143 Genus Mylothris Huebner

AFROTROPICAL BUTTERFLIES. MARK C. WILLIAMS. http://www.lepsocafrica.org/?p=publications&s=atb Updated 15 August 2021

Genus Mylothris Hübner, [1819] Dotted Borders

In: Hübner, [1816-[1826]. Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 90 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. Type-species: Papilio poppea Cramer, by subsequent designation (Butler, 1870. Cistula Entomologica 1: 42 (33-58).).

= Pseudomylothris Neustetter, 1929. Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 23: 191 (191-192). Type-species: Mylothris leonora Krüger, by monotypy. Treated as a junior synonym of Mylothris Huebner, 1819 by Vane-Wright & Liseki, 2011: 86.

The genus Mylothris belongs to the Family Pieridae Swainson, 1820; Subfamily Pierinae Swainson, 1820; Tribe Pierini Swainson, 1820; Subtribe Aporiina Chapman, 1895. The other genera in the Subtribe Aporiina in the Afrotropical Region are Belenois and Dixeia.

Mylothris (Dotted Borders) is an Afrotropical genus of 106 species, one of which extends extralimitally. First revised by Talbot (1944). A recent phylogenetic analysis of a section of the Pieridae, based on the nuclear gene EF-1α, has shown that the nearest relatives of Mylothris are 13 extralimital genera belonging to the Aporia Hübner, Delias and Catasticta group of genera, all provisionally assigned to the subtribe Aporiina (Braby et al., 2007). The genus was thoroughly revised by Warren-Gash in 2020.

Relevant literature: Warren-Gash, 2020 [Revision of genus]. Warren-Gash et al., 2020 [Phylogeny and systematics]. Braby et al., 2007 [Phylogeny and historical biogeography of Aporiina]. Braby, 2005 [Larval foodplant relationships].

Classification of Mylothris (Warren-Gash, 2020)

jacksoni clade

ruandana complex – ruandana, kahusiana, ducarmei jacksoni complex – jacksoni, swaynei, sagala, sagitta, insignis, narcissus, albissima, collinsi, seminigra, nagichota, cederici, knutssoni, trimenia, carcassoni crawshayi complex – crawshayi, leonora, kiellandi elodina clade – elodina rhodope clade

croceus; superbus groups – croceus, smithii, slpendens, superbus jaopura complex – jaopura, knoopi, beni, fernandina, kiwuensis, katera, stewarti, gabila, talboti sophiae/suam group – sophiae, suam yulei complex – yulei, melita, alluaudi, schumanni, belcastroi, uniformis, bouyeri mortoni; hecqui; latimargo groups – mortoni, hecqui, latimargo, bansoana, zairiensis rhodope group – rhodope, wahlbergi agathina clade

ochracea/sulphurea complex – ochracea, solilucis, flaviana, interposita, marginea, schoutedeni, holochroma, sulphurea, aurantiaca, carvalhoi, mavumda, citrina dimidiata/asphodelus complex – dimidiata, primulina, asphodelus canescens complex – atewa, somereni, canescens, fontainei bernice – bernice chloris complex – chloris, agathina, arabicus, rembina, phileris, ngaziya, humbloti hilara clade

sjoestedti/dollmani group – sjoestedti, dollmani, similis poppea/spica; erlangeri groups – poppea, spica, erlangeri dubia group – aburi, dubia, shaba goma group – goma, polychroma, ochrea, carolinae, winstoni hilara group – fouta, hilara, josi, pseudohulara, furvus continua group – boireaui, alexanderi, continua, maxima rueppellii group – septentrionalis, rueppellii, menagesha, cousinae, pluviata

*Mylothris ruandana Strand, 1909 Angled Dotted Border

Mylothris ruandana Strand, 1909. Societas Entomologica 24: 42 (42-43). Ackery, et. al., 1995: 222. Mylothris ruandana Strand, 1909. Warrren-Gash, 2020: 24.

Type locality: [Rwanda]: “S.W. Ruanda, Bergerwald”. Syntypes in the NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda (south-west – Kigezi), Rwanda. Habitat: Forest (Davenport, 2002). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Loranthus species (Loranthaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 317].

Mylothris ruandana ruandana Strand, 1909 Angled Dotted Border

Mylothris ruandana Strand, 1909. Societas Entomologica 24: 42 (42-43). Ackery, et. al., 1995: 222. Mylothris ruandana ruandana Strand, 1909. Warrren-Gash, 2020: 24.

Type locality: [Rwanda]: “S.W. Ruanda, Bergerwald”. Syntypes in the NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Rwanda. Apparently restricted to the Nyungwe Forest (Warren-Gash, 2020). Specific localities: Rwanda – Bergurwald [Nyungwe Forest], south-west Rwanda (TL).

Mylothris ruandana subsolana Hecq, 2001 Northern Angled Dotted Border

Mylothris subsolana Hecq, 2001. Lambillionea 101 (1) (Tome I): 74 (74-76). Mylothris ruandana subsolana Hecq, 2001. Warren-Gash, 2020: 24. Stat. nov.

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Tshibinda, Kivu”. Holotype (male) and allotype (female) in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east – Kivu), Uganda (south-west – Kigezi). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Tshibinda, Kivu (TL). Uganda – Bwindi Forest (Davenport, 2002).

*Mylothris kahusiana Hecq, 2001 Kahusi Dotted Border

Mylothris kahusiana Hecq, 2001. Lambillionea 101 (1) (Tome I): 76 (74-76). Mylothris kahusiana Hecq, 2001. Warrren-Gash, 2020: 25.

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Lake Kahusi area, Kivu”. Holotype (male) in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium. Known only from the holotype male (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (South Kivu). Specific localities: Democraric Republic of Congo – Lake Kahusi area, Kivu (TL). 3 Habitat: Bamboo Forest, at 2,400 m.a.s.l. (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris ducarmei Hecq, 2001 Kasisi Dotted Border

Mylothris ducarmei Hecq, 2001. Lambillionea 101 (1) (Tome I): 76 (74-76). Mylothris ducarmei Hecq, 2001. Warrren-Gash, 2020: 25.

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kasisi, Kivu”. Holotype (female) and allotype (male) in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium. The forest at the type locality has been destroyed (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (North Kivu). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kasisi, Kivu (TL); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Habitat: Montane forest (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris jacksoni Sharpe, 1891 Sulphur-hindwing Dotted Border

Mylothris jacksoni Sharpe, 1891. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1891: 190 (187-194). Mylothris sagala jacksoni Sharpe, 1891. Aurivillius, 1910: 36; Talbot, 1944: 160, 182. Mylothris jacksoni jacksoni Sharpe, 1891. Ackery et al., 1995: 220; Larsen, 1996: 149. Mylothris jacksoni Sharpe, 1891. Warrren-Gash, 2020: 26.

Mylothris jacksoni jacksoni. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nandi Forest, Kenya. 8 October 1997. Images M.C.Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

4 Mylothris jacksoni clio. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Near Naivasha, Kenya. 23 May 1997. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Kavirondo”. Types in the NHM, London. Warren-Gash (2020:26) designated a lectotype (male), which has the label data “Kavirondo, x.1889, F.J. Jackson”. Diagnosis: Differs from M. sagala in the following respects: smaller; forewing upperside black border extending all the way around, and apex more acute and distal margin less rounded (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania. Habitat: Submontane forest, apparently at slightly lower altitudes than the closely related M. sagala (Larsen, 1991c). Habits: The flight is weak and several metres above the ground. Males remain on the wing for long periods, coursing along the edges of submontane forest. Females spend most of their time in the canopy, searching for plants on which to oviposit (Larsen, 2005a). Both sexes are occasionally seen at flowers in large numbers (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages:

Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].

Larval food: Englerina woodfordioides (Schweinf.) Balle (Loranthaceae) [Warren-Gash, 2020:29; for ssp. clio; as Engleriana]. Erianthemum sp. (Loranthaceae) [Congdon et al., 2017]. “Loranthus” (Santalales) [Kielland, 1990d (Tanzania); Larsen, 1991c: 149 (Kenya)]. Phragmanthera sp. (Loranthaceae) [Warren-Gash, 2020:29; for ssp. clio]. Note: Specimens from Pungo Andongo in Angola probably represent an undescribed subspecies of either M. jacksoni or, more likely, M. albissima (Warren-Gash, 2020: 29).

Mylothris jacksoni jacksoni Sharpe, 1891 Sulphur-hindwing Dotted Border

Mylothris jacksoni jacksoni. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nandi Forest, Kenya. 8 October 1997. Images M.C.Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Kavirondo”. Types in the NHM, London. Warren-Gash (2020:26) designated a lectotype (male), which has the label data “Kavirondo, x.1889, F.J. Jackson”. Diagnosis: Both sexes of the nominate subspecies are characterized by the forewing upperside being mostly white (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east – Ituri, Kivu), Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya

5 (west of the Rift Valley), Ethiopia (south and west). Recorded (in error?) from Loliondo in northern Tanzania by Kielland (1990d). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo –Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018); Nyamunyunye, South Kivu (Warren-Gash, 2020). Uganda – Mabiri Forest (Talbot, 1944). Kenya – Kavirondo (TL); Trans Nzoia (Stoneham, 1957). Ethiopia – Arba Minch (Warren-Gash, 2020: 30); Segen River (Warren-Gash, 2020: 30).

striata Aurivillius, 1910 in Seitz, 1908-25 (as sp. of Mylothris). Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter: 36 (614 pp.). Kenya: “Near Mount Kenia”.

insignis Talbot, 1944 (as f. of Mylothris sagala jacksoni). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 170 (155-186). Uganda: “Mabiri Forest, Mulange, 4000 feet”.

hyacinth Stoneham, 1957 (as male f. of Mylothris sagala). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (68): [2] ([4 pp.]). Kenya: “Trans Nzoia, W. Kenya”.

Mylothris jacksoni mayenceae Berger, 1987 Rwanda Sulphur-hindwing Dotted Border

Mylothris sagala mayenceae Berger, 1987. Lambillionea 87: 71 (71-73). Ackery et al., 1995: 223. Mylothris jacksoni mayenceae Berger, 1987. Warren-Gash, 2020: 27.

Type locality: Rwanda: “Bugesera”. Holotype (male) in the MRAC, Tevuren, Belgium (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Rwanda. Known only from the vicinity of the type locality (Warren-Gash, 2020). Specific localities: Rwanda – Bugesera (TL).

Mylothris jacksoni lequeuxi Warren-Gash, 2020 Mountain Sulphur-hindwing Dotted Border

Mylothris jacksoni lequeuxi Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 28 (214pp.).

Type locality: Uganda: “Mt Moroto, vii.2016”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Distribution: Uganda (mountains in north-east), Kenya (mountains in north-west). Specific localities: Uganda – Mount Moroto (TL); Mount Napak (Warren-Gash, 2020). Kenya – Tugen Hills (Warren-Gash, 2020). Note: Occurs at higher altitudes than the nominate subspecies, which surrounds it geographically (Warren-Gash, 2020).

Mylothris jacksoni clio Warren-Gash, 2020 Kenya Sulphur-hindwing Dotted Border

Mylothris jacksoni clio Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 28 (214pp.).

Mylothris jacksoni clio. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Near Naivasha, Kenya. 23 May 1997. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: Kenya: “Karen, 18.iii.2016”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Etymology: Dedicated to Clio Pepper, granddaughter of Warren-Gash (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Kenya (central – east of the Rift Valley), Tanzania (north). Specific localities: Kenya – Karen (TL); Mount Kenya (Warren-Gash, 2020); Nairobi (Warren-Gash, 2020). Tanzania – Loliondo (Warren-Gash, 2020). Note: In the south of its range clio is sympatric with M. sagala neumanni (Warren-Gash, 2020).

*Mylothris swaynei Butler, 1899 Abyssinian Dotted Border

Mylothris swaynei Butler, 1899. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1898: 822 (821-822). Mylothris sagala swaynei Butler, 1899. Aurivillius, 1910: 36; Talbot, 1944: 159, 182; Ackery et al., 1995: 224. Mylothris swaynei Butler, 1899. Warren-Gash, 2020: 29. Stat. res.

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Harar Highlands, 4000-8000 ft.” Type in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Ethiopia (northern highlands, on both sides of the Rift). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Harar Highlands (TL); Jemjem (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Note: South of about Addis Ababa M. swaynei is replaced by M. jacksoni (Warren-Gash, 2020).

*Mylothris sagala Grose-Smith, 1886 Lemon Dotted Border

Mylothris sagala Grose-Smith, 1886. Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 23: 32 (32). Mylothris sagala Grose-Smith, 1886. Aurivillius, 1910: 35; Talbot, 1944: 160, 183; Ackery et al., 1995: 223. Mylothris sagala Grose-Smith, 1886. Pringle et al., 1994: 300. [misidentification] Mylothris sagala Grose-Smith, 1886. Warren-Gash, 2020: 31.

Mylothris sagala sagala. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mount Namuli, Mozambique. 22 April 2008. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Mylothris sagala sagala. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mufindi, Tanzania. 4 April 1995. A. & M. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Alternative common name: Dusky Dotted Border. Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Sagala [misspelling of Usagara (Warren-Gash, 2020)], about 100 miles inland west of Zanzibar”. Type is in the NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique. Habitat: Submontane and montane forest, up to 3 200 m in altitude. In Tanzania the nominate subspecies occurs at altitudes from 700 to 2 700 m, spp. seminigra from 800 to 2 200 m, ssp. albissima from 1 500 to 2 200 m, ssp. mahale 2 000 to 2 300 m; ssp. narcissus from 900 to 2 500 m, and ssp. oldeanensis from 1 700 to over 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: The flight is weak but often several metres above the gound. Flowers are regularly visited (Larsen, 1991c). Flight period: Subspecies umtaliana d’Abrera has been recorded in August and September, December, and from February to May (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].

Larval food: Agelanthus species (Loranthaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, unpublished 2003]. Englerina species (Loranthaceae) [Congdon et al., 2017]. Erianthemum dregei (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Tiegh. (Loranthaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 317; ssp. neumanni]. Oncocalyx sulphureus (Engl.) Wiens & Polhill (Loranthaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 317; ssp. neumanni; as Loranthus freisiorum]. Oncocalyx fischeri (Engl.) M.G.Gilbert (Loranthaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 317; ssp. neumanni]. Phragmanthera usuiensis (Oliv.) M.G.Gilbert (Loranthaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 317; ssp. neumanni]. Viscum species (Viscaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 317; ssp. neumanni].

