Several hundred demonstrators were forced to stand on Dexter Ave1me in front of the State Capitol at Montgomery. On the night of March 10, 1965, these demonstrators, who knew that once they left the area they would not be able to return, urinated en masse in the street on the signal of James Forman, SNCC ExecJJtiVe Director. "All right," Forman shoute<)l, "Everyone stand up and relieve yourself." Almost everyone did. Some arrests were made of men who went to obscene extremes in expos­ ing themselves to local police officers. The True SELMA Story

Albert C. (Buck) Persons has lived in Birmingham, Alabama for 15 years. As a stringer for LIFE and managing editor of a metropolitan weekly newspaper he covered the Birmingham demonstrations in 1963. On a special assignment for Con­ gressman William L. Dickinson of Ala­ bama he investigated the Selma-Mont­ gomery demonstrations in March, 1965. In 1961 Persons was one of a handful of pilots hired to support the invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs. His story on this two years later led to the admission by President Kennedy that four Ameri­ can flyers had died in combat over the beaches of Southern Cuba in an effort to drive Fidel Castro from the armed Soviet garrison that had been set up 90 miles off the coast of the United States. After interviewing scores of people who were eye-witnesses to the Selma-Montgomery march, Mr. Persons has written the articles published here. In summation he says, "The greatest obstacle in the Negro's search for "freedom" is the Negro himself and the leaders he has chosen to follow.

CONTENTS

Black Kni_ght of the Civil Rights Movement Page 2 In ten short years Martin Luther King has risen to a · position of leadership and political influence never before approached by a Negro in America. Many people in both races today question his associations and his ultimate goals. Down what road ,is King leading his race in the United States - is it toward freedom, or is it back into slavery?

Sex and Civil Rights - The True Selma Story Page 4 Was the widespr.ead misbehavior prevalent on the Selma-to-Montgomery march only­ to-be-expected youthful protests against established mores, or was it an integral part of the planned demonstration, calculated to provoke and to incite. Here are sworn statements of eye-witnesses.

Bayard and Ralph, Just a Couple of the Boys Page 13 In a so-called Christian movement morality would seem to play an important part. Here are the unsavory police and court records of the leaders of the civil rights movement.

How "Images" Are Created Page 16 A photograph, which stops a split-second of action, can say anything an editor wants it to say. Here is the story, by a LIFE "stringer" of how the Birmingham "image" was created.

Martin Luther King and Communism Page 20 The complete files of a Communist front organization were taken in a raid in New Orleans. These files are a documented record of more than 25 vears of subversive activity, mostly in the field of civil rights. They offer conclusive· evidence of Martin Luther King's Jong and intimate association with known Com1:11unist Party mem~ers working in an organization which was set up by the Commumst Party of the Uluted States· for the express purpose of subverting the civil rights movement in the South.

Copyright I 965 - Esco Publishers, Inc. - Birmingham, A labama Black Knight Of The Civil Rights Movement

Selma and Montgomery, Alabama, Selma - Montgomery demonstration, has to have them removed. Dr. King did were visited in March, 1965 by thousands even persuaded the President of the not give the word in Selma. Nor will of sincere people who believed that they United States to parrot the catch-phrase he in Boston, Washington, San Francisco participated irt a holy crusade for hu­ "we shall overcome" before a joint ses­ or wherever he decides to strike next. man dignity and civil rights. Among sion of the U. S. Congress. King has People in towns and citi!l,', which are these thousands were priests, nuns, min­ been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. future targets for King and his "move­ isters and reU::ious leaders from through­ Any attack on King today is ·almost au­ ment" should prepare themeselves for out the nation. They came, they be­ tomatically assumed to be an attack on the debauchery, drunkeness and open, lieved, to bear witness to Christ's ad­ the Negro's search for justice, freedom promiscuous sexual activity which oc­ monition that "In as · much as ye have and equality. The truth is, however, curred in Selma and Montgomery. done it unto one of the least of th~se my Martin Luther King is .tied directly to :~ * :)c * * bretheren, ye have done it unto me." a communist conspiracy whic_h is aimed What the people of the United States * * ·~ * * at destroying every vestige of human must learn is that no honest person in Selma, however, was neither inspired dignity, individual freedom and, inci­ the South today will deny that Negroes nor created by these well motivated and dentally, civil rights. in this country have been the victims sincere thousands. The fact that they .,. * * * * of prejudice, discrimination and injus­ believed they were right, the fact that a W h e n an Alabama Congressman, tice. No honest person in the South to­ civil rights cause, per se, which inspired William L. Dickinson, attacked tl:ie day will deny the Negro's right to full their presence in Selma may be just, the moral degeneracy which characterized_ citizenship, equal opportunity and an fact that their motives were beyond re­ the behavior of a hard-core element of end to personal indignities they have proach, does nothing to mitigate the fact demonstrators who participated in the been subjected to in the past because that they were misguided. Selma and Selma-to-Montgomery march, he was, of tl}eir race and color. And no one in Montgomery were targets chosen by the himself, widely attacked for his protest. the United States today should fail to leaders of civil rights organizations in When he said that men dressed as recognize that because the Negro's cause a long range campaign to exploit the clergymen participated in these activ­ is just and his protest legitimate, both travails of a minority group in this ities, he was attacked for smearing the he and the white Southerner are parti­ country. The leadership, the direction church. He was called a liar and ac­ cularly attractive victims for those who and the control of the civil rights move­ cused of spreading "garbage." The would use this cause, and this protest, ment is in the hands of those who or­ "garbage" was not of the Congressman's for their own divisive purposes. Dr. ganize and run the communist con­ making, but it was there. It was there Martin Luther King is one of these. spiracy to subjegate the entire world. by design. It was an integrnl part of This black knight sits astride the white This conspiracy we recognize as a threat the whole operation, and it was calcu­ horse of the civil rights movement. And to the peace and security of the world­ lated to incite and to provoke. These Dr. King, if he is not checked will ride and we fight hard against it all over are not s i m p 1y youthful protestors it to its death. ' the world. It is also a threat to the against established mores. These are **::~** peace and security of this nation, and professional and semi-professional agita­ "Non-violence" is not Dr. King's wea­ it operates among other places here in tors who know what they are doing. If pon. Non-violence would actually de­ this country behind the cover of the they, and the insufferable indignities stroy King-if he allowed it to prevail. civil rights movement. It is a· good they inflict on the decent people in the Violence is King's weapon. He must cover. Dr. Martin Luther King, head of communities where they appear, were have it. Violence and civil disorder are the Southern Christian Leadership Con­ not desired in the civil rights movement King's meat and bread. It is what sus­ ference, one of the sponsors of the it would take only a word from Dr. King tains him. He uses it to divide the South

TWO from the rest of the nation. And in his efforts he has had a big assist from the national press and other communications medja. Today, almost anywhere in the world, the name "Birmingham" auto­ matically calls to mind vicious police dogs, thug cops, bombs, and firehoses mowing down innocent Negro children on the city streets. This "image" is as phony as a three-dollar bill. In Bir­ mingham, and Alabama, there are vio­ Martin Luther King and James Forman, Executive Director of the Student Non­ lent uncontrollable elements of society. violent Coordinating Committee during the Selma-Montgomery demonstrations. The These are not peculiar to Alabama. hand at the right is that of a demonstrator who is attempting to unfurl for clearer There are large prison populations in identification the United Nations flag. Many people object to King's use of the United Nations flag in his demonstrations as reflecting his new emphasis on the civil rights every state in the Union which attest to movement as a world-wide "class struggle." the fact that there are violent and un­ controllable members of society in every state. The problem is one which in­ about the civil rights movement as a not in the ranks of King's marchers in volves frailties of human nature, uncon­ part of a world-wide " class struggle ." Selma, Alabama. trollable itself. It is not a problem He also suggests -we should pull out of In Montgomery, late in February, created by some ba.sic bestiality con­ Viet Nam. Next he will probably have 1964, Nobel Peace Prize winner Martin fined to members of the white race who something to say about the Dominican Luther King had this to say: "To the live below the Mason-Dixon Line. Republic and Cuba. When he does, it's State of Alabama and its people, you * * * a safe bet that his recommendations will had better fasten your seat belts. There According to the results of recent follo w a line which serves best the in­ will be no peace or tranquility until the polls only. a small percentage of people terests of the communist conspiracy. But Negro has had his conquest. .. " in the United States outside the South then why not ? For years King has been In Birmingham, in the summer of believe that Negroes can register to vote on intimate terms, and has worked 1963 , Martin Luther King was asked by in the South. Martin Luther King says closely, with people and organizations a young white man (one of King's sup­ Negroes can't register and, unfortunate­ dedicated to the communist cause. porters who feared for his physical ly, most of the nation's press media * * safety in forthcoming planned demon­ goes right along with him in support of The churches and churchmen, (the strations) if he, King, thought it would his "voter registration drive" - without biggest single threat to communist am­ be necessary for him to take an active attempting to learn the facts. The truth bitions throughout the world ) when they part in the planned demonstrations. Dr. is King's drive in Selma and the Black lend their support to King, should con­ King said it ·was not necessary. "You Belt counties of Alabama is a drive to sider carefull y the garden path down don 't have to demonstrate," King said. register every illiterate in the state­ which they are being led. In a time of "We ·don 't want you to. We have enough which happens to be a violation of the much physical insecurity and spiritual idiots out there to take care of all that." laws of the State of Alabam a, just as it uncertainty, clergymen must often feel * ,:, * * is a violation in many other states out­ a sense of inadequacy to meet the grow­ For sheer hypocrisy there has been side the South. ing demands of their calling. The place nothing equal to Dr. Martin Luther King King is already beginning to talk to correct this, however, is at home- since Judas Iscariot.

THREE NO BOOZE? N B C commentator Charles Quinn testified at length on the Huntley -Brinkley program that .there had been no drinking in evidence on the Selma-to-Mont­ gomery march. Quinn said that he had accompanied the march­ ers all the way. The only evi­ dence he saw was one beer can -and that was his own. Not that it makes all that much dif­ ference, but just to keep the record straight, and Mr. Quinn along with it, the pictures on this page were taken at the Montgomery Municipal Airport on the night of March 28 (fol­ lowing the ,departure from Mont­ gomery of thousands of demon­ strators who had gathered in front of the State Capitol earlier in the · afternoon. The case of Scotch W hi s k e y, incidentaliy, was empty.

SIX ? ? ?

Here, however, for those who are Hospital and across the street, between from the Courthouse, hollering and willing to accept the kind of evidence Price's Drug Store and Powell Electric carrying on, saying, "We are Commu­ which 1s accepted in our courts, are Company. They were all kissing and nists and we belong to the John Birch some of the affidavits of people who hugging. This one particular couple on Society." They stopped in front of Chris' were on the spot and have taken oath St. Margaret's lawn was engaged in and this red-haired woman and Negro that what they state is the truth. sexual relations, a· white woman (a man started making love and embrac­ * * * * skinny blonde ) and a Negro man. After ing one another, as if they wanted some­ AFFIDAVIT they were through, she wiggled out one to try and stop them. I stayed there My name is Mrs. Nettie Adams, and from beneath him and over to the man because I was afraid they were going in lying to the left of them on the lawn Chris' and I wa nted to be able to call I live at 3555 Prince George Drive in Montgomery, Alabama. I am now and and started kissing and caressing his for help. I didn't want our two police­ have been a member of the City Police face. At this point, a detective's car women or anyone to get hurt. Department of Montgomery for over five pulled up nex.t to the group over by On March 31, the day they had the Price's Drug Store, and my husbartd (5 ) years. funeral to place the ten coffins on the said, "Let's get out of here; this is no On March 15 , 1965, at about 9:30 P.M., Capitol steps, I was placed at the inter­ my husband and I were returning home place for a man to have his wife." We section of Wilkerson and Montgomery from my mother's home at 622 South left immediately. Streets to hold the traffic. As they Hull Street. We knew that there had * * * * * passed me, they started laughing real been some trouble with demonstrators The day they marched on the Court­ loud and some of them hollered, "She's at High and Jackson Streets. We took house, the policewomen had to work a segregationist, you can tell ; she just Adams Street to avoid this, but as we traffic downtown, and after a few hours looks like one." At one time during the approached Adams· and Ripley Streets, my husband came down and he ,and I day, before the parade started, there we noticed a crowd of people. We went into Chris' Hog Dog Stand for a was a crowd gathering on the Dexter stopped to see what was going on . There coffee break. When we came out, two Avenue Bap-tist Church steps and in were white" and Negro people all over of the other ladies went in for a break. front of the church. A Negro boy· was the Ripley Street side of St. Margaret's Just as they went inside, a group came lying backwards across the hood of a

SEVEN _I The interesting thing about the human race is that it comes in so many different sizes and shapes. Here is a good cross section at Montgomery in the persons of some of the demonstrators who took part in the march from Selma. The boots are not recommended hiking equipment.

