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Distribution and Abundance of the Western Grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis) in : An Update

Alberta Species at Risk Report No. 160

Distribution and Abundance of the Western Grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis) in Alberta: An Update

Prepared for: Alberta Environment and Parks

Prepared by: David R. C. Prescott, Jason Unruh, Samantha Morris-Yasinski and Michelle Wells

Alberta Species at Risk Report No. 160

January 2018

ISBN: 978-1-4601-3763-5 (Online Edition) ISSN: 1496-7146 (Online Edition)

Cover Photo: Dave Prescott

For copies of this report, contact:

Information Centre – Publications Alberta Environment and Parks Main Floor, Great West Life Building 9920 108 Street , Alberta, T5K 2M4 Telephone: (780) 422-2079

OR

Visit our website at: http://aep.alberta.ca/fish-wildlife/species-at-risk/species-at-risk-publications-web-resources/

This publication has been released under the Open Government Licence: https://open.alberta.ca/licence.

This publication may be cited as:

Prescott, D. R. C., J. Unruh, S. Morris-Yasinski and M. Wells. 2018. Distribution and Abundance of the Western Grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis) in Alberta: An Update. Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development, Fish and Wildlife Policy Branch, Alberta Species at Risk Report No. 160, Edmonton, AB. 23 pp.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The western grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis) was listed as a Threatened species in Alberta in 2014. This listing was based on an updated provincial status report (AESRD and ACA 2013), in which 80 were reported to have supported western grebes during the breeding season in the province. Since that time, new sources of data have become available. In this report, we update the known distribution of the western grebe in Alberta using these additional sources and observations.

An initial data compilation exercise was conducted in early 2015 using records from the most recent provincial status report as a starting point. We then added all available breeding season records through the end of 2014 from new sources, which included records contained in Fisheries and Wildlife Management Information System (FWMIS), observations gleaned from published and unpublished reports, records solicited from professional biologists and the naturalists’ community, and the online eBird database. In 2015/2016 we visited as many of these lakes as possible, including additional lakes not previously known to support western grebes, and re-checked the eBird database for records from 2015/2016.

The initial compilation of records through 2014 resulted in a list of 249 waterbodies known to have supported western grebes in Alberta during the breeding season, with 55 lakes having confirmed breeding records. In 2015/2016, 162 of these lakes were visited to determine occupancy and current habitat condition. Western grebes were recorded on 9 new waterbodies, and breeding was observed on 28 lakes, including 11 lakes where no breeding was previously reported. Recent eBird records (from 2015/2016) also yielded reports of grebes on an additional 21 new lakes. We compiled a total of 318 occupied lakes, with 67 lakes supporting breeding western grebes at some point in their past. Twenty-two lakes supported populations of ≥100 birds in the past 10 years, and 25 additional lakes have supported ≥100 birds at any point in the past, but not in the past decade. Combining high population and habitat scores resulted in a list of 35 priority lakes for population surveys and management actions to be implemented under the provincial recovery plan.

This greatly expanded suggests there is much more western grebe habitat in Alberta than previously thought, and the species undoubtedly occurs, or has occurred, on additional lakes that are not yet documented. The discovery of new historical records and new lakes with recent breeding evidence, along with the discovery of many smaller waterbodies that support small numbers of western grebes, suggests a highly dynamic system of occupancy by western grebes in Alberta, and the possibility that provincial populations are higher than previously thought.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank the numerous people who have contributed records of western grebes in Alberta over many years, including the many birders and naturalists who have contributed data to eBird that are not individually acknowledged here. We are grateful to the following staff and volunteers who responded to our call for assistance, and visited lakes to check for western grebes in 2015 and 2016: Aaron Foss, Adam Collingwood, Adam Moltzahn, Alain Richard, Alison Cole, Amanda Rezansoff, Amelia Orich, Amy Flasko, Anne Hubbs, Brandy Downey, Brendan Ganton, Brian Makowecki, Britt Keeling, Brook Skagen, Cindy Kemper, Cody Nahirniak, Cole Herle, Colin Starkevich, Curtis Stambaugh, Dan Sturgess, Darryl Jarina, Dave Hobson, Dave Moyles, Dave Prescott, David Musto, Delaney Anderson, Don Thacker, Dwayne Latty, Dylan Cummings, Elizabeth Walsh, Emily Herdman, Eric Pybus, Erin Rowlands, Fauve Blanchard, Gavin Berg, Geoff Holroyd, Grant Chapman, Greg Wagner, Gwen Roy, Heather Cuthill, Hugh Wollis, Janelle Sloychuck, Jason Unruh, Jeff Gilham, Jeff Zimmer, Jessica Lockhart, Jim Allen, Jim Castle, Jim McCabe, Julia Wachowski, Julie Landry-DeBoer, Justin Gilligan, Ken Orich, Kevin Downing, Kevin Methuen, Kim Morton, Kim Pearson, Kristen Rumbolt-Miller, Kristin Kline, Lance Engley, Laraine Hess, Lindsay Theissen, Lisa Wilkinson, Lonnie Bilyk, Louise Geldorp, Luke Vander Vennen, Megan Jensen, Melanie deKappel, Melynda Johnson, Michael Geldorp, Michael Sample, Mike Ranger, Monica Ready, Natalka Melnycky, Nick Parayko, Nils Anderson, Patt Dunn, Quentin Isley, Richard Quinlan, Roland Perot, Ron Bjorge, Rose Painter, Samantha Morris-Yasinski, Sam Uhlick, Sandi Robertson, Sarah Rovang, Scott Stevens, Stephanie Fenson, Steve Nadworny, Sue Peters and Tim Schowalter.

We also thank Alain Richard and Julienne Morissette (Ducks Unlimited Canada), Jonathan Thompson (Golder Associates Ltd) and Glenn Mack (Alberta Environment and Parks) for retrieving records from previous Ducks Unlimited surveys in Alberta, and Ann McKellar (Environment Canada) and Mike Barr (Alberta NAWMP Partnership) for locating reference material. Mary Duane and Morley Riske provided many years of unpublished records from . We thank Cindy Kemper, Fauve Blanchard and Gwen Roy (Alberta Environment and Parks) for comments on a previous draft of this document.

The work was supported with funding from the Species at Risk Program of Alberta Environment and Parks.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... iv

LIST OF FIGURES ...... vi

LIST OF TABLES ...... vi

INTRODUCTION ...... 1

METHODS ...... 1

RESULTS ...... 3

DISCUSSION ...... 5

LITERATURE CITED ...... 8

APPENDIX ...... 12

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Map of lakes known to be occupied by western grebes in Alberta during the breeding season (1 May to 31 August). See Appendix for occupancy history on each lake...... 4

Figure 2. Number of lakes known to be occupied by western grebes in Alberta, 1970- 2016, from all sources. Data compiled from the Appendix ...... 6

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Priority lakes for future surveys and management actions in Alberta. List includes lakes that have supported >100 birds in the past, and currently have “Medium” or “High” habitat suitability (see text). Detailed population information on each of these lakes is provided in the Appendix...... 5

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INTRODUCTION

The western grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis) was listed as a Threatened species in Alberta in 2014 (Alberta Environment and Parks 2014). This listing was based on a calculated population decline in excess of 30% over 10 years, a small area of occupancy (72 km2), a loss of colonies (particularly large ones), a reduction in number of mature individuals to less than 10 000, and declining extent and quality of habitat. The concern over the status of western grebes is not confined to Alberta. The species is listed as being of Special Concern in Canada by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC 2014), and has appeared on the Red List of Species in British Columbia (B.C. Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks 1999).

In Alberta, the recent listing of Threatened was based on a compilation of occupied lakes and reported population sizes in an updated provincial status report (AESRD and ACA 2013). In that report, a total of 80 lakes were reported to have supported western grebes during the breeding season in the province. Since that time, new sources of data have become available. Most notable amongst these is the popular eBird platform (Anonymous 2016a), wherein birdwatchers and other natural historians enter bird sightings into an online database that can be readily searched.1 In addition, there were known to be a substantial number of observations by professional biologists and other observers that were never entered into databases, and a number of previously uncited publications that contain western grebe observations.

In this report, we update the known distribution of the western grebe in Alberta using these additional observations. We also report on site visits to many lakes to assess their potential importance to grebes. Our intention was to better define the relative importance of lakes in Alberta to western grebes, in order that future provincial surveys can be focused on lakes with high probability of supporting breeding birds, and that management actions being proposed in a provincial recovery plan (under development) can be directed towards lakes where the maximum benefit can be attained.

METHODS

An initial data compilation exercise was conducted in early 2015, and used records in the most recent provincial status report (AESRD and ACA 2013) as a starting point. We then added all available records through the end of 2014 from new sources. These included records contained in the Fisheries and Wildlife Management Information System (FWMIS), observations gleaned from published and unpublished reports, and records solicited from professional biologists and the naturalists’ community. A major source of new information was records contained in the eBird database (Anonymous 2016), which was downloaded in December 2014.

1 Although eBird was available when the 2013 status report was prepared (22 unspecified lakes are included in the total of 80 lakes cited therein), the database has grown exponentially since that time (Anonymous 2016b). 1

We included only records of western grebes reported between 1 May and 31 August, which we considered to be the breeding season for this species in Alberta (Kristensen and Nordstrom 1979, Federation of Alberta Naturalists 2007). All records of uncertain location were removed. This was particularly true of many eBird records, where submitted checklists often included observations from large and non-specific geographical areas. We noted breeding evidence (nests or dependent young) when reported. We also recorded count details, but recognize that most counts are unreliable as they represent minimum numbers of birds observed, and may also include counts of dependent young. If multiple sources of data were found for a given year and waterbody, the various sources were noted but only the highest count value given.