Mylothris sagala sagala Grose-Smith, 1886 Lemon Dotted Border

Mylothris sagala sagala. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mount Namuli, Mozambique. 22 April 2008. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Mylothris sagala sagala. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mufindi, Tanzania. 4 April 1995. A. & M. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Sagala [misspelling of Usagara (Warren-Gash, 2020)], about 100 miles inland west of Zanzibar”. Type is in the NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Tanzania (south), Mozambique (north), Malawi (south). Specific localities: Tanzania – Sagala (TL); Southern Highlands and hills west of Songea to the Uzungwa Range (Kielland, 1990d); Ukaguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Rubeho Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Njoge Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); North Nguu Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Kwaraha Mountain at Babati (Kielland, 1990d); Itumba Hills? (Kielland, 1990d). Mozambique – Mount Chiperone (Timberlake et al., 2007); Mount Mabu (Congdon & Bampton, 2009); Njesi Plateau (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010).

Mylothris sagala dentatus Butler, 1896 Nyika Lemon Dotted Border

9 Mylothris narcissus var. dentatus Butler, 1896. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1896: 124 (108-136). Mylothris sagala dentatus Butler, 1896. Aurivillius, 1910: 36; Talbot, 1944: 160, 183; Ackery et al., 1995: 223. Mylothris sagala dentatus Butler, 1896. Warren-Gash, 2020: 32.

Mylothris sagala dentatus. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Juniper Forest, Nyika, Malawi. 27 October 2019. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Malawi]: “Kantorongondo Mt., Nyika, 5900 ft.” Type in the NHM, London (Warren- Gash, 2020). Distribution: Malawi (north, central), Zambia (north-east). Specific localities: Malawi – Kantorongondo, Nyika (TL); Mugesse Forest; Nyika N.P. (J. Timberlake, pers. comm., 2019). Zambia – Makutu Mountains (Heath et al., 2002); Nyika (Heath et al., 2002).

Mylothris sagala cephisus Talbot, 1946 Kenya Lemon Dotted Border

Mylothris sagala cephisus Talbot, 1946. Entomologist 79: 33 (33). Mylothris sagala sagala Grose-Smith, 1886. Ackery et al., 1995: 223. Mylothris jacksoni cephisus Talbot, 1946. Larsen, 1996: 149. Mylothris sagala cephisus Talbot, 1946. Warren-Gash, 2020: 32. Stat. res.

Type locality: Kenya: “Chyulu Hills (southern)”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Kenya (south-east); Tanzania (extreme north). Specific localities: Kenya – Chyulu Hills (TL); Meto Hills (Warren-Gash, 2020).

Mylothris sagala neumanni Sharpe, 1896 Small Lemon Dotted Border

Mylothris neumanni Sharpe, 1896. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 17: 125 (125-127). Mylothris sagala neumanni Sharpe, 1896. Aurivillius, 1910: 36; Larsen, 1996: 149. Mylothris sagala jacksoni f. neumanni Sharpe, 1896. Talbot, 1944: 160. Mylothris sagala neumanni Sharpe, 1896. Larsen, 1996: 149. Mylothris sagala neumanni Sharpe, 1896. Warren-Gash, 2020: 33.

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Near Mount Kenia”. Syntype in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Kenya (central highlands, east of the Rift). Specific localities: Kenya – Near Mount Kenya (TL); Nairobi (Larsen, 1991c); Limuru (Larsen, 1991c); Katamayu (Larsen, 1991c); slopes of Mt Kenya (Larsen, 1991c). 10

striata Aurivillius, 1910 in Seitz, 1908-25 (as sp. of Mylothris). Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter: 36 (614 pp.). Kenya: “Near Mount Kenia”.

*Mylothris sagitta Clifton, 1980 Lime Dotted Border

Mylothris sagala sagitta Clifton, 1980 in d’Abrera, 1980. Butterflies of the Afrotropical region 95 (593 pp.). Melbourne. Mylothris jacksoni sagitta Clifton, 1980 in d’Abrera, 1980. Ackery, et al., 1995: 223; Larsen, 1996: 149. Mylothris sagitta Clifton, 1980 in d’Abrera, 1980. Warren-Gash, 2020: 33. Stat. nov.

Type locality: Kenya: “Mt Nyiro, 7000 ft”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Kenya (mountains in the north). Specific localities: Kenya – Mount Nyiro (TL); Mount Ndoto (Warren-Gash, 2020); ?Matthews Range (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris insignis Warren-Gash, 2020 Mabira Dotted Border

Mylothris sagala jacksoni f. insignis Talbot, 1944. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 170 (155- 186) [unavailable]. Mylothris insignis Warren-Gash, 2020: 34. Sp. nov.

Type locality: Uganda: “Mabiri Forest, Mulange, 4000 feet”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Uganda (northern and western shores of Lake Victoria). Specific localities: Uganda – Mabira Forest (TL); Mount Ndoto (Warren-Gash, 2020); ?Matthews Range (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habitat: Forest (Warren-Gash, 2020); Rubondo Island (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris narcissus Butler, 1888 Oval-spot Dotted Border

Mylothris narcissus Butler, 1888. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1888: 95 (91-98). Mylothris sagala narcissus Butler, 1888. Aurivillius, 1910: 36; Talbot, 1944: 160, 182; Ackery, et al., 1995: 223; Larsen, 1996: 149. Mylothris narcissus Butler, 1888. Warren-Gash, 2020: 36. Stat. res.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Forests of Tiveta”. Syntypes in the NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Kenya, Tanzania. Habitat: Montane Forest (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Mylothris narcissus narcissus Butler, 1888 Oval-spot Dotted Border

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Forests of Tiveta”. Syntypes in the NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Tanzania (north). Specific localities: Tanzania – Mount Kilimanjaro (Kielland, 1990d); Mount Meru (Kielland, 1990d).

Mylothris narcissus oldeanensis Kielland, 1990 Kenya Oval-spot Dotted Border

Mylothris sagala oldeanensis Kielland, 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania 69 (363 pp.). Melbourne. Mylothris sagala oldeanensis Kielland, 1990. Ackery, et al., 1995: 223. Mylothris narcissus oldeaniensis Kielland, 1990. Warren-Gash, 2020: 37. Comb. nov. [misspelling]

Type locality: Tanzania: “Oldeani Mt.”. Holotype in the NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Description: “Male. More reduced black margins than in narcissus; marginal spots at vein 1 and 2, often also at veins 3 and 4 intersected by the white ground colour; spots only slightly elongated; h.w. greenish-yellow with black marginal dots on the veins. Female. With two forms, one similar to the male, the other with similar markings, but orange h.w.” Distribution: Kenya (south-east), Tanzania (north-east). Specific localities: Kenya – Masai Hills (Warren-Gash, 2020); Taita Hills (Warren-Gash, 2020). Tanzania – Oldeani Mountain (TL); Ngorongoro Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Mbulu forests (Kielland, 1990d).

Mylothris narcissus mahale Kielland, 1990 Mahale Oval-spot Dotted Border

Mylothris sagala mahale Kielland, 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania 69 (363 pp.). Melbourne. Mylothris sagala mahale Kielland, 1990. Ackery, et al., 1995: 223. Mylothris narcissus mahale Kielland, 1990. Warren-Gash, 2020: 37.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Kigoma, Mahale Mt., Ujamba, 2000 m, 28-x-1969, J. Kielland.”. Holotype (male) in the Natural History Museum, London. Description: “Male. Upperside black markings of the f.w. much more extended than in ssp. albissima, similar to some populations of narcissus Butler, but the whole of the cell is filled with black dusting (only half of the cell is filled in narcissus). Female. The black area more extended than in the male; inner border of the black margin moderately dentate; black marginal spots of the h.w. in both sexes very prominent.” Diagnosis: Characterized by, in the forewing upperside, the whole of the cell filled with black dusting (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania (west). Specific localities: Tanzania – Mahale Mountain (TL); ?Sitebi, Mpanda (Warren-Gash, 2020).

dulcis Thurau, 1903 (as var. of Mylothris narcissus). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 141 (117- 143). Tanzania: “Wege von Poroto-Rungwe, Hochplateau von Langenburg (Ukinga, Buanyi-Poroto)”. Treated as possibly referring to M. narcissus mahale by Warren-Gash, 2020: 37.

decora Thurau, 1903 (as ab. of Mylothris narcissus). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 141 (117- 143). Tanzania: “Langenburg”. Not referred to by Warren-Gash, 2020: 37.

aequimargo Thurau, 1903 (as var. of Mylothris narcissus). Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 48: 141 (117-143). Tanzania: “Wege von Poroto-Rungwe”. Treated as possibly referring to M. narcissus mahale by Warren-Gash, 2020: 37.

*Mylothris albissima Talbot, 1944 Jonquil Dotted Border

Mylothris sagala albissima Talbot, 1944. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 170 (155-186). Mylothris sagala albissima Talbot, 1944. Ackery, et al., 1995: 223. Mylothris albissima Talbot, 1944. Warren-Gash, 2020: 38. Stat. nov.

Type locality: [Zambia]: “Mpika District, 4000 feet”. Syntypes in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe. Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Mylothris albissima albissima Talbot, 1944 Jonquil Dotted Border

Mylothris albissima albissima. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 43mm. Biano, Shaba, S. Zaire [D.R.C.]. S.C. Collins. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi).

Mylothris albissima albissima. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 49mm. Bwingimfumu, Zambia. 29.IV.79. A. Heath. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi).

Type locality: [Zambia]: “Mpika District, 4000 feet”. Syntypes in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Diagnosis: Black margins on forewing upperside much reduced in both sexes (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania (south-west), Zambia (north-east), Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba, Lomami). Specific localities: Tanzania – Ufipa Highland (Kielland, 1990d); Wanzizi Hills, Mpanda District (Kielland, 1990d); Mweze (Kielland, 1990d); Sitebi Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Bisi Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Chala Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Mbuzi Mountain (Kielland, 1990d)). Zambia – Mpika (TL); Bwingi Mfumu (Heath et al., 2002; female illustrated above); Shiwa Ngandu (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002). Democratic Republic of Congo – Biano (male illustrated above).

Mylothris albissima murphyi Warren-Gash, 2020 Malawi Jonquil Dotted Border

Mylothris albissima murphyi Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 38 (214pp.).

Mylothris albisima murphyi. Male B (bred). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 46mm. Nyika, Malawi. 25.12.1996. S. Collins. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi).

Mylothris albissima murphyi. Female (bred). Left – upperside; right – underside. Wingspan: 40mm. Juniper F., Nyika Plateau, Malawi. 1.1.1997. T.C.E. Congdon. (African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi).

Type locality: Malawi: “Nyika Juniper Forest, 7000 ft, xii.1989”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Malawi, Zambia. Specific localities: Malawi – Juniper Forest, Nyika Plateau (TL). Zambia – Nyika Plateau (Warren-Gash, 2020). Note: Sympatric with M. sagala dentatus (Warren-Gash, 2020).

Mylothris albissima umtaliana van Son, 1949 Umtali Jonquil Dotted Border

Mylothris sagala form umtaliana Van Son, 1949. Transvaal Museum Memoires No. 3: 228 (237 pp.). Mylothris sagala umtaliana Van Son, 1949. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Mylothris sagala umtaliana d’Abrera, 1980. Butterflies of the Afrotropical region 95 (593 pp.). Melbourne. Mylothris sagala umtaliana Van Son, 1949. Pringle et al., 1994: 300. Mylothris sagala umtaliana Van Son, 1949. Ackery et al., 1995: 224. Mylothris albissima umtaliana Van Son, 1949. Warren-Gash, 2020: 39. Comb. nov.

Mylothris albissima umtaliana. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Lauranceville, Vumba, Zimbabwe. 21 August 1993. Images M.C.Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Mylothris albissima umtaliana. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Banti Forest, Zimbabwe. 12 April 1995. Images M.C.Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: [Zimbabwe]: “Mountains on the Rhodesia-Mozambique border”. Holotype in the Ditsong Museum, Pretoria, South Africa. Distribution: Mozambique (western border), Zimbabwe (eastern border). Specific localities: Zimbabwe – Vumba (van Son, 1949); Butler North (Pringle et al., 1994); Mutare (Pringle et al., 1994); Vumba Mountains (Pringle et al., 1994).

umtaliana van Son, 1949 (as f. of Mylothris sagala). Transvaal Museum Memoires No. 3: 228 (237 pp.). [Zimbabwe]: “Vumba, Umtali District, Southern Rhodesia”.

*Mylothris collinsi Warren-Gash, 2020 Loima Dotted Border

Mylothris collinsi Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 39 (214pp.).

Type locality: Kenya: “Lodwar, Loima Hills, 7000 ft, 23-24.v.1993”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Distribution: Kenya. Known only from the type locality (Warren-Gash, 2020). Specific localities: Kenya – Loima Hills [3.15N, 35.03E] (TL). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris seminigra d’Abrera, 1980 Dusky Dotted Border

Mylothris sagala seminigra d’Abrera, 1980. Butterflies of the Afrotropical region 95 (593 pp.). Melbourne. Mylothris sagala seminigra d’Abrera, 1980. Ackery, et al., 1995: 224. Mylothris seminigra d’Abrera, 1980. Warren-Gash, 2020: 40. Stat. nov.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Uluguru mountains in eastern Tanzania”. Syntypes in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Diagnosis: Distribution: Tanzania, Malawi. Habitat: Montane forest (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published.

16 Larval food: Nothing published.

seminigra Talbot, 1944 (as f. of Mylothris sagala sagala). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 160, 171 (155-186). Tanzania: “Tanganyika Territory, Morogoro”.

seminigra Berger, 1980 (as ssp. of Mylothris sagala). Revue de Zoologie Africaine 94: 869 (861-880). Tanzania: “Morogoro”. Designated as a junior homonym of Mylothris sagala seminigra d’Abrera, 1980 by Vane-Wright & Liseki, 2011: 87.

Mylothris seminigra seminigra d’Abrera, 1980 Dusky Dotted Border

Mylothris sagala seminigra d’Abrera, 1980. Butterflies of the Afrotropical region 95 (593 pp.). Melbourne. Mylothris sagala seminigra d’Abrera, 1980. Ackery, et al., 1995: 224. Mylothris seminigra seminigra d’Abrera, 1980. Warren-Gash, 2020: 40. Stat. nov.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Uluguru mountains in eastern Tanzania”. Syntypes in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Diagnosis: Distribution: Tanzania (east-central – Uluguru mountains). Specific localities: Tanzania – Uluguru mountains (TL); Morogoro (Talbot, 1944).

seminigra Talbot, 1944 (as f. of Mylothris sagala sagala). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 160, 171 (155-186). Tanzania: “Tanganyika Territory, Morogoro”.

Mylothris seminigra mangoche Warren-Gash, 2020 Malawi Dusky Dotted Border

Mylothris jacksoni lequeuxi Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 41 (214pp.).

Type locality: Malawi: “Mt Mangoche, iii.2014”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Distribution: Malawi (south). Specific localities: Malawi – Mount Mangoche (TL). Known only from the type locality (Warren-Gash, 2020).