EIGHT car parked in front of the church and oners, and most of them had no under­ onstrators of both races and sexes oc­ a white girl was leaning over him from pants on . cupied the J a c k s o n Street Baptist the other side of the car, kissing him (sl NETTIE ADAMS Church for approximately forty - eight about the face. Sworn to and subscribed before me hours. These were not members of the About 5:30 that evening, March 31, this 3rd day of April, 1965. church, or at least most of them were a group of Negroes coming from the (s l Albert Marvin, Sr. not, but people who had come from out demonstration was in the second block Notary Public of town. J would estimate that there of Dexter Avenue. They started yelling My commission expires 1-18-67. were at least two hundred involved. In all together, "Them white sons of * :j: * *· * spite of pleas from the minister and bitches, we will cut their asses off." I AFFIDAVIT other members of the church, these peo­ called for a patrol car. They were My name is ------· I am a ple would not leave. I saw young boys headed for the first block of Dexter, Negro thirty-two years old and a life­ and girls drinking beer and whiskey in and just as they got to the corner they long resident of Montgomery, Alabama. the church and having wild parties in started singing real loud, "We Shall I live at.______Street in Mont- general. They left the bottles and cans Overcome," and "We Want Our Free­ gomery. I am employed at ------· all over the church. I saw numerous dom, and We Want It This Year." The During a three-day period which I instances of boys and girls of both races officer working the first block of Dexter, believe to be around March 8, 9, and hugging and kissing and fondling one M. E . Furr, noticed them and began to 10, 1965, a great many people began to another openly in the church. On one follow them. They split up. He followed arrive in Montgomery to demonstrate occasion, I saw a Negro boy and a white a group of four into H. L. Green's and here and to get ready for the march girl engaged in sexual intercourse on the back out. By this time, the patrol car from Selma to Montgomery. During this floor of the church. At this time the was there and we approached them and period, I was frequently in and around church was packed and the couple did told them they were under arrest. There the Ben Moore Hotel, a Negro hotel at nothing to hide their actions. While they were three (3) juveniles and one adult, 902 Highland Avenue, which was head­ were engaged in this act of sexual in­ Babette Hadley, 26 years old, who lived quarters of the Student Non-violent Co­ tercourse, other boys and girls stood on Ludie Street in Montgomery. Babette ordinating Committee on the corner of around and watched, laughing and jok­ Hadley started fighting Officer Rodgers, Jackson and High Streets. Many of the ing. saying that she wasn't getting in that outside demopstrators stayed at the Ben This statement, which I make freely damned car; he would have to kill her Moore Hotel and in the neighborhood. and of my own accord, and which has first and she was ready to die for the One man whom I saw freque_ntly during been read back to me, represents in­ cause. She had an umbrella and was this period was dressed as a priest. I cidents which I have personally wit­ swinging it at him. He took it away was later told by a SNCC staff worker, nessed . from her and put her in the car. After whose name was Randy, that this Subscribed and sworn to this she got to jail, they discovered that she priest's name is Lennon Swe at, and that day of April, 1965. was drinking. I called the jail to see he is from Philadelphia. When I saw Signed. if she had made . bond or if I would have ­ him he was usually drinking wine or Notary Public. to go to court the next morning. I whiskey in company with Negro boys * ~: * * * talked with Security Officer Lawrence and girls. On one occasion, I saw him AFFIDAVIT who said that she had not made bond '. go into the back room at SNCC head­ My name is James Duke. I am a I told him that it looked as though I quarters with a Negro girl. I saw them Captain in the Sheriff's Office of Mont­ wou ld be in court the next morning. He begin to take their clothes off. I did not gomery County, Alabama, and I reside said, " Yes, if she sobers up enough." see what they did. Later the girl told at 516 Forest Hills Dr., Montgomery, I stated that I had not known that she me that this priest, Sweat, had paid her Alabama. On March 10, 1965, at ap­ was drinking, since I had been warned · $12. I, myself, had seen this priest hand proximately 1:20 p.m., I , in my official by my supervisors not to get close and the girl some money before they went capacity as a Captain of the Sheriff's risk getting hurt, but that I knew that back. Office, along with other law officers of she was acting strangely. He said that SNCC headquarters. was located in a the City of Montgomery and the State she was drunk. I called Chief Lackey, building with a large room up front of Al abama, was on duty on Dexter because I knew that he had been tied whi ch was used for an office. Off this Avenue in Montgomery, Alabama. in up at the Capitol that day and probably room , in back, was a smaller room in the block as it ends at the front door of did not know about this arrest. He said which were about twelve to fifteen can­ the Al abama State Capitol Building. A that he didn't know about it and would vas cots. Du ring the period l am talk­ group of demonstrators arrived and call the jail. I later called the jail and ing about, men and women .used this were prevented from going any further .talked with Sgt. Grady Arnette. He told room fo r sex freely and openly and with­ in their march to the State Capitol than me that Chief Lackey had called and out interfe rence. On one occasion, I saw this particular block. ·These demonstra­ that she had quieted down and made a J ames Forman, Executive Director of tors, numbering more than two hundred phone call , and that she would probably SNCC, and a red-h aired white girl whose were told to leave and disperse but the; make t::wnd. I asked him if she was name is Rachel, on one of the cots to­ sat down and laid down in the street. drunk, and he told me that she was gether. They engaged in sexual inter­ For the next few hours a gond many drinking quite a bit. She didn't i;nake course, as well as an abnormal sex act of the demonstrators began to drift bond and was charged with disorderly which consisted of each of the two away,, singly and in small groups. By manipul ating the other's private parts 8:00 p.m. that night some 100 were left. conduct and fined $25 and costs in court with their mouths simul taneously. For­ The group was composed of a racially the next morning. man and the girl, Rachel, made no mixed crowd of both sexes, and included I also worked at the jail two nights effort to hide their actions. adul ts as well as juveniles. At approxi­ when we had to make qu ite a few During this same period, March 8, mately 8:00 one of the leaders, a colored arrests. I shook down the women pris- 9 and 10, a large number of young dem- man whose name I can not recall but

NINE.:

__ j It's fifty miles from Selma to Mo ntgomery, Alabama. The road is paved, and hard, all the way. This group of marchers looks as if they had walked every inch of the way.

whom I believe myself able to .identify (s ) JAMES DUKE AFFIDAVIT from existing photos if necessary, stood Sworn and subscribed to before me, My name is Cecil H. Atkinson, and and announced in a loud voice to the George W. Dean, Jr., a Notary in and I reside on All enville Road in Prattville, crowd "Everyone stand and relieve for said State and County, this ·5th day being employed with the Continental your s e Iv es." Practically the entire of April, 1965. Gin Company in Prattville. I do hereby crowd in every mixture of age, sex, and * * swear under oath and under penalty of color rose and a large number exposed perjury that the following facts are true themselves atid urinated in the streets. STATE OF ALABAMA , COUNTY OF DALLAS: and accurate in every respect to my I would li ke to point out that thi s area own personal knowledge: Before me, undersigned authority, in is within the State Capitol complex and My wife and I drove to Selma on and fo r said State and County, person­ at the head of the main street of Mont­ Sunday, the day the march was to be­ ally a i:; peared Harold Sewell and being gomery, Al abama , and is fairly we ll gin. We saw many people taking pic­ by me first duly sworn on oath, deposes lighted. Urine began to course clown tures of the church, and it appeared and says: the street in small streams and into the that everything was very orderly and On March 5, 1965 , and several days gutters and ran almost to the next block. ni ce. We tried to drive by Brown's thereafter, my waitress in our dining Two colored men were arrested fo r in­ Chapel where the Negroes were assem­ room did serve several mixed drinks to decent exposure for particul arly lewd bled, but the street was bloc ked off. We priests and ministers in our restaurant. and offensive exposure of their private parked at the corner of Broad and Water This was a mixed group of Negroes a nd parts. The demonstrators foun d it neces­ Streets a nd sat a nd waited for the whites from out of town. Over about sary to take their placards and signs to march to begin. At approximately 11 two and one half hour period , this group sit on after this conduct. The resulting a. m ., we obser ved an ambul ance ar­ was louder than the ordinary with their odor became so offensive in a few hou r:; rive at Brown's Chapel and depart that we had to get up -w ind in order to co nve rsation. shortly thereafter, goi ng toward Mont­ Escape the smell. I might acid that I Thi s is a true statement to the best gomery, with sirens and blinking red saw ki ssing, hugging, a nd fondling be­ of my knowledge. li ghts in operation. tween mixed sexes and races. At around (sl HAROLD SEWELL The people in the car next to ours 1: 35 a.m. on March 11 , 1965, more than Swo rn to and subscribed befo re me were very distressed about the condi­ 12 hours after their arriva l, a cold dnz­ this the 7th cl ay of April, 1965. tion of the nuns who were taking part zling ra in began and the entire crowd (sl ,JUD ERNEST HEWSTON. JR. in the march. These people were Epis­ di spersed. No tary P ublic. copali ans and fro m St. Louis. Missouri,

TEN and had heard that some of their own beatnik-type man with his collar turned oath, and under penalty of perjury that church people were taking part in the around to resemble a priest. He told the following events happened or ac­ march. The general appearance of the me that it was "the way to get along." tually occurred in my presence and to marchers was disgraceful, m o s t of Another told me that he had been of­ my own personal knowledge while on the marchers which we saw were Ne­ fered $15 a day, 3 meals a day, and ail duty out of Huntsville in Selma, Ala­ groes, but the white men and women the sex he could handle if he would bama, from March 9th through March who were mixed in with them were come down and join in the demonstra­ 16th: holding hands and arms with them. We tion from the North. During the march, or attempted watched for King to come by, but never It appeared that the demonstrators march, from Selma to Montgomery on did see him walk by. When he came were making every effort to stir up March 9, 196~, myself and the men by he was riding in a station wagon, some sort of trouble. At one point, one under my command were stationed and the station wagon rode along with of the marchers said to me, "Get out along the north side of the road just the marchers and I observed King get­ of the way, you white bastard." They east of Pettus Bridge. While the march ting out of it several times. were making other similar remarks to was stopped in the highway, one of the Between Selma and the first stop I others standing a long the street. white beatniks, with a goatee, told one observed both men and women reliev­ (s l CECIL H. ATKINSON of my troopers who was standing only ing themselves in public, all together Subscribed to and sworn before me a few feet from me that he was being and making no attempt to conceal them­ this 10th day of April, 1965. paid $10 per day, 3 meals, and all the selves at all. (s) Chauncy D. Wood Negro p - -- he wantea." This same At the rest stop, I saw King sitting Notary Public, State at Large beatnik was observed for the next eight by the side of the road. A man walked Expiration date Nov. 17, 1965. (8) days in Selma acting as some sort up .to him and handed him a slip of * * of leader around Sylvan Street, where ,. paper, which seemed to concern King AFFIDAVIT the street · demonstration was going on. greatly. He said, " We'll take care of I, Lionel Freeman, a Captain in the He was in the company of a white girl this at the next rest stop. " Alabama State Troopers, in Huntsville, part of the time and a Negro girl part At one point I observed a young Alabama, do swear and affirm, under time. The next time I saw him after

The student Non-violent Coordinating Committee, one of the organizations sponsoring the march from Selma to Montgomery, works on campuses throughout the nation to influence students and young people to become active in the civil rights move­ ment and in participating in demonstrations. Here are some of the students_ who participated in the demonstrations in Alabama last March. The undergraduate in the center carries a school sweater with the letter "H" emblazoned on it. Perhaps he is a Harvard undergrad. ELEVEN Selma was when he came up Dexter that they could hold their service on to go to the rear of the demonstration Avenue on March 18th . the walk but not on the steps. They crune back up to the front and told us While at the Sylvan Street "Berlin stayed until 3 a.m., insisting that they they observed white and Negro couples Rope, " I and many others observed be allowed up on the Capitol grounds. in_the act of sexual relations. They told smooching and lovemaking between Ne­ After about thirty minutes, the news us that they had sent the story and pic­ groes and whites. A n e w s reporter media were told to get out of the street tures home to their papers. One told called me over to the side of the street and they moved across the street. Some me that the only thing he recognized and pointed to a couple just to the rear of the men claiming to be priests about his story when it was printed was of the group standing in -the street, a cursed like sailors during these five his name. He had asked to be allowed mixed couple, were in the act of hav­ hours. At 3 a.m., when they started to to leave the Selma area but was re­ ing sexual relations. About this time, leave, two photographers, apparently fused by his paper . a priest broke it up and had the couple in their employment, c a m e running A Jewish rabbi who was on the five come up to the "Rope." It didn't seem across the street. One of the men hour stand at the Capitol was contacted to bother any of the three and soon dressed as a priest said, "You stupid by a Trooper in a barber shop the next were all gone from the front of the line. son-of-a-bitch, after all this time here day. The rabbi stated that the leaders On Saturday, March 13, they had an you didn't get a picture of us saying a had lied to him. He stated that, "They extra large crowd of both white and prayer on the bottom step." They were told me we'd only be at the Capitol Negroes in the streets. They atte!IJpted allowed to kneel on the bottom step in forty-five minutes at the moi;;t, but after to scatter and go around the blockade. attempt to get rid of them. getting there they wanted. to remain One Negro who was standing beside a During the eight days in Selma, sev­ all night." He said further, "They want priest, and both standing about three eral newspaper men who were allowed (Continued on Page 28 ) feet from a line of Troopers, made sev­ eral attempts to provoke a Trooper into hitting him. The Negro waved three dollar bills in the Trooper's face and then dropped them, saying "Why don't you pick them up, I know you need it. " During this time, the priest just grinned. The Negro man then said "I'll sleep with a white woman tonight." The priest seemed to think this was real - funny. The priest and Negro would whisper back and forth and then laugh out loud . I ove rheard three beatniks talking, saying that they had been in Cl eveland, Berkley, California and Har­ lem, and had come directly to Selma to join in the demonstrations there. On the afternoon of March 8th, at about 6 p.m., as we were turning onto U. S. 80 at the intersection of Alabama 21 , which is in downtown Selma, I , along with 30 of my men saw two men dressed as priests and four young Ne­ gro girls walk across U . S. 80. The priests were holding hands with two Negro girls each . The Rev. Reeb was beaten about two or three hours later. One tall priest was observed for sev­ eral days around Sylvan Street, always in the company of a Negro girl of about sixteen years of age. Anytime you saw one you saw the other , and usually they were holding hands . .Th ey were in the march to the Courthouse in Selma on Monday, March 15. They went to and from the County Courthouse in Selma on Mond ay, March 15. They went to and from the County Courthouse hold­ ing hands. On the ni ght of March 16, at 10 p.m ., a group of thirty-fou r (34 ) men, mostiy dressed as priests, came from a Negro church in Montgomery to the front of the Capitol. They st a t e d that they ~~is gentleman marched all the way from Sel!'1a to Montgomery-accommodating wanted to get on the Capitol step3 to l,1mself to the u~s_eas~nably hot weather. He 1s a Canadian student who took ad­ vant~ge of the civil rights march to accomplish some research for the Ph.D. he is hold a "Prayer-Service. " They were to ld workmg on.