Using the results of the initial compilation described above as a starting point, we visited as many lakes as possible to determine occupancy of western grebes in 2015 and/or 2016. We also visited additional lakes that were not previously known to support birds when opportunity arose. Visits were also intended to gather information on the suitability of lakes for breeding by western grebes, the location of actual or potential (extensive stands of emergent vegetation) breeding colonies, and threats. Such visits were conducted mainly by employees of Alberta Environment and Parks, but also by staff and volunteers from other agencies and the general public who were solicited through word-of-mouth and various public notices. In some cases, volunteers recruited to survey lakes also reported older records for lakes that were not previously known. Finally, in late 2016 we re-checked the eBird database to scan for records from 2015 and 2016.

To rate the relative importance of lakes for future monitoring and management, we started by ranking lakes on a scale of A (high) to E (low) based on historical population size as follows: (A) Lakes known to have supported >100 birds within the past 10 years (2007-2016), (B) Lakes known to have supported >100 birds, but not in past 10 years, (C) Lakes known to have supported 10-99 grebes in the past 10 years (2007-2016), (D) Lakes supporting 10-99 grebes, but not in past 10 years, and (E) Lakes never known to support more than 9 birds. Second, we rated the current habitat suitability on each lake, based on field visits made during 2015 and 2016, supplemented by examination of aerial imagery on lakes rated A-C on population size (above). Habitat suitability ratings were as follows: “High”: Larger waterbodies with extensive and continuous patches of emergent vegetation capable of supporting >100 breeding birds; “Medium”: Smaller water bodies and/or lakes with lesser extent of breeding habitat with potential to support 10-99 breeding birds; “Low”: Lakes with small amounts of breeding habitat unlikely to support > 10 breeding birds; and “None”: No evidence of breeding habitat (includes most riverine habitats). The final list of priority lakes included those lakes which rated A and B on historical population size, and also rated “High” or “Medium” on the basis of current habitat suitability.

All records collected during the data compilation exercise (excluding eBird records) were entered into FWMIS if they were not already contained there. Details of specific observations are presented here in abbreviated form, and the reader is referred to data sources listed in the compiled table for more complete information on each observation listed.

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RESULTS

The initial compilation of records through 2014 resulted in a list of 249 waterbodies that were known to have supported western grebes in Alberta during the breeding season (earliest 1895), with 55 lakes having records of confirmed breeding. In 2015 and 2016, 91 dedicated observers (see Acknowledgements) visited 162 of these lakes (several in both years; Appendix) to determine occupancy and current habitat condition. Observers also opportunistically checked additional lakes that were not previously known to be occupied and recorded western grebes on nine new waterbodies (, Belshill, Coleman, Middle Waterton, Oakland, Plover, Sherburne, Sturgeon and Yellow lakes). During these two years of field work, breeding was observed on 28 lakes (see Appendix), including 11 lakes where no breeding was previously reported (Fincastle, Fox, Little Fish, McGregor, Oakland, Shooting, Skeleton, Taber and Whitefish lakes, Forty Mile Coulee and Horsefly reservoirs). Following the 2016 field season, a re-check of recent eBird records yielded reports of grebes on an additional 21 lakes (Beauvais, Bushy Head, Crowsnest, Davey, Hasse, Joseph, Payne, Ross, Sang, Silver, and Sounding lakes; Potters’ and Priddis sloughs; Severn and Snake Lake reservoirs, the Suncor Base Plant, and five unnamed waterbodies) in 2015 and 2016 that were not previously known to support western grebes.

In total, the list of occupied lakes numbered 318 (Appendix; Figure 1), with 67 of these lakes supporting breeding birds at some point in their past. The maximum recorded population size on a single lake was 4612 individuals ( in 2003), with the highest total in the most recent 10-year period (to 2016) being reported from in 2011 (3504 birds). Twenty-two lakes supported populations of >100 birds in the past 10 years (“A” list lakes), whereas 27 additional lakes have supported >100 birds at any point in the past, but not in the past decade (“B” list).

Habitat ratings were based on site visits to 162 lakes in 2015 and 2016, discussions with local experts and examination of aerial imagery for approximately 70 lakes that rated highly (A, B or C) on population size. Overall, habitat ratings were assigned to 141 lakes, with 20 and 48 lakes receiving scores of “High” and “Medium”, respectively (Appendix).

Combining high population scores (A or B lakes) with “High” or “Medium” habitat scores resulted in a list of 35 lakes (Table 1) that we consider to be immediate priorities for population surveys and management actions to be implemented under the provincial recovery plan.

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Figure 1. Map of lakes known to be occupied by western grebes in Alberta during the breeding season (1 May to 31 August), 1895-2016. See Appendix for occupancy history on each lake. 4

Table 1. Priority lakes for future surveys and management actions in Alberta. List includes lakes that have supported >100 birds up to 2016, and currently have “Medium” or “High” habitat suitability (see text). Detailed population information on each of these lakes is provided in the Appendix.

Angling Lake Bear Lake Logan Lake Shanks Lake Irricana Sloughs Marguerite Lake Kinosiu Lake Murray Lake Tilley B Reservoir Lac La Biche Namaka Lake Crow Indian Lake Lac St. Anne North Buck Lake Fork Lake Lesser Slave Lake Reita Lake

DISCUSSION

The current compilation greatly expands the list of lakes known to have been occupied by western grebes in Alberta. The original provincial status report (ASRD and ACA 2006) reported that western grebes were known to occur on 29 lakes in the province, whereas the updated status report (AESRD and ACA 2013) reported the species from 80 lakes, of which 33 were known to have supported breeding in the past. A slightly more recent compilation, conducted across the prairie provinces in preparation for a national status assessment (COSEWIC 2014), reported western grebes from 75 sites (Wilson and Smith 2013). We can now list 318 lakes that have supported populations during the breeding season, with 67 having confirmed breeding at least once. These totals almost certainly reflect an increase in sampling effort over a wider area than previously attempted, rather than an increase in the occupancy of lakes by western grebes. Specifically, previous studies in Alberta involved relatively few participants, and tended to focus on visits to lakes that were known to be occupied in the past, and/or which had the potential to support regionally or nationally-significant populations of birds. Our compilation incorporated data sources that were previously not available (especially eBird), but also the solicitation of older records from naturalists and biologists, and the field efforts of >90 different observers who visited lakes specifically to seek western grebes. It is interesting to note that there were nearly as many, or more, lakes known to be occupied by western grebes in Alberta during 2015 and 2016 (79 and 93) as there were over all previous years when the most recent status report for Alberta was completed (80; AESRD and ACA 2013; Figure 2).

Although we now have more complete information on lake use by western grebes in Alberta, the size of the provincial population is difficult to determine at present. Most lake counts should be considered to be minimum estimates, because observers generally report what they see and in most cases, counts are often made from shore, cover only a partial area of the lake, and may or may not be completed at the ideal time of year or weather conditions. Where complete lake counts have been attempted in Alberta, the methodology has been inconsistent. Such efforts have included meandering (e.g. Hanus

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Figure 2. Number of lakes known to be occupied by western grebes in Alberta, 1970-2016, from all sources. Data compiled from the Appendix.

et al 2002a, Erickson 2010) or transect surveys (e.g. Found and Hubbs 2004) by boat, aerial surveys (e.g., Gendron et al. 2001, Found and Hubbs 2004), counts from shore (e.g. Hanus et al. 2002a,b) or counts of nests (using 2x number of nests to estimate adult population size; Hanus 2002a,b). For these same reasons, breeding activity is almost certainly underestimated as well, particularly when most visits to lakes (including targeted visits in 2015 and 2016) occur on a single occasion that may not coincide with the period when nests or young are detectable. Thus, different techniques, survey effort and timing make reported counts and confirmation of breeding evidence difficult to interpret, and incomparable between lakes and years. Clearly, a more rigorous and repeatable method of counting western grebes is necessary.

In 2015, we began using Distance sampling on a small number of lakes in Alberta. This approach (see Buckland et al. 2001, Thomas et al. 2010) which uses counts made from transects, along with estimation of distance to individual or groups of target animals, has been used successfully in surveys of seabirds (e.g., Ronconi and Burger 2009, Buckland et al. 2012) and appears to be applicable to boat surveys of western grebes in the breeding season. In 2015 and 2016, Distance surveys conducted on Gull Lake found 2364 (95% CI of 1686-3316) and 3239 (95% CI 2252-4633) adult western grebes, respectively, during the period when adults have vacated nests and are tending to young on the open water. These counts are far higher than any unstructured count done in any other year on that lake (Appendix). A survey using similar methodology on Buffalo Lake in 2016 also found the highest total ever for that waterbody (2086 adults, CI not calculated; Appendix). This suggests that past methods of counting western grebes may severely underestimate population size. Distance-based surveys, applied to a subset of grebe- occupied lakes (e.g., Table 1) would provide a reasonable estimate of provincial

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population size and reproductive success of western grebes. Repeated surveys on these lakes would provide reliable population trend information for the province.