*Mylothris nagichota Talbot, 1944 White-patch Dotted Border

Mylothris sagala nagichota Talbot, 1944. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 160, 170 (155-186). Mylothris sagala nagichota Talbot, 1944. Ackery et al., 1995: 220. Mylothris nagichota Talbot, 1944. Warren-Gash, 2020: 42. Stat. nov.

Type locality: Sudan: “Southern Sudan, Didinga Mtns., Nagichot Station”. Syntypes in OUMNH, Oxford (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Sudan (mountains of south), Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda (Davenport, 1996; as M. sagala nagichota), Rwanda, Burundi. Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published.

17 Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Mylothris nagichota nagichota Talbot, 1944 White-patch Dotted Border

Type locality: Sudan: “Southern Sudan, Didinga Mtns., Nagichot Station”. Syntypes in OUMNH, Oxford (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Sudan (mountains of south), Uganda (Davenport, 1996; as M. sagala nagichota). Specific localities: Sudan – Nagichot Station, Didinga Mountains (TL); Imatong Mountains (Warren-Gash, 2020). Uganda – Labwor Hills (Davenport, 1996).

Mylothris nagichota discus Warren-Gash, 2020 Nigeria White-patch Dotted Border

Mylothris nagichota discus Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 42 (214pp.).

Type locality: Nigeria: “Kumbo 4000 ft., x.1921”. Holotype (male) in the NHM, London. Distribution: Nigeria (Obudu Plateau), Cameroon (west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Kumbo (Kumba) (TL). Cameroon – Tchabel Mbabo (Warren-Gash, 2020); Mayo Kelele (Warren-Gash, 2020).

discus Talbot, 1944 (as f. of Mylothris sagala knutsoni). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 159, 170 (155-186). Cameroon: “Western Cameroons, Kumbe, near Nigerian border, 5500 feet”.

Mylothris nagichota rwandensis Warren-Gash, 2020 RwandaWhite-patch Dotted Border

Mylothris nagichota rwandensis Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 43 (214pp.).

Type locality: Rwanda: “Nyungwe, v.2007”. Holotyp (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu), Rwanda, Burundi. Specific localities: Rwanda – Nyungwe Forest (TL). Burundi – Teza (Warren-Gash, 2020).

*Mylothris cederici Collins, 1997 Bioko Dotted Border

Mylothris jacksoni cederici Collins, 1997. In: d’Abrera, 1997. Butterflies of the Afrotropical region. Part 1: 108. Mylothris cederici Collins, 1997. Warren-Gash, 2020: 43. Stat. nov.

Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: Bioko Island. Holotype (female) in ABRI, Nairobi (Warren-Gash, 18 2020). Distribution: Equatorial Guinea – Bioko Island.

*Mylothris knutssoni Aurivillius, 1891 Cameroon Dotted Border

Mylothris knutssoni Aurivillius, 1891. Entomologisk Tidskrift 12: 222 (193-228). Mylothris sagala knutsoni Aurivillius, 1891. Aurivillius, 1910: 36; Talbot, 1944: 159. [misspelling of species name]. Mylothris jacksoni knutsoni Aurivillius, 1891. Ackery et al., 1995: 220. [misspelling of species name]. Mylothris knutssoni Aurivillius, 1891. Warren-Gash, 2020: 44. Stat. res.

Type locality: [Cameroon]: “Camerun”. Holotype (female) in the Swedish Natural History Museum (NHRS) (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/s). Distribution: Cameroon (highlands). Specific localities: Cameroon – Mendong Buo area (6°5'26"N, 10°18'9"E; 2100–2200 m asl) (Tropek & Konvick, 2010); Mount Cameroon (Warren-Gash, 2020); Mount Manengouba (Warren-Gash, 2020).

*Mylothris trimenia (Butler, 1869)# Sulphur Dotted Border

Pieris trimenia Butler, 1869. Cistula Entomologica 1: 13 (1-16). Mylothris trimenia (Butler, 1869). Butler, 1872: 36; Trimen & Bowker, 1889: 33; Aurivillius, !910: 35; Talbot, 1944: 156. Mylothris trimenia Butler. Swanepoel, 1953a. Mylothris trimenia Butler, 1869. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Mylothris trimenia Butler, 1869. Pringle et al., 1994: 300. Mylothris trimenia Butler, 1869. Ackery et al., 1995: 225. Mylothris trimenia Butler, 1869. Warren-Gash, 2020: 45.

Mylothris trimenia. Male (Wingspan 46 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mariepskop, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 19 March 2006. M. Williams. Images M.C.Williams ex Williams Collection.

Mylothris trimenia. Female (Wingspan 48 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mariepskop, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 19 March 2006. M. Williams.

19 Images M.C.Williams ex Williams Collection.

Alternative common names: Geelvlerk Voëlentwitjie (Afrikaans). Type locality: [South Africa]: “Port Natal”. Syntype in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020).

Distribution: South Africa –

Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province.

Distribution: South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province). It is noted as occurring in Swaziland by Henning, Henning, Joannou, & Woodhall (1997: 366) but is not included in the checklist for Swaziland published by Duke et al. (1999). Recorded from Mozambique by Cabral (2000) – requires confirmation (MCW). Specific localities: Limpopo Province – Woodbush (Swanepoel, 1953). Mpumalanga – Graskop (Swanepoel, 1953); Mariepskop (Swanepoel, 1953). KwaZulu-Natal – Durban (TL); Pinetown (Swanepoel, 1953); Pietermaritzburg (Swanepoel, 1953); Karkloof (Swanepoel, 1953); Balgowan (Swanepoel, 1953); Kranskop (Pringle et al., 1994); Umdoni Park (Pringle et al., 1994); Umhlanga Rocks (Pringle et al., 1994); Umzumbe (Pringle et al., 1994). Eastern Cape Province – Humansdorp (Swanepoel, 1953); Hankey (Swanepoel, 1953); Hogsback (Swanepoel, 1953); King William’s Town (Swanepoel, 1953); Amabele (Swanepoel, 1953); East London (Swanepoel, 1953); Stutterheim (Swanepoel, 1953); Tsomo River (Swanepoel, 1953); Bashee River (Swanepoel, 1953); Umtata district (Swanepoel, 1953); Port St. Johns (Williams); Bedford district (Pringle et al., 1994); Grahamstown (Mecenero et al., 2016). Habitat: Montane (temperate) forest. Habits: Flies high up in the canopy of the forest with a flight that is generally faster than other species in the genus (Pringle et al., 1994). Both sexes feed from flowers. Flight period: All year in warmer (coastal) forests and from October to April in cooler ones (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Clark, in Van Son, 1949: 227. Egg 1,1 mm high and 0,65 mm in diameter; 22-24 longitudinal ribs of which 8-10 reach micropyle; watery white and covered with a yellow glutinous substance; laid in clusters on the underside of the leaves of the foodplant; egg stage about 5 days in summer and 10 days in winter. Five larval instars lasting about 24 days; up to two or three times longer in winter. First instar larva 1,5 mm; pale watery yellow (translucent); head black; grows to 3 mm. Second instar growing from 3 to 7 mm; watery green; setae and setiferous tubercles white; head black. Third instar growing from 7 to 10 mm; colour slightly darker than second instar, with two pale yellow glands visible under skin of 9th segment; head black. Fourth instar growing from 10 to 18 mm; green with greenish white lateral line; segments 10 to 12 tinged with light yellowish-brown; 13 th segment green; the two glands on the 9th segment in some specimens very prominent and yellow, in others not visible. Final instar growing from 18 to 32 mm; dull green with a broken black dorsal line, the black widened in the middle of each segment and interrupted at the junction of each segment, which is green; segments 10 to 12 yellow-brown; in some larvae a yellow-brown edging along the black dorsal line; a whitish lateral line; ventral portions watery green; main hairs white, lesser dorsal and sub-dorsal hairs black, but below these all hairs are white; all the setiferous tubercles white, those on edge of dorsal black dorsal line very prominent; before pupating larva shrinks to 21 mm. Pupa at first watery green but after a few hours the tip of the cephalic projection whitens and 20 remainder darkens as does the middle lateral projection; length 20-22 mm; pupal stage 12 days in summer, 19-21 days in winter.

Clark, in Pringle et al., 1994: plate 29, p.396. “The eggs are laid in clusters on the undersides of the leaves of the foodplant. They are 0,65 mm in diameter and 1,1 mm high, and are watery white with a coating of a glutinous, yellow substance. There are about 22-24 longitudinal ribs and about 26 cross ribs. The larva emerges from the side of the egg, near the top, and eats the discarded shell. The egg stage lasts about five days in summer and up to 10 days in winter. The larvae are gregarious throughout the larval stages and usually sit side by side on the leaves of the foodplant. When they moult they generally eat their discarded skins. There are five larval instars lasting about 24 days in summer and up to three times as long in winter. When they are ready to pupate the larvae drop to the ground on silken threads and scatter to various places. The pupa is at first a watery green colour, but after a few hours the tip of the cephalic projection whitens and the remainder darkens, as does the middle lateral projection. The pupal stage lasts 12 days in summer and up to 21 days in winter. There appears to be a continuous succession of broods throughout the year in the Eastern Cape.”

Henning, Henning, Joannou, & Woodhall, 1997: 366 (photograph of final instar larva and pupa).

Larval food: Agelanthus kraussianus (Meisn.) Polhill & Wiens (Loranthaceae) [Dickson & Kroon, 1978; as sp. of Tapinanthus. Note: this species has now been split into two species]. Agelanthus prunifolius (E.Mey. ex Harv.) Polhill & Wiens (Loranthaceae) (suspected to be), parasitic on Schotia latifolia (Fabaceae) [Mansel Weale, in Trimen & Bowker, 1889: 34; as sp. of Loranthus]. Oncocalyx quinquinervius (Hochst.) Wiens & Polhill (Loranthaceae) [Clark, in Van Son, 1949: 228; as Loranthus quinquenervi Hochst.].

*Mylothris carcassoni van Son, 1948 Chartreuse Dotted Border

Mylothris carcassoni van Son, 1948. Entomologist 81: 203 (203-204). Mylothris carcassoni Van Son, 1948. Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Mylothris carcassoni Van Son, 1948. Pringle et al., 1994: 300. Mylothris carcassoni Van Son, 1948. Ackery et al., 1995: 218. Mylothris carcassoni Van Son, 1948. Warren-Gash, 2020: 46.

Mylothris carcassoni. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Banti Forest, Zimbabwe. 27 September 1999. Images M.C.Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Mylothris carcassoni. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Banti Forest, Zimbabwe. 12 April 1995. Images M.C.Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: [Zimbabwe]: “Banti Forest Reserve, 6000 feet, Umtali District, S. Rhodesia”. Holotype (male) in the Ditsong Museum, Pretoria. Distribution: Zimbabwe. Known only from the type locality at Butler North, 64 km south of Mutare. Recorded from Mozambique by Congdon et al., 2010 – requires confirmation (MCW). Specific localities: Zimbabwe – Banti Forest Reserve (TL; Pennington). Habitat: Gallery forest (Pringle et al., 1994). Habits: Specimens fly high up in the canopy of the forest but sometimes come down to feed on flowers (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: Recorded in September and March (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris crawshayi Butler, 1896 Mountain Dotted Border

Mylothris crawshayi Butler, 1896. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1896: 124 (108-136). Mylothris sagala crawshayi Butler, 1896. Aurivillius, 1910: 36. Mylothris sagala dentatus f. crawshayi Butler, 1896. Talbot, 1944: 160, 183. Mylothris crawshayi Butler, 1896. Ackery et al., 1995: 219. Mylothris crawshayi Butler, 1896. Warren-Gash, 2020: 47.

Mylothris crawshayi crawshayi. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nyika Plateau, Malawi. 5 April 1966. C. B. Cottrell. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Mylothris crawshayi crawshayi. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nyika Plateau, Zambia. 20 November 1962. C. B. Cottrell. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Malawi]: “Nyankowa Mt., 6500 feet; Kantorogondo Mt., 5000 feet; Nyika”. Syntypes in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia. Habitat: Montane forest and montane forest-grassland mosaic. In Tanzania ssp. bunduki occurs at altitudes from 1 600 to 2 300 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: The flight is very fast for a species of Mylothris. Specimens are sometimes seen feeding from flowers (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages:

Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].

Larval food: Santalales [Kielland, 1990d; Tanzania]. Phragmanthera usuiensis (Oliv.) M.G.Gilbert (Loranthaceae) [Congdon et al., 2017; Luala, Udzungwa, Tanzania; for ssp. bunduki].

Mylothris crawshayi crawshayi Butler, 1896 Mountain Dotted Border

Mylothris crawshayi crawshayi. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nyika Plateau, Malawi. 5 April 1966. C. B. Cottrell. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Mylothris crawshayi crawshayi. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nyika Plateau, Zambia. 20 November 1962. C. B. Cottrell. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Malawi]: “Nyankowa Mt., 6500 feet; Kantorogondo Mt., 5000 feet; Nyika”. Syntypes in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Malawi (Nyika Plateau), Zambia (Nyika Plateau). Specific localities: Malawi – Nyankowa Mountain (TL); Kantorogondo Mountain (Butler, 1896); Nyika (Butler, 1896); Nyika N.P. (J. Timberlake, pers. comm., 2019). Zambia – Nyika (Heath et al., 2002); Zovozhipolo, Nyika (male illustrated above).

Mylothris crawshayi bunduki Berger, 1980 Tanzania Mountain Dotted Border

Mylothris crawshayi bunduki Berger, 1980. Revue de Zoologie Africaine 94: 874 (861-880). Mylothris crawshayi bunduki Berger, 1980. Ackery et al., 1995: 219. Mylothris crawshayi bunduki Berger, 1980. Warren-Gash, 2020: 47.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Tanzanie: Bunduki”. The provenance of Berger’s ho;otype is unknown (Vane-Wright & Liseki, 2011). Warren-Gash, 2020: 47 designated a male neotype: “Mufindi, xii, 1980, 6000ft.” This neotype is in ABRI, Nairobi. Distribution: Tanzania (central, south). Specific localities: Tanzania – Bunduki (TL); Iringa (Berger, 1985); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Ukaguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Image Mountain (Kielland, 1990d); Uzungwa Range (Kielland, 1990d); Mufindi (Warren-Gash, 2020).

iringa Berger, 1985 (as f. of Mylothris crawshayi). Lambillionea 84: 110 (108-110). Tanzania: “Iringa”.