TWELVE

L nstration l told us couples 1'hey told and pie­ One told icognized nted was Bayard and Ralph allowed was re- W h e n the march from Selma to the five Montgomery started on Sunday, March ontacted 21, it was joined by clergymen and the next church leaders from across the land. leaders They had come to join a crusade for :, "They human dignity and civil rights. They, Capitol and thousands of others, believed that mt after their participation in this massive dem­ remain Just A onstration helped to dramatize a long ey want overdue protest by Negroes against in­ justice, discrimination, suppression of their constitutional rights as citizens, and a denial of their fundamental dig­ nity as human beings. For many it Couple Of was an exalted and emotional experi­ ence without parallel in their lives. Perhaps it is only natural, there­ fore, that when voices are raised in protest against these demonstrations. They seemed to be raised in · defense of "police brutality," discrimination, The Boys suppression of human rights and denial of civil liberty. This is not true. Churchmen, who have been called ,, to devote their lives to the teachings of Christ, may· want to ask themselves this question : If their efforts over the past 2,000 years have been inadequate to the task of eliminating man's in­ humanity to man, how do they think marching from Selma to Montgomery is going to get the job done? What­ ever the answer, the fact is there re­ mains a faint and distasteful residue of doubt in many minds concerning the propriety of · the widespread parti­ cipation by clergymen in the Selma­ Montgomery activities. For many, no doubt, Selma was a form of self-ex­ pression, an outlet for their own frus­ trations-which is entirely understand­ able. What they fail to understand, however, is that their presence and participation in Selma not only adds substance a n d dignity to the civil rights cause itself, but also to those who use the cause, and the cloth, for basically evil purposes of their own. Two ,of these are Bayard Rustin and Ralph Abernathy, the one a homo­ sexual who solicits on city streets. whose life's work is the subversion of the moral fibre of the youth of Amer­ ica, and who led Martin Luther King wdating Negroes in Birmingham were asked to kneel as Martin Luther King and Ralph from obscurity to a position of such ook ad­ Abernathy walked past during demonstrati.ons in Birmingham in 1963. Assistants eminence in the eyes of many of his >. he is preceded the two Negro !eaders with exhortations, "Here he comes. Here comes the King of Kings." followers that they actually kneel when

THIRTEEN he walks past. The other is a minister, tion of prominence in his chosen field sort ·of thing was widely in evidence the "dear and abiding friend" of Mar­ of subversion in 1955 when he was th r o u g ho u t the Selma-Montgomery tin Luther King and his most intimate called on to go to Montgomery anrl demonstrations. Small wonder-if Rus­ associate in the civil rights movement, lend assistance to an obscure young tin 's influence can be seen here. Rustin and a man who hides behind the cloth Baptist minister who had organized a himself was jailed in Pasadena , Cali­ to seduce a 15-year-old member of his bus boycott in that city. Just who fornia for soliciting two men .on the church congregation. ".called upon" Rustin for this assign­ street and then engaging in a homo­ One of the men who sat with Martin ment is not clear. Rustin did leave sexual act while parked in a car on Luther King on the stand at the Capi­ New York and for three years ga\·e one of the city's main thoroughfares. tol in Montgomery is Bayard Rustin. counsel ·and advice to Martin Luther The Pasadena Police report of this in­ Rustin was an organizer for the Com­ King. There is a widely held miscon­ cident is reproduced on page 14. munist Party for 12 years. Later he ception that Bayard Rustin rose to emi­ We are not concerned with Ralph became head of the War Resistors nence through his efforts as Martin Abernathy's private sex life. It should League, the U. S. branch of War Re­ Luther King's executive secretary. Ex­ be an entirely private and personal sistors International. The efforts of actly the opposite is true. Rustin made matter. However, when a person's this world-wide organization are de­ King. standards of personal behavior are such voted entirely to persuading and as­ Bayard Rustin is a homosexual with that he can be found being chased down sisting young men to avoid military a long police record. In this enlight­ Dexter Avenue in Montgomery, Ala­ service to their governments - which ened age we are neither surprised nor bama by an outraged husband with an activity, if not a direct attempt to over­ concerned with a person's private sex axe in his hand; and we learn further throw the government, is at least an practices. When they cease to be pri­ that this person seduced the wife of the indirect effort which, if successful, will vate, however, they become offensive outraged husband when she was a 15- accomplish the same purpose. and call into question a person's mental year-old member of his church congre­ Rustin had already reached a posi- balance and standards of values. This gation, and that he has continued to annoy her ever since-then there would seem to be ligitimate cause for con­ -~ 2.8;8.•A .{!?ex P.-rvorsion. .J\aPOH.T ,_ Hu. 5 6315() • • - I l.'-.u•u,.....,01r.,..,.. cern about the man's moral character Wbere Co:nn11rt 4'd r\1IJ1'C St..r.o ot.. .~--~-or l Day Co cn rn l1 t•d-- L·~~... and personal standards, particularly if Uat• Comrom-1 l•;.! l-..!,3 .;:;:.-~~~ . I he is one of the leaders of what pur­ ,,,llm tPc.r.onl Da te Rill,,Jrh-J l~J.-!'J.3 UIU. AJdr-,11 R~(> BuUII '. ' OJ o, ur,al' ,:.. ;,.,e.:t;u:·Jr lil>H\. !!ct ,O cuit Court of Montgomery County, Ala­

0 ;t'&al °' " llatk• J.Jou t.!l bama, November Term, 1958, before ••• ..::... 1~m: :vt .• wayr,e I,0)1 ~ , Judge Eugene W. Carter. Davis was o;;~~.iorA;tadi SqxuR.l .;rr t~ f ica~,t on 11 :ur Col1. r ;,W< wr t:yo 1·.,1, r JlUO tried and acquitted on a charge of as­ 11t-1rb1 5-lO., w ~i,M 147 , · .\,:; .. 23• T~~~- -:- ~··.1i..v_,J d fl:~. eµ h joc~.s tct~ :-~·., ;_< ~~ e.1ne sauuna 1h1. Ca ~c. . C'h1l hS t.:ed • sault with attempt to murder. Fol­ . 1cf ·t h.e..- ••r• .lQ.olQ.w; .t:111· ~ .;.Q.IXi . ~1D.ie. Oea.p&Uoa. L&bor ~ ~1-.rk• ..'Xat.oo.a • :..a.rt ! 1 lowi?~ is a transcript of the testimony l!mb•• ,J.n·:o vehicle" _ _ .: ru•:.; ! 3.:J.!. .lL.i·=i. .UO.:lLl. .. i.:.. .!! hould.er.o) ;..• L.. ~e. a_-- , V.t\\cte r...i l.'1 10 Oltlr, , 1 .Or . Cn l_. 47: 3301 nd wr!. s t-a~le ~-- ~ tl. ! 1 3.b 1· i -;.!.t fc ~·1:'~r: • of V1 v1an McCoy Davis. It is not pretty ------~,-'<'t,.,dti~...,, 1oi1-11"'1~ reading but it should be instructive to T.oule .B.J.mio :•- .·,-2:i; 5--111, 17::l, !; 1A n .. ,3r:i Eal:- l.. e:rne1t;ur;:, ) any who are interested in knowing in .:this aubj,lct a nd .~ha e.bove .. nar..e.d au,ipoct t 0.:i>!'er.. o.i:.t1 "'" .. Chai:go • .. 1 what direction the civil rights move­ ment may be moving. til•~ 11flf•fte nf C"fi rnr. ed1tJllanal ,irUtna, •od 1\eM'TipUoa ""'' ••In,• ut pr .,r,,,·rl ) r;hile on rautlne patrol 0!!1cer'• Ha u t h .,..d c;torn1o o',servod the above menpori.d * v ahicle par l" ht1nt uown c.i vor ;12 . ,,3 9-.;, :, oJC t o '; th.19 t.Ut:O V."U!,l !l! t~!nG 11. :.: frri:~:. 9Uf ~ r ·,his C!II' ,. duly sworn, was examined and testi­ fi ed as fo llows: Both O!flcor 's obsor vod Husro c ~.s ,:2 utt o ,·t.!n:.:; to :=.lp r; l.is 1..ts v,:hlch werr open ot tt ls ti:"ie, end his pOni n out . Sul1 jec~3 u t. t.h1a ti:,o ~t.-.~cJ -:hnt t 1e1 Direct Examination ,uu•e 1.1erely sttting :.. he:'e. Al l tiu0ject 3 YJ ePo tLo~en out: or t.1n V•"I' 'clo 11"'. d se r eruted anJ st1 j e ct -', 2 :, t;,,ted :.hat ti,o\ !.au !'l!l~ r::At ,;1 unu. t.ha•· •"' BY MR. KNABE: pr o;10:11 t !on ed t ~um., 1n regaNis to c o;,u l a t ing t ho1r,:rr1V'.\:q 'fl !.n, w 1 ~ tn !'ac t was c rr! ed out b:r tho t~ll'ee abovo :tus. e cts -~ .t, :; tuk.1:-.. · t· 'lh1-11v Q. This is Vivian Davis? pa'.l':s. ( Soe otnteMents c.:,d flocnrd1n ; 1 s) A. Yes, I am. All S\lbjec ts nt t hio t i n e ad!:dtted. .~'.,,:,. ;·art• 1n t 111s c so. Q. And what was your name before you became Davis? Subject. a we re, t rcr. n;)or to, t o tU1!! ,t;1t;~c,:, ;"Li;ri .. e !3.,.t1te·,1 •nts e·..,1 :-e"::n•d!ngs ~:e r a r. 1nde o the1r ac~lon 1r. ro.·c.rC.s t;.) trt!:f .-n~~ n·. t~.n"i" ••o"'c c ... t ~~ ti::-.e A. Vivian McCoy. l>t.,okoC. on t !1e u.?u,·o ch.B.r;:e. s,J::,·:,.,~~-· f'J !~ 3 tr·.n:i o: 1;,e~ h:, t- •t. }!len. Q. Did you see the girl who was on ·rho n ~orA:.o:-;t 1 :-n voh.lclt vt".S c-:im· ~ot ... 1·: ee1;1rc 1~d c'. 1o t "J:, "tl!""·n~ the the stand just befo re you got on ? c ourse of -;:.. s, ~1-d 11 u 'cl::-cJ st· !ne1 :·n!;i.:-Pr,ri l":LV8r .... • ()\'!"Id 1n ~, -:.r,:n)~ of t h 1 s v .. h~c e (~"ot:e ,·t1·1ce,:-'a Ynatlc to ietiitrd.1•10 tv o , .\nJrol '!' A. Yes, I did. l!\J :~o. n e\. ..:,~.i::P; test) Vl)h1o:o doos r, t lrnlon~ to"... ,. t~··1 I t'('I na.:- t'l Q. Now, who was she? .r-ord '. JonisC'ln, ::.---...~·1 n. l· :'.o ... t. 'l'n:. lo , '":.: ~ 7h!:J 00.1-t:7 cnntp.,:t;PU. hJ lff1oor J!eot.h an~ 30 o :it'lt'3d hat; ho hn1! 1(\.-!nc,_. tl.1~ vrJh'nla tn su~1f'IJc-t t/2. A. Bernice Cooper Davis. a/·• Con&o s 1.. v; ,J Jet •• l C!.:. . J ·:_,. • . ff1cr.r ·• lf"l,..; o •..: ·l Q. Could you speak louder so these J1ti ·e 1 (!;ant.) l 11cor n •. 0 t)., ., '! 1-21-s~ gentlemen over her can hear it? Pasadena, California p.olice report on arrest of Bayard Rustin and two men at 2:30 A. Bernice Cooper Davis. She was a.m .. January 21, 1953. Bernice Cooper at that time.

