict between nations as membe r s of the Group thought significant for the general discussion. India/Paki stan,
Mal aysia/Indonesia and the Dominican Republic were brought f orward. The Group expressed the hope that the initiative of holding negot i ations in Tashkent , between the Prime Minister of India and the President of Paki st an, will be instrumental in bringing about a peaceful settlement of the conflict between the two countries . Thereafter t he Group devoted t he greater part of the time f or discussion to Vietnam and Rhodesia. There conclusions were as foll ow·s: W. G. 5 - 3
(a) Vi etnam
The escal ation of t he war in Vietnam is inflicting t e rrible suffering on the Vietnamese people , and constitutes a t hreat to the peace and security of the entire world .
Wi t h r egard to the nature of t he conflict and the ways and means for its settlement, different opinions have been expressed which make it impossible to come out with a ge neral stat ement on this issue , It is suggested , t heref or e , t hat all t he participants should inform their respective governments of t he views expressed, indicating to them t he urgent necessity of taking energetic measures t o restor e pe ace in Vietnam. This can be achieved by adhering t o the Geneva Agr eements of 1954 which would provide t he Vi etname se people with the possibility to decide t heir own destiny.
(b) Rhodesia
The question of Rhodesia, though of a different nature from that of Vietnam was considered at l ength. It was agr eed t hat the present situation was unjust and oppressive for the majority of the population of Rh odesia and that strong steps should be taken to bri ng the illegal Smith regime to book, with a vi ew t o early maj ority rule .
Some participants felt t hat Britain had been l ess t han si ncere i n its attempt to prevent U. D. I . , others t hat Britain had been sincere but had failed, and still ot hers t hat the effecti veness of t he economic sanctions so far t aken and proposed would have t o be evaluated in t he near future .
The Group agr eed t hat t he African people of Rhodesia should be given all possibl e help and support i n its just struggl e f or independence and national rights. But wher eas some participants f elt this was still primarily t he r esponsi bility of Britain, others f elt the matter should now be handled entirely within t he framew ork of the United Nations . Strong support was expressed t o t he U. N. resolutions ad opted by t he 20th Session of the General Assembly on the question of Rhodesia.
One major question discussed was the appr opriateness of military force as a solution to this problem. Some participants W.G . 5 - 4
ur ged t hat our Confer ences have t he dut y to emphasise the
necessity for find i ng peaceful sol utions i n all conflict
situations . Mos t members f elt t hat i n t he cas e of Rhodesia ,
if peacef ul measur es f ailed , militar y action i n compliance
with the Charter of t he U. N. should not be precluded .
4. Rol e of t he U. N. in t he Se curity of Devel aping Count r ies. The 13th Pugwash Confer ence discussed t he problems of collective security. It consider ed measur es f or i ncreasing t he effectiveness of t he U. N. in keeping t he peace , t he financing of t he U. N. peace-keeping operat i on, t he special security problem of t he non- aligned Na tions and t he decl arat i ons excl uding t he use of f orce . Many of t he observat ions made t hen ar e sti ll pe r tinent t oday.
Working Gr oup 5 r ecognizes t hat during t he l ast year t he U. N. has r ecover ed from t he par al ysis of many of its f unctions arising from differences concerning payments f or pas t peace-keeping operations . This is most t imely as peace is today t hr eatened by a continui ng ar ms r ace and t he use of force i n several par ts of t he world . The absence of effective mea sures f or collecti ve security is pr omoting an accel er ating arms r ace l ead i ng t o nuclear proliferation.
While maj or disput es af fecting bi g powers are unlikel y to be controlled by action t hr ough t he U. N. , t he Working Group recognizes t hat t he bi g powers , acting on consort with devel oping nations t hr ough t he U. N. , i n conf ormity with its Charter , can pl ay a cr ucial r ol e i n helping to r esolve othe r disput e s , i n stopping l ocal conflicts and i n the r educti on of t he bur den of ar maments i n devel opi ng countries .
The Working Group welcome s t he Decl aration of Dec . 20 , 1965 , adopt ed by the 20t h Session of t he Gene r al As s embly of t he U. N. entitled "The
Inadmissibility of I nt e rvention i n t he Dome stic Affairs of States and t he
Protection of t heir Independe nce and Sover ei gnty11 , whi ch provides a Charter f or the • on-int er venti on by one stat e i n t he affairs of anot her , and f or the peaceful coe}i stence of stat es . It stat es "No stat e has t he right to intervene , directly or i ndirectly, f or any r eason what eve r , in t he int ernal or external aff airs of any ot her St ate . Consequently ar med i nt e r vention as well as al l other f or ms of i nter fe r ence or att empt ed t hreats agai ns t t he personalit y of t he
St at e or agai nst its political, economic and cultural el ements , ar e condemned':
The Working Gr oupu-ge s t he me mbe rs of t he U. N. , and parti cularl y t he bi g powers W.G, ~ 5 which have a special role to play with the Security Council, t o activate all provisions of the U. N. Charter , including Ch apt er VII designed t o provide effective support for the security of countries against wh om force is threat ened or used by another country. Some participants f elt that, in particular, it is necessary to provide for the immediate verification of the facts on which a complaint is l odged by a country, and t he Security Council naming t he aggressor in accordance with the Charter if t he complaint is verified. This should be promptly followed by appropriate action according t o t he Cha rter to vacate t he aggression. It should be realized that t her e are several steps short of armed intervention by U. N. forces which are available initially.