*Mylothris leonora Krüger, 1928 Uluguru Dotted Border

Mylothris leonora Krüger, 1928. Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 22: 21 (21). Pseudomylothris leonora Krüger, 1928. Neustetter, 1929: 191. Pseudomylothris leonora Krüger, 1928. Talbot, 1944: 184. Mylothris leonora Krüger, 1928. Carcasson, 1962: 61. Mylothris leonora Krüger, 1928. Ackery et al., 1995: 221. Mylothris crawshayi leonora Kruger, 1928. Kielland, 1990: 66. Mylothris leonora Krueger, 1928. Vane-Wright & Liseki, 2011: 87. Stat. rev. Mylothris leonora Krueger, 1928. Warren-Gash, 2020: 48.

Mylothris leonora. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mufindi, Tanzania. April 1995. A. & M. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “D.-Ost-Afrika, Ukami”. Lectotype (female) designated by Vane-Wright & Liseki, 2011; in NHM, London. Distribution: Tanzania (Uluguru Mountains). Specific localities: Tanzania – Ukami (TL); Bondwa Mountain (Berger, 1985); Uluguru Mountains in the Morogoro District (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Montane forest and forest-grassland mosaic (Kielland, 1990d). In Tanzania at altitudes from 1 200 to 2 640 m (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages:

Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].

Larval food: Oncella gracilis Balle ex Polhill & Wiens (Loranthaceae) [Congdon et al., 2017].

Note: Kielland (1990: 66) treats leonora as a subspecies of M. crawshayi but does not officially change its status.

bondwa Berger, 1985 (as f. of Mylothris leonora). Lambillionea 84: 109 (108-110). Tanzania: “Bondwa (Mts Uluguru)”.

*Mylothris kiellandi Berger, 1985 Usambara Dotted Border

Mylothris kiellandi Berger, 1985. Lambillionea 84: 108 (108-110). Mylothris kiellandi Berger, 1985. Ackery et al., 1995: 220. Mylothris kiellandi Berger, 1985. Warren-Gash, 2020: 48.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Shume, 2200 m, W. Usambara”. Warren-Gash (2020) could not locate the holotype. Distribution: Tanzania (western Usambara). Specific localities: Tanzania – Shume, western Usambara Mountains (TL). Habitat: Montane evergreen forests from 1 800 to 2 200 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: The flight is comparatively fast (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris elodina Talbot, 1944 Frail Dotted Border

25 Mylothris elodina Talbot, 1944. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 157 (155-186). Mylothris elodina Talbot, 1944. Ackery et al., 1995: 219; d’Abrera, 1997: 110. Mylothris elodina Talbot, 1944. Warren-Gash, 2020: 50.

Mylothris elodina nina. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Tumani River. 1 42 N, 30 07 E, Democratic Republic of Congo. 23 January 2016. T. Desloges. Images courtesy T. Desloges.

Mylothris elodina nina. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Near Mbogi, Ituri. 1 42N, 30 07E, Democratic Republic of Congo. 8 April 2017. T. Desloges. Images courtesy T. Desloges.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Cameroons”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda. Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Mylothris elodina elodina Talbot, 1944 Frail Dotted Border

Mylothris elodina Talbot, 1944. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 157 (155-186). Mylothris elodina Talbot, 1944. Ackery et al., 1995: 219; d’Abrera, 1997: 110. Mylothris elodina elodina Talbot, 1944. Warren-Gash, 2020: 50.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Cameroons”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (Kinshasa, Bambo River, north Sankuru, south Kasai). Specific localities: Gabon – Kinguele (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Masouna 2000 (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Leopoldville-Binza (TL of diva).

diva Berger, 1954 (as ssp. of Mylothris elodina). Lambillionea 84: 109 (108-110). Tanzania: “Bondwa (Mts Uluguru)”. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 50: 343 (342-344). Type locality: 26 [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Bas Congo, Léopoldville-Binza”. Holotype and allotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. Formally synonymized with M. elodina elodina Talbot, 1944 by Warren-Gash, 2020: 50.

Mylothris elodina pelenge Berger, 1981 Shaba Frail Dotted Border

Mylothris elodina pelenge Berger, 1981. Les Papillons du Zaire 64 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Mylothris elodina pelenge Berger, 1981. Ackery et al., 1995: 219; d’Abrera, 1997: 110. Mylothris elodina pelenge Berger, 1981. Warren-Gash, 2020: 51.

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Shaba, P.N.U., Gorges de la Pelenge, 1150 m”. Holotype (male) in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium. Known only from four males (the type series) (Waren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Gorges de la Pelenge (TL).

Mylothris elodina nina Warren-Gash, 2020 Congo Frail Dotted Border

Mylothris elodina nina Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 51 (214pp.).

Mylothris elodina nina. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Tumani River. 1 42 N, 30 07 E, Democratic Republic of Congo. 23 January 2016. T. Desloges. Images courtesy T. Desloges.

Mylothris elodina nina. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Near Mbogi, Ituri. 1 42N, 30 07E, Democratic Republic of Congo. 8 April 2017. T. Desloges. Images courtesy T. Desloges.

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kivu”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Etymology: Naned for Nina Pepper, granddaughter of Warren-Gash. 27 Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu), Uganda (west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kivu (TL); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018).

*Mylothris croceus Butler, 1896 Forest Dotted Border

Mylothris croceus Butler, 1896. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1895: 734 (722-742). Mylothris crocea Butler, 1896. Aurivillius, 1910: 34. [misspelling of species name]. Mylothris croceus Butler, 1896. Talbot, 1944: 156; Berger, 1981: 65; Ackery et al., 1995: 219. Mylothris croceus Butler, 1896. Warren-Gash, 2020: 118.

Mylothris croceus. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kitabi, Rwanda. 31 October 2015. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: “Salt Lake to Wawamba and Ruwemzori 5000-8000 feet”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Uganda (west – Toro and Kigezi), Rwanda, Democratic Republic of Congo (east – Kivu). Specific localities: Uganda – Bwindi Forest (Davenport, 2002); Kibale (Davenport, 2002); Mafuga (Davenport, 2002); Mount Ruwenzori (Davenport, 2002). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kivu (Davenport, 2002); Ituri Forest (Davenport, 2002); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018); Nioka, Ituri (TL of ituriensis). Habitat: Forest (Davenport, 2002). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

uniformata Dufrane, 1947 (as ab. of Mylothris crocea). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 83: 55 (46-73). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Congo Belge”.

ituriensis Berger, 1981 (as ssp. of Mylothris croceus). Les Papillons du Zaire 65 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Ituri, Nioka”. Holotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium. Formally synonymized with M. croceus Butler, 1896 by Warren-Gash, 2020: 118.

*Mylothris smithii (Mabille, 1879) Large Smoky Dotted Border

28 Pieris smithii Mabille, 1879. Bulletin de la Société Philomathique de Paris (7) 3: 133 (132-144). Mylothris smithi (Mabille, 1879). Aurivillius, 1910: 35. [misspelling of species name]. Mylotheris smithii (Mabille, 1879). Talbot, 1944: 156; Ackery et al., 1995: 224; d’Abrera, 1997: 106. Mylotheris smithii (Mabille, 1879). Warren-Gash, 2020: 119.

Type locality: Madagascar: “Madagascariensia”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Madagascar (south-east). Habitat: Forest (Lees et al., 2003). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris splendens Le Cerf, 1927 Malagasy Large Dotted Border

Mylothris splendens Le Cerf, 1927. Encyclopédie Entomologique (B. 3. Lepidoptera) 2: 44 (44-58). Mylothris splendens Le Cerf, 1927. Talbot, 1944: 156; Ackery et al., 1995: 224. Mylothris splendens Le Cerf, 1927. Warren-Gash, 2020: 119.

Type locality: Madagascar: “Madagascar”. Holotype in the MNHN, Paris (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Madagascar. Specific localities: Madagascar – Tananarive (Riley, 1930); Sambirano Plantation (Riley, 1930); Manongarivo (Lees, vide Warren-Gash, 2020); Tsaratanana (ABRI, vide Warren-Gash, 2020). Habitat: Forest in montane localities (Lees et al., 2003; Warren-Gash, 2020). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

audeoudi Riley, 1930 (as sp. of Mylothris). Bulletin de la Société Lépidoptérologique de Genève 6: 107 (107-108). Madagascar.

bicolor Riley, 1930 (as f. of Mylothris audeoudi). Bulletin de la Société Lépidoptérologique de Genève 6: 108 (107-108). Madagascar: “Tananarive”.

unicolor Riley, 1930 (as f. of Mylothris audeoudi). Bulletin de la Société Lépidoptérologique de Genève 6: 108 (107-108). Madagascar: “Plantations de Sambirano”.

*Mylothris superbus Kielland, 1985 Golden Dotted Border

Mylothris superbus Kielland, 1985. Lambillionea 85: 99 (95-112). Mylothris superbus Kielland, 1985. Ackery et al., 1995: 225; d’Abrera, 1997: 110. Mylothris superbus Kielland, 1985. Warren-Gash, 2020: 120.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Morogoro Distr., east side of Nguru Mt., 1000 to 1600 m”. Holotype (male) in the NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Two paratypes in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Tanzania (Nguru Mountains only). Specific localities: Tanzania – Morogoro District (TL); Mkombola (Kielland, 1990d); Maskati (Kielland, 1990d); just above Mhonda Mission (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Submontane forest at altitudes from 900 to 1 600 m (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

29 *Mylothris jaopura Karsch, 1893 Black-tipped Dotted Border

Mylothris jaopura Karsch, 1893. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 38: 232 (1-266). Synonym of Mylothris rhodope (Fabricius). Ackery et al., 1995: 222. Mylothris jaopura Karsch, 1893. Larsen, in d’Abrera, 1997: 120; Larsen, 2005a: 110. Mylothris jaopura Karsch, 1893. Warren-Gash, 2020: 122.

Mylothris jaopura. Male upperside, Ghana. Image courtesy Torben Larsen.

Mylothris jaopura. Female (Wingspan 45 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Aburi Botanical Gardens, Ghana. 28 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Mylothris jaopura. Left – female upperside, Ghana. Right – female upperside (pale form), Ghana. Images courtesy Torben Larsen.

Type locality: Togo: “Pereu, Fetischwald; Bismarckburg”. Larsen (2005a: 110) designated the female co-type as the lectotype. Warren-Gash (2020) could not trace Karsch’s Togo material. Diagnosis: Male very similar to that of M. rhodope but smaller; black spot in space 2 of forewing usually forms part of apical band instead of being separate (Larsen, 2005a). Female with orange colour less intense than in M. rhodope and orange area on forewing smaller (Larsen, 2005a). Distribution: Liberia, Ivory Coast (Warren-Gash, pers. comm., 2002), Ghana, Togo, Benin (south, central), Nigeria (south), Cameroon (west).

30 Specific localities: Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020); Wonegizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ivory Coast – Mount Tonkui (H. Warren-Gash, vide Larsen, 2005a). Ghana – Kumasi (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Togo – Bismarckburg (TL). Benin – see Coache et al., 2017. Nigeria – Cross River Loop (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a) Habitat: Forest, occasionally penetrating dense Guinea savanna. Also found in disturbed habitats such as suburban gardens (Kumasi, Ghana) (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Common in Ivory Coast, Ghana and Togo but scarce in Nigeria and Cameroon (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Loranthaceae (growing on Citrus species) [Larsen, 2005a; Kumasi, Ghana].

*Mylothris knoopi Hecq, 2005 Obudu Dotted Border

Mylothris knoopi Hecq, 2005. Lambillionea 105 (1): 131 (129-131). Mylothris knoopi Hecq, 2005. Warren-Gash, 2020: 123.

Type locality: Nigeria: Obudu Plateau. Described from two females. Holotype (female) in the MRAC, Tervuren, Belgium (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Nigeria (Obudu Plateau), Cameroon, Central African Republic (Warren-Gash, 2020). Specific localities: Nigeria – Obudu Plateau (TL). Cameroon – Yaounde (Warren-Gash, 2020). Central African Republic – Bangui (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris beni Warren-Gash, 2020 Kenge Dotted Border

Mylothris beni Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 124 (214pp.).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “DRC: N. Kivu, Kenge, v.2015”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (North Kivu and Orientale provinces). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kenge (TL). Habitat: Submontane areas, from 1050 to 2000 m (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris fernandina Schultze, 1914 Bioko White Dotted Border

31 Mylothris fernandina Schultze, 1914. Entomologische Rundschau 31: 13 (13-14). Mylothris rhodope rhodope f. fernandina Schultze, 1914. Talbot, 1944: 159. Synonym of Mylothris rhodope (Fabricius, 1775). Ackery et al., 1995: 222. Mylothris fernandina Schultze, 1914. Warren-Gash, 2020: 124. Stat. res.

Type locality: [Equatorial Guinea (Bioko)]: “Sta. Isabel, Basilé und San Carlos, Insel Fernando Po”. The type series in the ZMUH, Hamburg was destroyed during World War II (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (Bioko). Specific localities: Equatorial Guinea – Isabel, Basale and San Carlos (TL); Basile, Bioko (Martin, 2015; as jaopura); Santa Isabel, Bioko (Martin, 2015; as jaopura). Habitat: M. fernandina flies at higher elevations than Mylothris schumanni bioko (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Note: Larsen (2005a: 111) treats this taxon as a form of M. schumanni but also suggests that it may be a valid species in its own right. No formal taxonomic changes were made by him, however. In this taxon the female is white and similar females have been found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Cameroon, Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo.

*Mylothris kiwuensis Grünberg, 1910 Kivu Dotted Border

Mylothris kiwuensis Grünberg, 1910. Societas Entomologica 24: 145 (145-148). Mylothris kiwuensis Grünberg, 1910. Berger, 1981: 73; Ackery et al., 1995: 220. Mylothris kiwuensis Grünberg, 1910. Warren-Gash, 2020: 125.

Mylothris kiwuensis nyungwe. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kitabi, Rwanda. 29 October 2015. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: “Kiwu-See”. The provenance of the types is unknown (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Rwanda. According to Larsen (1991: 152) there is a Van Someren manuscript record for this species, from Kenya (Kakamega – possibly Kamengo in Uganda). Habitat: Primary forest. Usually above 1800 m (Warren-Gash, 2020). On the western slopes of the Ruwenzoris the prevailing strong winds push the montane butterfly down to lower altitudes, as is the case with spp. marielouisae (Warren-Gash, 2020). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: “Loranthus” (Santalales) [Berger, 1979; DRC-Rwanda].

Mylothris kiwuensis kiwuensis Grünberg, 1910 32 Kivu Dotted Border

Type locality: “Kiwu-See”. The provenance of the types is unknown (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu), Uganda (west) (Davenport, 1996), Rwanda. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Muana River (Dufrane, 1948); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018).

flavicosta Rebel, 1914 (as sp. of Mylothris). Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 28: 225 (219-294). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Randgebirgen nordwestlich des Tanganyika-Sees”.

muanensis Dufrane, 1948 (as race of Mylothris rhodope). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 84: 164 (160-168). Democratic Republic of Congo: “rivière Muana”. Paratype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.