FOURTEEN he walks past. The other is a minister, tion of prominence in his chosen field sort ·of thing was widely in evidence Q. Now, you say at that time, what : the " dear and abiding friend" of Mar­ of subversion in 1955 when he was th r o u g ho u t the Selma-Montgomery time do you mean? tin Luther King and his most intimate called on to go to Montgomery and demonstrations. Small wonder-if Rus­ A. When she was living with me. lend assistance to an obscure young associate in the civil rights movement, tin's influence can be seen here. Rustin Q. Did she used to live with you ? and a man who hides behind the clotll Baptist minister who had organized a himself was jailed in Pasadena, Cali­ A. Yes, she did. to seduce a 15-year-old member of his bus boycott in that city. Just who fornia for soliciting two men .on the Q. Did she know Abernathy at that church congregation. "_called upon" Rustin for this assign­ street and then engaging in a homo­ time? ment is not clear. Rustin did leave One of the men who sat with Martin sexual act while parked in a car on A. Yes, sir, she did. Luther King on the stand at the Capi­ New York and for three years gave one of the city's main thoroughfares. Q. Did Abernathy know her? counsel ·and advice to Martin Luther tol in Montgomery is Bayard Rustin. The Pasadena Police report of this in­ A. I am sure he did. He come to King. There is a widely held miscon­ Rustin was an organizer for the Com­ cident is reproduced on page 14. our house and he was acquainted with ception that Bayard Rustin rose to emi­ munist Party for 12 years. Later he We are not concerned with Ralph her. nence through his efforts as Martin became head of the War Resistors Abernathy's private sex life. It should Q. Now, did Abernathy date you al Luther King's executive secretary. Ex­ League, t he U. S. branch of War Re­ be an entirely private and personal any time? actly the opposite is true. Rustin made sistors International. The efforts of matter. Howeyer, when a person's A. Yes, sir, he did. King. this world-wide organization are de­ standards of personal behavior are such Q. Did he ever have physical or Bayard Rustin is a homosexual with voted entirely to persuading and as­ that he can be found being chased down sexual relations with you ? a long police record. In this enlight­ sisting young men to avoid military Dexter Avenue in Montgomery, Ala­ A. Yes, sir. service to their governments - which ened age we are neither surprised nor bama by an outraged husband with an Q. Did he have normal relations or concerned with a person's private sex activity, if not a direct attempt to over­ axe in his hand; and we learn further abnormal relations? throw the government, is at least an practices. When they cease to be pri­ that this person seduced the wife of the A. Both. indirect effo rt which, if successful , will vate, however, they become offensive outraged husband when she was a 15- Q. Both? and call into question a person's mental accomplish the same purpose. year-old member of his church congre­ A. Yes, sir. balance and standards of values. This Rustin had already reached a posi-- gation, and that he has continued to Q. Now , did you ever tell him that annoy her ever since-then there would you wanted him to stop getting in touch -~ 28_S-A _(~ex ~rvora1on_ .RaPOtl.T seem to be ligitimate cause for con­ with you ? Bayard Rustin in New York where he directs activities of the War Resistors League, c...•1-.,, r,, ..... cern about the man's moral character A. Yes, sir, I did. an organization whose only purpose is to persuade and aid young men to avoid WhtH·• Conunttted ?u.l.11.Ac St.r.oe.t., ..e.-M~"'OT' , and personal standards, particularly if military service to their country. VlrtL.m ( F1ru,t Ua7 Comi:1J1tad •. i'J.i"1-. . __ .. -··· , Q. Now, when was the last time? Uat11 Co:m::m.,_ l-~1~.!j,3 . "f1lnD_G.....lt)am. he is one of the leaders of what pur­ Let us just take the summer of 1958. \'ktha ( Pc.nu11) t>au, R;,1,oo rhd l-2J..-!".,..."} ·· - 'nm°".2.f"JO!lt. lfia AJdr ... Re~rted Tu ·•~ad.sna. lJ'.., ports to be a Christian movement. I believe your husband went off to band went outside. Apparently Rev. that he contacted you or that you got n-. /.4dr..... fl•t1<> r1 ,.11 u,. 1)).\ VJ.aw ( i;oa~ :,., St.orn!.e) Such a man is Ralph Abernathy. Here school , did he not? Abernathy went outside and I started in touch with Abernathy? n~a. Pbo1. • .. n,... r111,u~ Addn, ,.,..,:.1. PV tnff.lti~•tlrl' Ottlc~r a.ea.th ...:. .,,) t.ar nia Ph UH' is a transcript from the trial of Edward A . Yes, sir, he did. out the door. His wife and myself, we A. He contacted me during the sum­ PuaoD Altad,K _--.N.Q .:L!l.10 \°U'.J..t.u-.ldu.lt.9. !Ja,Pllf' _:.s:;:ir..1 .:lW! tln Davis, a s c h o o I teacher in Butler Q. Now, before he went off to school were inside talking, and they were on mer of '58 when he was in town this County, Alabama. This is case num­ were you with him at any time when the outside, and when I started out he past June, July and August. r:~;r:, At;::~~ Su-or.~tana { Pe,ni:i J H,m (' : r Jl.:icj~ . t .)f' 1·,1 ,r r ;.~o;,n~ 11 .. , .. 1 '.i - l \•,·.,1cbL l /, Ag• 4{) ber 8741, State vs. Davis, in the Cir­ he h~d a conversation with Abernathy? was talking to Rev. Abernathy and I Q. Now , when is the last time he How .A.t1uud. .!it.nd!!. lt !~autb ~ 'I nG.llty J;c,.,r 0 DuHJ ~'od contacted you before this occurrence·, ,~ Qj'a': ,:.. .:.,e.;~u=- ·r » .. ,a. !!i..: r. o cuit Court of Montgomery County, Ala­ A. Yes, sir. looked and went back inside. bama, November Term, 1958, before Q. Can you tell us where that oc­ Q. Did you come up to them as A. He contacted me on August 29th. Judge Eugene W. Carter. Davis was curred? they fini shed their conversation? Q. That is the day . . . ObJectotA:w.~i.Se)N'll ..;r:-t~fico.~.tOn "" 11:i.arCulr,r;ff wr l:yol,J)l r J l ue tried and acquitted on a charg~ of as­ A. It occurred at his house, and it A. No, I didn't. A. That is the day that this incident 11c11?ll1 !i-l.Y, w,t1hl _1 47, .v .. Z'.5, T~; ":' .t ·.v"r 1~Jd at aµ,.., joc;!j f;..i~ .--ft~;~fJid. 8 ,1ne N•'.Junallty. CAt.C. nu1td Lad. sault with attempt to murder. Fol­ occurred in-out at Loveman's in Nor­ Q. And did you talk to anybody occurred. The incident took place. _if.' tl,e.y ,-ere .lQ.ol(.\.11,& .(91• a .iJQQQ. t:!Alv, o...... , .. .. tabor ...... Tatoo.o, ....o.Ct ! , mandale. Q. Now , about what time of day did Cl"!T'bro J:1·,o vehicle., . u.:.· -=-~ {~.:i.,!.1.4.,1·:J. Lo.;.4]. .. l,;....shtru.ld.eir.o) ..:'l.P.a.ar 1 lowi~g. is a transcript of the testimony while they were talking, or did you VeM.cte tMJ lf) 11J ~ld"' 1 '.)r. c,~1 . •n: 3301 nd tir!st-8AAl6 ;· ..:.. ti. !lJ.._; l'i ;!~t fc .',,'lr' ., of V1 v1an McCoy Davis. It is not pretty Q. You say that there was a time he contact you? ___, • .,,,,1' --~. 9 :.t;•d !1 U tl c; nt· !nerJ. [,.';f_,:•P.;·n r var '" of tt1::J Vn~."'C 8 f"'o!:O i{t°iC8;' 1a t,natlo to ..iethrdJr10 t ... A. Yes, I did. Q. Were you all standing together were you ? A,. No, he was not at home. P.u· .on e ...,,; 13'. toot) Q. Now, who was she? talking? A. I was fifteen. Q. And when did he come home? ; ora • 'oni!Jon, :.:v? !' •. ,,.,Lo .. ~ • . n,. ·,o · ~-­ J~ut,h ar.~ 01:. o :.Jt ,t c. th.~t ho i.lll,' ln.~rh.1., t:.l• A. Bernice Cooper Davis. A. No. Q. Fiftee n at that time? A. He came home a bout fifteen a/ ·• Cori!os •.,u; .) Jot., l C1 ~. J · !.1 ,, Q. Cou ld you speak louder so these Q. Well , how were you arranged? J , e ) (~on~. ) A . Ye , sir. minut-es after, about two-fifteen. gentlemen over her can hear it? A. Well , we met up in the store and Q. Now, after this conversation that Q. Then what did you and your hus- Pasadena, California police report on arrest of Bayard Rustin and two men at 2:30 A. Bernice Cooper Davis. She was he spoke, and I went over to look at occurred out in front of Loveman's in band do ? · a.m .. January 21, 1953. Bernice Cooper at that time. some women's apparel and my hus- Montgomery when was the next time l Co ntinued on Page 25 1 FOURTEEN FIFTEEN How 'IMAGES' Are

BY ALBERT C. PERSONS

Almost anywhere in the world today image of Birmingham must be the arti­ sioner

Here is a !)icture that will look familiar to many readers. It is almost identical with one taken by the Associated Press and widely distributed. TIME's caption with this picture in their edition of May 17, 1963 read: Birmingham Cons Manhandlin.,. Negro woman. The building in the background is on the comer directly across the street from the 16th Streef Baptist Church -Martin Luther King's command !)Ost for the Birmingham demonstrations., A short time before this picture was taken the last of several hundred little children had marched quietly up the sidewalk where the woman lies, to waiting school buses at the end of the block. The buses took the children to "jail" at the city fairgrounds. Most reporters, photographers and police were at that end of the block when the woman above came out of the d'oorway in the background. A lone policeman st.ood on the sidewalk by the door. The woman spat in his face and struck out at him. She is a very large w.oman. She fought and fell to the ground. She also took a large bite out of the leg of the squatting policeman. Several other officers came to his assistance. It took four to subdue her-without hurting her. The Associated Press photographer and I each took a picture. The captions used on his !)icture were not written by him, of course.

SIXTEEN Created

this story knows is that Connor at no time allowed white spectators within one city block of the park where Bir­ mingham city police attempted to con­ fine (and disperse) the several thou­ sand Negroes who congregated there every day. Knowing this, and having rubbed elbows with Connor almost every day throughout a several weeks period, I questioned the TIME corre­ spondent who had filed the report. He was Dudley E. Morris, at that tim~ based in TIME's Atlanta office. Morris got quite hot under the collar, but he finally admitted that he had not heard Connor make the statement, but that someone else told him Connor made it. Our argument took place in a motel room in downtown Birmingham. Pres­ ent were several LIFE photographers and LIFE associate editor David Nevin. In spite of Morris' admission that he had not actually heard Police Com­ m1ss10ner Connor invite tr 3 whites down to " look at the niggers run," the fo llowing week LIFE picked up the quote and ran it as part of this pas­ sage-which is from their May 17, 1963 edition. "ATTACK DOGS. With vicious guard dogs the police attacked the marchers - and thus rewarded them The w:oman in the picture above was drunk on Easter Sunday afternoon in Bir­ with an outrage that would win sup­ mingham in ~963. She and ~undi:eds of others had joined with a group which left a port all over the world for Birming­ church deep m a Negro residential area. They were bent on streaming into town. ham 's Negroes. If the Negroes them­ Birmingha m police had orders to prevent this. A stand-off developed a nd the crowd selves had written the script," (they of chanting Negroes soon numbered more than a thousand. Police were almos t helpless in effo1·ts to disperse the crowd. The situation became explosive. The only did J "they could hardly have asked for whites were the police and a handful of reporters. The woman in the oicture struck greater help for their cause than City out -0f ihe crowd at a _oolicc officer. He went after her. She fought~ It took the Commissioner Eugene ("Bull " J Con­ five policemen pictured here to get her into a wagon and off to jail-without hurt­ nor freely gave. Ordering his men to ing her. She could, of course, have been subdued quite easily if any of the police had wanted to use his club. let white spectators come near, he said : "I want 'em to see the dogs work. Look at those niggers run." Here is more of TIME's view of the arch segregationist, viciously retaliated with club swinging cops" (you see, they This statement attributed to Bull Birmingham demonstrations. In the can swing straight down on kids l "po­ Connor by LIFE and TIME is abso­ May 10, 1963 edition TIME says: " Bir­ lice dogs," ( they let the dogs eat the lutely false- and they know it. Both mingham saw a small civil war: whites six-year-olds l "and blasts of water magazines have a perfect right to their against Negroes," tit never happened) from the fire hoses." opinions of Connor and they have a,1 "cops against children" (oh, come on equal right to tell their readers what now l " clogs against humans." (Just " Blackbooted firemen" (the g ood this opi nion is. They do not have the li ke ancient Rome where they used to firen:ien a I w ays wear white boots l right, under a ny norma lly accepted let the lions eat Christians every Satur­ " turned on their hoses. The kids fell standards of responsi ble journalism, to day afternoon. eh?l back from the crushing streams. The put words into the mouth of Connor And this: "It began when Rev. Mar­ water pressure increased. Children fell which he did not utter. By doing so tin Luther King decided to throw school and lay there bleeding. ·· they fa lsely contrive to have Connor children into the battle lines." (That Had enough? This would all be create an image of himself whi ch is in King is a real soldier l . "Police Com­ funny if it were not so tragic. The fact entirely their own. missioner Eugene ( "Bull " l Connor, tragic part of it is that millions of

SEVENTEE N ______-- ~-=-==~-=.--,__ _ ., ... A .. __, ______

TIME readers actually have a picture world will never know. TIME anti ever, that their readers have so little of bleeding Negro children spread like LIFE, and all other journals, have a way of determining what is straight limp, wet rags all over Birmingham's right (I'm sure they believe it is even fact aud what is, shall we say, only city streets. Morris must have waited a responsibility l to express their atti­ "editorial licel}se." (If you can think until after the bar closed to write that tudes on any subject they care to ap­ of another word, go ahead and use it. l one. proach editorially. These magazines There is a lot of talk these days And so, today, "This is Binning­ make no pretense of being objective~ about "police brutality." Martin Luth­ ham." The fact that it isn't is some­ so they are not deceiving their readers er King and his civil rights leaders use thing millions of people around the on that count. It is unfortunate, how the phrase constantly-usually only in connection with "white soutJ:iern cops." The elimination of "police brutality" is almost always one of the demands they make as a price for an armistice in communities where they are cam­ paigning. Somehow they have man­ aged to sell much of the national press on the idea too, as witness the pre­ ceeding excerpts from news stories coming out of Birmingham. The job the police had to do in Birmingham was to control" the mobs, numbering in thou­ sands; which gathered in Kelly Ingram Park. These mobs were not organized demonstrators with specific projects in mind-like a march on the courthouse for a prayer session. They were Ne­ groes who gathered every day to see what the real demonstrators inside the 16th Street Baptist Church were going to do. The real demonstrators, for their part, simply stayed inside the church until the mob had formed out­ side, thus creating the real problem for the Birmingham police force. How is a mob, particularly an emotionally charged mob, handled? Do you start shooting them? Do you just wade in clubbing right and left? Most certainly not. A trained police force handles and disperses a mob as gently, and with as little physical force as possible. You squirt them with fire hoses, which have a limited range. Then you get police dogs, on leashes, and move through the crowd. People always move away from a police dog-and no one gets hurt. That's the way it was handled in Birmingham. The only issues involved as far as the police are concerned is simply to properly per­ form a tough often hazardous job. Re­ porters who were in Birmingham know this to be the truth. Police forces are small forces. The The first time police dogs were used in Birmingham was on Sunday, April 13, 1963. They were used• late in the afternoon to disperse a mob that had, gathered in Kelly main thing that makes it possible for Ingram Park. Shortly after I arrived on the scene I heard shrieks and dogs snarl­ a police force to function is the gen­ ing near the corner of 17th Street and 6th Avenue. I ran over and took the picture erally widespread respect that people at the top left of police officers shackling a Negro man on the ground. In the top have for the law. Efforts to discredit right picture, Leroy Allen, handcuffed, is being led off by a police officer. The left law enforcement agencies are danger­ oleeve of his sweater is torn and his arm has been gashed by a police dog. Negrn leaders at the Gaston Motel, where I went that night with LIFE reporters, said that ous. National news media of the stat­ Allen had stepped between a dog and a woman with a baby in her arms. Then ure of LIFE and TIME do la_w enforce­ they said police knocked him to the ground whern he was kicked by Police Chief ment agencies and law abiding citizens Jamie Moore. Later it was learned that Allen had attacked a d'og with a knife. everywhere a great disservice when The dog was pull~d off and Allen was subdued. When I developed the pictures at they allow themselves to be recruited the top it was obvious that Police Chief Moore was nowhere around. The story about Moore received wide circulation, nevertheless. Thus are "images" creat-e'li. into such efforts.