Some participants emphasised the need for implementing this proposal with responsibility, for t he time being, firmly resting in the Security Council, even though differences may still not be resolved between the big powers concerni ng t he role of the General As s embly and t he Security Council f or taking action, or t he extent of powers to be del egated t o t he Secretary- General or the nature of r evision necessary in t he Charter of t he U. N. A suggestion was made that implementation would need an adequately equipped (with helicopters) but unarmed observation group available for immediate deployment at the request of a country, and stand;by military f orces available to the Security Council , f or use at short notice . It was suggested that the cost' of this permanent organization and operations could be r ecovered by a percentage levy on the militar y expenditure of all members of U. N. or by U. N. regulating and taxing the use of oc eans, atmospher e and outer space f or communications or telecommunications and the exploitation of mineral resources under the oceans.
International peace-keeping forces should be as universally comprehensive as possible and organized accordi ng t o the United Nations Charter.
5. Regional Organizations and Security Problems.
The Working Group recognized t he gr eat val ue of r egional organization f or promoting peace, economic and s ocial development and for aiding the resolution of political questions . Some members of the Group f elt that t her e were t i mes when action f or maintaining security could be taken under the leadership of U. N. , and others felt that it was unwise to do so. It took note of t he val uabl e r ole played by 0,A.U. in its Charter, by securing recognition to existing boundaries, supporting PSrican countries and in mediating i n the dispute between Morocco and >, tl . G. 5 - 6
Algeria,
The Working Group believes, however, t hat the U. N. rather than
regional organizations should play the role of providing collective security.
This is because t he positive development role of regional organizations may be
impaired and the unity of the organizations subject to excessive strains if the
organizations are called upon to undertake military action. More particularly,
most participants felt that if the presence of international peace-keeping forces
is c01l@idered necess~~y in the Dominican Republic, t hen it is recommended t hat the
present O.E. A. forces are wi t hd r·awn as soon as possible and Uni ted Na tions forces
substituted for them. Moreover, if regional or ganizations assume military aims,
t here is t he r eal danger of ending up with a world divided by powerful and
antagonistic regi onal organizations gr eatly i mpairing the security of t he world
as a wh ole .
6. The Role and Responsibilities of Nations for Promoting Security.
The Working Group firmly believes t hat all states, both developed and
developing, are directly responsible for peace and security in the world, since an
armed conflict in one area endangers t he security of other nati9ns . Tnere is the
need f or agreement among big powers not to exploit local disputes between countries .
While this is a necessary condition for promoting security, it is not a sufficient
condition and it is equally imperative for t he developing countries to take up a
responsible position i n relation to their m11 tual disputes and to desist from playing
up to the rivalries between the bi g powers .
The Group believe t hat the role of t he great powers i n providing
international security can be made more effective if conflicts aggravating
relations between them are gradually settled . The developing nations may have
s ome positive influence on the great powers in this respect. The contribution
of the developing countries t o the cause of strengthening peace could be made
immeasurably greater if they solved the conflicts and contradictions between
them by peaceful means. At the same time, no state or a group of states should
be allowed to interfere in the affairs of other states . The Group noted that at
t he present time there are some big powers which usurp rights by establishing
11 spheres of interestu which subordinate the role of the U. N. in safe- guarding t he
security of the concer • ed region. This is clearly contrary to the gr owth of global
r e sponsibility for ensuri ng peace. W. G. 5 - 7
The Declaration of U. N. nf n2c . 20th 11 The inadmissibiJity 0f
Intervention in t he Jomestic Affairs of States and t he Pr otection of Their Independence and Sr.)V ereignty" provides a code of conduc t for all countries, big
and small. The Group welcome s attempts within U. N. to evolve a definition of
aggression. While t he declaration already contains many gui delines to define
aggression, t he Group ur ges early finalization of t he definition. If t he
declaration is to help to stabilize peace, it become s t he r esponsibility of
countries not to adopt a position of neutrality i n di sput es where ·t he provisions
of t he declaration have been violated. It was proposed t hat countrie s which
contravene the provisions should be deni ed economic and t echnical aid by
organizations of the U. N. and t hat countries adheri ng to t he declaration
should conclude non-aggr ession posts and should support U.N . action against the
offending countries by suspending trade and by withholding economic, t echnical
or military assistance.
Our Group r eaffirms t hat in t he long run t he security of all nations
requires t he achi evement of an agreement on G. C. D. under strict international
control. We r ecommend t hat t he Eight een Nation Disarmament Committee begin
serious and detailed consideration of t he G.C.D. treat y , possibly starting from
those aspects, i n t he l at er stages of both t he Soviet and Ame rican draft treaties,
in which a fair measure of agreement now exists.
In t he meanwhile, pending agreement on G. C.D . , partial measures should
be undertaken for r educing armame nts and strengt hening t he peace.