The greatly expanded list of lakes suggests there is much more western grebe habitat in Alberta than previously thought, and the species undoubtedly occurs, or has occurred, on additional lakes that are not yet documented. Given this, the assertion that “13 of 26 lakes which once had major colonies (>100) no longer do so, and no new ones have been found to replace them” (AESRD and ACA 2013) is likely untrue, and the provincial population might not be in serious decline. Lake occupancy by western grebes is greatly influenced by changes in water level (LaPorte et al. 2013, Wollis and Stratmoen 2010), so birds may simply be moving to other areas in response to habitat conditions that vary annually or cyclically over a period of years. A number of lakes for which there is a long history of data collection (see Appendix) often suggests periods of occupancy (sometimes with high numbers) interspersed with apparent absence of birds. Furthermore, of 13 lakes reported to have lost major breeding populations, only Angling, Lac Ste Anne and North Buck currently have habitat suitable to support >100 birds (i.e. Habitat Suitability of “High” in the Appendix). The other 10 lakes (Beaverhill, Buck, Conn, Frog, Garner, , Muriel, Reita, Thunder and Wolf) are currently incapable of supporting a major breeding colony (Habitat Suitability no better than “Medium”, Appendix), even though most of these lakes have supported birds in the past few years (albeit <100 based on incomplete counts). We are also now aware of 15 lakes that have supported >100 birds that were not known to previous compilations (Bear, Cardinal, Fork, Frank, , Kinosiu, Little Fish, Logan, Miquelon, Missawawi, Newell, Pakowki, Pine, Shanks and Sturgeon), although only eight of these are known to be breeding lakes (Appendix). This, along with the discovery of many smaller waterbodies that support small numbers of western grebes (often breeding) suggests a highly dynamic system of lake occupancy by western grebes in Alberta, and the possibility that provincial populations are higher than previously thought.

Detailed surveys using Distance methods were initiated in 2017 and will be continued in future years in order to improve estimates of provincial population size. Even if populations are higher than previously thought, it must be remembered that the species faces many threats in Alberta that result in habitat loss and disturbance to breeding (Wollis and Stratmoen 2010, AESRD and ACA 2013, COSEWIC 2014) and conservation actions directed toward this species must be accelerated if it is to persist in many parts of Alberta (Wollis and Stratmoen 2010, Erickson 2010, Erickson et al 2014). Such actions will be detailed in a provincial recovery plan, to be completed in 2017.

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LITERATURE CITED

Alberta Environment and Parks. 2014. Endangered, threatened, special concern and data deficient species in Alberta. Alberta Environment and Parks, Fish and Wildlife Policy Branch, Edmonton. 2 pp. Available at: http://aep.alberta.ca/fish- wildlife/species-at-risk/documents/ SpeciesAssessedConservation-2014a.pdf.

Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development (AESRD) and Alberta Conservation Association (ACA). 2013. Status of the western grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis) in Alberta: Update 2012. Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development. Alberta Wildlife Status Report No. 60 (Update 2012), Edmonton, AB. 48 pp.

Alberta Sustainable Resource Development (ASRD) and Alberta Conservation Association (ACA). 2006. Status of the western grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis) in Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Wildlife Status Report No. 60, Edmonton, AB. 29 pp.

Anonymous. 2016a. eBird basic dataset. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY. http://ebird.org/content/ebird/about/.

Anonymous. 2016b. eBird 2016- year in review. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY. http://ebird.org/content/ebird/news/2016review/.

Berg, G., L. Wilkinson, H. Wollis, and D. Prescott. 2004. Western (Aechmophorus occidentalis) and eared (Podiceps nigricollis) grebes of central Alberta: 2004 field summary. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Fish and Wildlife Division, Alberta Species at Risk Report No. 94, Edmonton, AB. 23 pp.

B.C. Ministry of Environment, Land and Parks. 1999. Western grebe. Wildlife Branch, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Victoria, BC. 6 pp.

Buckland, S.T., D. R. Anderson, K. P. Burnham, J. L. Laake, D. L. Borchers, and L. Thomas. 2001. Introduction to distance sampling. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK. 448 pp.

Buckland, S. T., Burt, M. L., Rexstad, E. A., Mellor, M., Williams, A. E. and R. Woodward, R. 2012. Aerial surveys of seabirds: the advent of digital methods. J. Appl. Ecol. 49: 960–967.

Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. 2014. COSEWIC assessment and status report on the western grebe Aechmophorus occidentalis in Canada. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Ottawa, ON. 55 pp.

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Eadie, G. 2002. 2002 Lesser Slave Lake western grebe survey. Lesser Slave Lake Bird Observatory, Lesser Slave Lake, AB. 17 pp.

Erickson, M. E. 2010. Persistence and abundance of the western grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis) in Alberta. MSc. Thesis. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB. 82 pp.

Erickson, M. E., C. Found-Jackson, and M. S. Boyce. 2014. Using latent selection difference to model persistence in a declining population. PLoS ONE 9(5):1-9.

Federation of Alberta Naturalists. 2007. The atlas of breeding birds of Alberta: a second look. Federation of Alberta Naturalists, Edmonton, AB. 662 pp.

Folinsbee, J. 1989. Wildlife surveys of selected Edmonton area lakes (Majeau, Nakamun, Wabamun, and Wakamao) July 1989. Unpubl. rept., Alberta Fish and Wildlife, Edmonton, AB. 49 pp.

Found, C. 2004. Colonial nesting bird monitoring program in northeast Alberta: annual report 2004. Unpubl. rept., Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Lac La Biche, AB. 17 pp.

Found, C., and A. Hubbs. 2004. Survey of colonial nesting birds and lakeshore habitats in northeast Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Fish and Wildlife Division, Alberta Species at Risk Report No. 88, Edmonton, AB. 32 pp.

Gendron, M., S. A. Smyth, and G. R. Stewart. 2001. Temporal and spatial distribution of waterbirds on Utikima Lake, AB: 2000 surveys final report. Ducks Unlimited Canada, Edmonton, AB. 16 pp.

Gunderson, G. 1985. Great blue heron, western grebe, cormorant and osprey nest counts. North-east region 1985. Unpubl. rept., Alberta Energy and Natural Resources, Fish and Wildlife Division, St. Paul, AB. 22 pp.

Gray, B. T., S. Marken, K. Wilkinson, and D. A. Young. 1992. Parlby Creek – Buffalo Lake project. 1992 biological studies: draft report. Unpubl. rept., Alberta Environment, Edmonton, Alberta.

Hanneman, M., and M. Heckbert. 2001. Colonial nesting waterbird survey in the Northwest Boreal Region – 2000. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Fish and Wildlife Division, Alberta Species at Risk Report No. 7, Edmonton, AB. 21 pp.

Hanus, S. 2002. Western (Aechmorphorus occidentalis) and eared (Podiceps nigricola) grebe data of Alberta. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Fish and Wildlife Division, Edmonton, AB. 112 pp.

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Hanus, S., H. Wollis, and L. Wilkinson. 2002a. Western (Aechmophorus occidentalis) and eared (Podiceps nigricollis) grebes of central Alberta: Inventory, survey techniques and management concerns. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Fish and Wildlife Division, Species at Risk Report No. 41. Edmonton, AB. 45 pp.

Hanus, S., L. Wilkinson, and H. Wollis. 2002b. Western (Aechmophorus occidentalis) and eared (Podiceps nigricollis) grebes of central Alberta: 2002 field summary. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Fish and Wildlife Division, Alberta Species at Risk Report No. 60, Edmonton, AB. 32 pp.

Hanus, S., L. Wilkinson, and H. Wollis. 2003. Western (Aechmophorus occidentalis) grebes of Central Alberta: 2003 field summary, Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Fish and Wildlife Division, File report.

Kemper, C., H. Wollis, C. Found, D. Prescott, and M. Heckbert. 2008. Western grebes (Aechmophorus occidentalis) in Alberta: 2006 field summary. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Fish and Wildlife Division, Alberta Species at Risk Report No. 121, Edmonton, AB. 17 pp.

Kondla, N. G., H. W. Pinel, C. A. Wallis, and C. R. Wershler. 1973. Avifauna of the Drumheller area. Can. Field Nat. 87:377-393.

Kristensen, J., and W. R. Nordstrom. 1979. Western grebe colony, Cold Lake. Unpubl. rept. prepared for Provincial Parks Division, Alberta Recreation, Parks and Wildlife, and Esso Resources Canada Limited. 47 pp.

LaPorte, N., R. W. Storer and G. L. Nuechterlein. 2013. Western grebe (Aechmophorus occidentalis), The Birds of North America (P. G. Rodewald, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America: https://birdsna.org/Species-Account/bna/species/wesgre.

Purdy, R. O., D. C. Parkyn, and J. D. Folinsbee. 1983. Wildlife surveys of selected Edmonton area lakes June-July 1982. Unpubl. rept., Alberta Energy and Natural Resources, Fish and Wildlife Division, Edmonton, AB. 139 pp.

Riske, M. E. 1976. Environmental and human impacts upon grebes breeding in central Alberta. PhD. Thesis, University of , Calgary, AB. 482 pp.

Ronconi, R. A., and A. E. Burger. 2009. Estimating seabird densities from vessel transects: distance sampling and implications for strip transects. Aquat. Biol. 4:297- 309.

Thomas, L., S. T. Buckland, E. A. Rexstad, J. L. Laake, S. Strindberg, S. L. Hedley, J. R. B. Bishop, T. A. Marques, and K. P. Burnham. 2010. Distance software: design and analysis of distance sampling surveys for estimating population size. J. Appl. Ecol. 47: 5–14.

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Wilson, A, and P.A. Smith. 2013. Distribution and population status of western grebes in Canada. Unpubl. rept. for Canadian Wildlife Service. 41 pp.

Wollis, H., and C. Stratmoen. 2010. Population study of western grebes in Alberta 2001-2009: Implications for management and status designation. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, Fish and Wildlife Division, Alberta Species at Risk Report No. 138, Edmonton, AB. 18 pp.

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APPENDIX. Numbers of western grebes reported on water bodies in Alberta to 2016. Bold font indicates a confirmed breeding record for that year, and “p” denotes birds present with no numbers given. See text for explanation of Population Size and Habitat Suitability ratings.