EIGHTEEN Police dogs- in Birmingham, Chicago or San Francisco-are not used to "attack" anyone . . They are used to control and d!sperse crowds of people who cannot otherwise be persuaded to move. The attitudes expressed by · t.he Negroes in the picture above is not that of people who are being attacked. The fact is they are entirely unconcerned. All that's happening here is that they are being moved out of Kelly Ingram Park.

When the Negroes in Birmingham learned that police dogs wer~ not_ going to be allowed to attack them they became quite blase about f.he whole thing. Many of the youths pulled off their shi rts and used them as capes in mock " bullfights .. with the dogs. The boy in the center of the picture, shirt in bot~ hands, is pl~ying " toreador" with one of the dogs out of the picture to the right. When I took all of these pictures I was m company with a LIFE photographer. LIFE must have manv of the same kinds of pictures: But such pictures do not reflect LIFE's own attitude. Therefore , 30 million readers of LIFE never saw pictureS' like this. Martin Luther King

And Communism

There is an old saw that goes like civil rights organizations accept help, movement has been grossly and solidly this: "If it looks like a duck, quacks but not control, from anyone, includ­ infiltrated by the Communist Party. like a duck, and lays an egg like a ing Communists, and that the leader­ Those persons in the civil rights move­ duck-the chances are very good that ship of civil rights organizations,. in­ ment who deny this, deny overwhelm­ it is a duck." ·· cluding Martin Luther King, is free of ing evidence that it is so. Tfie evi­ To insist that Martin Luther King influence by any Communist conspir­ dence c I e a r 1 y shows that Martin is not a Communist, or at the very acy to subvert the movement. This Luther King has very closely c:;on­ least, dominated and controlled by sounds good but it is not true. nected his organization, the Southern Communists, it is necessary to deny A joint committee of both houses of Christian Leadership Conference, with completely all the evidence of one's the Louisiana State Legislature was the Southern Conference Educational senses. He looks like one, talks like created in 1960 to. find out if there is Fund. This has been going on for one, acts like one, and has been in­ any Communist infiltration into the years. By thus connecting himself with timately associated with Communists State of Louisiana, and if so, what the Communists, Martin Luther King throughout his entire career as a leader form it has taken. At the conclusion has cynically betrayed his responsi­ in the civil rights movement. If he of hearings held in Baton Rouge on bilities as a Christian minister and the could Jay an egg it would be a Com­ March 19, 1964 the Louisiana Joint political leader of a large number of munist egg; for certain. Committee on Un-American Activities people. had this to say: "The infiltration of Apologists for Communists in the "The Student Non-violent Coordina­ the Communist Party into the civil civil rights movement like to point out ting Committee, from all the evidence, rights movement through the Southern how natural it is that Communists is substantially under the influence of Conference Educational Fund is shock­ would be attracted to such a move­ the Communist Party through the sup­ ing and highly dangerous to this state ment; that there probably are Com­ port and management given it by the and to the nation. The evidence is munists in the civil rights movement; Communists in the SCEF. However that needing all the help they can get,, quite conclusive that the civil rights the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee may have started, it is now getting strong financial aid from the SCEF and its policies are · substantially influenced by the SCEF. Many inno­ cent students have been and are now being recruited by the Student Non­ violent Coordinating Committee to un­ knowingly carry out the instructions and policies of the Communist Party, dictated to Student Non-violent Coordi­ nating Committee by the SCEF." W ha t is the "conclusive evi­ dence" that this committee gathered, and what is the Southern Conference Educational Fund itself? The evidence comes in part from hearings of the U. S. House Committee on Un-American Activities and of the Senate Internal Security Committee. But most of the evidence concerning the Southern Conference Educational Fund and its connections with civil rights comes from the files of the Photograph of Martin Luther King and Dombrowski, Anne and Carl Braden. The SCEF itself-files which were taken in 1Jotes on the back of the phot.ograph in the handwriting of James A. Dt>mbrowski a raid on SCEF Headquarters in New say: "The 6th Annual Conference of the Southern Christian Leadership .Conference, Birmingham, Alabama, September 25 to 28, 1962·. Martin Luther King, Jr. respond­ Orleans. These files and records are ing to Anne Braden' speech; in background AB , Carl Braden, JAD." a completely documented record of

TWENTY over twenty-five years of successful Shuttlesworth. In April 1954 at hear-· _ ers, and violators of the Smith Act, subversive aetivity, primarily in the ings held in New Orleans by the Senate and has never failed to rally to their field of civil rights. Internal Security Committee he ·was defense." Smith is registered with the The Southern Conference Education­ identified as .a Communist Party mem­ U. S. Justice Department as a repre­ al Fund is the new name for the South­ ber by one witness who had been in sentative of semi-official agencies of ern Conference for Human Weifare. the party, and was identified by an­ the Communist C u b a n Government. The Southern Conference for Human other witness at the same time as one Smith's picture appeared in the March Welfare was conceived, set up, and who had accepted Communist Party 11, 1962 edition of "The Worker, " offi­ financed by the Communist Party in Discipline. cial publication of the Communist 1938 as a mass organization to promote William Howard Melish: Melish was Party of the_ United States. The ac­ Communism throughout the Southern a minister and has been identified in companying article described his pre­ States. It was exposed as a Commu­ sworn testimony as a Communist Party sentation of an award by the National nist front a few years later by a gov­ member. Melish is on the staff of the Lawyers Guild for his "anti-bias strug­ ernment committee and simply changed SCEF as the Eastern representative of gle in the South." its name-continuing in business as the the organization, primarily as a so­ Dr. James A. Dombrowski: Dom­ SCEF with the same old address, same licitor of funds in the New York area. browski was identified as a Commu­ telephone number, substantially the Benjamin Smith: Smith is an at­ nist at hearings of the Senate Internal identical leadership, and it conlinued torney in the city of New Orle·ans. He Security Committee by Paul Crouch to print the same official organ, "The was treasurer of the SCEF and was and John Butler. Crouch held many Southern Patriot" which was cited as a member of the board of directors of major positions in the Communist Par­ a subversive "publication by the U. S. the National Lawyers Guild-which has ty. According to his own testimony he Government. been cited by the U. S. Government was at one time head of the Commu­ At a hearing of the Louisiana Joint as the "foremost legal bulwark of the nist Party's department for infiltration Committee on Un-American Activities Communist Party, which has rallied to of the Armed Forces. He was a repre­ Dr. William Sorum, New Orleans phy­ the defense . of Communist law-break- sentative of the Communist Party of sician, for six years an active member of the Communist Party, testified as V·,\ 1 ))dX:,1 ';}-< ,." r/.., : i·.: ,; J 1 ,., follows: VI 0 . , I Q - I believe you also testified in 1957 C =r DEPOSIT ONLY (before the Senate Internal Security -a, Committee) while you were in the 3 S. C. L. C. . Communist Party, you were told to i I n 0 z ~- :::, work in the Southern Conference for "' z a' C, :; o tTl II '1 i" Human Welfare, is that correct? ...... a, ?"" >-< :::, A - That's right, it was one of the .:zz g f ..,.n main organizational outlets, and it was 10 P> 0. '1 a: m considered one of the most important !" g =! :: :::. 0 a.. ,.. C o. ::, .. C: things that we · had. When the Southern .. ~ z Ill r-!.:•• i fi: Conference for Human Welfare had D z > .... c:- .... IT'. -- cn t"4 ~ ~ • : -•• g·. their national m e e t i n g down here, LTI • '< •••• ...... D • i!.: . . . •• I '1 • ... . •.•. _,! ~ about 12 of the top Communists in the ~ • • -n D ... : ~ . • c: • . . South were here . . . " D ~:. : t--··· . .::, .... These are some· of the people who ,,. • :::, QQ •• -~ -...,:, • .. • fi• .• -~ • direct the activities of the Southern :··· -g, ~-: . ~ • -~ • Conference Educational fund : .... ~ ! J·. :_,,_. ••· •• ' r--.,,~ ~' ,; Fred Shuttleworth, was responsibie . ... :;: /~ ,~., . ~- 11>-__ for the formation of the Montgomery •• • •• ,.._- ~ 1"' l Improvement Association which gave :::1, . . .-:. Martin Luther King his start on the ":i road to prominence in the civil rights ~ movement. At one time the resigna­ -·S · tion of some of the leaders of the Mont­ 0 gomery Improvemen·t Association fol­ lowed a disclosure of discrepancies in the organization's books amounting to approximately $100,000. In 1941 Shut: ..... tiesworth was arrested and pied guilty ..,. in District Court in the State of Ala­ le bama to the illegal distillation of whisa Je: I key, commonly known as moonshining. IT' .. ~ ~ 0 IE - 1· ; ,. ~ ...,:, ~ - e , ....., l • % ~ ...... Fred Shuttlesworth is currently vice­ ...,:, ~~ I ~ ,.. ~ ' -"' c.n president of Martin Luther King's r ~!. w I' . ,.- Southern Christian Conference. He is "./'. also president of the Southern Confer­ ence Educational Fund. L Aubrey Williams, deceased: Wil­ Check paid to Martin Luther King by SCEF. Check is signed by James Dombrowski liams was president of SCEF before and Ben Smith and endorsed on the back by King.

TWENTY-ONE the United States to the Executive nist ; that he could serve the Revolu­ tried all of the avenues of moderation Committee of the Communist Interna­ tionary movement better under the So­ and of moral suasion, conclude that tionale in Moscow, and he was a mem­ cialist label than he could under the such power will continue to utilize its ber of the commission in Moscow to Communist label. " Then the question control of society to increase its ad­ draft plans to infiltrate and subvert was, "Was that a customary practice vantage until fin al justice can only be all of the armed forces of the world. of the top - fli g ht operators?" Mr. achieved by a violent revolution, in Crouch testified that he was one of Crouch says, "Yes, sir." which the sources of power are brought three Communists who had originally At another place in the record of· under the control of the workers." On planned the Southern Conference for this hearing the witness named John page 189 of his thesis Dr. Dombrowski Human Welfare to set up in the South Butler swore that, "James A. Dom­ says : "Thus it is the first duty of all . a mass "organization through which browski had been a party member." religious people to destroy Capitalism the Communist line could extend over · He was introduced by another party without regard for their own welfare." all of the South, and through which member, Alton Lawrence. At that time Dr. Dombrowski is the Director of the intellectuals, professionals and minis­ John Butler was in the Communist Southern Conference Educational Fund. ters could be brought within the scope Party himself. Butler swears that and has been since its inception as the of the Communist Party influence. Mr. Lawrence told him that Dombrowski Southern Conference fo r Human Wel­ Crouch was asked about James Dom­ was one of the upper ten Communists fare in 1938. browski in connection with the Com­ in the United States. Carl and Anne Braden: The Bra­ munist Party. He said thi_s : "I should On page 25 of his Doctoral thesis, dens are both field organizers for the like to add for the record that Dr. written at Columbia University, Dom­ SCEF, Carl Braden is also editor of Dombrowski told me on several occa­ browski says: "Proletarians who have "The Southern Patriot." They were sions that he ·preferred to be called a suffered at the hands of ruthless power both identified as Communist Party 'Left Socialist' rather than a Commu- in an industrial system, and who have members by Alberta M. Ahearn, who was an FBI informer surfaced for the purpose of testifying against the Bra­ dens. She testified that she was re­ cruited into the Communist Party by ~ ,rut1p,- -~mg, Jr. Anne Braden. Carl Bradden was con­ ~ ...... ~GUpmlf victed of sedition and received a 15- year sentence in Kentucky. He served 401~~~~ several months on this sentence, and it was voided under the old Nelson Case ~ .....Jia decision of the U. S. Supreme Court which voided State Sedition Laws. Sub'. sequent to this Braden served a year in the Federal Penitentiary for con­ tempt of Congress for refu sing to a n­ August 16, 1960 swer questions of the House Committee on Un-American Activities. In the files of the SCEF , all taken Dear Jim: in the raid on their headquarters in New Orleans, there is a voluminous This is just a note to acknowledge r e ceipt or your correspondence, stretching over a pe­ letters or recent date. We, too, were more than riod of many years, between leaders happy- to have you in our home. The f e, llows hip was of the SCEF and leaders of civil rights very ,rewarding. organizations. Here is an excerpt from a letter from Martin Luther King to I \d.11 expect to hear from you when Bis hop Love Anne Braden. King writes : "It was returns to the country. At that time we can set the certainly good to have Carl in Colum­ date for an Atlanta meting . bia last week. He added a great deal to the meeting. I hope both of you will fi nd it possible to become perma­ Very s ince r ely yours, nently associated with the So uthern Christian Leadership Conference. . . " In a letter to J ames Dombrowski Martin Luther King writes: "This is just a note to acknowledge receipt of Dr. James Dombrowski your letters of recent date. We, too, Southern Conference Educationa l Fund, Inc. were more than happy to have you in 822 Perdido Stre~t ou r home. The fe ll owship was very Rew Orleans 12, · Louilliana rewarding." In the SCEF fi les there is corre­ MLK:mlb spondence between Dombrowski and King and Wyatt Tee Walker (King's Executive Secretary l concerning the layout of a full page new paper ad