The Group discussed t he problems arising f r om t he provision to other
countries of arms, armaments, t echnology and training i n t he use of arms. It was realized t hat scientific collaboration and t he peaceful applications of many
t echnological developments which are required to be promot ed internationally1 can
also be misused through military applications as byproducts. The Group does not
consider it appropriate to limit the widest possible collaboration in scientific
research or in peaceful applications of new t echnology. However, effective and
appropriate safeguards should be considered i n each case to prevent military
applications which can arise .
Sc me members point ed out instances where arms supplied to nations for
one purpose were diverted for use i n other disputes, t hus endangering security
and promoting an arms race . It was proposed also that safeguards be provided to
prevent misuse, and appropriate sanctions (economic and others) be applied wher e W. G. 5 8 misuse has occurred.
Some members of t he Group were of t he view t hat militar y aid to developing count ries should be discont i nued and t he amount spent on it be diver t ed to economic and developmental aid. By t his means consider abl e suppor t could be gi ven to r emovi ng poverty and long r ange f actors leading to i nst abi lity i n t he wor l d, particular l y t he problems of adequate f ood supply.
Some members of t he Gr oup deplor ed t he considerabl e r ol e played by small but i ndustrial ly developed nations i n supplyi ng sophist i cated arms to developing countries and r e j ected t he validi t y of t he r ationalization t hat t he smal l states had no right t o deny to ot he r countries t he r esults of sophisticat ed developments whi ch t hey t hemsel ves enj oy.
There was a division of opini on amongst t he Gr oup as to whether t he
U. N. should i nt r oduce a me asur e by which all t ransfer of arms by one count ry to anothe r would be r eported.
7. Non- Prolifer ation of Nuclear Weapons ._
The Working Gr oup have discussed var i ous aspects of t he non-prolifer ation of nuclear weapons . There has been a consensus of opi nion reached to t he effect t hat t he f urt her spr ead of nucl ear weapons is f r aught not only with grave dangers to t he security of all nations . Da t a have been quoted demonst rating t hat a number of countries have potential possi bilitie s t o acquire and manuf act ure nuclear weapons within t he short span of t he coming years. Some members of t he Group f el t strongly t hat t he most danger ous situation i n t hi s r espect arose i n connection with t he Ge r man Federal Republic 1 s policy of pr ocl ai mi ng t hei r wi ll to change t he existing territor i al status quo i n Eur ope while at t he same t i me aski ng for t he nucl ear capaci ty f or t hei r ar my· t he dange r bei ng especially acut e as G.F. R. i s already i n poss essi on of large war industry and produces M. R,B . M1 s as well as large amount s of nuclear mat erial i n her many nucl ear reactors · i t was noted at t he same time t hat some enquir y into t he met hods of enrichi ng urani um i nto weapons gr ade in G. F. R. should be init iat ed by proper aut hor ities. Ot hers f elt t hat , while impor t ant , t he German situation should not be singl ed out and t hat t here wer e some other ar eas of danger . The Gr oup was agreed t hat i f such a spread of nuclear weapons does take place , t he overal l danger of a maj or nuclear war will be immeasurabl y i ncreased.
Therefore, t he par t icipant s of Working Gr oup 5 f i rmly bel i eve t hat it i s hi gh time to t ake r esolut e action ai med at concl ud i ng a non--pr o1ifer e. t i on , - 1 .. -•.
9 W. G. 5.
tr":, ty 1.vhich w0 ul (:t ii-'.'.. vc no ~Jrov i s i ons th~ t coul d , dir e ctly ur ind ircc tly ,
ldad to the s~road of nuclear we~~ons . Urgent ste~s ~re also called for
gr eatly tc incr~ .se t he numbe r of s i ngatori es to the Mos cow test Ban Treaty
wlll.ich wo uld make this trc;.t ty c. rne,ro p r ofound c.ncl emb r acing one . Effocti ve
measures must a lso be t~ken t o cst~blish nuclea r-free zones . In consi der a
tion of the loc a tion of the conference c.ttenti cn is called to the desirability
of a nucle ::.. r free zone in Afric::i. c, nd t::ic i"'iicld l e Jc.st . In this conne ction
the Gr0urJ c onsiGers it c f t:=i_rarncunt im;;orL.nc e t~10. t :~t ll ins t c_lL1 tions f or
t esting Fr ench nucle-J. r wco.pc,ns in the So.hc,ra d2scrt ::ie demolisl,.ed so that
this t erritory could n~ver be used for atomic t esting in the future . The
question cf the guarantees c f security of a non- prolife r a tion tre::i. ty s i gna
t ories could be settled within the framework of the U. N. and in comrli~nc e with its Charter.
j XV .AD¾- 9
15th PUGW ASH CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE AND WORLD AFFAIRS Addis Ababa . 29th December 19t5 - 3rd January 19tt
FINAL LIST OF CONFERENCE MEMBERS
Mr. A.BEBE Kebede (Observer ) Administrator General, Haile Sellassie I Foundation, P. O. Box 704, Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA .
Dr . A.R . ABDEL-MEGUID Director-General, Regional Pl anning of Asswan, 16.B, 26th July Street, Cairo, U.. A. R.
Prof. V. Y. AB OLTIN Institute f or World Economics and International Relations , Jaroslavskaia 3, Moscow, U.S.S. R. Dr . l. ABU SHARR (Observer) Institute of Agricultural Research, P. 0. Box 2003, Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA.
