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Canada /Dlbsria 45 Northernriverbasins Study ATHABASCA UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Canada /dlbsria 4 5 3 1510 00168 6063 NorthernRiverBasins Study NORTHERN RIVER BASINS STUDY PROJECT REPORT NO. 105 CONTAMINANTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES: MERCURY IN THE PEACE, ATHABASCA AND SLAVE RIVER BASINS Ft A SH/177/.M45/D675/1996 Contaminants in Donald, David B 168606 DATE DUE BRODART Cat No. 23-221 ; S 8 0 2 , 0 2 / Prepared for the Northern River Basins Study under Project 5312-D1 by David B. Donald, Heather L. Craig and Jim Syrgiannis Environment Canada NORTHERN RIVER BASINS STUDY PROJECT REPORT NO. 105 CONTAMINANTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES: MERCURY IN THE PEACE, ATHABASCA AND SLAVE RIVER BASINS Published by the Northern River Basins Study Edmonton, Alberta ATHABASCA UNIVERSITY March, 1996 OCT 3 1 1996 LIBRARY CANADIAN CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION DATA Donald, David B. Contaminants in environmental samples: mercury in the Peace, Athabasca and Slave River Basins (Northern River Basins Study project report, ISSN 1192-3571 ; no. 105) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-662-24502-4 Cat. no. R71-49/3-105E 1. Mercury — Environmental aspects -- Alberta -- Athabasca River Watershed. 2. Mercury - Environmental aspects - Peace River Watershed (B.C. and Alta.) 3. Mercury - Environmental aspects -- Slave River Watershed (Alta. And N.W.T.) 4. Fishes - Effect of water pollution on - Alberta -- Athabasca River Watershed. 5. Fishes -- Effect of water pollution on -- Peace River Watershed (B.C. and Alta.) 6. Fishes — Effect of water pollution on — Slave River Watershed (Alta. And N.W.T.) I. Craig, Fleather L. II. Syrgiannis, Jim. III. Northern River Basins Study (Canada) IV. Title. V. Series. SH177.M45D62 1996 363.73'84 C96-980176-9 Copyright© 1996 by the Northern River Basins Study. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce all or any portion of this publication provided the reproduction includes a proper acknowledgement of the Study and a proper credit to the authors. The reproduction must be presented within its proper context and must not be used for profit. The views expressed this publication are solely those of the authors. PREFACE: The Northern River Basins Study was initiated through the "Canada-Alberta-Northwest Territories Agreement Respecting the Peace-Athabasca-Slave River Basin Study, Phase II - Technical Studies" which was signed September 27, 1991. The purpose of the Study is to understand and characterize the cumulative effects of development on the water and aquatic environment of the Study Area by coordinating with existing programs and undertaking appropriate new technical studies. This publication reports the method and findings of particular work conducted as part of the Northern River Basins Study. As such, the work was governed by a specific terms of reference and is expected to contribute information about the Study Area within the context of the overall study as described by the Study Final Report. This report has been reviewed by the Study Science Advisory Committee in regards to scientific content and has been approved by the Study Board of Directors for public release. It is explicit in the objectives of the Study to report the results of technical work regularly to the public. This objective is served by distributing project reports to an extensive network of libraries, agencies, organizations and interested individuals and by granting universal permission to reproduce the material. This report contains referenced data obtained from sources external to the Northern River Basins Study. Individuals interested in using external data must obtain permission to do so from the donor agency. NORTHERN RIVER BASINS STUDY PROJECT REPORT RELEASE FORM This publication may be cited as: Donald, David B., Craig, Heather L. and Syrgiannis, Jim. 1996. Northern River Basins Study Project Report No. 105, Contaminants in Environmental Samples: Mercury in the Peace, Athabasca and Slave River Basins. Northern River Basins Study, Edmonton, Alberta. Whereas the above publication is the result of a project conducted under the Northern River Basins Study and the terms of reference for that project are deemed to be fulfilled, IT IS THEREFORE REQUESTED BY THE STUDY OFFICE THAT; this publication be subjected to proper and responsible review and be considered for release to the public. Whereas it is an explicit term of reference of the Science Advisory Committee "to review, for scientific content, material for publication by the Board", IT IS HERE ADVISED BY THE SCIENCE ADVISORY COMMITTEE THAT; this publication has been reviewed for scientific content and that the scientific practices represented in the report are acceptable given the specific purposes of the project and subject to the field conditions encountered. SUPPLEMENTAL