TWENTY-TWO the United States to the Executive nist ; that he could serve the Revolu­ tried all of the avenues of moderation which was a joint project of SCEF, Committee of the Communist Interna­ tionary movement better under the So­ and of moral suasion, conclude that SCLC, and SNCC. tionale in Moscow, and he was a mem­ cialist label than he could under the such power will continue to utilize its A letter from James Farmer, Na­ ber of the commission in Moscow to Communist label." Then the question control of society to increase its ad­ tional Director of CORE says: "Let draft plans to infiltrate and subvert was, "Was that a customary practice vantage until final justice can only be me acknowledge w i t h pleasure the all of the armed forces of the world. of the top - f Ii g ht operators?" Mr. achieved by a violent revolution, in good wishes which you extend on be­ Crouch testified that he was one of Crouch says, "Yes, sir." which the sources of power are brought half of the Southern Conference Edu­ three Communists who had original!v At another place in the record of· under the control of the workers." On cational Fund, and to assure you that planned the Southern Conference for this hearing the witness named John page 189 of his thesis Dr . Dombrowski they are reciprocated. It is a good Human Welfare to set up in the South Butler swore that, "James A. Dom­ says: "Thus it is the first duty of all fight we are in, and one which will a mass "organization through which browski had been a party member." religious people to destroy Capitalism call forth all the dedication we can the Communist line could extend over · He was introduced by another party without regard for their own welfare." muster." all of the South, and through which member, Alton Lawrence. At that time Dr. Dombrowski is the Director of the A letter from Dombrowski to the intellectuals, professionals and minis­ John Butler was in the Communist Southern Conference Educational Fund. Student Non-violent Coordinating Com­ 4000 ters could be brought within the scope Party himself. Butler swears that and has been since its inception as the mittee discusses the pattern of placing of the Communist Party influence. Mr. Lawrence told him that Dombrowski Southern Conference for Human Wel­ SNCC personnel on grants from the ...... ~ 1.-. 5 &p L .. U 18 6.2 • ..,. Crouch was asked about James Dom­ was one of the upper ten Communists fare in 1938. SCEF, paid not to the students them­ ~ ;' ~~ - Jt.uOU I.QaJlfr~ .~f."~~i.-1/"°'\, S2:,0.u:; browski in connection with the Com­ in the United States. Carl and Anne Braden: The Bra­ selves, but to SNCC, allowing the '!"tN> lnu4,Ctl',.! H t 7 Nl,f~rr.J:W-,n,;_I'._..~.~ munist Party. He said this: "I should On page 25 of his Doctoral thesis, dens are both field organizers for the SCEF to control the field workers and ,·;;r~~~.. - ~~~- like to add for the record that Dr. written at Columbia University, Dom­ organizers of the SNCC without their WRTT'l'l1'"Y NAT IONAi. "~' .: .. ;-'- ,~· li: . ·- SCEF, Carl Braden is also editor of r:. ..,, ~ : :.: • : • ~-,~ .,,,t - - - _-.. - _- ..... o.:s...... -.. ~,,,.,. ... " • . • • '"' /. Dombrowski told me on several occa­ browski says: "Proletarians who have "The Southern Patriot." They were being any way identified w i t h the sions that he ·preferred to be called a suffered at the hands of ruthless power both identified as Communist Party SCEF. J am es Forman, Executive Di­ • ,: o, S0-:0 :1,:··:q~ ~I I 1r , _,00000 i 5000_, 'Left Socialist' rather than a Commu- in an industrial system, and who have members by Alberta M. Ahearn, who rector of the Student Non-violent Co­ was an FBI informer surfaced for the ordinating Committee wrote to Dom­ purpose of testifying against the Bra­ browski as follows : ''We sincerely dens. She testified that she was re­ thank you for the last installment on cruited into the Communist Party by the grant to Robert Zellner made by ~ ~utlpt: -~ing, Jr. Anne Braden. Carl Bradden was con­ the Southern Conference Educational victed of sedition and received a 15- Fund. May we take this opportunity ~---~GUpard, year sentence in Kentucky. He served to thank you for the other services 407~~~~ several months on this sentence and it rendered to the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee by SCEF. The ~Lq;a was voided under the old Nels~n Case decision of the U. S. Supreme Court cooperation we have re c e i v e d has which voided State Sedition Laws. Sub'. made it possible to carry on a pro­ ~equent to this Braden served a year gram despite many obstacles we have m the Federal Penitentiary for con­ encountered this past year . Specifi­ cally, your efforts in raising money tempt of Congress for refu sing to an­ fo r the McComb students and mem­ Aug ust 16, 1960 swer questions of the House Committee bers of our staff will long be remem­ on Un-American Activities. bered. The fact that SCEF has made In the files of the SCEF all taken available to us certain channels of Dear J'im: in the raid on their head~uarters in communication has been vitally impor­ New Orleans, there is a voluminous tant to the movement in general. It is Thia is just a note to acknowledge receipt or your correspondence, stretching over a pe­ our hope that our actions further ad­ letters or recent date. We, t oo, were more than riod of many years, between leaders vance the cause for which we are all happy to have you 1n our home. The fe,llowship was of the SCEF and leaders of civil rights working." very, :rewardlng. organizations. H_ere is an excerpt from In one eighteen month period, from a letter from Martin Luther King to December, 1961, to June of 1963, the I will expect to hear f r om you when Bishop Love Anne Braden. King writes: "It was Southern Conference Educational Fund Checks from the SCEF to the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee. returns to the count r y. At that time we can set the certainly good to have Carl in Colum­ gave the Student Non-violent Coordi­ bia last week. He added a great deal nating Committee over ten thousand, date ror an Atlanta meeti ng. dition to this, and more important, the to the meeting. I hope both of you three hundred dollars ($10,300 >. The One of the interlocking connections of Senate Committee established that Carl will find it possible to become perma­ Student Non-violent Coordinating Com­ SCEF with another Communist organi­ Very s incerely you.rs, Braden is one of the national directors nently associated with the Southern mittee has been the spearhead of vio­ zation will serve as an example of how of the Fair Play for Cuba Committee. Christian Leadership, Conference. . . " lence used as a tool of the SCEF and it works. The Fair Play for Cuba Com­ In a letter to J ames Dombrowski the Communist Conspiracy throughout mittee, itself intertwined at the top Both Fair Play for Cuba Committee Martin Luther King writes: "This is the United States, particularly in the level of leadership with the militantly and the SCEF publicly supported a just a note to acknowledge receipt of South. revolutionary Socialist Workers Party, man, Robert Williams. who fled the has close connections with SCEF. In United States to escape prosecution Dro Jame I Dombrowski your letters of recent date. We, too, F BI Director J . Edgar Hoover has were more than happy to have you in May, 1961 the Senate Internal Security for kidnapping in North Carolina. He Southern Conference Educational Fund p Inc 0 said that Communist " front organiza­ 822 Perdido St~~t our home. The fellowship was very tions exist not only in isolation, but as Committee established that Carl Bra­ went to Ct1ba and set up a powerful den was one of the main speakers at a Rew Orleans 12,· Louisiana rewarding." a part of a vast, interlaced front sys­ broadcasting station from which he ba nquet in New York given by the beamed violent exhortations to South­ In the SCEF files there is corre­ tem." To all but the dedicated, full­ Fair Play for Cuba Committee on ern Negroes to use razors and lye spondence between Dombrowski and time anti-Communist these interlock­ JIU:Jlilb April 28. 1961. His expenses had been King and Wyatt Tee Walker (King's ing conections b e come quite over­ bombs against Southern whites.. Rob­ pa id to come to the banquet from ert Williams is now in Communist Executive Secretary) concerning the whelming in their complexity. This, of China . A half page book re\'iew in layout of a full page newspaper ad course, is by design, not by accident. wherever he was at the time. In ad-

TWENTY-TWO TWENTY-THREE ~ .. . \. ' · 100062 -, OCT 1 1954 LOUISVIUX' DIV. POLICE ,__ . -----~-- -

CARL BRADEN ANNE BRADEN JAMES A. DOMBROWSKI BENJAMINE. SMITH

"The Southern Patriot" commented fa­ in fact, some things wrong in our so­ gomery know that Carl Braden, who vorably on Williams' book "Negroes ciety but are unable to see the proper was on the march, is a Communist of with Guns," another vicious piece of remedies for the problems. These vic­ long standing. They know that Anne inflamatory propaganda. The review tims simply refuse to recognize and Braden; James Dombrowski, Aubrey was written and si g ned by Anne accept certain obvious facts, and de­ Williams, et al are Communists. They Braden. lude themselves as to the true nature have worked with these people and ac­ In the SCEF files were two letters of all manner of people and organiza­ cepted all manner of assistance from from and to an identified Communist, tions that seek to exploit them. them for years. Yet, last summer in Corliss Lamont. One letter is from As far as Martin Luther King and Mississippi Martir. Luther King made Lamont to Dombrowski enclosing a other leaders of the civil rights organi­ a public statement that there are more check for $1,000 to the defense fund of zations are concerned, it is impossible Eskimos in Florida than there are the SCEF. The other is from Dom­ to accept the proposition that they, Communists in the civil rights move­ browski to Lamont asking for addi­ too, are unwitting dupes of an obvious ment. " tional contributions to help with print­ Communist conspiracy within the civil FBI Director J . Edgar Hoover says ing costs for a pamphlet defending rights movement. King and Forman, " Marti11 Luther King is one of the most Braden who had been sentenced to a whose respective organizations spon­ notorious liars in the country." year in the Federal Penitentiary. It is sored the march from Selma to Mont- What do you think? interesting to note that Lee Harvey Oswald, the assassin of President Ken­ nedy, is reported to have made the statement that the Fair Play for Cuba Committee literature that he handed out in New Orleans came to him from I have heard from many people that Corliss Lamont. the Conference, perhaps because of The planned program of the Com­ necessity, was devoting itself to the munist Party to use the racial issue to raising of funds instead of concentrat­ further its goal of revolution in the ing on tne real Job. United States is definitely being car­ ried out. The SCEF is an obvious I tried workini; with American. communists , as. you know, and have long since given and effective part of that program, up trying. I can not work with any Through the operations of the SCEF one who is not completely honest and the leadership and influence of known American communists are not honest . Communists is transmitted into civil I kno w tnat often they work for tne rights organizations. Obviously every­ same objectives, and do good work , but one in the civil rights movement is not that does not alter my opinion. a Communist, but the act of Commu­ Very s i ncer ely your s , ni st infiltration of the movement is a fact, and not conjecture. Th rough its manipulation and control of the civil rights movements Communist p r e y upon one of the best human motives­ idealism toward a better world. Their programs are particularly effective Even Mrs. Eleanor Roosevelt, a noted liberal, couldn't stomach the SCEF after with better educated and more cul­ she discovered who was behind it. Reproduced above is a part of a letter written tured people, who see that there are, to James Dombrowski, a known Communist.