Mr. F.I. AJUMOGOBIA (U . N.E . S.C.O. Observer) Unesc o Liaison Officer with U,N. Ec onomic Commission f or Africa, P.O . Box 3001, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Prof. AKLILU Lemma (C onference Administrator) Ass t. Dean, Faculty of Science, Ha.ile Sellassie I University, P. O. Box 399, Addis Ababa , ETHIOPIA .
Dr. P.V. ANDREEV Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow, U.S . S.R.
Dr. ASSEFFA Tekle Central Laboratory and Research Institute, P. 0. Box 1 242, Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA .
Mr . ASSEFFA Seifu (Observe,) P.O . Box 1637, Addis Ababa , ETHIOPIA .
Dr. N. G. BAPTIST Dept_. of Biochemistry, University of Ceylon, Col ombo, CEYLON . Prof . O. BASSIR Department of Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, NIGERIA. Mr . E. BAUER Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nucleaires, 61 rue de Varenne, Boite Postale 307, Paris 7, FRANCE .
Prof. R.M. BAX'lER (Observer) Dept. of Chemistry, Haile Sellassie I University, P.O. Box 399, Addis Ababa , ETHIOPIA .
Prof. H. BRCMN Department of Geochemistry, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, U.S.J. - 2 -
Mr . M. BRUK (Interpr eter) A.P.M. Press Agency of the Soviet Union, Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Dr, R, L, BURLING (Observer) Physics Dept . , Haile Sellassie I University, P. O. Box 399 , Addis Ababa , ETHIOPIA .
Mr . Axel von dem BUSSCHE German Volunteer Service, Truchses strasse 100 , Bad Godesberg, FEDERAL GERMAN REPUBLIC .
Dr . Wilbert K. CHAGULA Principal, University College, P. O. Box 9184, Dar-es-Salaam, TANZANIA .
Dr. E. G. CHILDS (U . K. ) Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, Chatby, Alexandria, U. A.R.
Dr. Panee CHIOWA NICH Biology Depart ment, }'a:culty of Science, Chiengmai University, Chi engmai, TH AIL AND .
Prof . James S. COLEMAN (U . S. A. ) East African Institute of Social Research, Makerere University College, P. O. Box 2t2, Kampala , Uganda.
Dr . Steven DEDIJER Department of Sociology, University of Lund , Getingevagen 8 , Lu.'1d, SWEDEN .
Chief G. Akin DEKO (F. A. 0. Observer) Regional Representative f or Africa, F. A.O., Regio~l Office f or Africa, P. O. Box 1628 , Accra, Ghana ,
Prof. E. DIE RAUF (Observer) Faculty of Engineering, Haile Sellassie I University, P. O. Box 399, Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA .
Dr. Wilton DILLON (Observer) National Academy of Sci ences , 210 Constitution Avenue , Washingt on D. C., U.S . A.
Prof . Mohammed DURI Department of Ec onomic s, Haile Sell assie I University, P. 0 . B OX 117 6 , Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA .
Mr . ENDALKATCHEW Mak onnen (Ob ser ver ) Minister of Commerce and Industry, P. O. Box 1769 , Addis Ababa , ETHIOPIA.
Prof . B. T. FELD Labor ator y f or Nuc l ear- Science , Mas sachusetts Instit ute of Technology, Cambridge 39, Mas s., U. S. A.
Prof . B. G. GAFUROV Director of t he Institute of the Pe oples in Asia, Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow, U. S. S.R,
Prof . J ohan GPJ,TUNG Peace Res ,3arch I nstitut e , P" C~ BJ:{ :, CJ ~.~ C1slo /4. , f Q:f:l ~~-Yr - 3 I"r. R.V . GARCIA Dean, Facult y of Sciences , Universit y of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA .
Mr . Robert K. A. GARDINER (E . C. A. Observer) United Nations Ec onomic Corrmlission f or Afr ica, P. O. Box. 3001, Addis Ababa , Ethiopia.
Dr . S. A. A. GHAZANFAR Director of Research Centre, Department of Biochemistry, Kabul Medical School, Kabul , AFGHANISTAN .
Prof. P. GOUIN Di rector, Ge ophysical Laboratory, Ha ile Sellassie I University, P. 0. Box 399 , Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA .
Dr. O. A. GRINIEWSKY Institute of International Relations , Moscow, · . s.s. R.
Dr. Hernando GROOT Vice Rector, Universidad de l os Ande s, Calle 18 Carrerra 1, Bogota, D.E. COLOMBI A.
Mr . W. F. GUTTER TOGE Department of Languages and Social Science, Lanchester College of Technology, Priory Street, Coveney, U.K. Dr. Helen HUGHES Department of Economics, Research School of Paci fic Studies, Canberra, A.C.T., AUS TRALI A.
Prof. M. Hassan ISHAG Dean, Faculty of Science, University of Khartoum , P. O. Box 321, Khartoum, SUDAN .
Prof . G. S. JACOBSEN (Observer) Faculty of Education, Haile Sellassie I University, P.O. Box 1176 , Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA. •.
Acad . V. A. KARGIN Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt, Moscow, U. S. S. R. Mr . KASSA \rl olde Mariam President, Haile Sellassie I Universit y, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA.