Lat Long Visited Population Habitat Water Body Reported Abundance (Year) Sourcesa Footnote (oN) (oW) 2015/16 Size Suitability Akasu Lake 53.50 -111.83 3 (1982), 0 (2016) 3, 17, 23 Y E Albright Lake 55.49 -113.82 1 (2014) 3 E Alicia Lake 54.44 -111.95 60 (2007) 3 C Low 54.58 -112.64 3 (2004), 1 (2007), p (2015), 0 (2016) 3 Y E 2, 3, 7, 9, 84 (1980), 1680 (1981), 60 (2003), 200 (2004), 50 (2005), 1 (2008), 0 Angling Lake 54.20 -110.33 10, 12, 13, Y B High (2015), 1 (2016) 17 Astotin Lake 53.68 -112.85 8 (1970), 13 (2012), 1 (2013), 15 (2014), 6 (2015), 20 (2016) 1, 3 Y C Low Badger Lake 50.38 -112.47 8 (2012), 16 (2013), 12 (2014), 25 (2015), 1 (2016) 1, 3 Y C Low Baptiste Lake 54.77 -113.56 p (1920s), 0 (1970), 9 (2001), 11 (2009), 28 (2014), 1 (2015) 1, 3, 12, 17 Y C Low Barnett Lake 52.48 -113.73 3 (1970), 0 (1971) p (1931), 0 (1970), 3 (1971), 6 (1972), 7 (1973), 0 (1974-76), 10 Battle Lake 52.97 -114.19 (1977), 0 (1978), 3 (1979), 0 (1980-85), 2 (1986), 0 (1987), 1 (1988), 3, 8, 17 Y D Low 18 (1989), 5 (1990), 0 (1991-92), 0 (1997-98), 0 (2001-04), 0 (2016) p (1989), p (1992), ≥150 (1994), p (1995), 17 (2005), 34 (2006), 26 Bear Lake 55.26 -118.99 1, 3, 17 Y A High (2014), 219 (2015) Beauvais Lake 49.41 -114.11 1 (2016) 1 E 2 (1923), p (1924-25), p (1928), 2 (1929), p (1931-32), 7 (2004), 14 Beaver Lake 54.73 -111.87 3, 12 C None (2005), 10 (2007), 0 (2008) Beaver Mines Lake 49.37 -114.30 2 (2015) 3 Y E p (1923, 1931-32, 1958), 600 (1960), 0 (1973), p (1980-81), 2 (1984), 1, 3, 10, 17, 53.46 -112.54 82 (1985), 25 (1986), 24 (1991), 1 (1992), 1 (1993), 40 (1998), 40 Y B None 21 (1999), 10 (2000), 0 (2009), p (2013), 0 (2015), 0 (2016) Beaverlodge Sewage 55.19 -119.43 p (1997), 3 (1999) 17 E Lagoon Bellshill Lake 52.60 -111.56 ≥20 (2016) 3 Y C Medium Bens Lake 53.66 -111.87 2 (1970), p (1982), 0 (2015) 3, 12 Y E Low Berry Creek 51.27 -111.63 1 (2011), 10 (2016) 1, 3 Y C Low (Carolside) Reservoir Big Knife Prov. Park 52.49 -112.21 1 (2013) 1 E 1, 2, 3, 6, 53.59 -113.74 2 (1963), 40 (1979), 3 (1982), 0 (2001), 0 (2008), 8 (2015) Y D Medium 12, 17, 23 Bigelow Reservoir 51.90 -113.48 1 (2014), 1 (2015), 2 (2016) 1 E Blackett Lake 54.74 -111.57 18 (2005), 0 (2016) 3 Y D Medium 12

Blizzard Lake 50.77 -113.76 11 (2014), 0 (2015), 2 (2016) 1, 3 Y C None Blood Indian Creek 51.24 -111.21 3 (2008), 4 (2016) 1, 3, 12 Y E Reservoir 2 (1970), 0 (1971), 0 (1972), 1 (1973), 0 (1974-1992), 0 (1994-2009), 54.15 -111.87 17 Y E 0 (2016) Bow Island 49.87 -111.39 1 (1993) 17 E (Bow City) 50.43 -112.23 1 (1982) 17 E BowKan Birders Area 51.16 -114.97 1 (2001) 17 E Brant Sloughs 50.45 -113.53 0 (1970), 1 (2000), 1 (2008), 2 (2015), 0 (2016) 1, 3, 17 Y E 0 (1971), 0 (1982), 20 (2002), 12 (2004), 2 (2005), 6 (2006), 0 (2008), 3, 6, 9, 12, Brock Lake 53.81 -114.84 Y D Low 0 (2015) 23 Bruce Lake 51.20 -113.55 p (1960s), 1 (1997), 1 (1998), p (2009), 0 (2015) 0 (2016) 1, 3, 17 Y E 36 (1970), 15 (1971), 9 (1972), 63 (1973), 2 (1974), 0 (1975), 40 (1976), 1(1977), 136 (1978), 9 (1979), 63 (1980), 4 (1981), 1 (1982), 1 (1983), 7 (1984), 2 (1985), 0 (1986), 15 (1987), 19 (1988), 59 1, 2, 3, 8, Buck Lake 53.00 -114.77 (1989), 69 (1990), 8 (1991), 0 (1992), 3 (1994), 0 (1995), 1 (1996), 1 Y B Medium 12, 17, 21 (1997), 0 (1998), 1 (1999), 8 (2000), 1 (2001), 0 (2002), 1 (2003), 16 (2004), 2 (2005), 0 (2006), 1 (2007), 32 (2008), 2 (2009), 0 (2015), 5 (2016) p (1895), 64 (1914), p (1915), 0 (1970), 2 (1971), 2 (1989), 6 (1992), 1, 2, 3, 8, 9, 1 (1994), 100 (1998), 2 (2002), 309 (2004), 200 (2005), 1030 (2006), Buffalo Lake 52.48 -112.88 10, 12, 16, Y A High 94 (2007), 888 (2008), 1 (2012), ≥200 (2013), ≥150 (2014), ≥800 17 (2015), 2086 (2016) Buffalo Lake (North) 54.51 -112.48 30 (2007) 3 C Medium Bunder Lake 1 (2001), 17 (2002) 3 D Burnt Lake 54.69 -112.31 3 (2004), 0 (2016) 3 Y E Bush Lake 2 (2006) 3 E Bushy Head Lake 52.85 -110.92 4 (2016) 1 E 55.24 -113.30 ≥20 (2014), ≥50 (2015), ≤80 (2016) 3 Y C Medium 49.02 -114.05 4 (2013), 10 (2015), 0 (2016) 1, 3 Y C None p (1950), p (1995), p (1997), 30 (2000), p (2001), 68 (2004), 59 1, 2, 3, 4, Cardinal Lake 56.24 -117.74 Y B Medium b (2005), 219 (2006), 4 (2009), 1 (2014), 0 (2016) 12, 17, 14 Weir 50.82 -113.45 3 (1981), 1 (1989), 3 (2003), 1 (2009), 0 (2015) 1, 3, 17 Y E Cattleland Slough 51.16 -113.40 5 (2002), 0 (2015) 1, 3 Y E CFB Suffield 50.69 -111.04 2 (2006) 3 E 1 CFB Suffield Wetland 50.40 -110.85 <20 (2010) 3 C Medium 2 Chain Lakes Reservoir 50.21 -114.20 4 (2013), 4 (2014), 0 (2015), 3 (2016) 1, 3 Y E Charron Lake 54.85 -112.51 14 (2004), 6 (2005), 2 (2007), 0 (2016) 3 Y D Medium Sloughs 51.07 -113.82 0 (1970), 2 (1982), 5 (1985), 1 (1986), 10 (1989) 17 D None 53.66 -115.39 1 (2000), 42 (2004), 6 (2006), 0 (2014), 1 (2015) 1, 3 Y D 13

Christina Lake 55.62 -110.93 p (1922), 3 (2014) 1, 17 E Clear Lake 50.14 -113.41 25 (2007), 0 (2015), 0 (2016) 1, 3 Y C Medium 53.09 -113.30 1 (1970), 6 (2004), 0 (2008), 0 (2016) 3, 8, 12 Y E 1000 (1970), 2012 (1978), 2000 (1979), 880 (1980), 880 (1981), p 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, (1982), 1000 (1983), p (1984), 508 (1985), 1500 (1989), 5 (1990), 5 9, 10, 12, Cold Lake 54.52 -110.12 (1995), 42 (2001), p (2002), 1982 (2003), 970 (2004), 900 (2005), Y A High c 13, 17, 19, 1876 (2006), ≥200 (2007), 582 (2008), 60 (2010), 490 (2011), 110 25 (2012), 150 (2013), 40 (2014), 25 (2015), 585 (2016) Coleman Lake 51.44 -111.87 p (2015), 34 (2016) 3 Y C Medium Conn Lake 54.52 -111.11 300 (1993), 0 (2009), 0 (2016) 3, 10, 17 Y B Low p (1921), 12 (1964), 0 (1970), 17 (1982), p (1991), p (1995), 89 1, 3, 8, 9, 53.42 -113.04 (2001), 7 (2004), p (2006), 4 (2008), p (2009), 16 (2013), 2 (2015), 0 Y C Low 12, 17, 23 (2016) Cranna Lake 52.47 -113.74 p (2009), 2 (2013), 0 (2016) 1, 3 Y E Crawling Valley 50.90 -112.36 p (1994), 50 (2011), 1 (2014), 1 (2015) 1, 3, 17 Y C Medium Reservoir Crestomere Lake 52.67 -113.92 40 (2011), 3 (2013), 0 (2015), 0 (2016) 1, 3 Y C Low 52.46 -115.04 0 (1971), 2 (2013), 0 (2016) 1, 3 Y E 30 (1992), 35 (1998), 4 (2001), 2 (2004), 140 (2007), p (2008), 100 1, 2, 3, 10, Crow Indian Lake 49.38 -111.75 Y A High (2009), 8 (2012), 4 (2015) 17 49.63 -114.61 1 (2016) 1 E Cushing Lake 54.06 -110.44 p (1985) 12