TWENTY-FOUR Bayard and Ra lph - Jus.t A Couple Of The Boys by to pick me up. Walter Parker came up to the door for me, and we put him Continued from Page 15 ) out at the Derby Supper Club. Q. You say Walter Parker came to A. I am pretty positive. A. We went out on a picnic. the door to get you? Q. Is she a little woman, middle Q. And did you during that picnic A. That is right. He and his girl sized woman, or what? any time during the afternoon tell him friend was in the car . A. She is large. about this call? Q. And you went with them and got Q. You recognize this picture? A. Yes, I did. in the car and Abernathy was already A. Yes, I do. Q. Now, referring to that time, -in the car? Q. What is that picture of? prior to ,fogust the 29th, when is the A. Yes, he was. A. That is a picture of a conven­ last time before that he called you? Q. All right. And then you and Aber­ A. He p h o n e d me approximately tion in Birmingham that I attended. ..., . nathy after that? . ~. about the 4th of August, I imagine. Q. Where did you get this picture? A. We went over, Walter Parker · 100062 -· Q. And at that time what was your A. I received that picture from him and Walter Parker's girl friend, and conversation? on the night we went out in Birming­ Rev. James Dixon and we went over OCT l 1954 A. He asked me what was going on ham. and put Walter Parker and Gloria LOUlSVllµ mv. POLICE b e t w e e n me and my husband, he Q. The night you went out in Bir- - Thompson out at the Derby Supper ---...-~ ' wanted to know, and how I had been mingham? Club, and then he went over to Rose­ getting along, and why can't I see him. A. Yes, sir. mond Lowe's and picked her up. She CARL BRADEN ANNE BRADEN JAMES A. DOMBROWSKI BEN.JAMIN E. SMITH Well, I didn't want to discuss with him Q. Now, tell us what happened that was ill at the time and couldn't go. So those things because I had asked him "The Southern Patriot" commented fa­ in fact, some things wrong in our so­ night when you went out in Birming­ in turn he took Rev. Dixon home and gomery know that Carl Braden, who not to contact me again and I didn't ham. we rode out on the Atlanta Highway, vorably on Williams' book "Negroes ciety but are unable to see the proper was on the march, is a Communist of have any further use to talk to him. with Guns," another vicious piece of remedies for the problems. These vic­ A. On the night we went out in Bir­ and I haven't seen him since. long standing. They know that Anne Q. I show you a picture that is inflamatory propaganda. The review tims simply refuse to recognize and mingham I was on my way home, Q. How late did you stay out that Braden,- J ames Dombrowski, Aubrey marked for identification the Defend­ was written and s i g n e d by Anne accept certain obvious facts, and de­ Rosemond Lowe and myself, we were night? Williams, et al are Communists. They ant's Exhibit No. 4 and ask you if you asked to go out on a dinner date with Braden. lude themselves as to the true nature A. It was ten-thirty about. have worked with these people and ac­ recognize that picture? the Rev. Abernathy and the Rev. In the SCEF files were two letters of all manner of people and organiza­ Cross Examination cepted all manner of assistance from A. Yes, I do. from and to an identified Communist, tions that seek to exploit them. James Dixon. That night they came them for years. Yet, last summer in Q. What is that a picture of? BY MR. THETFORD: Corliss Lamont. One letter is from As far as Martin Luther King and and picked us up at the house where Mississippi Martir. Luther King made A. That is a picture of a house, and Q. Vivian, you say Bernice is named Lamont to Dombrowski enclosing a other leaders of the civil rights organi­ we were living, and we went to the a public statement that there are more that is the house that we went to. what now? check for $1,000 to the defense fund of zations are concerned, it is impossible Afro Club in Birmingham. Eskimos in Florida than there are Q. Is that house located in the City A. Bernice Cooper Davis. the SCEF. The other is from Dom­ to accept the proposition that they, Q. Afro Club? Communists in the civil rights move­ of Montgomery? Q. Now, is she kin to this defend­ browski to Lamont asking for addi­ too, are unwitting dupes of an obvious A. That is right. ment." A. Yes, it is. ant? tional contributions to help with print­ Communist conspiracy within the civil Q. Where is that located? FBI Director J . Edgar Hoover says Q. Do you know about where it is A. It is in some part of Birming­ A. No, she isn't. ing costs for a pamphlet defending rights movement. King and Forman, "Martin Luther King is one of the most located? Q. Is she related to him, or is her Braden who had been sentenced to a whose respective organizations spon­ ham. notorious liars in the country." A. Yes, I do. husband any kin to him? year in the Federal Penitentiary. It is sored the march from Selma to Mont- Q. Go right ahead. Now, what hap­ What do you think? A. No, sir. interesting to note that Lee Harvey Q. And where is it located? pened then? A. We went in and we had a couple Q. Now, you testified, I believe, that Oswald, the assassin of President Ken­ A. It is located on Clark Street. V-IU. C?O'n'_._ Q. Now, t he n, you say you went of beers. - I don't know whether you did testify nedy, is reported to have made the NYDK PAIUC,. ~ CO. statement that the Fair Play for Cuba there? Who went there? Q. Now, that was the time when you -when did you first knew Rev. Aber- -~ IC A. Rev. Abernathy and myself. were in Birmingham? nathy, what year? Committee literature that he handed Q. Did he take you or did you take A . Yes. A. It was '52 or '51, I imagine, when out in New Orleans came to him from him? Q. And you say that Abernathy was he came to the First Baptist Church. Corliss Lamont. I have heard from -many peopl e that A. He took me. wi th you at that time? I am not sure what year it was he The planned program of the Com­ t he Conference, perhaps becauAe of necessity, was devot ing i tself t o the Q. I see. And now what happened A. Yes, sir. came there. But the first time he made munist Party to use the racial issue to raising of funds i nst ead of concentr at­ at that house? Q. Now, when you came back from approaches to me was in Birmingham further its goal of revolution in the ing on the real Job. A. That is where these affairs took Birmingham did he very shortly after in '52, July of '52. United States is definitely being car­ place. that or immediately after that get in Q. Now, how old were you in 1952? ried out. The SCEF is an obvious I t ried workin~ wit h American. commun ist s, Q. That is where all three . . touch with you again? A. I was fi fteen then at that time. and effective part of that program. as. you know, and have l ong since given A. That is right. A. No. He asked me to . go out to a Q. Fifteen? Through the operations of the SCEF up trying . I can not work with any one who is not complet.ely honest and Q. All of these affairs you men­ tea with him that night. This all was A. Yes, sir. the leadership and influence of known American communists are not honest . tioned took place? the night we got in from Birmingham. Q. Now, you testified that you had Communists is transmitted into civil I know that of t en they work for the A. That is right. Q. The night when you got in from intercourse or sexual relations with rights organizations. Obviously every­ same objectives, and do good work but Q. And at that time how old were Birmingham, that was when you were Rev. Abernathy on several occasions? one in the civil rights movement is not that does not alter my opinion, ' you? fifteen years old? A. Yes, sir. a Communist, but the act of Commu­ Very sincerely yours, A. Fifteen. A. Yes. Q. When and where did you first nist infiltration of the movement is a Q. And at that time you were a Q. He asked you to go out to a tea have relations with him? fact, and not conjecture. Through its member of his church? with him? A. At the house on Clark Street. manipulation and control of the civil A. Yes, sir. A. Yes, sir. Q. The house where? rights movements Communist p r e y Q. Do you know who was in charge Q. All right. Now. what happened A. On Clark Street. upon one of the best human motives­ of the house at that time? then, did you go? Q. House on Clark Street? idealism toward a better world. Their A. A lady by the name of Mrs. A. Well , I thought it was supposed A. Yes. sir. programs are particularly effective Davis. to have been a tea, he said it was to Q. ls that the house that you with better educated and more cul­ Even IV"trs. Eleanor Roosevelt, a noted liberal, couldn't stomach the SCEF after she discovered- who was behind it. Reproduced above is a part of a letter written Q. Do you know whether that is have been a tea. and he and Rev. A. That picture I just testified. the tured people, who see that there are, to James Dombrowski, a known Communist. Mrs. C. D. Davis, or not? James Dixon and Walter Parker came first picture I identified.

TWENTY-FOUR TWENTY-FI\ E Q. And did both of you get un- Q. Is that the picture you pointed Q. He brought you over there? dressed? out? A. Yes. And he introduced me to A. Yes, sir, it is. her. A. Yes, sir. Q. Do you remember what month Q. He introduced you to her? Q. Get in bed? that was in? A. Yes, sir. A. Yes, sir. Q. Did you have normal sexual re- A. It was in August of '52. Q. All right. What did you all do lations with him on that occasion? Q. August of '52? then? A. Yes, sir. A. We went in the room. A. Well, he did, yes. Q. Now, did he come to your house .Q. Living room, bedroom? Q. What? and get you? A. No. Bedroom. A. Yes, sir. A. No. Q. In the bedroom? Q. How long were you at the house Q. Did you meet him there? A. Yes, sir. on this occasion? A. No. Q. Now, did you know what you A. About an hour, or an hour and a Q. How did you happen to get there? were going over for? half, something like that. A. He called my mother and asked A. Yes, sir. Q. And then did he take you back her to let me do some typing for him, Q. Well, when did he first ask you to the church, or where did he take which was the ·excuse, and I went up to go over there and have intercourse you? to the church, and in turn we went with him? A. He didn't take me back to the over there, on Clark Street. A. He asked me the night we went church, he took me - I got out of the Q. You and he went together? out when we came from Birmingham car to the corner of Union and Ala­ A. That's right. fo this so-called tea, but I didn't go bama. Q. How did you go? and we went out riding. Q. Now, how close is that to your A. In his car. Q. He asked you would · you have house? Q: An9- he parked his car in front intercourse with. him when you went A. My house is the second from the of this house? out riding, you tell us, on the Atlanta cqrner, the second house from the A. No, he didn't. Highway? corner. Q. Where did he park it? A. Yes, sir. He wanted to take me Q. Let you out around the corner A. He parked it in the driveway. over there then. from your house? Q. In the driveway? Q. He wanted to take you over there A. Yes, sir. A. Yes, sir. then? Q. Let me ask you this. Were you, Q. And then the two of you went in A. He wanted to take me on Clark going with the defendant at that time? the house? Street that night but I didn't go, and A. Yes, I was. A. That,s right. in turn we went out on the Atlanta Q. In 1952? Q. Was there anybody in the house Highway riding. A. Yes, sir. at home? Q. Did you have intercourse with Q. When did you get married? A. Yes, there was. him out on the Atlanta Highway? A. I got married in December of '55. Q. Who was there? A. No, sir, I didn't. Q. That is three years later? A. Mrs. Davis. Q. Then did he ask you that night A. About that. 'Q. What is her first name? to go to the house --on Clark Street with Q. Two years later? A. I said Mrs. Davis. It is C. 0 . him? A. Yes. Davis. A: He asked me that same night to Q . All right. Now, you testified that Q. Well, what did you and Rev­ go to the house on Clark Street. you had a normal intercourse some­ erend Abernathy tell her? Q. Well, what did you tell him? time in August at this house on Clark A. Well, he had already made the A. I told him no. Street. That was the first time? reservations. Q. All right. When did you tell him A. Yes, sir. Q. Made the reservations. you would go? Q. Did you go back to that house A. Advance notice. A. Well, I didn't tell him I would go again? Q. What do you mean by advance that night. It was three times during A. Yes, sir, I did. notice? that month. Q. When? A. He had already contacted her. Q. Do you mean he asked you three A. That same month, in August. I Q. He had already contacted her? times during that month? went there three times that August. A. Yes, sir, he had. A. No, he didn't. On several occa­ Q. You went there three times that Q. Did he say anything to her when sions on the telephone and several August? you walked in, did he knock on the times coming to my house asking me. A. Yes, sir. door? Q ..Aske d you to go with him to this Q. Went into the same house? A. Yes, he did. house on Clark Street. A. Same house. Q. And when you walked in what A. Yes, sir, he did. And finally we Q. Was he expected, were both of happened then, what did he say to her? got together, and he called my mother you expected by the owner of the house A. He asked her how was she get- and asked her could I do some typing each time? ting along. for him, and which was an excuse. A. I imagine so. He had always Q. What did she say? Q. So you and he went in the bed­ called her to tell her that we were A. She said she was fine. room? coming. Q. Then what did he say? A. Yes, sir. Q. Each time? A. Well, he just told her that he Q. And you knew what you were go­ A. Yes, sir. came there, he had brought me over ing in there for? Q. In other words, she didn't seem there. A. I guess so. surprised to see you?

TWENTY-SIX l A. No. sir. she didn't seem to be surprised. Q. Did she know who you were? A. Yes. sir. she did. They were very close friends. Q. Now you say that you have had both normal and abnormal intercourse? A. Yes. sir. Q. Where did you have the abnorm- al intercourse with him '? A. The three occasions. Q. On all three occasions? A. Yes, sir. Q. Well, now, what do you mean by abnormal sexual intercourse? A. Pervertedness. He u s e d his mouth. Charles Moore, LIFE photographer, holds ankle which has just been struck by a Q. He used his mouth? brick hurled at him by one of the mob in Kelly Ingram Park off to the right of A. Yes, sir, he did. picture. On Moore's left is LIFE correspondent Mike Durham. In the background is the three-story hotel from which a piece of concrete block was hurled1, almost Q. On your private parts? tearing off one side of a Birmingham fireman's face. L~rge pieces of brick and' A. Yes, sir. concrete block can be seen in the street in · this picture. They have all been hurled Q. Now, did he do that, you say on by Negroes at police officers and reporters, who were the only whites allowed in each of the three occasions? the area. Most of the injuries received during the deµ10nstrations in Birmingham were by police officers and' firemen. A. Yes, sir. Q. Well, was that after he had . a was living with me, and she was in A. Wen; I don't know. (Objection normal intercourse with you ? bed one night, her mother was in sustained.) A. No, sir, it was before. Washington, and he came by and I was Q. Have you ever seen that hatchet Q. It was before he had a normal ordering him out of the house and she before? intercourse? awakened and found him there, and A. No . A. That's right. he had his arms around me. Q. Never have seen it? Q. In other words, each time he Q. And that was what year? A. No, sir. I saw it in Police Court. used his mouth on you before and then A. And that was in '54 or '53 - '53 Q. You had never seen it before had a normal intercourse? because she went to Washington both that? A. That's right. times twice, and during that period he A. No , I haven't seen it either. Q. Now, that happened three times was coming by here and he would Q. I ask you if that is the pistol, in August of 1952? come down there and try to get me you know that is his pistol don 't you ? A. Yes, sir. to go out with him, but I told him A. Yes, sir. He traveled, and he Q. Now, has he ever had intercourse that I had made the mistake, and I had it in the car pocket. with you since then? realized the mistake and that I didn't Re-Direct Examination A. No. intend ever to go out with him again. Q. None whatever? Q. All right. Now, let's get down BY MR. KNABE : A. No , I haven't. to th e picnic th at you and your hus­ Q. You tell the jury there when you Q. Have you ever been out with him band went on. You went out and got reached the age of fifteen you haven't alone since August of 1952? drunk, didn't you? had anything to do with Rev. Aber­ A. No , I haven't been out with him. A. Yes, sir . nathy? Q. You haven't been out with him? Q. And you got real drunk, didn't A. No, I haven't. A. No, .sir. you? Q. You haven't been with him in Q. Now, when did you first tell your Q. · I wasn't out. public since ·then including August 29th , husband about this? (Objected to . Objection overuled ) 1958? A. I told my husband about it ap­ Q. How much beer did you drink A. No, sir, I haven't. proximately a year after we were out there on the picnic? (Objected to . -0- married. Objection sustained l I hereby certify that the proceed­ Q. About a year after you were Q. Where did he get that pistol he ings and evidence are contained fully married, I believe you told us, you pu lled on Rev. Abernathy? and accurately in the notes of testi­ wou ld say in 1906? A. Well , I don't know. mony taken by me upon the trial of A. That is right. I remembe r Q. Where did the hatchet come the above case, and that this tran­ vividly we went to New Orleans on a from? script is a true copy and correct c6py second honeymoon. A. I don 't know. of the same. Q. Well , now, according to your Q. Have you ever seen this pistol W. Halowell Lewis testimony did Rev. Abernathy start before? Official Court Reporter running after you again, telephoning A. No, I haven't ever seen it unti l Fifteenth Judicial Circuit you again? - it was in the car pocket. of Alabama A. He hasn't ever stopped. Q. It was in the car pocket? -0- Q. He hasn't ever stopped? A. It was in the car. My husband Edward Davis was acquitted for A. No, sir. He has been to my traveled, you see. chasing and striking Rev. Abernathy house. He came there in '52 and came Q. Did he have a license to carry with the hatchet. He and his wife now there in '54 when Bernice Davis Cooper it? live in Montgomery.