Prof. Wa rwick E. KERR Department of Gene tics, P. O. Box 301, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, BRAZIL .
Mr •. N. V. KHABARIN (Interpreter) Academy of Sciences , Leninsky Prospekt 14, Moscow, U.S.S.R.
Prof. J •. KUCZYNSKI Parkstr. 94, Be rlin, Weissensee , Berlin, GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC.
Dr. Moha~,med A. LAKANY 79 Kasrel Ainy Street, Cairo, U. A. R.
Prof . Karol LAP'IER Sandomi erska 21 , m.11, Wars aw 12, POLA11D . - 4 ..
Mr . G.E. A. LARDNER (SIERRA LEONE) U. N. Ec onomic Coillillission f or Africa, Box 3005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Dr . Patricia J . LINDOP (Assistant Secretary-General) Department of Radiobiology, Medical Col l ege of St. Barthol omew ' s Hospit al, Charterhouse Square, Lond on, E. C. l., U.K.
Prof . I. :MALECKI Nowowiej ska 22, m. 12, Warsaw, POLAND ,
Acad . Ivan MALEK Czechoslovak Pugwash Co!llIIli ttee, Parizska 11, Praha 1, CZECHOSLOVAKI A.
Dr. H. MARCOVICH Institut Pasteur, 26 rue d ' Ulm , Pari s 5, FRANCE .
Mr . S. D. MARTIN Pr incipal, University of the Wes t Indies, College of Arts and Science, P. O. Box 64 , Bridgetown , Bar bados, WEST INDIES .
Prof . A. MATVEYEV (U . N.E. S. C. O. Observer ) As sist ant Director - General f or Science, U.N .E.S. C. O., Place de Fontenoy, Paris 7, France.
Dr . JvELAK HAIL Mengesha, College of Agriculture, Haile Sellassie I Universi ty, Debre Zeit, ETHIOPIA .
Prof . M. G. K. MENON Tata Inst itute of Fundamental Research, Colaba, Bombay 5, INDI A. Acad . M. D. MILLIONSHCHIKOV Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 14, Moscow , U. S.S. R.
Prof . E.S . MUNGER Depart ment of Humanities, California Institute of Technol ogy, Pasadena, California, U. S. A.
Mr . Fr ank G. NICHOLLS (AUSTRALIA) Special Governor, Applied Sc i entific Research Corporat i on of Tnail and, 196 Phahonyothin Road, Bangkhen, Bangkok, Thailand.
Mr. V. P. PAVLICHENKO Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 14, Moscow, U.S.S .R.
Prof . I . PAZ (Observer) Dept. of El ectrical Engineering, Hail e Sellassie I University, P. O. Box 3341, Add is Ababa, ETHIOPIA,
Dr . Y. PETER (ISRAEl1) Dean of Engineering and Science Faculties, Hail e Sellassie I University, P. O. Box 385, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Dr. J ohn H.G . PIERSON (U. N. Observer) Speci al Adviser f or Scientific and Technol ogical Que st ions, United Nations, New York City, N, Y. , U.S .A.
Dr . E. R. PL ATIG (Observer) Carnegie Endowment f or International Pe ace, 345 East 4tth St. ) New York . IL.. S .Ji.. r •
- 5 - Mr . I.G. POCHIT.ALIN (Interpreter) Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospekt 14, Mos cow, U. S.S.R. Prof . C. F. PCJdELL H.H . Wills Physical Laboratory, Royal Fort, Bristol 8 , U.K .
Prof . Juan de D. POZO OLANO (PERU) Laboratoire de Physiologie Gene rale, 9 Quai Saint-Bernard Satiment B, Paris, France. Dr. Lanhounmey QUIRINO (DAHOMEY) 18 Rue Caulaincourt, Paris 1se, France.
Prof. E. R.ABIN&ITCH Department of Botany, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, U. S.A.
Mr. A. RAHMAN Chief of Planning Division, Council of Scienti fic & Industrial Research, New Delhi, INDIA.
Prof. R. REVELLE Centre f or Populati~n Studies , Harvard Unibersity, Cambridge, Mass ., U.S . A.
Prof . A. RICH Department of Biophysics, Massachusetts Institute of Technol ogy, Cambridge 39, Mass . , U.S . A.
Prof . J. ROTBLAT (Secretary- General) 8 Asmara Road, London, N.W. 2., U.K.
Mr . E.A. A. RCMSE (Observer) P. O. Box 1895, Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA ,
Prof. M. RUBINSTEIN Institute of World Economics and International Relations, 2 Jaroslawskaja St. KS , Moscow , U.3. S.R.
Prof. V. SARABHAI, Physical Research Laboratory, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 9, INDIA . Prof . A. de -SHALIT Weizmann I nstitute of Science, Reh ovoth, ISRAEL .
Mr . J. STlJLMAN (Observer) President, World Institute Inc., 777 United Nations Plaza, New York, U.S. A.
Dr. A. SUNR.ALINGAM (E . C. A. Observer) United Nations Ec onomic Com.missi on for Africa, P.O. Box 3001, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Prof. I . SUPEK Sveuciliste-Universitas, Institut teorijske fizike, Marulicev trg 19 , Zagreb , YUGOSLAVIA
Sir Gordon SUTHERLAND The Master's Lodge, Emmanuel College, Cambridge, U. K. r .. l ·-
- 6 -
Mr . 1ELAHUN Taye (Observer) P. O. Box 1636, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Prof . F. G. TORTO Depart ment of Ghemistry, University of Ghana, Legon, GHANA .