Mylothris kiwuensis nyungwe Warren-Gash, 2020 Nyungwe Kivu Dotted Border

Mylothris jacksoni lequeuxi Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 126 (214pp.).

Mylothris kiwuensis nyungwe. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kitabi, Rwanda. 29 October 2015. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: Rwanda: “Nyungwe Forest, Busoro, 1830 m. vii.2009”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Rwanda (Nyungwe Forest). Specific localities: Kenya – Nyugwe Forest (TL). Thus far only known from the type locality (Warren-Gash, 2020).

Mylothris kiwuensis marielouisae Berger, 1979 Ruwenzori Kivu Dotted Border

Mylothris kiwuensis marielouisae Berger, 1979. Revue de Zoologie Africaine 93: 4 (1-9). Mylothris kiwuensis marielouisae Berger, 1979. Berger, 1981:73; Ackery et al., 1995: 220. Mylothris kiwuensis marielouisae Berger, 1979. Warren-Gash, 2020: 126.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “N.-E. Kivu, Kalasabango, 1100 m”. Holotype and allotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium (Warren-Gash, 2020). 33 Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (north-east – west Ruwenzori). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kalasabango (TL).

*Mylothris katera Berger, 1979 Off-white Dotted Border

Mylothris kiwuensis katera Berger, 1979. Revue de Zoologie Africaine 93: 5 (1-9). Mylothris kiwuensis katera Berger, 1979. Berger, 1981: 73; Ackery et al., 1995: 220. Mylothris katera Berger, 1979. Warren-Gash, 2020: 127. Stat. nov.

Type locality: Uganda: “Katera, Sango Bay”. Holotype and Allotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Uganda (northern and western shores of Lake Victoria), Rwanda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Uganda – Sango Bay, Katera (TL). Tanzania – Bukoba (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris stewarti Warren-Gash, 2020 Pink-based Dotted Border

Mylothris stewarti Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 127 (214pp.).

Type locality: Tanzania: “W. Tanzania, Mpanda, Ntakatta, 1500 m. ii.1972”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Etymology: Named for James Stewart (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Tanzania (shores of Lake Tanganyika). Specific localities: Tanzania – Ntakatta Forest (TL). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Note: Kielland (1990: 70) recognized this this species as new but did not describe it.

*Mylothris gabela Berger, 1979 Angola Dotted Border

Mylothris spica gabela Berger, 1979. Revue de Zoologie Africaine 93: 7 (1-9). Mylothris spica gabela Berger, 1979. Ackery et al., 1995: 224. Mylothris gabela Berger, 1979. Warren-Gash, 2020: 128. Stat. nov.

Type locality: Angola: “7 mls W. de Gabela”. Holotype (male) in the NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Paratype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Angola (central). Known only from the type series. Specific localities: Angola – Seven miles west of Gabela (TL).

34 Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. Note: Larsen (2005a) considers M. spica to be a Ghana endemic but does not discuss the status of M. spica gabela.

*Mylothris talboti Berger, 1980 Pointed Dotted Border

Mylothris talboti Berger, 1980. Revue de Zoologie Africaine 94: 868 (861-880). Mylothris talboti Berger, 1980. Kielland, 1990: 70; Ackery et al., 1995: 225. Mylothris talboti Berger, 1980. Warren-Gash, 2020: 129.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Dar-es-Salaam”. Holotype (male) in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium (Warren-Gash, 2020). Diagnosis: Similar to M. yulei but females with pale ochreous forewing upperside and pale yellowish hindwing upperside (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania (north-east). Specific localities: Tanzania – Dar-es-Salaam (TL); Muhulu Forest in Ulanga District (Kielland, 1990d); Uluguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Nguu forests (Kielland, 1990d); Pugu Hills (Kielland, 1990d); lower parts of the Uzungwa Range (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Lowland to submontane forest, at altitudes up to 1 700 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: The flight is slow (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Santalales [Kielland, 1990d; Tanzania].

talboti Berger, 1952 (as female f. of Mylothris yulei ertli). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 46: 322 (319-322). Tanzania: “Tanganyika Territory, Dar-es-Salaam”.

*Mylothris sophiae Warren-Gash, 2020 Jiwundu Swamp Dotted Border

Mylothris sophiae Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 130 (214pp.).

Type locality: Zambia: “Zambia, Jiwundu Swamp, 1340m”. Holotype (male) in African Natural History Research Trust (ANHRT), Leominster, UK (Warren-Gash, 2020). Etymology: Named for Sophie Smith, daughter of Richard Smith who led the expedition during which the species was discovered (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Zambia (north-west). Specific localities: Zambia – Jiwundu Swamp (TL). Habitat: Swampy areas (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris suam Warren-Gash, 2020 Suam Dotted Border

35 Mylothris suam Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 130 (214pp.).

Type locality: Kenya: “West Kenya, near the Uganda border, Suam River, 1 400 m, 4.ii.1992”. Holotype (male) in Haydon Warren-Gash private collection, Pressac, France. Distribution: Kenya (west). Specific localities: Kenya – Suam River (TL). Known only from the holotype. Habitat: Swampy areas (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris yulei Butler, 1897 Fragile Dotted Border

Mylothris yulei Butler, 1897. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1896: 853 (851-855). Mylothris yulei Butler, 1897. Aurivillius, 1910: 34; Talbot, 1944: 159. Mylothris yulei Butler, 1897. Dickson & Kroon, 1978; Pringle et al., 1994: 299; Ackery et al., 1995: 225. Mylothris yulei Butler, 1897. Warren-Gash, 2020: 131.

Mylothris yulei selinda. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mount Selinda, Zimbabwe. 16 April 1995. Images M.C.Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Mylothris yulei selinda. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mount Selinda, Zimbabwe. 16 April 1995. Images M.C.Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: [Malawi]: “Songwe Plain, N.W. Nyasa”. Lectotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren- Gash, 2020). Distribution: Sudan, Uganda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Angola (Mendes et al. 2018). Habitat: Submontane and montane forest, and dense woodland. Habits: This species may, at times, be numerous (Larsen, 1991c). The flight is very weak, even for a 36 species of Mylothris (Larsen, 1991c). Specimens are often seen visiting flowers on the margins and in open glades of the forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Flight period: Recorded from February to September and in November (Pinhey, vide Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].

Larval food: Agelanthus sp. (Loranthaceae) [Congdon et al., 2017]. Globimetula anguliflora (Engl.) Danser (Loranthaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, unpublished 2003; Cryptosepalum Forest, Zambia]. Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) [Le Pelley, 1959 (Kenya); Larsen, 1991c: 152. Almost certainly erroneous]. Santalales (Loranthaceae) [Kielland, 1990d (Tanzania); Larsen, 1991c: 152 (Kenya)]. Theobroma cacao L. (Sterculiaceae) [Le Pelley, 1959 (Kenya); Larsen, 1991c: 152. Almost certainly erroneous]. Note: Warren-Gash (2020: 136) notes that there is a single male from the Cuanza River, Angola in the NHM (London), which most closely resembles M. yulei. He states that more specimens are needed before its taxonomic status can be determined.

Mylothris yulei yulei Butler, 1897 Fragile Dotted Border

Mylothris yulei Butler, 1897. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1896: 853 (851-855). Mylothris yulei Butler, 1897. Aurivillius, 1910: 34; Talbot, 1944: 159. Mylothris yulei Butler, 1897. Dickson & Kroon, 1978; Pringle et al., 1994: 299; Ackery et al., 1995: 225 Mylothris yulei yulei Butler, 1897. Warren-Gash, 2020: 132.

Type locality: [Malawi]: “Songwe Plain, N.W. Nyasa”. Lectotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren- Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Katanga), Malawi (except extreme south), Zambia (east), Tanzania (south-west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Luanza (Hulstaert, 1924); Lake Moero (Berger, 1954). Zambia – Lake Mweru (Heath et al., 2002); Kasama (Heath et al., 2002); Mporokosa (Heath et al., 2002); Samfya (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002).

sulphurascens Hulstaert, 1924 (as ab. of Mylothris yulei). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 12: 92 (90-99). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Luanza”. Holotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.

sulphurascens Berger, 1954 (as ssp. of Mylothris yulei). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 50: 344 (342-344). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Luanza (Lac Moero)”.

Mylothris yulei mulanje Warren-Gash, 2020 Mulanje Fragile Dotted Border

Mylothris yulei mulanje Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 133 (214pp.).

Type locality: Malawi: “Mt Mulanje, Ruo, iv.1987”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Distribution: Malawi (south). Habitat: Submontane areas (Warren-Gash, 2020). Specific localities:

37 Malawi – Mount Mulanje (TL).

Mylothris yulei selinda Warren-Gash, 2020 Selinda Fragile Dotted Border

Mylothris yulei selinda Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 133 (214pp.).

Mylothris yulei selinda. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mount Selinda, Zimbabwe. 16 April 1995. Images M.C.Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Mylothris yulei selinda. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mount Selinda, Zimbabwe. 16 April 1995. Images M.C.Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: Zimbabwe: “E. Zimbabwe, Vumba, iii.1987”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Distribution: Zimabawe, Mozambique (central). Specific localities: Zimbabwe – Mount Selinda (Pringle et al., 1994); Mutare (Pringle et al., 1994); Chirinda Forest (male illustrated above). Mozambique – Amatongas (Chitty); Vila Gouveia [Posto de Catandica] (Pringle et al., 1994); Vumba (Pinhey); Xiluvo (Pennington).

Mylothris yulei rondonis Kielland, 1990 Rondo Fragile Dotted Border

Mylothris kilimensis rondonis Kielland, 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania 67 (363 pp.). Melbourne. Mylothris kilimensis rondonis Kielland, 1990. Ackery et al., 1995: 221. Mylothris yulei rondonis Kielland, 1990. Warren-Gash, 2020: 133. Comb. nov.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Lindi, Rondo Plateau, 800 m, 14-iv-1986, J. Kielland.”. Holotype (male) in the Natural History Museum, London. 38 Description: “Upperside costa of f.w. without black dusting. It differs from the nominate ssp. in the greatly reduced basal pale greenish-yellow patch on the f.w. in both sexes (in this respect being similar to the male of yulei, but its female is without the yellowish tinge on the wings except for a small basal area). Underside white with a greenish-yellow basal patch in the f.w. as in the nominate ssp., but paler. Length of f.w., male 25.3 & 25.7 mm; female 23 mm. Genitalia in both sexes as those of kilimensis.” Diagnosis: Differs from the nominate subspecies on the forewing upperside, which shows a marked reduction in the extent of the basal pale greenish yellow patch in both sexes (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania (south-east and noth-east), Mozambique (north). Habitat: Sub-montane forest. In Tanzania it occurs at altitudes around 800 m (Kielland, 1990d). Specific localities: Tanzania – Lindi (TL). Mozambique – Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mecula [-12.0772 37.6297] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013); Mt Yao [- 12.4432 36.5114] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013).

Mylothris yulei ertli Suffert, 1904 Nyassa Fragile Dotted Border

Mylothris ertli Suffert, 1904. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 127 (124-132). Mylothris yulei ertli Suffert, 1904. Aurivillius, 1910: 35; Talbot, 1944: 159; Kielland, 1990: 70. Mylothris ertli Suffert, 1904. Ackery et al., 1995: 219. Mylothris yulei ertli Suffert, 1904. Warren-Gash, 2020: 134. Stat. nov.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Insel Kome im Victoria Nyanza”. Types possibly in the (ZSM), Münich, Germany (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Tanzania (islands off the southern and south-western shores of Lake Victoria). Specific localities: Tanzania – Kome Island, Lake Victoria (TL); Rubondo Island (Warren-Gash, 2020); Ukerewe Island (Warren-Gash, 2020).

Mylothris yulei rhodopoides Warren-Gash, 2020 Elgon Fragile Dotted Border

Mylothris yulei latimargo f. rhodopoides Talbot, 1944. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 169 (155-186). [unavailable] Mylothris kiwuensis rhodopoides Talbot, 1944. Larsen, 1991c: 152. [unavailable] Synonym of M. yulei latimargo Joicey & Talbot. Ackery et al., 1995: 225. Mylothris yulei rhodopoides Warren-Gash, 2020: 135. Ssp. nov.

Type locality: [Kenya]: “British East Africa, foorhills of Mt Elgon”. Holotype (male) in the NHM, London. Diagnosis: Distribution: Kenya (west), Uganda (western and northern shores of Lake Victoria), Burundi, Tanzania (Kigoma). Specific localities: Uganda – Tero Forest (TL). Kenya – Kakamega? (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Tanzania – Munene Forest (uncommon) (Congdon & Collins, 1998).

Mylothris yulei kilimensis Kielland, 1990 Amani Fragile Dotted Border

Mylothris kilimensis Kielland, 1990. Butterflies of Tanzania 67 (363 pp.). Melbourne.

39 Mylothris kilimensis kilimensis Kielland, 1990. Ackery et al., 1995: 220. Mylothris yulei kilimensis Kielland, 1990. Warren-Gash, 2020: 135. Comb. nov.

Mylothris yulei kilimensis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mount Meru, Tanzania. 1 February 2015. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Mylothris yulei kilimensis. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Near Moshi, Tanzania. 6 October 2014. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: Tanzania: “E. Usambara, Amani, J. Kielland”. Holotype (male) in the Natural History Museum, London. Distribution: Kenya (south and central), Tanzania (north-east). Specific localities: Kenya – Shimba Hills (Warren-Gash, 2020). Tanzania – Amani, eastern Usambara (TL); Mount Kilimanjaro (Kielland, 1990d); North and South Pare Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Usambaras (Kielland, 1990d); Nguu Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Mount Kwaraha (Kielland, 1990d); Mbulu forests (Kielland, 1990d); Mount Meru (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Forest. In Tanzania it occurs at altitudes from 900 to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). In Kenya it occurs at lower altitudes in the Shimba Hills (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Flight weak and floating, around trees and shrubs (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages:

Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].

Larval food: Oncella curviramea (Engl.) Danser (Loranthaceae) [Congdon et al., 2017]. Santalales [Kielland, 1990d; Tanzania].

*Mylothris melita Belcastro & Warren-Gash, 2020 White Dotted Border 40

Mylothris melita Belcastro & Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 136 (214pp.).