Dabbs Lake 54.77 -111.48 1 (2005), 0 (2016) 3 Y E Davey Lake 51.94 -113.76 4 (2015) 1 E Deadhorse Lake 51.06 -112.67 9 (2007), 0 (2015), 0 (2016) 2, 3, 17 Y E Desmaw Lake 54.51 -111.98 2 (2007) 3 E Dinosaur Prov. Park 50.76 -111.52 p (2005), p (2013) 1, 14 d

Dodgson Lake 54.09 -108.74 1 (2005) 3 E Driedmeat Reservoir 52.87 -112.75 p (1918), 0 (1970), 3 (1973), 5 (2004), 5 (2008), 0 (2016) 3, 8, 12, 17 Y E Dwayne Lake 54.44 -112.12 1 (2004) 3 E 0 (1971), 20 (1984), 2 (2005), 2 (2006), 1 (2007), 5 (2012), 5 (2013), 51.00 -113.32 1, 3, 17, 14 Y C Low e 25 (2014), 5 (2015), 1 (2016) Elinor Lake 54.66 -111.65 1 (2003), 3 (2005) 3 E Eliza Lake 53.81 -111.19 4 (1982), 0 (2016) 3, 17 Y E 1 (1963), 3 (1988), 2 (1996), p (2002), 4 (2003), 2 (2004), p (2005), p Elk Island National 53.61 -112.86 (2006), 10 (2007), 1 (2008), p (2009), p (2010), 3 (2011), p (2012), 9 1 C Park (2013), 6 (2014) 10 (2008), 1 (2009), 19 (2010), 1 (2011), p (2012), 4 (2013), 7 (2014), 49.67 -110.30 1 C Medium 12 (2015), 5 (2016) Elliston Lake 51.03 -113.94 4 (1999), 1 (2000), 1 (2004), 0 (2016) 1 Y E Emerson Lake 50.58 -113.85 12 (2014), 0 (2015) 1, 3 Y C None

14

Ernestina Lake 54.24 -110.45 2 (2001) 3 E Erskine Lake 52.31 -112.89 0 (1970), 2 (2014), 0 (2015), 0 (2016) 1, 3 Y E 1, 2, 3, 7, 54.53 -110.35 ≥42 (1980), 84 (1981), 80 (1989), p (2003), 0 (2008), 3 (2016) Y D Medium 12, 17 Coulee 49.43 -111.32 23 (2001), p (2014), 30 (2015), 1 (2016) 1, 3, 17 Y C Medium Fawcett Lake 55.30 -113.91 3 (1979) 3 E Low Figure Lake 54.43 -112.61 2 (2001), 1 (2006) 3 E Fincastle Lake 49.83 -111.98 5 (1998), 47 (2004), 10 (2010), 2 (2012), 3 (2014), 4 (2015), 4 (2016) 1, 2, 3, 17 Y C Medium Fish Creek Prov. Park 50.90 -114.02 1 (2014), 1 (2015), 2 (2016) 1 E Floating Stone Lake 54.23 -111.63 6 (2001), 5 (2002) 3 E Fork Lake 54.47 -111.56 1 (2001), 13 (2005), 3 (2007), 11 (2008), 200 (2015) 1, 3, 12, 17 Y A High Forty Mile Coulee 49.60 -111.36 3 (2011), 48 (2015), 0 (2016) 1, 3 Y C Medium Reservoir Fox Lake 51.66 -111.99 p (2008), 2 (2009), 3 (2014), 6 (2015), 1 (2016) 1, 3 Y E Low Francis Lake 54.96 -111.57 1 (2005) 3 E Low P (1970), 0 (1971), 9 (1972), 2200 (1977), 350 (1979), 15 (1992), 10 (1994), 190 (1995), 1 (1996), 4 (1997), 10 (1998), 2 (1999), 50 Frank Lake 50.56 -113.71 (2000), 25 (2001), 5 (2002), 14 (2003), 9 (2004), 10 (2005), 4 (2006), 1, 2, 3, 17 Y A High 25 (2007), 15 (2009), 50 (2010), 15 (2011), 101 (2012), 75 (2013), 182 (2014), 150 (2015), 60 (2016) Frenchman Lake 54.54 -111.45 1 (2000) 3 E p (1956), 200 (1957), p (1964), 150 (1965), 25 (1980), p (1987), p 2, 3, 7, 10, Frog Lake 53.92 -110.33 (1989), 500 (1990), 600 (1991), p (1992), p (1998), p (2003), 0 Y B Low f 12, 17, 14 (2008), >50 (2015), 4 (2016) Garfield Lake 56.39 -111.52 1 (2004) 3 E 76 (1981), p (1984), 102 (1985), 0 (2003), 0 (2008), 4 (2015), 6 2, 3, 7, 10, Garner Lake 54.20 -111.73 Y B Low g (2016) 12, 17 Genesee Lake 53.34 -114.33 14 (2011) 1, 3 C None George Lake 53.96 -108.08 2 (2006) 3 E Ghost Reservoir 51.20 -114.75 9 (2007), 0 (2015), 0 (2016) 1, 3, 17 Y E Gladys Sloughs 50.75 -113.63 17 (2014) 1 C Low 125 (1970), 6 (1971), 50 (1980), 100 (1981), 100 (1983), 2 (1985), 2 (1988), 60 (1989), 300 (1990), 1 (1991), 6 (1995), 6 (1997), 6 (1998), Glenmore Reservoir 50.98 -114.12 1, 3, 17 Y B Low 4 (2001), 20 (2002), p (2003), 40 (2010), 5 (2011), 10 (2012), 62 (2013), 80 (2014), 75 (2015), 4 (2016) Glennifer Lake 52.03 -114.28 10 (2004), 0 (2015), 0 (2016) 1, 2, 3, 8 Y D None Goodridge Lake 54.43 -108.25 1 (2004) 3 E Goose Lake 54.32 -115.14 p (2006) 1

200 (1970), 1 (1995), 35 (1997), 25 (2000), 320 (2004), p (2005), 25 1, 2, 3, 8, Gull Lake 52.54 -114.00 Y A High (2008), 170 (2009), 1 (2010), 2 (2013), 2364 (2015), 3230 (2016) 10, 12, 17 15

Handhills Lake 51.49 -112.12 2 (1997), p (2015), 0 (2016) 1, 3, 17 Y E Hanna Reservoir 51.64 -111.93 3 (2014), 0 (2015) 1, 3 Y E Harold Lake 54.47 -110.58 p (1976) 17

Hasse Lake 53.49 -114.17 1 (2015) 1 E 1 (1963), 0 (1970), 225 (1990), p (1992), p (1994), p (1996), 25 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, (1998), 10 (2001), p (2002), 45 (2003), 125 (2004), 8 (2005), 440 Hastings Lake 53.42 -112.92 10, 12, 13, Y A Medium (2006), 136 (2007), 346 (2008); 170 (2009), ≥300 (2010), 12 (2011), 17 15 (2012), 2 (2014), 2 (2015), ≥25 (2016) Haunted Lakes 52.40 -113.16 2 (1914), 0 (1970) 3 E Heart Lake 55.03 -111.50 40 (2005) 3 D Low Helena Lake 54.68 -111.59 5 (2000), 1 (2005), 2 (2007) 3 E Henderson Lake 49.69 -112.80 1 (1991), 1 (2015), 0 (2016) 1, 3, 17 Y E Henderson's Lake 55.35 -119.10 p (1924) 17

Herbert Lake 51.46 -116.22 1 (1977) 1 E Hope Lake 54.66 -112.66 4 (2006) 3 E Horsefly Reservoir 49.72 -112.06 12 (2004), 8 (2015) 1, 2, 3, 12 Y D Medium Huppie Lake 54.55 -111.81 3 (2003) 3 E Indian Lake 53.39 -110.99 4 (2013) 1 E 54.47 -116.83 p (1965) 3 E Ironwood Lake 54.60 -111.52 1 (2000), 24 (2005), 0 (2008) 3, 12 D Low Irricana Reservoir 51.30 -113.56 10 (1997), 0 (2015) 1, 3 Y D Low 121 (1983), 10 (1984), 2 (1985), 12 (1986), 1 (1993), 2 (1994), 2 Irricana Sloughs 51.28 -113.47 1, 3, 17 Y B Medium (1995), 20 (1999), 23 (2002), 10 (2005), 3 (2014), 7 (2015), 25 (2016) 0 (1970), 0 (1975), 0 (1983), 9 (1984), 0 (1985-88), 1 (1989), 0 (1990- 54.84 -113.54 1, 3, 12, 17 Y E 92), 2(1994), 1 (1996), 0 (1997-98), 2 (2008), 7 (2015), 9 (2016) p (1930), p (1939), 0 (1970), 21 (1971), 96 (1982), 23 (1983), 24 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, (1984), p (1989), 138 (1990), 16 (1992), 20 (1993), 19 (1994), 2 8, 9, 10, 12, Isle Lake 53.63 -114.74 (1996), 11 (1997), p (1998), 154 (2001), 124 (2002), 88 (2003), 228 Y A High 15, 17, 20, (2004), 200 (2005), 208 (2006), 234 (2007), 154 (2008), 130 (2009), 2 23 (2010), p (2011), 2 (2013), 73 (2015), ≥40 (2016) Islet Lake 53.45 -112.82 0 (1982), 3 (2014), 1 (2015) 1, 23 Y E Jackson Lake 54.81 -111.55 1 (2005), 0 (2016) 3 Y E Jensen Reservoir 49.31 -112.90 4 (2014), 0 (2016) 1, 3 Y E 54.26 -110.75 20 (2009), 1 (2011), 1 (2013), 0 (2015), 0 (2016) 1, 3 Y C Medium Johnny’s Lake 53.53 -108.30 2 (2005), 2 (2006) 3 E Johnson Lake 50.59 -111.89 95 (1999), 45 (2000), 2 (2012), 3 (2015), 2 (2016) 1, 17 D Low Joseph Lake 53.28 -113.10 2 (1963), 1 (1964), 4 (2015) 1 E Kehewin Lake 54.06 -110.90 0 (1970), 1 (1995), 0 (2016) 3, 17 Y E Keho Lake 49.95 -113.00 6 (1995), 25 (1999), 17 (2001), p (2010), 6 (2011), 40 (2016) 1, 3, 17 Y C Medium Kerr Lake 54.52 -112.06 65 (2007) 3 C Low Kinnaird Lake 54.78 -111.53 2 (2005), 0 (2016) 3 Y E 16