Mr . '.IEFERI Tekle Haimanot (Obsc~verl P. O. Box 163E, Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA .
Dr. E. K. URBAN (Observer) Department of Bi ology, Haile Sell assi e I University, P.O. Box 399, Addis Ababa, ETHIOPTA .
Mr . Milous VEJVODA (U . N. Ob server) Committee on Disarmament Affairs, United Nations , New York, U.S . A.
Miss Ann V. WARFORD (Secretary) Department of Physics, Medical Col l ege of St. Bart hol omew' s Hospital, Charterhouse Square, London, E.C . l . (U .K.) Prof. P. D. S. WASAWA University College, Box 30197, Nairobi, KENYA .
Prof . R. O. WHIPPLE Faculty of Science , Haile Sellassie I Uni versit y, P. 0. Box 399, Addis Ababa , ETHIOPIA
Prof. B. WINID (Observer) Dept. of Ge ography, Haile Sellassie I University, P . 0. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, ETHIOPIA.
Dr. G.E .W . WOLSTENHOLME Ciba Foundation, 41 Portl and Place, London, W. 1., U-,_ UNITED NATIONS Press Services Office of P~blic Information United Nations, N,Y. (F~R USE OF INFORMATION MEDIA -- NOT AN OFFICIAL RECORD)
Press Release SG/SM/419 29 December 1965
TEXT OF MESSAG!? FROM SEC?.ETAEY-GENBRAL TO 15TH PUG-WASH CONFERENCE ------...... -~,.. .. __..,.. ____ ~
Following ,is the text of a message from the Secretary-General, U Thant, to the fifteenth Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs, which opened today in Addis Ababa:
"I have great plecsure in extending my greetings once again to the Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affai~s, which has now assE:mbled for the /1·1~ fifteenth time and to which I have been glad to send two senior advisers* to rep:rescnt me. "The deliberations of the Conference at its previous meetings have without any doubt contributed substantially to a better understanding of the over riding problem of serving world peace through disarmament. I have made clear on mc-..ny occasions my conviction that disarmament is the key to peace in our time. Obviously, therefore, I look forward to the further constructive dis cussions,which I am sure you will hold,and the findings which you may be able to formulate on this vital matter. "I am e~ually convinced of the imperative importance of positive scientific co-operation at the international level, for the sake not only of the general progress of mankind but also of the estal:Jlishment of la.sting peace. It is, therefore, gratifying to me that in dedicating your present meetings to the subject of science in aid of develo~ing countries you are turning your attention specifically to the crucial question of how to accelerate economic and social development in the technologically less developed regions of the world and doing so with direct reference to your continuing discussion of the means of reducing the armament burden and laying the essential foundation of international security. (more) * John H.G. Pierson, Secretary, Advisory Committee on Science and Technology, and Milous Vejvoda, Senior Qffj_cer , Disarmament Affairs Group, Department of Political and Security Council Affairs. - 2 - Press Release SG/SM/419 29 December 1965
The subject of Y?Ur meetings is, no less, an e~se~tial preoccupation of the .. , . United Nations and the agencies associated with it. I am glad to note, in particular, that your agenda follows lines closely. similar to those being pursued by the Economic and Social Council's Advisory Committee on the Applica tion of Science and Technology to Development. "Please accept my best wishes for the success of your -deliberations."
t
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1n t 1a Npl;y ia c regret • t. in ,..our Con ell. inc• h. let duti•• at the
I e1ncerel.J'.,
t the PllgVUh • am ld land ✓ cc, M • aruimhan, • Manin Hill, • Lemieux., gist-17 UNITED NATIONS Press Services Office of Public Information United Na·::;~_ons, NuY. (FOR USE OF INFORMATION MEDIA -- t:OT AN OFFICIAL RECORD)
CAUTION: ADV A.WCE TEXT Press Release SG/SM/278 Not for use before 9 April 1965 6: 30 p.m. ( EST) Stm.day ~ ll A:pri.l
MCSSAGE FROM SECRETARY-GEINERAL TO 1--'UGWASH CONFERENCE ------
Following is the text of a message from the Secretary-General, U Thant, transmitted to the fourteenth Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs being held in Venice, Italy, from 11 to 16 April 1965:
"It is a greG.t :91east~re to cor.vey my greetings to the fourteenth Pugwash Conference on Science and. World Affairs. "The Pugwash Conferences have, for a nu:nber of years, made a significant and :positive contribution to the efforts of national G-ove:rr.ments and of the international community to find solutions to the difficult and vitally important problems facing mankind as a result of the striking developments in science and technology and in their mj_litary applications. "Your discussions deal with a nuniber of the problems of international peace and security which are of direct concern to the United Nations, in particular in the fields of disarmament, collective security and international collaboration among nations. The continuing dialogues which you have insti tuted on the great issues of war and peace among scientists from countries having different political and social systems have helped to delineate the dimensions of these problems, and to create a better understanding of how to deal with them more effectively. In taking up the subject of 'International Co-operation for Science and Disarmament' at your fourteenth session, I feel confident that you will again make a valuable contribution in helping to promote the cause of international peace and security. "I extend my best w'ishes for the success of your work."