Type locality: Guinea: “Guinea, Kakoulima Hills, 900 m., 28.ii.1998”. Holotype (male) in the private collection of Claudio Belcastro. Etymology: Named for the first author’s mother (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Guinea, Liberia (Lofa County). Specific localities: Guinea – Kakoulima Hills (TL); Fouta Djalon (Warren-Gash, 2020). Liberia – Wologizi Mountains (Safian et al., 2020). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris alluaudi Warren-Gash, 2020 Dja Dotted Border

Mylothris alluaudi Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 137 (214pp.).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Cameroon, Dja River, ix.2013”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Etymology: Named in memory of the great-uncle of the species’ author, Charles Alluaud, an eminent entomologist of his time. Distribution: Cameroon, Congo Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (north-west). Specific localities: Cameroon – Dja River (TL). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris schumanni Suffert, 1904 Round-wing Dotted Border

Mylothris schumanni Suffert, 1904. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 71 (12-107). Mylothris schumanni Suffert, 1904. Aurivillius, 1910: 33. Mylothris rhodoppe rhodope f. schumanni Suffert, 1904. Talbot, 1944: 15. Mylothris schumanni schumanni Suffert, 1904. Ackery et al., 1995: 224; Larsen, 2005a: 110. Mylothris schumanni Suffert, 1904. Warren-Gash, 2020: 138.

Mylothris schumanni schumanni. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 25 November 2017. J. Dobson.

41 Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Mylothris schumanni schumanni. Left – male upperside, Ghana. Right – female upperside, Ghana. Images courtesy Torben Larsen.

Type locality: Guinea: “Insel Konakry”. The female co-type has been designated as the lectotype (Larsen, 2005a). The male co-type appears to be a small specimen of M. rhodope (Larsen, 2005a). Diagnosis: The male has a more rounded forewing apex than the males of similar species (Larsen, 2005a). Distribution: Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), ?Gabon, ?Congo. Habitat: Lowland forest. Also in degraded habitats, as long as there is canopy cover (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: In West Africa it is commonest in Ghana and Nigeria (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Mylothris schumanni schumanni Suffert, 1904 Round-wing Dotted Border

Mylothris schumanni schumanni. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 25 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Mylothris schumanni schumanni. Left – male upperside, Ghana. Right – female upperside, Ghana. Images courtesy Torben Larsen.

Type locality: Guinea: “Insel Konakry”. The female co-type has been designated as the lectotype (Larsen, 2005a). The male co-type appears to be a small specimen of M. rhodope (Larsen, 2005a). Distribution: Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), ?Gabon, ?Congo. Specific localities: Guinea – Conakry (TL); Labe in the Fouta Djalon (Larsen, 2005a); Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Sierra Leone – Loma Mountains (Larsen, 2005a). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a). ?Gabon – Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Loa-Loa (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010); Camp PPG, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010).

Mylothris schumanni bioko Warren-Gash, 2020 Bioko Round-wing Dotted Border

Mylothris schumanni bioko Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 138 (214pp.).

Type locality: Equatorial Guinea: “S.C.Bioko, 5 km radius of Moka, 1500m”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (Bioko). Habitat: Flies at lower altitudes than the sympatric M. fernandina (Warren-Gash, 2020). Specific localities: Equatorial Guinea – (TL).

*Mylothris belcastroi Warren-Gash, 2020 Freetown Dotted Border

Mylothris belcastroi Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 139 (214pp.).

Type locality: Sierra Leone: “Sierra Leone, Freetown Peninsula, No. 2 River forest above 600 m. 13.iii.1997”. Holotype (female) in the private collection of Claudio Belcastro. Distribution: Sierra Leone. Specific localities: Sierra Leone – Freetown Peninsula (TL); Bumbuna (Warren-Gash, 2020); Guma (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habitat: Deep forest (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published.

43 Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris uniformis Talbot, 1944 Mabira Small Dotted Border

Mylothris rhodope uniformis Talbot, 1944. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 169 (155-186). Mylothris schumanni uniformis Talbot, 1944. Berger, 1981: 71 comb. nov.; Ackery et al., 1995: 224. Mylothris uniformis Talbot, 1944. Warren-Gash, 2020: 139. Stat. nov.

Mylothris uniformis. Male (Wingspan 43 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Mpanga Forest, Uganda. 10 June 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Mabiri Forest, Kyagive, Mulange”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (north Kivu, Ituri), Uganda, Kenya (west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Uganda – Mabira Forest (TL); Kyagive (Talbot, 1944); Mulange (Talbot, 1944); Mpanga Forest (Safian & Pyrcz, 2020). Kenya – Kisumu (Larsen, 1991c); Kitosh (Larsen, 1991c); Kakamega (Larsen, 1991c); Tiriki (Larsen, 1991c); Mt. Elgon (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Kigoma and adjoining areas of Mpanda (Kasoge Forest; Helembe; Luntampa (Kielland, 1990d; as M. asphodelus). A rare species in Tanzania (Kielland, 1990d; as M. asphodelus). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris bouyeri Warren-Gash, 2020 Mwinilunga Dotted Border

Mylothris bouyeri Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 140 (214pp.).

Type locality: Zambia: “N.W. Zambia, 48 miles S. Mwinilunga, 24.ii.1977”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Distribution: Angola, Zambia (north-west), Democratic Republic of Congo (south), Tanzania (south- west). Specific localities: Zambia – Mwinilunga (TL). Habitat: Dry Cryptosepalum forest at the type locality in Zambia (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published.

44 Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris mortoni Blachier, 1912 Abyssinian Dotted Border

Mylothris mortoni Blachier, 1912. Bulletin de la Société Lépidoptérologique de Genève 2: 173 (173-177). Mylothris mortoni Blachier, 1912. Talbot, 1944: 159; Ackery et al., 1995: 221. Mylothris mortoni Blachier, 1912. Warren-Gash, 2020: 141.

Mylothris mortoni. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Boter Becho, Ethiopia. 28 September 1997. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Kaffa, dans l’Abyssinie meridionale”. The types could not be located (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Ethiopia (south and west). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Kaffa (TL of mortoni); Alenga (TL of balkis). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

balkis Ungemach, 1932 (as ssp. of Mylothris mortoni). Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles (et Physiques) du Maroc 32: 23 (1-122). Ethiopia: “Alenga”. Paratype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. Treated as a valis ssp. by Talbot (1944: 159) and Ackery et al., 1995: 221. Synonymized with mortoni by Warren-Gash, 2020: 141.

continua Ungemach, 1932 (as female f. of Mylothris mortoni balkis). Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles (et Physiques) du Maroc 32: 23 (1-122). Ethiopia: “Alenga”.

*Mylothris hecqi Berger, 1952 Grey Dotted Border

Mylothrys [sic] sjoestedti hecqi Berger, 1952. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 46: 320 (319-322). Mylothris sjoestedti hecqui Berger, 1952. Berger, 1980: 70. [misspelling of spp. name]. Mylothris hecqi Berger, 1952. Ackery et al., 1995: 224. Mylothris hecqi Berger, 1952. Warren-Gash, 2020: 142. Stat. nov.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kibali-Ituri, Km. 132 de la route Beni-Irumu”. Holotype and allotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium (spelt as hecqi). Diagnosis:

45 Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east – Ituri, Kivu), Uganda (west – Kigezi district), Burundi, Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Km 132 on Beni-Irumu route (TL); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Tanzania – Kere Hill, Minziro Forest (rare) (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

umbratica Talbot, 1932 (as female f. of Mylothris poppea continua). Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 4: 288 (288-289). Democratic Republic of Congo: “N.E. Congo, West Semliki Valley, 3500 ft”.

*Mylothris latimargo Joicey & Talbot, 1921 Toothed Dotted Border

Mylothris latimargo Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 45 (40-166). Mylothris yulei latimargo Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Talbot, 1944: 159; Ackery et al., 1995: 225; Larsen, 1996: 151. Mylothris latimargo Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Warren-Gash, 2020: 143. Stat. res.

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Kavirondo, E. Africa”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Ethiopia, Kenya. Specific localities: Kenya – Kavirondo (TL). Habitat: Semi-montane habitats (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Mylothris latimargo latimargo Joicey & Talbot, 1921 Toothed Dotted Border

Mylothris latimargo Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 45 (40-166). Mylothris yulei latimargo Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Talbot, 1944: 159; Ackery et al., 1995: 225; Larsen, 1996: 151. Mylothris latimargo latimargo Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Warren-Gash, 2020: 143. Stat. res.

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Kavirondo, E. Africa”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Kenya (west of the Rift Valley). Specific localities: Kenya – Kavirondo (TL).

Mylothris latimargo amhara Ungemach, 1932 EthiopiaToothed Dotted Border

Mylothris latimargo amhara Ungemach, 1932. Mémoires de la Société des Sciences Naturelles (et Physiques) du Maroc 32: 25 (1-122). Mylothris yulei amhara Ungemach, 1932. Talbot, 1944: 159; Ackery et al., 1995: 225. Mylothris latimargo amhara Ungemach, 1932. Warren-Gash, 2020: 143. Stat. res.

Type locality: Ethiopia: “Alenga”. Holotype in MNHN, Paris. Paratype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. 46 Distribution: Ethiopia (south and Hararge Mountains in the north). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Alenga (TL).

*Mylothris bansoana Talbot, 1944 Plain Dotted Border

Mylothris yulei bansoana Talbot, 1944. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 168 (155-186). Mylothris yulei bansoana Talbot, 1944. Ackery et al., 1995: 225; Larsen, 2005: 111. Mylothris bansoana Talbot, 1944. Warren-Gash, 2020: 144. Stat. nov.

Type locality: [Cameroon]: “near Banso, western Cameroons, 3000 feet”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon (west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Obudu Plateau (Larsen, 2005a); Mambilla Plateau (Larsen, 2005a); Gashaka-Gumpti (TL of eximia); Kafanchan (Warren-Gash, 2020). Cameroon – Banso Mountains (TL). Habitat: Submontane country (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

eximia Hecq, 2005 (as species of Mylothris). Lambillionea 105 (1): 131 (129-131). Type locality: Nigeria: Gahaka [sic]-Gumpti. Described from two males. Synonymised with M. bansoana by Warren- Gash, 2020: 144. Syn. nov.

*Mylothris zairiensis Berger, 1981 Zaire Dotted Border

Mylothris schumanni zairiensis Berger, 1981. Les Papillons du Zaire 71 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Mylothris schumanni zairiensis Berger, 1981. Ackery et al., 1995: 224. Mylothris zairiensis Berger, 1981. Warren-Gash, 2020: 145. Stat. nov.

Mylothris zairiensis vanessae. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nyankunde, Ituri, 1 25 N, 30 02 E, Democratic Republic of Congo. 5 June 2016. T. Desloges. Images courtesy T. Desloges.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Sankuru, Katako-Kombe”. Holotype and allotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium (spelt as zairensis). Not located in the MRAC by Warren-Gash (2020: 145). Distribution: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo. Habitat: Nothing published.

47 Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Mylothris zairiensis zairensis Berger, 1981 Zaire Dotted Border

immaculata Berger, 1981 (as female f. of Mylothris schumanni). Les Papillons du Zaire 71 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Democratic Republic of Congo: “Uele: Isoro”. Holotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.

Mylothris zairiensis vanessae Warren-Gash, 2020 Eastern Zaire Dotted Border

Mylothris zairiensis vanessae Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 145 (214pp.).

Mylothris zairiensis vanessae. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nyankunde, Ituri, 1 25 N, 30 02 E, Democratic Republic of Congo. 5 June 2016. T. Desloges. Images courtesy T. Desloges.

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “DRC: N. Kivu, Masasa, ix.2016”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Etymology: Named for Vanessa, daughter of Warren-Gash. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu, Ituri). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Masasa (TL). Habitat: Submontane and montane forest (Warren-Gash, 2020).

*Mylothris rhodope (Fabricius, 1775)

48 Common Dotted Border

Papilio rhodope Fabricius, 1775. Systema Entomologiae 473 (832 pp.). Flensburgi & Lipsiae. Papilio rhodope Fabricius, 1775. Talbot, 1844: 180; Ackery et al., 1995: 222. Papilio rhodope Fabricius, 1775. Warren-Gash, 2020: 147.

Mylothris rhodope. Male (Wingspan 50 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Aburi Botanical Gardens, Ghana. 28 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Mylothris rhodope. Female (Wingspan 52 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Aburi Botanical Gardens, Ghana. 28 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Common name: Common Dotted Border – previously used for Mylothris agathina, now known as the Eastern Dotted Border. Type locality: [Sierra Leone]: “Sierra Leon Africae”. Syntype (female) in the Banks Collection (NHM, London) (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin (south, central), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Mbini and Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Angola, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda (west), Tanzania (north-west), Zambia (extreme north-west). Recorded from Senegal, in error (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Guinea – Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Benin – Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016); see Coache et al., 2017. Cameroon – Buea (Strand, 1912); Bakossu (Strand, 1912); Ekona (Strand, 1912); Bibundi (Strand, 1913); Mokundange (Strand, 1913); Assoko (Strand, 1913); Simekoa-Jaunde (Strand, 1913); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Nyonie (Vande weghe, 2010); Mondah (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Ekouyi, Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998).

49 Democratic Republic of Congo – Ogové River (Holland, 1920); Kakunda (Berger, 1981); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015). Tanzania – Kemfu Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Kasye Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Mihumu Forest, all in the Kigoma District (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002). Habitat: Lowland forest. It can cope with considerable degradation of its forest habitat (Larsen, 2005a). In Tanzania at altitudes from 780 to 950 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: A common forest butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). Males mud-puddle on the banks of forest streams. Females fly low down in shady places in the forest (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages:

Safian, 2020 [early stages and life history; Liberia].

Larval food: “Loranthus” (Santalales) (growing on Citrus species) [Ackery et al., 1995; Larsen, 2005a (Kumasi, Ghana)].

eudoxia Boisduval, 1836 (as sp. of Pieris). In: [Roret, Suites à Buffon] Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Species général des Lépidopteres 1: 510 (690 pp.). Paris. “Côte de Guinée”.

hintzi Strand, 1912 (as ab. of Mylothris spica). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 78 (A.2.): 139 (136-141). Cameroon: “Bakossu; Ekona”.

spicana Strand, 1913 (as f. of Mylothris spica). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.2.): 12 (10-26). Cameroon: “Kamerun, Bibundi”.

spicatana Strand, 1913 (as f. of Mylothris spica). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.2.): 12 (10-26). Cameroon: “Kamerun, Mokundange”.

spicatella Strand, 1913 (as f. of Mylothris spica). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.2.): 13 (10-26). Cameroon: “Kamerun, Assoko, Simekoa-Jaunde”.

donovani Holland, 1920 (as f. of Mylothris spica). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 43: 236 (109-369). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Ogové River”.

lutea Berger, 1981 (as female f. of Mylothris rhodope). Les Papillons du Zaire 74 (543 pp.) Bruxelles. Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kivu: Kakunda, forêt à l’Ouest de Mwenda”. Holotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.