Kinosiu Lake 54.73 -112.32 102 (2004), 11 (2005), 0 (2008), ≥30 (2016) 3, 12, 17 Y B High Kitsam Sloughs 50.50 -112.06 1 (1999) 1 E 1 (2006), 1 (2007), 1 (2009), p (2011), p (2012), p (2014), 45 (2015), Kitsim Reservoir 50.45 -112.10 1, 3 Y C Medium 3 (2016) Lake 55.39 -113.24 4 (2005) 3 E Lac Brosseau 53.84 -111.66 20 (2001), 2 (2002), 4 (2003) 3 D Lac Canard 53.88 -111.35 p (1998), 1 (2002), 0 (2016) 3, 12 Y Low

Lac des Arcs 51.05 -115.18 2 (2013), 35 (2015), 0 (2016) 1, 3, 17 Y C Low 216 (1971), p (1979), 3124 (1980), 3124 (1981), p (1987), 3000 (1988), p (1997), 3 (1998), 10 (1999), 2 (2000), 30 (2001), p (2002), 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, Lac La Biche 54.86 -112.12 Y A High 4612 (2003), 2716 (2004), 3391 (2005), 2812 (2006), 3226 (2007), 10, 12, 17 200 (2008), 1512 (2010), 2 (2013), 25 (2014), ≥850 (2015), 25 (2016) 0 (1970), 13 (1971), 4 (1972), 8 (1973), 0 (1974), 0 (1975), 2 (1976), 0 (1977-79), 3 (1980), 0 (1981), 5 (1982), 0 (1983), 54 (1985), 6 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 53.94 -114.33 (1986), 0 (1987-88), 0 (1990), 51 (1991), 40 (1992), 2 (1996), 1 9, 12, 17, Y C Medium (1997), 0 (1998), 25 (2001), 20 (2002), 1 (2003), 11 (2004), 10 21, 23 (2006), 31 (2008), 23 (2009), 1 (2010), 0 (2015), 20 (2016) 50 (1987), 150 (1993), 2 (2000), p (2001), 0 (2003), 0 (2008), 2 1, 2, 3, 7, Lac Sante 53.84 -111.58 Y B Low (2015), 6 (2016) 10, 12, 17 8 (1964), 2 (1965), 100 (1970), 1300 (1971), 600 (1972), 700 (1973), 47 (1974), 700 (1975), 1100 (1976), 635 (1977), 502 (1978), 600 (1979), 277 (1980), 629 (1981), 500 (1982), 800 (1983), 800 (1984), 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 1500 (1985), 550 (1986), 620 (1987), 670 (1988), 1000 (1989), 350 8, 9, 10, 12, Lac St. Anne 53.72 -114.44 Y A High (1990), 647 (1991), 710 (1992), 35 (1996), 96 (1998), 1268 (2001), 17, 18, 21, 802 (2002), 1106 (2003), 308 (2004), 74 (2005), 176 (2006), 120 23 (2007), 99 (2008), 84 (2009), 0 (2010), 4 (2013), 3 (2014), ≤60 (2015), 20 (2016) Lac St. Cyr 53.90 -111.20 4 (2016) 3 Y E Lafarge Meadows 50.89 -114.00 1 (2013), 0 (2015) 1, 3 Y E Wetland Lake Bonavista 50.94 -114.05 11 (2013), 0 (2016) 1, 3 Y C None 51.27 -115.39 8 (1993), 1 (1995), 10 (1996), 1 (2011), 1 E p (1959), p (1971), p (1994), 20 (1998), 600 (1999), 45 (2001), 20 Lake Newell 50.43 -111.94 (2002), p (2005), 4 (2009), 5 (2011), 1 (2012), 140 (2014), 4 (2015), 1, 3, 21 Y A High 60 (2016) Landry Lake 54.21 -110.63 p (1976), 0 (2016) 3, 17 Y None

Lane Lake 54.71 -110.91 6 (1981) 17 E Langdon 10 (1989), 15 (1995), 10 (1998), 25 (1999), 1 (2003), 2 (2015), 0 Reservoir/ 50.92 -113.63 1, 3, 17 Y D Low (2016) Lake Lawrence Lake 55.00 -113.71 0 (1970), p (2001) 17

17

31 (1950), p (1960), p (1964), 800 (1970), 1300 (1979), p (1993), 7 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, (1994), 2 (1995), 3 (1996), 23 (1997), 44 (1998), 30 (1999), 700 Lesser Slave Lake 55.45 -115.34 10, 11, 12, Y A High (2000), 3742 (2002), 2720 (2006), p (2007), 2 (2008), 84 (2009), 17 3504 (2011), ≥1000 (2012), 3 (2014), 7 (2015), 30 (2016) 300 (1970), 10 (2000), 2 (2010), 4 (2013), 200 (2014), ≥ 115 (2015), Little Fish Lake 51.38 -112.23 1, 3, 17, 22 Y A High 247 (2016) Logan Lake 55.08 -111.37 7 (2005), 100 (2007) 3 A Medium Lonepine Lake 54.43 -112.07 1 (2005), 0 (2016) 3 Y E Long Lake 54.57 -113.65 0 (1970), p (1996), 1 (2009), 1 (2014), 1 (2016) 1, 3, 17 Y E Lost Lake 50.15 -112.31 5 (1992), 18 (2013) 1 C Medium Louisiana Lakes 50.52 -111.50 6 (1971), 30 (2007) 2 C Low Reservoir Lower Mann Lake 54.18 -111.52 0 (1970), 8 (2001) 3 E Lower Milk River 49.01 -110.58 1 (1995) 17 E Lower Therien Lake 53.94 -111.36 0 (1970), 2 (1982), 1 (1998), 0 (2016) 17 Y E Lower 49.10 -113.86 5 (2009), 10 (2015), 1 (2016) 1, 3 Y C Low Lucky Lake 54.35 -112.61 8 (2001), 3 (2002) 3 E MacIlroy's Slough 51.07 -113.80 1 (1982), 5 (1985), 1 (1986), 10 (1989), 1 (2005), 4 (2009), 0 (2015) 1, 3 Y D None Majeau Lake 53.92 -108.40 4 (2004), 1 (2005) 3 E Manatokan Lake 54.47 -110.96 1 (2003), 9 (2008), 0 (2016) 3, 7, 12 Y E Many Islands Lake 50.16 -110.04 20 (2012), 50 (2013), 20 (2014) 1 C Medium Marguerite Lake 54.62 -110.75 120 (1982) 10, 17 Y B Medium Martin Lake 55.44 -113.57 12 (2006) 3 E Maskinonge Lake 49.11 -113.84 p (2012), 1 (2015), 0 (2016) 1, 3 Y Medium

Matchayaw (Devil’s) 53.71 -108.10 1 (2004), 2 (2005) 3 E Lake McDonald Lake 51.19 -113.95 2 (2014), 0 (2015), 0 (2016) 1, 3 Y E 30 (1983), 20 (1985), 60 (1990), 25 (1992), 2 (2002), 6 (2003), 1 McGregor Lake 50.51 -112.88 1, 3, 17, 21 Y C Medium (2005), 4 (2012), 2 (2013), 2 (2014), 10 (2015), 11 (2016) Meadowbrook Lake 50.57 -111.87 1 (2014) 1 E Michaud Lake 53.79 -108.90 1 (2004) 3 E Middle Waterton Lake 49.06 -113.88 4 (2015), 3 (2016) 1, 3 Y E Milk River Ridge 49.37 -112.63 1 (2007), 1 (2013), 2 (2015), 0 (2016) 1, 3 Y E Reservoir Ministik Lake 53.34 -113.02 p (1920), 60 (1922), p (1925), p (1957), 0 (2016) 3, 17 Y D None Minor Lakes/Kinivie 50.37 -111.50 8 (2012) 1 E Marsh p (1906), p (1907), p (1908), p (1909), 72 (1931), 30 (1953), 1000 1, 3, 12, 17, 53.25 -112.90 Y B Low (1963), 0 (1971), 0 (1975), p (1998), 2 (2014), 0 (2015), 0 (2016) 21 Mirror Lake 53.02 -112.83 0 (1970), 1 (1975) 3 E 18