TWENTY-SEVEN Sex and Civil Rights (Continued from Page 12) bodies and blood in the street, our bodies " and "I am going home today and t~II everyone how I've been lied to." (s) LIONEL FREE¥AN Subscribed to and sworn before me this 5th day of April, 1965. (s l George N. Dean, Jr. - Notary Public. ,,, My commsision expires ____ , 19 ____ _ ... * ,:, * * AFFIDAVIT I, Samuel M. Carr, a First Lieuten­ ant in the Alabama National Guard, Battery C, 117th Artillery, Alabama do hereby swear under oath and under penalty of perjury the following facts are true and accurate in every respect to my own personal knowledge : The National Guard unit of which I am a member was activated on March 20, 1965. We were assigned the task of guarding camp sites of the Negro Voter-Protest Marchers on their march from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery, Alabama. This duty we commenced to perform on Tuesday, March 23 , 1965 at 1: 00 PM picking up contact with the marchers on HiWay 80. I hereby further swear and attest that during such time of duty with my The picture above was taken a few minutes before the 11icture at the lower right. National Guard unit I personally saw Annie Lee Cooper, 265-pound bouncer at a Selma motel landed a surprise right to one case of sexual intercourse between the eye of Dallas County Sheriff Jim Clark. Then she snatched a billy club from Deputy Sheriff Leo Nichols. She hung onto the billy club club for dear life and with a young white boy and a Negro girl. both hands as shown above. With effort Sheriff Clark managed to wrest the club I further swear and attest that I saw away from Mrs. Co.oper. Two deputies got handcuffs on her. The oicture at the occasions of public urination in and lower right is a part of this action. Newsweek described it differently. near the camp sites. I further solemnly state that many of the Negro marchers, most especially the young ones, made remarks and Newsweek statements to members of the National Guard which were, in my opinion, for the purpose of inflaming the emotions "With that, Mrs. Cooper wheeled of said members of the Guard. on Sheriff Clark - eleven · years ( s l SAMUEL M. CARR her junior and six and one half 1/ Lt Battery C pounds lighter - and landed a 117th Artillery solid _ . , right on his eye. Whiie Subscribed to and sworn before me three deputies helped wrestle her this 3rd day of April, 1965 . to the ground, Clark scrambled (s l J . D. Smyth, Jr. astride her stomach and brought Notary Public his billy down on her head with Alabama, State at Large a resounding crack"-Newsweek, My commission expires 5-20-68 F ebruary 8, 1965 * * .,. * .,. STATE OF ALABAMA , COUNTY OF DALLAS statement. I saw several Negro males, Before me, undersigned authority, in that I know by sight, in a drunken con­ a nd for said State and County, per­ dition. One Negro was there most of sonally appeared J . E. Crowder and be­ the time and was drunk every time that ing by me first duly sworn on oath, I saw him. The others came and we nt deposes and says: at intervals. I also saw a short Negro I, J ames E. Crowder, Selma Police in a green sweater come to the front Department, do make the fo llowing of the line stretched across the street l TWENTY-EIGHT on three different occasions and rub up the street in front of Brown's Chapel. mid-western community, informed him against \\·hite girls. feeling their breasts We noticed a big, heavy set Negro male of the circumstances in w h i c h his and other parts of their bodies and then near a small tree in front of the Par­ daughter was found, that she was in taking them off to the rear of the crowd sonage: he was talking to a white fe­ Montgomery unchaperoned and appar­ and on to different apartments. One of male. They were talking, laughing and ently with no place to stay. the white girls was a short fat girl with slapping each other on the back. They He informed me that he had en­ a white sweat shirt on: another was a moved in closer to the tree, he had one couraged his daughter to come to medium tall girl. wearing a green coat hand hanging on a limb; she would Montgomery and that she was there and carrying a camera bag. This sec­ move in very close to where she would with his approval. He did not seem to ond girl also made several passes at rub on his legs and stomach. He was be shocked __ upon learning the circum­ some of the other Negro men on the acting like he had ants in his pants. stances of his daughter's apprehension. front line on other occasions. I do not He would put his hands in his pocket (sl RICHARD PERRINO EMMET remember what the third white girl attempting to control his sexual im­ Subscribed to and sworn to before looked like that the short Negro car­ pulses. me this 5th day of April, 1965. ried off as I only saw her that one time. Finally they locked lips together as if (sl Walter E. Graham On · one occasion I saw a white man they were sucking each other's tongue, Notary Public, State at Large and a Negro female laying side by side this lingered for 2 or 3 minutes; he then My commission expires January beneath a blanket in the middle of the took her by the arm and they walked 21, 1967. street just before daylight. There was down the sidewalk towards the Baptist * :~ ~= * * a good deal of movement by both par­ Church. (Letterhead) (sl V. B. Bates ties beneath the blanket. The \rhite STATE OF ALABAMA man, the day before. was wearing a Sworn to and subscribed before me DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC priest robe. The next day he \l"aS wear­ this the 5th day of April, 1965. ing a sweat shirt and dungaree pants. (sl Jud Ernest Hewston SAFETY That man is still in town or was on Notary Public Grove Hill, Alabama Saturday, March 3, 1965. My commission expires 7-18-67. STATEM~NT (SI J. E . CROWDER * * * * * TO: Major John W. Cloud Sworn to and subscribed before me AFFIDAVIT Commander, Ala. State Troopers this the 7th day of April 1965. Personally appeared before me, the FROM: Lt. J. L. Fuqua (sl Jud Ernest Hewston DATE:. 2 April, 1965 Notary Public undersigned Notary Public, Richard Perrino Emmet, who by me being first SUBJECT: Observed Obscenities My commission expires: 7-18-67 during Recent Selma and * .,. * * * duly sworn, deposes and says as fol­ lows : Montgomery Racial Problem STATE OF ALABAMA, My name is Richard Perrino Emmet. This writer was in Selma from COUNTY OF DALLAS I presently serve as Judge of the 15th March 8 until March 16 and then in Before me, undersigned authority, in Judicial Circuit of the State of Alabama. Montgomery until March 29. During and for said State and County, person­ I formerly presided over the Family the time I was in Selma I was assigned ally appeared V. B. Bates and being by . Court of Montgomery, Alabama. The to the 10PM to 6AM shift and stayed me first duly sworn on oath, deposes Family Court is charged with the re­ in the vicinity of the Brown Chapel and says: sponsibility of handling all juvenile Church. I, V. B. Bates, Deputy Sheriff of matters. All boys and girls who have One night about 200 demonstrators Dallas County, Alabama was assigned not reached their 18th birthday are con­ were singing in the street while I ob­ to special duty of observation in the sidered juveniles. served a limp wrist white male stand­ area of Sy I v an Street and Brown's During the recent disturbances in ing in the front row with a blanket Chapel during the preparation of Civil Montgomery, the present Family Court over his shoulder and a black male's Rights March to Montgomery, Ala­ Judge was called out of town and inas­ shoulder. This whfte man had his arm bama. much as I had formerly presided over around the Negro and at one time he the Court, I assisted in handling all What I state here is what I actually kissed the Negro in the mouth with a demonstrators who feJI in the juvenile saw from a distance of 40 feet and less. Jong lingering kiss. A few minutes later category. these two men walked out of the line To begin with I saw white females Several white females still seniors in together, arm in arm, tqward the from other counties, other states I be­ high school from various northern cities church. lieve, building up their sexual desires were taken into protective custody. On another occasion in Selma Lt. with Negro males. After a few minutes Their parents were notified and they Jeffries and myself were making a of necking and kissing, the Negro male were released to their parents. Several round around the blocked off area of would lead them off into the Negro college freshmen were also taken into the church and we stopped a 1957 Ford housing project. I watched this pro­ protective custody who were 17 years driven by John Calhoun, a Negro man cedure ma ny. many times. of age or under. from Montgomery. There was another On another occasion, I saw a white One white female from the midwest Negro man in the front seat and a Ne­ male meet a Negro male on the front who is attending college in Florida as gro man and a white girl about 24 porch of Re\·. Lewis' parsonage : they a national merit finalist was taken into years old in the back seat. The girl embraced and kissed each other mouth custody when she was found with three tried to conceal her race by pulling a to mouth. Negro men at night on the grounds of coat over her head. This writer got On Friday afternoon before the Sun­ the State Capitol in a state of partial both of these people out of the car, the day of the march to Montgomery. Offi­ di srohement. white girl and the Negro man and ob­ cer He\rston and I 1rere parked across I contacted her father, a minister in a served their appearance. The Negro

TWENTY-NINE man's pants were unzipped in the front posedly religious service on a public gathered in youngish colored girls; and the girl had on dungaree pants. street before a public building, an open others made tents of their coats and They were unzipped · on the side. The display for any one who would look on. several stood huddled close under these girl said she was from California. After the demonstrators had been improvised umbrellas. Putting their On several occasions I saw white assembled before the courthouse for a actions down in print cannot begin to girls rubbing up against Negro men few minutes, rain began to fall. Those convey what went on in the way of and kissing them on the street in this of the crowd who had on coats or rain­ numerous physical contacts between demonstration. I also saw Negro men coats began to share their wraps with members of the two races and of the feel the breast and butt of white girls, their pa r't n er s or neighbors in the two sexes. Perhaps this behavior was making no attempt to hide this but group. Aging, balding men wearing not 'immoral' in our modern day when rather appearing like they wanted clerical collars spread their coats and the accepted ideas of morality are so everyone to see them. I noticed prophylactics on the ground near the church several dif­ ferent times.

THIRTY-ONE Building in Montgomery where a large this myself. The entire march caused I walked within six or eight feet of number of marchers had gathered. a traffic hazard that just simply could them. These marchers stayed in front of the not be adequately guarded against. There were many colored girls and Capitol until approximately 3:00 a.m. (sl JAMES E. FARRIS white boys laying in the same sleeping Thurs.day morning and so many of · State Trooper bags. I also saw a white girl about them had urinated in the street (Dex­ State of Alabama 17 years old and 4 colored boys get ter) that it actually ran a city block Subscribed to and sworn before me into the back of a truck and close the down the street. This I saw myself this 3rd' day of April, 1965. doors. This was befQre dark on the and do not report this as heresay. (s ) J. D. Smyth, Jr. 23rd day of March 1965. They were I further swear and attest that on Notary Public in the truck about 45 minutes and wheff n u m e r o u s occasions the marchers Alabama, State at Large they opened the door to get out the would walk close to myself, as weii as My commission expires 5-20-68. girl was dressing. troopers, and actually curse us, and * * * .,. * This is a true statement. make most obscene remarks to us. As AFFIDAVIT (s ) MARLON J. BASS stated, this happened on many, many TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN : Route 6 occasions. I, Marlon J. Bass, did, ·on the night Andalusia, Alabama I further swear and attest that traf­ of the 23rd of March, 1965; see, at the County of Covington fic was blocked all the way from Dan­ camp site of the Selma to Montgomery Sworn to and subscribed before me nelly Field into. the city of Montgomery marches, a young white girl and a col­ on this 7th day of April, 1965. when the marchers arrived in the Dan­ ored man having sex relations. They (s ) Neil L. Coplin neily Field vicinity on March 24th, were on the ground out in the open Notary Public 1965. I was on duty that day and saw and did not try in any way to hide as My commission expires 3-21-66 .

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It_ was a hot Spring _in. Birmingham . . Negro youths in Kelly ~ngram Park appreciated most the efforts of the Birmingham Fire D~partment. . This 1s a scene typical of m ost any day durmg the d'emonstrntion. Negro boys playing in the streams of water from the fire hoses. There don't seem to be any "children b!eeding on the ground."

THIRTY-TWO Here are four of the marchers from Selma to Montgomery who seem t-0 be feeling the effects of the heat--Or the miles--0r something. There was always a helping hand or a shoulder to lean on if the boots began to feel heavy along the way.