*Mylothris wahlbergi Warren-Gash, 2020 Enigmatic Dotted Border

Mylothris wahlbergi Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 148 (214pp.).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “DRC, N. Kivu, Kasugho, 2000 m., iii.2017”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Etymology: Named for Niklas Wahlberg of Lund University for his part in the molecular examination of the generic revision of Mylothris. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kasugho-Lubero area in the Mitumba Mountains, North Kivu). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – (TL). Habitat: Montane forest at about 2000 m (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published.

50 Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris ochracea Aurivillius, 1895 Ochreous Dotted Border

Mylothris ochracea Aurivillius, 1895. Entomologisk Tidskrift 16: 259 (195-220, 255-268). Mylothris ochracea Aurivillius, 1895. Aurivillius, 1910: 34; Talbot, 1944: 157; Ackery et al., 1995: 221; d’Abrera, 1997: 114. Mylothris ochracea Aurivillius, 1895. Warren-Gash, 2020: 54.

Mylothris ochracea. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 25 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Mylothris ochracea. Female upperside, Cameroon. Image courtesy Torben Larsen.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Itoka Na N’Golo [today part of Korup Sanctuary]”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (NHRS) (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/o). Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic. Recorded, probably in error, from Democratic Republic of Congo and Uganda by Ackery et al., 1995 (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Nigeria – Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Itoka Na N’Golo (TL); 600 m below Toko, Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Equatorial Guinea – Banapa, Bioko (Martin, 2015). Gabon – Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Bitam (Vande weghe, 2010). Habitat: Primary forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food:

51 “Loranthus” (Santalales) [Ackery et al., 1995; Western-central Africa].

*Mylothris solilucis Schultze, 1914 Large Sulphur Dotted Border

Mylothris solilucis Schultze, 1914. Entomologische Rundschau 31: 70 (70). Mylothris sulphurea sulphurea f. solilucis Schultze, 1914. Talbot, 1944: 158. Synonym of Mylothris sulphurea Aurivillius, 1895. Ackery et al., 1995: 224. Synonym of Mylothris flaviana Grose-Smith, 1898. D’Abrera, 1997: 118. Mylothris solilucis Schultze, 1914. Warren-Gash, 2020: 54. Stat. res.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Man [= Maan], Süd-Kamerun”. Holotype in ZMUH, Hamburg was destroyed during World War II (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon. Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Mylothris solilucis solilucis Schultze, 1914 Large Sulphur Dotted Border

Type locality: Cameroon: “Man [= Maan], Süd-Kamerun”. Holotype in ZMUH, Hamburg was destroyed during World War II (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Cameroon (central and south), Gabon. Specific localities: Cameroon – Maan (TL).

subornata Schultze, 1914 (as var. of Mylothris solilucis). Entomologische Rundschau 31: 70 (70). Synonymised with M. solilucis by Warren-Gash, 2020: 54.

Mylothris solilucis liberti Warren-Gash, 2020 Northern Large Sulphur Dotted Border

Mylothris solilucis liberti Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 55 (214pp.).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Cameroun: Nyasoso, 900-1000 m., vii.3.1995”. Holotype (male) in private collection of Michel Libert. Distribution: Nigeria (eastern highlands), Cameroon (western highlands). Specific localities: Cameroon – Nyasoso (TL). Habitat: Montane areas (Warren-Gash, 2020).

*Mylothris flaviana Grose-Smith, 1898

52 Yellow Dotted Border

Mylothris flaviana Grose-Smith, 1898. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 1: 246 (245-246). Mylothris flaviana Grose-Smith, 1898. Aurivillius, 1910: 34. Mylothris sulphurea sulphurea f. flaviana Grose-Smith, 1898. Talbot, 1944: 158. Mylothris flaviana Grose-Smith, 1898. Ackery et al., 1995: 220. Mylothris flaviana Grose-Smith, 1898. Warren-Gash, 2020: 55.

Mylothris flaviana. Left – male upperside, Cameroon. Right – female upperside, Cameroon. Images courtesy Torben Larsen.

Type locality: Cameroon: “Cameroons”. Syntype (male) in HNM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Cameroon (coastal forests), Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo (north-west – Ubangi). Specific localities: Cameroon – Korup (Larsen, 2005a); Rumpi Hills (T. Helps, vide (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Submontane forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris interposita Joicey & Talbot, 1921 Kivu Orange-cast Dotted Border

Mylothris interposita Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 44 (40-166). Mylothris flaviana interposita Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Berger, 1981: 67; Ackery et al., 1995: 220 Mylothris interposita Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Warren-Gash, 2020: 56. Stat. res.

Mylothris interposita interposita. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Near Mbogi, Ituri. 1 42 N, 30 07 E, Democratic Republic of Congo. 10 June 2017. T. Desloges. Images courtesy T. Desloges.

53 Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Bafwasende”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Uganda. Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Mylothris interposita interposita Joicey & Talbot, 1921 Kivu Orange-cast Dotted Border

Mylothris interposita Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 44 (40-166). Mylothris flaviana interposita Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Berger, 1981: 67; Ackery et al., 1995: 220 Mylothris interposita interposita Joicey & Talbot, 1921. Warren-Gash, 2020: 56. Stat. res.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Bafwasende”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (north-east; ?Ubangi, Mongala, Uele, Tshopo). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Kisangani (Warren-Gash, 2020. Habitat: Lowland forest (Warren-Gash, 2020).

Mylothris interposita mafuga Berger, 1981 Yellow Kivu Orange-cast Dotted Border

Mylothris mafuga Berger, 1981. Les Papillons du Zaire 66 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Mylothris mafuga Berger, 1981. Ackery et al., 1995: 221; d’Abrera, 1997: 11. Mylothris interposita mafuga Berger, 1981. Warren-Gash, 2020: 57. Stat. nov.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kivu, Km 125, route de Bukavu-Shabundo”. Holotype (male) and allotype (female) in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu), Rwanda, Uganda (south-west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Bukavu-Shabundo, east Kivu (TL); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Bwindi Forest (Davenport, 2002); Mafuga (Davenport, 2002). Habitat: Forest and forest margins (Davenport, 2002).

Mylothris interposita celisi Berger, 1981 Orange-cast Dotted Border

Mylothris celisi Berger, 1981. Les Papillons du Zaire 67 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Mylothris celisi Berger, 1981. Ackery et al., 1995: 218. Mylothris interposita celisi Berger, 1981. Warren-Gash, 2020: 57. Stat. nov.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kivu-Nord: Lubero-Mulo”. Holotype (male) and allotype (female) in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Mitumba Mountains). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Lubero-Mulo, North Kivu (TL). Habitat: Montane forest (Warren-Gash, 2020).

*Mylothris marginea Joicey & Talbot, 1925 Orange Dotted Border

Mylothris croceus f. marginea Joicey & Talbot, 1925. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (9) 16: 644 (633-653). Mylothris croceus f. marginea Joicey & Talbot, 1925. Talbot, 1944: 156. Mylothris marginea Joicey & Talbot, 1925. Jackson, 1956: 64; Berger, 1981: 67. Mylothris marginea Joicey & Talbot, 1925. Warren-Gash, 2020: 58. Stat. nov.

Mylothris marginea. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kasugho, North Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo. 22 February 2017. R. Ducarme. Images courtesy T. Desloges.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “W. and N.W. Kivu, Masisi, 5000 ft”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Masisi (TL); Kamuhima (TL of alberici); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018; for alberici); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018; for alberici). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

alberici Dufrane, 1940 (as sp. of Mylothris). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 80: 129 (129-134). Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kamuhima, vers 1800 m. d’altitude”. Given as a valid species by Ackery et al., 1995: 217. Synonymized with M. marginea by Warren-Gash, 2020: 58. Syn. nov.

55 *Mylothris schoutedeni Berger, 1952 Amber Dotted Border

Mylothris schoutedeni Berger, 1952. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 46: 319 (319-322). Mylothris schoutedeni Berger, 1952. Berger, 1981: 67; Ackery et al., 1995: 224; d’Abrera, 1997: 118. Mylothris schoutedeni Berger, 1952. Warren-Gash, 2020: 59.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kivu, Kahusha”. Holotype (male) and allotype (female) in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (South Kivu), Burundi, Uganda (south-west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kahusha, Kivu (TL). Habitat: Forest (Davenport, 2002). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris holochroma Talbot, 1944 Lurid Dotted Border

Mylothris citrina holochroma Talbot, 1944. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 167 (155-186). Mylothris citrina holochroma Talbot, 1944. Berger, 1981: 66; Ackery et al., 1995: 219; d’Abrera, 1997: 112. Mylothris holochroma Talbot, 1944. Warren-Gash, 2020: 60. Stat. nov.

Type locality: [Rwanda]: “Belgian Congo, Kisenyi [Gisenyi]”. Holotype (male) in the NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (northern shores of Lake Kivu), Rwanda, Uganda (south- west and east). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Goma (Warren-Gash, 2020). Rwanda – Gisenyi (TL). Uganda – Mawakota (TL of orientalis); western slopes of Mount Elgon (Warren-Gash, 2020); Kayonza (Warren-Gash, 2020); Itwara Forest near Kyenjojo (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

orientalis Talbot, 1946 (as ssp. of Mylothris citrina). Entomologist 79: 33 (33). Type locality: Uganda: “Mawakota”. Given as a valid species by Ackery et al., 1995: 219 and d’Abrera, 1997: 112. Synonymized with M. holochroma by Warren-Gash, 2020: 60. Syn. nov.

*Mylothris sulphurea Aurivillius, 1895 Variable Dotted Border

Mylothris sulphurea Aurivillius, 1895. Entomologisk Tidskrift 16: 259 (195-220, 255-268). Mylothris sulphurea Aurivillius, 1895. Aurivillius, 1910: 33; Talbot, 1944: 158; Berger, 1981: 67; Ackery et al., 1995: 224; d’Abrera, 1997: 114; Larsen, 2005a: 106. Mylothris sulphurea Aurivillius, 1895. Warren-Gash, 2020: 61.

Mylothris sulphurea. Left – male upperside, Cameroon. Right – male underside, Cameroon. Images courtesy Torben Larsen.

Mylothris sulphurea. Female upperside, Cameroon. Image courtesy Torben Larsen.

Type locality: [Cameroon]: “Ekundu, N’Dian”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (NHRS) (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/s). Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo. Habitat: Dense forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Like those of M. dimidiata (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: “Loranthus” (Santalales) [Ackery et al., 1995].

Mylothris sulphurea sulphurea Aurivillius, 1895 Variable Dotted Border

Mylothris sulphurea. Left – male upperside, Cameroon. Right – male underside, Cameroon. Images courtesy Torben Larsen.

Mylothris sulphurea. Female upperside, Cameroon. Image courtesy Torben Larsen.

Type locality: [Cameroon]: “Ekundu, N’Dian”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (NHRS) (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/s). Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon (west). Specific localities: Nigeria – Cross River Loop (Larsen, 2005a); Kanyang Village in Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a); Gashaka-Gumpti (R. Warren, vide Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Ekundu, Korup (TL).

flavia Grose-Smith & Kirby, 1900 (as sp. of Mylothris). Ref.? Given as a synonym of M. sulphurea by Larsen (2005a: 107) but status not formally changed.

beethoveni Suffert, 1904 (as sp. of Mylothris). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 70 (12- 107). Cameroon: “Camerun Hinterland”. Formally synonymized with M. sulphurea by Larsen (2005a: 107).

caspi Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Mylothris spica). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 72 (12- 107). Cameroon: “Camerun”; Togo”. Synonymised with M. sulphurea by Warren-Gash, 2020: 61. Syn. nov.

semiflava Schultze, 1914 (as sp. of Mylothris). Entomologische Rundschau 31: 13 (13-14). Cameroon: “Randgebirge, Süd-Kameruns”. Larsen (2005a: 107) states that this taxon is possibly an eastern subspecies of M. sulphurea but is more likely to be a distinct species. He does not, however, formally change its status.

Mylothris sulphurea basalis Aurivillius, 1907 Eastern Variable Dotted Border

58 Mylothris basalis Aurivillius, 1907. Archiv för Zoologi 3 (19): 5 (7 pp.). Mylothris sulphurea basalis Aurivillius, 1907. Talbot, 1944: 158. Mylothris basalis Aurivillius, 1907. Berger, 1981: 67; Ackery et al., 1995: 218; d’Abrera, 1997: 114. Mylothris sulphurea basalis Aurivillius, 1907. Warren-Gash, 2020: 62. Comb. nov.

Mylothris sulphurea basalis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 25 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Congogebiet”. Syntypes in the Swedish Natural History Museum (NHRS) (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/b) and MNHN. Distribution: Cameroon (south and east), Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo (central and north-east). Specific localities: Gabon – Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018).

*Mylothris aurantiaca Rebel, 1914 Scarce Dotted Border

Mylothris flaviana var. aurantiaca Rebel, 1914. Annalen des (K.K.) Naturhistorischen Museums. Wien 28: 225 (219-294). Mylothris sulphurea sulphurea f. aurantiaca Rebel, 1914. Talbot, 1944: 158. Synonym of Mylothris sulphurea Aurivillius, 1895. Ackery et al., 1995: 225. Mylothris aurantiaca Rebel, 1914. Warren-Gash, 2020: 63. Stat. nov.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Urwalde von Beni”. Syntype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Beni (TL). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Both subspecies are scarce (Warren-Gash, 2020). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Mylothris aurantiaca aurantiaca Rebel, 1914 Scarce Dotted Border

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Urwalde von Beni”. Syntype (male) in NHM,

59 London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (north-east). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Beni (TL); Ituri (Warren-Gash, 2020); Monts Bleus foothills (Warren-Gash, 2020); Kisangani (Warren-Gash, 2020).

Mylothris aurantiaca bugishu Warren-Gash, 2020 Southern Scarce Dotted Border

Mylothris aurantiaca bugishu Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 63 (214pp.).

Type locality: Uganda: “Uganda,” Bugishu, 5000ft. xvi.8.1921” Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu), Uganda. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Goma (Warren-Gash, 2020); Mount Mitumba (Warren-Gash, 2020). Uganda – Bugishu on the western slopes of Mount Elgon (according to Warren-Gash (2020) these forests have now been destroyed (TL); Kayonza Forest (Warren-Gash, 2020).

pallescens Talbot, 1944 (as f. of Mylothris sulphurea basalis). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 167 (155-186). Ivory Coast: “Patokla”. Larsen (2005a) avers that this taxon appears to be an aberration of M. dimidiata. Warren-Gash, 2020: 63 places it under M. aurantiaca bugishu Warren-Gash, 2020.

*Mylothris carvalhoi Mendes & Bivar de Sousa, 2009 Angolan Dotted Border

Mylothris carvalhoi Mendes & Bivar de Sousa, 2009. Bollettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana 141: 55 (55-58). Mylothris carvalhoi Mendes & Bivar de Sousa, 2009. Warren-Gash, 2020: 64.