COMMENTARY HAS BEEN ADDED TO THIS PUBLICATION: [ ] Yes [ ] No / s / r * (Dr. P. A. Larkin, Ph.D., Chair) (Date) / / Whereas the Study Board is satisfied that this publication has been reviewed for scientific content and for immediate health implications, IT IS HERE APPROVED BY THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS THAT; this publication be released to the public, and that this publication be designated for: [ ] STANDARD AVAILABILITY [ ] EXPANDED AVAILABILITY -y- ■■■ ■ . Y / / Y (Luciile Partington, Coj<chairj (Date) Robert McLeod, Co-chair) (Date) t CONTAMINANTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES: MERCURY IN THE PEACE, ATHABASCA AND SLAVE RIVER BASINS STUDY PERSPECTIVE Contaminants within the aquatic ecosystem of the Peace, Athabasca and Slave rivers were identified Related Study Questions as a principal concern of the Northern River Basins Study (NRBS). The public who addressed the Study 4a) What are the contents and nature of the Board at various community gatherings and contaminants entering the system and presentations reenforced this concern. In its what is their distribution and toxicity in questions to scientists, the Board challenged the aquatic ecosystem with particular researchers to gain a better understanding on the reference to water, sediments and biota? occurrence, movement and effect of contaminants on aquatic biota, particularly as they may affect 4b) Are toxins such as dioxins, furans, human use. mercury, etc. increasing or decreasing and what is the rate of change? There exists a human health consumption advisory for mercury in fish caught from different waters of 8) Recognizing that people drink water and the basin including the Athabasca River and some eat fish from these rivers systems, what of its tributaries. Dioxin and furan are similarly the is the current concentration of subject of an advisory and for this they came under contaminants in water and edible fish scrutiny by NRBS. tissue and how are these levels changing through time and by location? This project report describes the results of an effort to gather together all the existing analytical data on mercury within various elements of the Peace, Athabasca and Slave river aquatic ecosystem. The compilation was intended to describe the temporal and spatial changes of this contaminant within the study area. While historic provincial and federal data, along with data collected by NRBS between 1992 and 1994, were the principal source of information for this report, other sources were used if available. Considerable variation was found in the data sets held by various agencies and industry. In a number of instances the variation in collection, analysis and reporting the data raised questions about reliability. Mercury is common to the sediments and biota of the study area. With few exceptions, there appears to have been a negligible increase in the occurrence of mercury within the aquatic ecosystem. This appears to contradict a general global trend which indicates an increase. Most of the exceptions within the NRBS area can be attributed to developments which promoted the release of mercury , e.g., flooding of previously exposed soils within the newly formed Williston Reservoir, run-off from site developments, and the effects appear to be localized. The compiled data illustrated the capacity for mercury to be bioaccumulated by living organisms and transferred (biomagnified) up the food chain. Consequently, fish, particularly predatory fish species like walleye, goldeye and northern pike, generally have higher levels of mercury than those species feeding on portions of the aquatic ecosystem with minimal mercury contamination. Fish, particularly walleye in the Athabasca River from the town of Athabasca to the southern boundary of Wood Buffalo National Park, were generally found to have levels that approached and / or exceeded Health Canada guidelines for human health consumption. Information from this project will be compiled with other contaminant investigations in support of two reports to be prepared by the Contaminants Component. One report will examine the distribution of contaminants , and the other will endeavor to link these analytical findings with observed effects within the aquatic ecosystem of the Peace, Athabasca and Slave rivers. REPORT SUMMARY This report summarizes and describes environmental levels of mercury in water, sediment, invertebrates, and fish from the Athabasca, Peace, and Slave river basins. Data were obtained from existing provincial and federal databases, the Northern Rivers Basins Study, and from government and private sector reports and publications. Mercury has been measured in several hundred water samples from the Basins. Mercury was detected in only a few of these samples. However, appropriate field and laboratory protocols to sample mercury in water were not used in the
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