2 (2000), 5 (2001), 44 (2002), 55 (2003), 63 (2004), 284 (2005), 1 Missawawi Lake 54.73 -112.20 3, 7, 12 Y B Low (2008), 8 (2009), 0 (2016) Moore (Crane) Lake 54.52 -110.52 23 (1980), 0 (2016) 3, 17 Y D Low 51 (1900), 0 (1970), 1 (1981), p (1989), 400 (1990), 600 (1991), p 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, (1992), 7 (2001), 39 (2003), 304 (2004), 258 (2005), 353 (2006), 376 Moose Lake 54.24 -110.93 10, 12, 13, Y A High (2007), 649 (2008), <100 (2009), 35 (2010), 65 (2011), 26 (2012), 60 17 (2013), p (2014), ≥200 (2015), 230 (2016) Mule Shoe 51.19 -115.73 1 (1999) 1 E p (1965), 0 (1970), 386 (1980), 356 (1981), p (1985), p (1988), 200 1, 2, 3, 7, Muriel Lake 54.15 -110.68 (1989), 600 (1990), 600 (1991), 4 (1993), p (1998), >760 (2003), 0 Y B Low c 12, 13 (2004), 40 (2008), 6 (2014), 0 (2015), 0 (2016) 1 (1967), 5 (1998), 7 (2001), 3 (2004), 20 (2006) 16 (2007), 14 1, 2, 3, 10, Murray Lake 49.79 -110.97 Y A Low (2008), 107 (2009), 5 (2012), 4 (2013), 1 (2014), 5 (2015), 6 (2016) 12, 17 54.53 -118.62 15 (1982), 0 (2015) 3 Y D Low 53.88 -114.21 0 (1970), 3 (1989), 3 (2004), 11 (2015) 3, 17 Y C Medium 60 (1965), p (1967), p (1968), p (1970), 12 (1971), 100 (1984), 1 (1985), 23 (1988), 10 (1990), 12 (1992), 10 (1993), 30 (1994), 10 Namaka Lake 50.94 -113.22 1, 3, 17, 14 Y B Medium e (1995), 2 (1997), p (1999), 6 (2000), 7 (2001), 30 (2003), 5 (2006), 33 (2007), 60 (2009), 9 (2012), 2 (2014), 10 (2015), 6 (2016) Nier Lake 51.41 -114.18 1 (2008), 1 (2016) 1 E Noral Lake 54.63 -112.39 1 (2005) 3 E Norberg Lake 54.27 -111.59 2 (2001) 3 E 0 (1982), 124 (1991), p (1998) p (2001), p (2003), 10 (2004), 3 2, 3, 7, 10, North Buck Lake 54.68 -112.57 Y B High (2005), 3 (2007), 2 (2008), ≥30 (2015) 12, 17, 23 North Saskatchewan 53.59 -113.37 p (1967), 3 (2012), p (2013) 1, 3 E River (Edmonton) Oakland Lake 51.23 -111.50 5 (2015), 15 (2016) 3 Y C Low Obed Lake 53.56 -117.14 6 (2011), 17 (2014), 0 (2015), 2 (2016) 1, 3 Y C Low 49.92 -111.76 23 (1998), 1 (2015) 1, 3 D None Orloff Lake 55.38 -113.51 30 (1979) 3 D Low Otter Lake 55.12 -111.72 4 (2005) 3 E Outpost Lake 49.01 -113.46 1 (2013) 1 E 1 (1966), 12 (1972), p (1995), p (2006), 20 (2009), 1 (2010), 50 Pakowki Lake 49.35 -110.97 1, 2, 3 Y A Low (2011), 30 (2012), 30 (2013), 100 (2014), 80 (2015), 30 (2016) Park Lake 49.81 -112.93 20 (1965) 3 D Payne Lake 49.10 -113.64 1 (2015) 1 E 58.32 -116.32 1 (1994) 3 E Piche Lake 55.04 -111.59 3 (2004), 3 (2005) 3 E 1, 2, 3, 8, 20 (1970), 100 (1971), 20 (1972), 50 (1973), 0 (1974), 0 (1975), 0 53.03 -114.06 10, 12, 17, Y B Low (1976), 70 (1998), 20 (2004), 1 (2008), 1 (2013), 0 (2016) 21 19

p (1930s), 7 (1970), 81 (1971), 74 (1972), 58 (1973), 25 (1974), 3 (1975), 7 (1976), 13 (1977), 4 (1978), 6 (1979), 6 (1980), 5 (1981), 2 (1982), 257 (1983), 31 (1984), 2 (1985), 14 (1986), 0 (1987), 3 1, 2, 3, 8, 52.08 -113.44 Y B Low (1988), 7 (1989), 3 (1990), 0 (1991-92), 2 (1994), 12 (1995), 0 (1996- 12, 17, 21 2000), 1 (2001), 2 (2002), 0 (2003), 3 (2004), 1 (2005), 0 (2006-07), 2 (2008), 10 (2009), 4 (2015) 54.65 -111.43 76 (1990), 2 (2004), 19 (2005), 9 (2007) 3, 17 D Medium Plover Lake 51.49 -111.38 3 (2016) 3 Y E Portage Lake 54.96 -112.05 2 (2005) 3 E Potter's Slough 49.86 -111.50 1 (2016) 1 E Prairie Oasis Park 51.46 -111.81 15 (2009), 7 (2011), 1 (2013), 5 (2015), 10 (2016) 1, 3 Y C Low Priddis Slough 50.89 -114.06 1 (2015) 1 E 52.92 -118.10 11 (2014) 1 C Rattlesnake (Sauder’s) 6 (1998), 2 (2001), 76 (2004), 4 (2013), 50 (2014), 15 (2015), 2 1, 2, 3, 12, 49.98 -111.00 Y C Medium Reservoir (2016) 17 (Red 52.31 -113.78 0 (1970), 2 (2008) 3 E Deer) 49.67 -110.11 2 (2010), 2 (2012) 1 E 2, 7, 10, 12, Reita Lake 54.14 -110.43 266 (1980), 532 (1981), p (1985), 0 (2003), 0 (2008) B Medium 17 Rich Lake 54.53 -111.54 4 (2001) 3 E Rolling Hills Lake 50.36 -111.90 2 (2009) 3 E Romeo Lake 54.06 -114.87 0 (1982), 2 (2003), 2 (2005), 2 (2016) 3, 12, 23 Y E Ross Lake 49.15 -112.92 3 (2016) 1 E Rutherford Lake 50.13 -110.22 3 (2011), 0 (2016) 3 Y E Sadler's Slough 51.05 -113.54 3 (1987), 10 (1989), 1 (1990), 6 (1993), 1 (1995), 3 (1997), 0 (2016) 1, 3, 17 D Low Sam Lake 50.15 -110.26 5 (2011), 0 (2016) 3 Y E Samson Lake 52.76 -113.25 2 (1973) 3 E 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 0 (1970), 0 (1982), 150 (2002), 0 (2003), 22 (2004), 21 (2006), 2 55.83 -113.40 9, 10, 12, Y B Low (2007), 0 (2008), 3 (2015) 23 Sang Lake 53.55 -116.16 3 (2016) 1 E 0 (1970), p (1990), p (1991), p (1994), 200 (1996), p (1999), 40 Saskatoon Lake 55.22 -119.09 1, 3, 10, 17 Y B Medium (2005), 51 (2015) Scope Reservoir/Hays 50.06 -111.81 20 (1998), 2 (2003), 1 (2006), 2 (2012), p (2014), 33 (2015) 1, 3 Y C Medium Lake 54.73 -111.31 5 (2004), 15 (2005), 7 (2007) 3 D Low 49.86 -110.91 p (1966), 2 (2004), 2 (2008), 3 (2009) 2, 3, 12 E Reservoir Severn Reservoir 51.21 -112.95 1 (2016) 1 E Shanks Lake 49.07 -112.72 140 (2004), p (2015), 20 (2016) 1, 2, 3, 12 Y B Medium 20

Shepards Sloughs 50.95 -113.88 10 (1989), 1 (2012), 0 (2015), 0 (2016) 1, 3, 17 Y D Low Sherburne Lake 49.75 -111.78 p (2015) 3 Y Low

Shooting Lake 52.18 -112.34 3 (2014), 30 (2016) 3 Y C Medium Silver Lake 50.40 -113.82 1 (2015) 1 E Silverado Slough 50.89 -114.06 2 (2014) 1 E Sinclair Lake 54.72 -110.66 p (1990), p (1991), p (1997), 25 (1998) 17 D Low 54.62 -112.73 15 (2005), 60 (2007), p (2015) 2, 3, 12, 14 Y C Low Slacks Slough 52.20 -113.81 30 (2014), 0 (2015), 1 (2016) 1, 3 Y C Low Smoky Lake 54.14 -112.61 3 (1971) 3 E Snake Lake Reservoir 50.67 -112.28 10 (2016) 1 C Low Sounding Lake 52.14 -110.54 1 (2016) 1 E South Saskatchewan 50.68 -110.14 1 (2010) 3 E River (McNeill) South Saskatchewan 50.04 -110.64 1 (2007), 2 (2009), 2 (2012), 1 (2014), 1 (2015) 1 E River () Square Lake 54.91 -111.84 8 (2005) 3 E 54.65 -113.78 2 (1979), 1 (2005), 35 (2006), 6 (2009), 3 (2013), 2 (2014), 4 (2015) 1, 3 Y C Low Stobart Lake 50.91 -113.19 12 (2007) 2 C Medium e Sturgeon Lake 55.11 -117.52 0 (1970), 179 (2015) 3 Y A High Suncor Base Plant 57.01 -111.48 1 (2016) 1 E 1, 2, 3, 8, 52.36 -114.16 0 (1970), 0 (1971), 3 (1993), 2 (1994), 22 (2004), p (2005), 2 (2016) Y D None 17 p (1974), 8 (2000), 37 (2001), 2 (2004), 2 (2008), 2 (2012), 5 (2014), 1, 2, 3, 12, Taber Lake 49.80 -112.09 Y C Medium 10 (2015) 17 Talbot Lake 53.09 -118.00 39 (2014) 1 C