Type locality: [Angola]: “Uige Province: Inga, Vale do Loge, ?/IX/1964, coll. A. Bivar de Sousa”. The types are in the Instituto de Investigação Científica Tropical, in Lisbon. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola (Uige Province). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Lukolela [-1.07, 17.16] (Warren-Gash, 2020); Kinshasa area (Warren- Gash, 2020); mouth of the Congo River (Warren-Gash, 2020). Angola – Inga, Loge River valley [07 23S 14 22E] (TL); Ndalla Tando [Ndalatando] (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habitat: Gallery forest. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris mavunda Hancock & Heath, 1985 Sand Dotted Border

Mylothris mavunda Hancock & Heath, 1985. Arnoldia. Zimbabwe 9: 232 (231-237). Mylothris mavunda Hancock & Heath, 1985. Ackery et al., 1995: 221; d’Abrera, 1997: 114. Mylothris mavunda Hancock & Heath, 1985. Warren-Gash, 2020: 65.

Mylothris mavunda. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chiwoma Forest, north-west Zambia. 16 April 2004. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Mylothris mavunda. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Chiwoma Forest, north-west Zambia. 16 April 2004. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: Zambia: “80 km south of Mwinilunga”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren- Gash, 2020). Distribution: Zambia (north-west), Angola (Mendes et al., 2018). Specific localities: Zambia – 80-100 km south of Mwinilunga (TL) (Heath et al., 2002); Chiwoma (male and female illustrated above). Habitat: Cryptosepalum forest. Habits: Nothing published. Flight period: Recorded in March, April, May, November and December. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris citrina Aurivillius, 1898 Orange-based Dotted Border

Mylothris citrina Aurivillius, 1898. Entomologisk Tidskrift 19: 182 (177-186). Mylothris citrina Aurivillius, 1898. Aurivillius, 1910: 34. Mylothris citrina citrina Aurivillius, 1898. Talbot, 1944: 157; Kielland, 1990: 66; Ackery et al., 1995: 221; d’Abrera, 1997: 112. Mylothris citrina Aurivillius, 1898. Warren-Gash, 2020: 65.

Type locality: [Tanzania]: “Deutsch Ost-Afrika, Bagamayo”. Syntypes, originally in the Staudinger collection, could not be traced by Warren-Gash (2020: 65). Distribution: Tanzania (north-east). Recorded, in error, from Kenya by Talbot, 1944 and d’Abrera, 1980 (Larsen, 1991c). Specific localities: Tanzania – Bagamayo (TL); Dar es Salaam (Kielland, 1990d); Mwanihana Forest near Ifakara 61 (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Forest. In Tanzania at altitudes of 800 to 1 200 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Generally this is a rare species (Larsen, 1991c). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris dimidiata Aurivillius, 1898 Western Sulphur Dotted Border

Mylothris dimidiata Aurivillius, 1898. Entomologisk Tidskrift 19: 182 (177-186). Mylothris dimidiata Aurivillius, 1898. Aurivillius, 1910: 33. Mylothris sulphurea primulina f. dimidiata Aurivillius, 1898. Talbot, 1944: 158. Synonym of Mylothris sulphurea Aurivillius, 1895. Ackery et al., 1995. Mylothris dimidiata Aurivillius, 1898. Larsen, 2005a: 107. Mylothris dimidiata Aurivillius, 1898. Warren-Gash, 2020: 66.

Mylothris dimidiata. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Banco Forest, Abidjan, Ivory Coast. 9 October 1997. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Mylothris dimidiata. Female, Guinea, upperside. Image courtesy Torben Larsen.

Type locality: [Sierra Leone]: “Sierra Leona”. Allotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. Syntype (male) in MfN (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana (west). Specific localities: Guinea – Fouta Djalon (Larsen, 2005a); Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020); Wonegizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ivory Coast – Patokla (Talbot, 1944). Habitat: Dense forest of good quality (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Localized but may be common where found (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published. 62

*Mylothris primulina Butler, 1897 Primrose Dotted Border

Mylothris primulina Butler, 1897. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (6) 19: 627 (627). Mylothris primulina Butler, 1897. Aurivillius, 1910: 33. Mylothris sulphurea primulina Butler, 1897. Talbot, 1944: 158. Synonym of Mylothris sulphurea Aurivillius, 1895. Ackery et al., 1995; 224. Mylothris primulina Butler, 1897. Larsen, 2005a: 107. Mylothris primulina Butler, 1897. Warren-Gash, 2020: 67.

Mylothris primulina. Male holotype, Nigeria. Left – upperside; right – underside. Images courtesy Torben Larsen

Type locality: [Nigeria]: “Ondo Country, Lagos”. Syntypes in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). The female is unknown (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Nigeria (coastal forests in centre and west). Records from west of the Dahomey Gap are erroneous (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Nigeria – Ondo Country, Lagos (TL); Okomu Forest (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habitat: Coastal forest (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: This appears to be a rare dotted border (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris asphodelus Butler, 1888 Forest-path Dotted Border

Mylothris asphodelus Butler, 1888. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1887: 572 (567-574). Mylothris asphodelus Butler, 1888. Aurivillius, 1910: 33. Mylothris poppea hilara f. asphodelus Butler, 1888. Talbot, 1944: 158. Mylothris asphodelus Butler, 1888. Berger, 1981: 67; Kielland, 1990: 65; Ackery et al., 1995: 218; d’Abrera, 1997: 116. Mylothris asphodelus Butler, 1898. Warren-Gash, 2020: 68. [date of description incorrect]

Mylothris asphodelus halecarpenteri. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mpanga Forest, Uganda. 11 June 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Cameroon]: “Rio de Rey”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Allotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, Uganda, Tanzania. Habitat: Lowland forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habits: Both sexes are usually found in the denser parts of the forest, males flying along paths (Congdon & Collins, 1998). The flight is much weaker than that of the similar M. hilara (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Agelanthus krausei (Engl.) Polhill & Wiens (Loranthaceae) [Congdon & Collins, 1998: 30; Tanzania].

Mylothris asphodelus asphodelus Butler, 1888 Forest-path Dotted Border

Mylothris asphodelus Butler, 1888. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1887: 572 (567-574). Mylothris asphodelus Butler, 1888. Aurivillius, 1910: 33. Mylothris poppea hilara f. asphodelus Butler, 1888. Talbot, 1944: 158. Mylothris asphodelus Butler, 1888. Berger, 1981: 67; Kielland, 1990: 65; Ackery et al., 1995: 218; d’Abrera, 1997: 116. Mylothris asphodelus asphodelus Butler, 1898. Warren-Gash, 2020: 68. [date of description incorrect]

Type locality: [Cameroon]: “Rio de Rey”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Allotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Nigeria (east), Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola. Specific localities: Nigeria – Okwangwo (Larsen, 2005a); Oban Hills, Cross River Loop (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Rio de Rey (TL); Korup (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Lope (Vande weghe, 2010); Kongou (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010); Tchimbele (Vande weghe, 2010); Rabi (Vande weghe, 2010); Akaka (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018).

Mylothris asphodelus halecarpenteri Warren-Gash, 2020 Eastern Forest-path Dotted Border

Mylothris asphodelus halecarpenteri Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 68 (214pp.).

Mylothris asphodelus halecarpenteri. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mpanga Forest, Uganda. 11 June 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Tanzania, Bukoba, Minziro Forest viii.1997”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Uganda (central, west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Uganda – Mpanga Forest (Safian & Pyrcz, 2020); Budongo Forest (Warren-Gash, 2020). Tanzania – Minziro Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Munene Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998).

*Mylothris atewa Berger, 1980 Ghana Dotted Border

Mylothris atewa Berger, 1980. Lambillionea 79: 75 (75-76). Mylothris atewa Berger, 1980. Ackery et al., 1995: 218; d’Abrera, 1997: 114; Larsen, 2005a: 111. Mylothris atewa Berger, 1980. Warren-Gash, 2020: 69.

Mylothria atewa. Left – male upperside, Ghana. Left – male underside, Ghana. Images courtesy Torben Larsen.

Mylothris atewa. Left – female upperside, Ghana. Right – female underside, Ghana. Images courtesy Torben Larsen.

Type locality: Ghana: “Kibi”. Holotype and allotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Ghana. Specific localities: Ghana – Kibi (TL); endemic to the Atewa Range near Kibi, between Accra and Kumasi (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Upland evergreen forest (Larsen, 2005a).

65 Habits: A reasonably common species. Males mud-puddle, but only rarely (Larsen, 2005a). Flies high in the canopy (Warren-Gash, 2020). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris somereni Talbot, 1946 Elgon Dotted Border

Mylothris rhodope somereni Talbot, 1946. Entomologist 79: 33 (33). Mylothris nubila somereni Talbot, 1946. Ackery et al., 1995: 221; d’Abrera, 1997: 118. Mylothris somereni Talbot, 1946. Warren-Gash, 2020: 69. Stat. nov.

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Mount Elgon, western side”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren- Gash, 2020). Distribution: Uganda (western slopes of Mt Elgon). Specific localities: Uganda – Mount Elgon (TL); Masaka (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris canescens Joicey & Talbot, 1922 Black-dusted Dotted Border

Mylothris canescens Joicey & Talbot, 1922. Bulletin of the Hill Museum, Witley 1: 339 (339-342). Mylothris nubila canescens Joicey & Talbot, 1922. Talbot, 1944: 159; Berger, 1981: 70; Ackery et al., 1995: 221d’Abrera, 1997: 118. Mylothris canescens Joicey & Talbot, 1922. Warren-Gash, 2020: 70. Stat. res.

Mylothris canescens. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nebobongo, Haut-Uele, 2 27 N, 27 37 E, Democratic Republic of Congo. 24 July 2016. T. Desloges. Images courtesy T. Desloges.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Osa-Lowa Watershed, Eastern Congo”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (north – Ubangi, Mongala, Uele, Ituri, north Kivu, Tshopo). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Osa-Lowa Watershed (TL); Stanleyville (Hulstaert, 1924); Butembo (Berger, 1954); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published.

66 Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

pernaria Hulstaert, 1924 (as sp. of Mylothris). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 12: 91 (90- 99). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Stanleyville”. Holotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.

nivescens Berger, 1954 (as male f. of Mylothris nubila canescens). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 50: 344 (342-344). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kivu, Butembo”. Holotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.

*Mylothris fontainei Berger, 1952 Lusambo Dotted Border

Mylothris nubila fontainei Berger, 1952. Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 46: 321 (319-322). Mylothris nubila fontainei Berger, 1952. Berger, 1981: 70; Ackery et al., 1995: 221. Mylothris fontainei Berger, 1952. Warren-Gash, 2020: 70. Stat. nov.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Sankuru, Lusambo, Km. 50 de la route de Batempa”. Holotype (male) and allotype (female) in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Sankuru). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Lusambo, Sankuru (TL); Kendue (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris bernice (Hewitson, [1866]) Marsh Dotted Border

Pieris bernice Hewitson, [1866] in Hewitson, [1862-6]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies 3: 9 (124 pp.). London. Mylothris bernice (Hewitson, [1866]). Aurivillius, 1910: 35. Mylothris bernice bernice (Hewitson, [1866]). Talbot, 1944: 160; Ackery et al., 1995: 218; d’Abrera, 1997: 120. Mylothris bernice (Hewitson, [1866]). Warren-Gash, 2020: 72.

Type locality: [Gabon]: “Gaboon”. Syntype in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana. Habitat: Marshes and swamps. Papyrus swamps for ssp. rubricosta (Pringle et al., 1994). In Tanzania subspecies mackenziana occurs at altitudes from 1 300 to 1 800 m; ssp. nigrovenosa is found at altitudes from 800 to 1 700 m and ssp. rubricosta from 400 to 900 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Localized but common where it occurs (Larsen, 1991c). Flies weakly, and low down, in its swampy habitat, often using the flowers of the larval host-plant as a source of nectar (Larsen, 1991c). Flight period: August to March (Pinhey, vide Pringle et al., 1994).

Early stages:

Braby, 2005 [material ex Congdon & Bampton, April 2002; Irundi Hill, Mufindi, Tanzania] Final instar larva: Head capsule dark brown, with numerous white setae; body pale brown, with broad dark brown mid-dorsal band and broader dark brown lateral band edged ventrally by a white lateral line; entire surface densely covered with small white protuberances (sockets) from which arise long white setae (up to 1 mm long); size 25 mm long. Pupa: Pale pinkish brown, with obscure darker brown patches on wings and ventral surface of abdomen, and numerous small white protuberances on abdomen; head with prominent anterior projection and pair of small

67 rounded subdorsal projections; anterior projection straight, stout, rounded at apex and covered with many small obscure protuberances; prothorax with small, rounded dorsal ridge; mesothorax with pronounced dorsal ridge subdivided into two prominent, blunt, partially divided dark brown projections and third less conspicuous dark brown projection posteriorly; lateral, rounded protuberance on wing-case and lateral ridge (also on wing-case), which extends posteriorly to mesothorax; metathorax with inconspicuous narrow dorsal ridge; abdominal segments 1-8 each with short, blunt dorsal projection at anterior end of segment, those on segments 5-8 tipped dark brown; abdominal segment 1 with small dorsolateral protuberance; abdominal segments 2 and 3 each with pair of blunt dorsolateral projections, with anterior projection black; abdominal segment 4 with single dorsolateral projection anteriorly; abdominal segment 7 with inconspicuous lateral protuberance posteriorly; anal segment relatively broad and flattened, with cremastral hooks on upper and undersides near apex; spiracles dark brown; size 20 mm long; attached to silken pad by central girdle, which passes over abdominal segment 1, and the cremaster.

Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].

Larval food: Persicaria attenuata (R.Br.) Soják subsp. pulchra (Blume) K.L.Wilson (Polygonaceae) [Kielland, 1990; as Polygonum pulchrum; Tanzania; for ssp. mackenziana]. Persicaria barbata (L.) H.Hara (Polygonaceae) (= setosulum A.Richard) [Van Someren, 1974: 317; as Polygonum barbatum var. fischeri; Sevastopulo, 1975 (Kenya); for ssp. mackenziana]. Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delabre (Polygonaceae) [Congdon et al., 2017; for ssp. mackenziana].

Mylothris bernice bernice (Hewitson, [1866]) Marsh Dotted Border

Type locality: [Gabon]: “Gaboon”. Syntype in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo (west, central). Cameroon – Sassu (for f. pallescens). Democratic Republic of Congo – Lisala, Mongala (TL of albescens).

pallescens Gaede, 1916 (as female f. of Mylothris bernice). Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 9: 105 (105-106, 109-112, 125-126). Cameroon: “Sassu, Kamerun”.

albescens Berger, 1981 (as ssp. of Mylothris bernice). Les Papillons du Zaire 72 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Mongala: Lisala”. Holotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. