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Development and Anatomy of the Attachment Structure of Wood Rose-Producing Mistletoes

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Development and Anatomy of the Attachment Structure of Wood Rose-Producing Mistletoes 416 S. Afr. J. Bot. 1997, 63(6) 416-420 Development and anatomy of the attachment structure of wood rose-producing mistletoes 1 1 C.M. Dzerefos ·2 and E.T.F. Witkowski* 1 Department of Botany, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050 Republic of South Africa 2Wits Rural Facility, Private Bag X420, Acornhoek, 1360 Republic of South Africa Received 25 Apri//997; revised 20Septeml>er /99"' The formation of woodroses in Scferocarya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst, and Combretum coffinum Fresen. in reaction to the parasitic mistletoes Erianthemum dregei (Eckl. & Zeyh .) Tiegh. and Pedisty/is gafpinii (Schinz ex Sprague) was investigated. Eight wood roses of varying sizes, and by implication age, were sectioned with the freeze microtome and the sledge microtome. As the mistletoe entered th e host tissues it assumed a flask-shape due to mechanical constriction by layers of host cork. There was a clear differentiation between host cells containing tannin and mistletoe cells without tannin throughout the sections. In addition these were separated by a thin wavy black hne of gum. The mistletoe occupied a central position as well as producing finger-like projections into the host tissue. Older sections indicated an increase in tannin and sclereids, while the arrangement of axial xylem elements became increasingly disrupted. There appear to be two strategies to prevent a functional connection with the mistletoe: 1) the production of wound periderm at the host surface and 2) internal necrosis and disruption of internal host tissues. The study species showed signs of both but the mistletoes managed to by-pass these strategies and instead lead to the formation of elaborate and intricate wood roses. Keywords: Plant-parasite interactions; hypertrophy; mistletoes; haustorium; wound response. •To whom correspondence should be addressed. Introduction between January and August 1995. The P. galpinii individuals con­ Parasitic mistletoes obtain water and mineral solutes through a sisted of a one year old specimen germinated in July 1994 and a specialised organ of absorption, the haustorium, which pene­ smaller specimen, which was estimated to be about six months in 2 trates into the host to form a functional connection w ith the age having cross sectional areas of 33 and 63 rnm respectively. The xylem (Kuijt 1969; Fineran & Hocking 1983). The invading six E. dregei individuals were chosen on the basis of increasing size haustorium causes host tissue breakdown, which provides i.e. cross sectional areas 79. 3 534, 8 443, 12 920, 18 583, and 80 2 resources for mistletoe growth and leaves a space for the mistle­ 346 mm toe to occupy (Williams 1963; Briggs 1985). Hypertrophy (host Due to the range of woodrose sizes. different sectioning tc!ch­ tissue proliferation) can be a major host reaction (Menzies 1954; niques and storage methods were used to minimise specimen trag­ Weber 1993) and may result in an ornate proliferation of host tis­ mentation. P. galpinii spec imens were stored in a formalin-acetic sue called a woodrose (Figure 1). Other host responses have been alcohol (I'AA) solution (Briggs 1985). This was found to decrease documented. For example, Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch. has fragmentation relative to specimens that had been stored dry. Trans­ been reported to produce wound periderm in its cortex, thus pre­ verse sections of the petiole and through the wood rose were made on an M SE microtome with a Pelcool cooling device, having a low tem­ venting the haustorium of the Yiscaceae mistletoe Arceuthobiwn perature range of 0° to 50°C and a high temperature range of 50° to pusillum Peck from reaching the host xylem (Tainter & French 100°C. Sections were cut at approximately 95°C while embedded in 1971 ). Tissue Tek OCT compound. a medium for frozen tissue specimens. The haustoria( anatomy of two mistletoe species Erianthemum Sections were stained on the slide with Sat"ranin-0 solution in 95% dregei (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Tiegh., formerly known as Loranthus alcohol for 10 min and differentiated with 95% alcohol until excess dregei Eckl. & Zeyh .• and the monotypic species Pedistylis gal­ stain was removed, followed by a quick rinse with absolute alcohol. pinii (Schinz ex Sprague) formerly known as Loranthus galpinii Sections were then countcrstained with fast green in 70% alcohol for Schinz (Wiens & Tolken 1979) were studied. Both have a wood­ 5 seconds and excess stain was removed with absolute alcohol. After rose type connection with their hosts, which has value in the a quick rinse with xylol, sections were mounted in DPX and covered curio trade (Dzerefos 1996). Thoday ( 1960) observed the onset with a cover slip. Observations and colour photographs were con­ ofwoodrose formation by E. dregei (on Burkea africana Hook.). ducted with a WILD 400 stereo microscope. H e observed that the host cambium rapidly proliferated when in Woodroses produced by the association of E. dregei on S. bl!'rea contact with the penetrating haustorium. The haustorium grew were stored dry in open. cardboard hoxe~. Three days after collec­ along the cambium, the margin of which became fluted such that tion the wood roses were cut transversely. into I 0 mm thick discs. the ti~sues of the host and the mistletoe interlocked. T he present with a circu lar saw, a quarter way from the host branch. Discs were investigation was conducted to determine suitable woodrose cut further with a handsaw into I 0 x I 0 mm strips and sanded to a growth monitoring methods and to gain an understanding of smooth finish by hand. Mistletoe tissue was distinctly weaker than woodrose formation. the host tissue and often crumbled during cutting. Specimens were stored in polytop tubes filled with tap water for two days. To Materials and Methods increase softening of the wood. the strips were placed into test tubes A total of eight woodroscs or different sizes, and by implication age, and gently heated to boiling point in a water bath. This process were sectioned to observe P. galpinii (two on Combretum collinum waterlogged the strips and caused them to swell. However. the dehy­ Fresen.) and £. dreKei [six on Sclerocwya birrea (A. Rich.) Hochst] dration process following sectioning reverted this to normal. infections. Specimens were collected from Klascrie (Mpumalanga) Strips were sectioned with a Reichert Sledge-Microtome at S. Afr. J. Bot. 1997. 63(6) 417 Figure 3 Ventral view of the six month old mistletoe Pedistylis galpinii surrounded by a collar of bract-like growths (PT. petiole: PH, primary haustorium) and the host Combretwn col/inwn (B. bract like growths: CR. cork). x 91. sections. Between tivc and ten sections were cut off each strip and kept in 70% ethanol. Sections were simultaneously taken through staining and dehydration in consecutiw petri-dishes containing: safranin-0 soluti on (30 min), distilled water (30 min). 50% ethanol (I 0 min}. 70% ethanol (10 min), 95% ethanol (10 min), 100% ethanol (10 min) and xylol (I 0 min). Two or three sections were mounted for each strip. Sections were straightened onto a glass slide, immersed with a few drops of the mountant Entellan R (Merck} and covered with a coverclip. Clothes pegs were used to fl atten the coverslip and sections. thus removing air-bubbles. Sections were studied at 40x and IOOx magnilication with a Nikon CFWE stereo microscope and black and white photo­ Figure l \Voodroscs ure the ornate. flowerlike remains of the graphs were taken. host after dcuth and removal of the mistletoe at the point of attach­ ment. This woodmse was formed by Pedisly/is galpinii on Sc/ero­ Results cw~va hirrca. Transverse sections (A) and (B) used for anatomical The six-month old association between the host, C. collinum, and investigations are indicated. the mistletoe, P. galpinii, showed two cotyledons emerging from a swollen, bark-covered holdfast within a developing woodrose FORESTEK (CSIR) in Pretoria. The strip was held by a vice on the consisting of host tissue. In comparison, the one year old P. microtome which advnnced automatically by 15 microns with each galpinii had eight leaves, was more swoll en, and had two distinct successive swipe of the blade. Sections were supported and mois­ zones of old and new bark. Longitudinal sections through the tened with a paintbrush dipped in 70% ethanol during the sectioning holdfast and the woodrose showed a flask-shaped mistletoe, with process. The n:mnants of the strips were dried at room temperature a swollen portion above the host branch. The mistletoe appeared· since the surface features and shape allowed orientation of the cut to be mechanically constricted by layers of cork as it entered the Figure 2 Longitudinal section through a one year old woodrose Figure 4 Transverse section (A} indicating the transition zone constricted by layers of bark as it enters the host (P, the parasite between the six month old mistletoe Pcdistylis galpinii and Com­ Pedislylis galpinii: H. host branch: A. abnormal host outgrowth: 0, bretum collinum (CR. cork: T. tannin-tilled host cells: PH. primary uld bark: N. new bark: T. tannin-fi ll ed parenchyma). x 53. haustorium).x 46. 418 S. Afr. J. Bot. 1997, 63(6) Discussion This histological investigation suggests woodrose-producing hosts employ two strategies to prevent functional connections with mistletoes. The firs t preventative measure involved the pro­ duction of wound periderm (i.e. cork, cork cambium and phello­ derm) at the host surface to provide mechanical resistance to the haustorium. Secondly, necrosis of internal host tissues and the increase of tyloses, lign in, tann in and gum isolate the haustorium from living host cell s. These strategies have varying levels of success which are host dependent. In the case of S. bin·ea and C.
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