* -lHt* * : AdO O I ,. - - -.., . ~ -··-,-• -1Ad00 ,/ 1 0tj3X I '---r:;- ,' . .. . ::;1)1:lUl~~ A.~~~~A6rm~ y 1 . . j ,..---.--~. ------,:"~~- ...... :,;:,, - _i , _.) ... ~ . ... . , Ii' .. . • 1V c0Nr1Nu1NG coMM1rrEe ,- OF ' THE
PUGWASHI CONFERENCES ON SCIENCE AND WORLD AFFAIRS . Secretary-General : Professor J. ROTBLA T
Chairman : The Earl Russell Telegraphic Address: Pugwash, London ' .. '\ Members: 8, ASMARA ROAD, Prof. · E. Amaldi; Academician L. A, Artsimovitch ; Pror. Bernard Feld ; Prof. Bentley Glass; Prof. L. lnfeld; Prof. V. M. Khvostov; Dr. H. Marcovich ; LONDON, ~- W. 2 Academician M. D. Millionshchikov; Prof. R. E. Poierls; Prof. C. F. Powell ; Prof. Eu,ene Rab inowitch; Prof. V. Sarabhai; . HAMpstead 1471
2_5th January,· 1965 .. 0 U Thant, Secretary• Gener al, United Nations, ·\ New· York City, ·. __, N. Y., U.S. A.
Dear U Thant,
The 14th Pugwash Conference"on Science and World Affairs is to be held in Venice, Italy, from the 11th to 16th April, 1965, and I am writing 0 to ask whether you would like to nominate a ~erson to attend the Conference as an observer on your behalf.
I The Conference will be held on the San Giorgio island and some 75 scientists from 26 countries are being invited.
Taking into account that 1965 has been designated by the United Nations as the International Co-operation Year, the theme of the Conference wiH.be "International Co-operation for Science and Disarmament. 11 As you will see from the enclosed programme, five Working Groups are envisaged, three dealing with problems of international c~-operation and two with dis .. ', . armament. A; more detailed age~da for eacri.- Working Group will be prepared by a small group which will meet two days before the Conference.
Except for the Opening Ceremony, all sessions of the Conference will be private. The reports from Working Groups, the conference papers and a summary of the discussions will be circulated in due course to former
• ' l -~ ,,.' , __, AdOOL 1....0tJ.,.,,.3 X
- 2 -
\ ,. Pugwash participants, to Heads of Governments and other interested t individuals or institutions. There will be no public statement from the ' Conferenc~ as a whole, but the Continuing Committee will issue a press release immediately after the Conference, summarizing the .main findings ,.,-,,_ L and conclusions.
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
\ . ( Yours
\ 0
i-
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"I AdOO ~-7 AdO .:> Otl3X .. o~::ix , I " ,.,.--
... i ' •' ~- 14TH PUGW.ASH CONFER ENCE ON SCIENCE AND WORLD AFFAIRS
VENICE, 11TH TO l6 TE APlUL, 1. 965
Topics for Wc-r1dn2: Grou~x:;
Problems of the rel2tion c2tYre::::.,. l .in~vc rs;'.:iq., ar.d 1-.:L:ge sci2t,i'. '.. fic institutions in adva:':lced co unt;:- ie:.. . Effect of international i.-1 s ti~ute s en t::. .-:: c'.•:.".vanccrne,.t of scieric'3 in developing count:·ies. · \ (c) Principles governing ti-:e establishment of. -~ntc:i:nationc1.l ir..:, t'.i:u ,.-.:::;; r 2. Special Problems of Intern.:i.tionai Co .. ,·, pe1·2.ticn l)~, Scienc(-.:
(a) Projects for the International Co-operaticn Y c:i. r , (b) Problerns of monsoon a!'eas, leached-out so~J.s , and L n c:.c. , (c) Demographic aspects ·- reso,1rces c: nd !Jopul:.i.tic1.1, part kulady in connection with the tren(J. of people accu:nu lating in urban a:"~a..:;._ {d) Problems of population control.
I~ . 3. '-r.pternational Co-operation i n. Scie nce Edt:cation and Corr.. mu::~ J. c .:i.tLm.
.. 4 • Current problerr,s of ::->, rmc, co:.:tl·ol and disarm2.me:1.t.,. e.g. (a-) proliferation of nuclear weapons; (b-) nuclear umbrella; (c) new initiatives, ·1
' . Problems of general and complete disarm~!l:.::E:.: iD "r -. ~~,: ula ·. I impediments which stand in the way of further pr~ 6 .ces3.
------~...... ------·----~-~
.... Mr VlM1mi?' "' ualcv 16 Oetober 196,4 U.nder--S er tary or Politic tl?'i tJ Council ~ ·
I DRime with Y® tlla.t. we iboUl.d :pa.rtic1pa.te in fut\lrf:
of the 1'ugwa.ab 0¢nterence. l uao agre tat the a.ti.on o-£ representation ahould b decided epam.t 1y in
Jldi.ng 01l all .caci~.- into CCOl.mt. D I IOF IC• A U
•••••
ce l
8 October 1964 Mr. Ralph J. Bunche under:..S. cretary or Special Political Af£atrs
The Secretary-General
_e12rt, on ~he ~sh Coqterence
I have read Your report on this eu'bJect with much inter st. I r tum herewith the attachments to this report.