Tawakwato Lake 54.69 -112.21 24 (2004), 30 (2005), 4 (2006), 0 (2016) 3 Y D Medium Telford Lake 53.27 -113.52 0 (1970), 1 (2011), 4 (2013), 0 (2015) 1, 3 Y E Third Lake 50.76 -113.69 7 (2014), 0 (2015), 0 (2016) 1, 3 Y E 100 (1968), 0 (1971-72), 7 (1973), 0 (1974), 15 (1975), 0 (1976), 12 (1977), 63 (1978), 73 (1979), 251 (1980), 273 (1981), 44 (1982), 3 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, Thunder Lake 54.13 -114.76 (1983), 15 (1984), 0 (1985-89), 1 (1990), 0 (1991-92), p (1993), 110 9, 10, 12, Y B Medium (1995), 1 (1996), 0 (1997-99), 4 (2001), 20 (2005), 3 (2006), 0 (2007), 17, 23 4 (2008), 0 (2009), ≥50 (2015), ≥80 (2016) Tide Lake 50.55 -111.34 1 (1994) 17 E Tilley A Reservoir 50.50 -111.63 4 (1998), 3 (2009), 6 (2010), 0 (2015) 1, 3 Y E Tilley B Reservoir 50.57 -111.66 <100 (2010), 0 (2015), 0 (2016) 2, 3 Y A Medium 54.83 -111.38 3 (2004), 4 (2005) 3 E Tucker Lake 54.53 -110.61 3 (1992), 0 (2016) 1, 3 Y E 19 (2001), 2 (2004), 1 (2011), 1 (2012), ≤20 (2014), 1 (2015), 2 1, 2, 3, 12, 49.39 -112.26 Y C Low (2016) 17 21

Unnamed Wetland ( 49.83 -111.83 1 (2013) 1 E Grazing Reserve) Unnamed Wetland 2 49.56 -113.71 1 (2006) 3 E Unnamed Wetland 3 53.32 -110.79 1 (2013) 3 E Unnamed Wetland 4 49.57 -111.28 8 (2011) 3 E Unnamed Wetland 5 53.37 -111.00 1 (2014) 3 E Unnamed Wetland 6 49.12 -111.49 1 (2007) 3 E Unnamed Wetland 7 53.92 -110.61 2 (2014) 3 E Unnamed Wetland 8 49.18 -110.88 1 (2011) 3 E Unnamed Wetland 9 53.53 -110.86 1 (2013) 3 E Unnamed Wetland 10 49.56 -112.30 1 (2013) 3 E Unnamed Wetland 11 52.23 -111.69 15 (2005) 3 D None Unnamed Wetland 12 50.44 -111.46 ≤20 (2003) 3 D None Unnamed Wetland 13 49.94 -111.74 1 (2011) 3 E Unnamed Wetland 14 53.62 -114.15 1 (2015) 1 E Unnamed Wetland 15 50.34 -113.75 2 (2016) 1 E Unnamed Wetland 16 51.25 -114.07 2 (2015) 1 E Unnamed Wetland 17 53.40 -110.86 3 (2015) 1 E Unnamed Wetland 18 50.34 -113.74 3 (2016) 1 E Unnamed Wetland 19 54.32 -112.12 2 (2001) 3 E Unnamed Wetland 20 54.36 -112.63 2 (2002) 3 E Unnamed Wetland 21 54.39 -112.70 1 (2002) 3 E Unnamed Wetland 22 54.50 -112.37 2 (2001) 3 E Unnamed Wetland 23 56.43 -111.46 1 (2005) 3 E Unnamed Wetland 24 55.45 -113.35 1 (2005) 3 E Unnamed Wetland 25 52.13 -113.52 0 (1970), 1 (1971), 0 (1972-2012) 3 E Unnamed Wetland 26 52.03 -113.39 1 (1971) , 1 (1972), 0 (1973-2012) 3 E 0 (1971), 5 (1972), 3 (1973), 0 (1974-75), 3 (1976), 0 (1977-1979), 2 Unnamed Wetland 27 52.05 -113.29 3 E (1980), 0 (1982), 5 (1983), 0 (1984-1992), 0 (1994-2007) 0 (1971-72), 1 (1973), 0 (1974-1981), 0 (1983-1992), 0 (1994-95), 1 Unnamed Wetland 28 52.03 -113.28 3 E (1996), 0 (1997-2007) 0 (1971), 9 (1972), 1 (1973), 0 (1974-76), 1 (1977), 0 (1978-1992), 0 Unnamed Wetland 29 52.05 -113.30 3 E (1994-2007) Upper Therien Lake 53.97 -111.29 p (1981), p (1993), 0 (2016) 3, 12 Y Medium

Upper Waterton Lake 49.05 -113.90 p (2003), 1 (2010), 0 (2015) 1, 3 Y E

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2, 3, 4, 9, 157 (1982), 206 (1990), 146 (1998), 4568 (2000), 6 (2001), 20 (2006), Utikuma Lake 55.87 -115.43 10, 12, 17, Y A High p (2007), 6 (2008), 1220 (2009), p (2010), p (2011), p (2015) 24 Verdigris Lake 49.24 -112.02 5 (2002), 1 (2003), 0 (2015) 1, 3 Y E 51.18 -115.59 1 (1992), 1 (1993), 5 (1995), 11 (1996), 1 (2011), 2 (2014) 1 D p (1954), p (1961), p (1962), p (1963), 1000 (1965), 0 (1970), 2 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, (1971), 184 (1982), 80 (1989), p (1992), 60 (1993), 4 (1994), 1120 8, 9, 10, 12, Wabamun Lake 53.55 -114.60 (2001), 1510 (2002), 1360 (2003), 634 (2004), 486 (2005), 1105 Y A High 15, 17, 18, (2006), 752 (2007), 564 (2008), 340 (2009), 902 (2010), 1050 (2011), 20, 23 89 (2015), 2 (2016) Wakomao Lake 54.18 -113.56 0 (1970), 1 (2005) 1 E Waterton Reservoir 49.30 -113.70 10 (2013), 0 (2015), 0 (2016) 3 Y C Low 60 (1970), 22 (1971), 20 (1972), 42 (1973), 16 (1974), 11 (1975), 80 Watt Lake 53.70 -111.93 3, 12, 17 Y D Medium (1976), 74 (1977), 3 (1978), 0 (1980), p (1982), 0 (1984), 0 (2015) Weed Lake 50.99 -113.66 1 (1995), 2 (2010), 5 (2011), 9 (2012), 20 (2013), 5 (2014), 10 (2015) 1 C Medium 4 (1990), 2 (2000), 1 (2001), 6 (2002), 11 (2004), 20 (2005), 14 Whitefish Lake 54.37 -111.90 3, 17 Y C Low (2007), 4 (2015) 0 (1970), p (1996), p (1999), p (2000), 3 (2006), p (2010), 8 (2011), 4 1, 2, 3, 12, 55.63 -116.74 Y E (2014), p (2015), 4 (2016) 17 Windy Lake 54.60 -112.60 2 (2005), 0 (2016) 3 Y E 2 (1970), 3 (1971), 2 (1972), 0 (1973), 0 (1974), 0 (1975), 4 (1976), 1 (1977), 0 (1978-1981), 1 (1982), 6 (1983), 0 (1984-88), 2 (1989), 0 53.11 -113.87 3, 17 Y E (1990-1992), 0 (1996-99), 0 (2001), 1 (2002), 1 (2003), 0 (2004-05), 0 (2008-09), 1 (2015), 0 (2016) 346 (1980), 420 (1981), 720 (1985), 732 (1988), 540 (1989), 4 (1991), 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, Wolf Lake 54.68 -110.96 200 (1993), 14 (1998), 200 (2000), 79 (2003), 0 (2004), 0 (2005), 0 B Medium c 12, 17 (2008), 1 (2011) Yellow Lake 49.79 -111.57 2 (2015), 10 (2016) 1, 3 Y C Low a Sources of population data: 1=eBird (Accessed November 2015, and December 2016), 2=AESRD and ACA (2013); 3=FWMIS (Accessed November 2015, and includes field surveys from 2015/2016); 4=Hanneman and Heckbert 2001; 5=Hanus et al. 2002a; 6=Hanus et al. 2002b; 7=Found and Hubbs 2004; 8=Berg et al. 2004; 9=Kemper et al. 2008; 10=Wollis and Stratmoen 2010; 11=Eadie 2002; 12=Erickson 2010; 13=Found 2004; 14=Wilson and Smith 2013; 15=Folinsbee, J. 1989; 16=Gray et al. 1992; 17=Hanus 2002; 18=Hanus et al. 2003; 19=Kristensen and Nordstrom 1979; 20=Purdy et al. 1983; 21=Riske 1976; 22=Kondla et al. 1973; 23=Purdy et al. 1983; 24=Gendron et al. 2001; 25=Gunderson 1985. b Wilson and Smith (2013) cite record of 100 birds on Cardinal Lake sometime between 1970 and 1990, but we could not find original record in any reference listed. c Hanus (2002) lists records for Wolf, Muriel and Cold Lakes for either 1981 or 1983 that appear to be from 1981 in the original citation (Gunderson 1985). d Wilson and Smith (2013) cite a record of 1 bird between 1970 and 1990 at Dinosaur Provincial Park, but original record could not be found in sources cited. e Wilson and Smith (2013) cite records of 500 birds between 1970 and 1990 on Eagle, Namaka and Stobart lakes, but original records could not be found in sources cited. f Wilson and Smith (2013) cite a record of 750 birds on Frog Lake between 1970 and 1990, but original record could not be found in sources cited. g Some of the listed sources cite a record of 102 birds on Garner Lake in 1995, but this appears to be a misquote of the 102 birds seen in 1985 by Gunderson (1985).

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