CCI Mr. Susl.ov Mr. Narasimhan UNITED NATIONS • NATIONS UNIES INTtROFFICt MtMORANDUM
Date: _ ____..:6::...... ,0"-'c"-'t"-'o""'b:..,:e""'r--"'l-"9-""6c....,.4___ _ TO: The Secretary-General V"'-;_.
FILE NO.: ------
THROUGH :
FROM: Ralph J. Bunche
SUBJECT: Report on Pugwash Conference
In response to the re~uest in your memorandum to me of
2 October, I submit, attached, a brief report on the 13th
Pugwash Conference which, with Mr. Suslov, I attended on your behalf. 6 October 1964
Report on the Thirteenth Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs
The 13th International Conference on Science and World Affairs,
known as the Pugwash Conference, was held at Karlovy Vary, Czechoslovalia,
on September 13th to 19th, 1964. There were approximately 90 participants,
delegates and observers.
The Pugwash Conferences are now being referred to as tbe Pugwash
Movement. These conferences had their origin with Bertrand Russell.
Late in 1954 he had broadcast a talk over the British radio called
"Man's Peril" in which he evaluated the danger resulting from the develop
ment of nuclear weapons. He followed this with the text of a Manifesto
which he sought to have agned by prominent scientists from various countries.
One of the first scientists he approached was Albert Einstein, who signed
it just two days before his death. Thereafter, the Manifesto came to
be known as the "Russell-Einstein Appeal". A number of other scientists,
mainly Nobel Prize winning physicists,responded to the appeal. From
this grew the idea of an international conference of scientists, and
following the acceptance of a financial offer from Mr . Cyrus Eaton, the First Conference of Scientists was held in Pugwash, Nova Scotia,
in July 1957. The subsequent conferences have taken their generic name
from the place of the first, although they have been held in various
parts of the world. The practice has been to hold two conferences each
year but, beginning with 1965, it is intended to hold them only annually.
The next conference is scheduled for Venice, Italy, in April 1965 .
The participants in the conferences are mainly eminent scientists
from many parts of the world who are brought together for free examination -2- and discussion of mankindfs most pressing and complex problems. In recent conferences some social scientists have joined the physical or natural scientists.
I was impressed at Karlovy Vary by the earnestness and, on the part of some of those who had attended all or most of the previous conferences, the dedication and zeal with which they entered into the work of the Conference. I think it certainly very worthwhile that men and women of this calibre, who have no official positions or connections, should engage in this sort of free exchange of views, which is encouraged by the fact that there are no records kept of the discussions and the statements of every individual in the plenary and group meetings of the conference are protected as confidential. On the other hand, it is probably inevitable that well-intentioned people who were not well-informed about the political and practical realities of many of the subjects they were discussing at Karlovy Vary, should often stray far from reality and even indulge in fantasy. There was no little of this at Karlovy Vary.
I was informed that in the past few conferences the exchanges have been less acrimonious and the differences less acute than had been the case in the earlier meetings.
My personal reaction was that the participants in the Conference, at least at Karlovy Vary, were too heavily drawn from Europe and North
America. From all of Asia, there were only two Indian delegates, there were none from Africa, the Middle F.ast or Latin America. I overheard one Scandinavian representative remark that the Pugwash conferences were becoming virtually a 11U.S. -Soviet club0 • The Soviet and the U. S. delegations, of course, were the largest and they perhaps tended to dominate the discussions. -3-
The 13th Conference had as its theme "Disarmament and Peaceful
Collaboration among Nations". There were plenary sessions at the opening
on Sunday and at the closing Friday afternoon and Saturday morning.
Copies of the messages of greeting at the first plenary, including the one
from Secretary-General U Thant, which I read, are attached. The rest of
the time was devoted to intensive discussion in five working groups with
the number of participants ranging from 12 to 20. I sat in Working Group 4, which under its general item on 1'Securi ty Problems of the Present World" devoted much attention to the pe~ce-keeping role and activities of the
United Nations, without, however, seeming to be very well acquainted with
such role and activities, or with the UN Charter and their relation to it.
The result was that I talked much more in this Group than I had intended
to, or probably should, converting it, in truth, into something of a
seminar on the UN on the first day.
The agendas af tre working groups are attached, as are also lists of
the participants in the Conference and of the participants in the working
groups, as well as the drafts of the reports of each of the working groups which they agreed upon at the conclusion of their deliberations. CVN/pb
Dr. Ralph J. Bwleh 2 October 1964 under-Seer ta.:ry for Special Politi cal Atta.1r
U Thant Secretary-Gener
Thirteenth ~h Conference h ld in tzechoalovalda -• 13-19 September 1~
I s a.l.l. be grateful it you will send a. brief' report
on the Pugwash Conference which you attended on my behalf. I am 1:ng a. similar request to Mr. Suslov.
cc Mr. C. V. Narasimhan
Mr. L. Lemieux I• •
C • C.
• L.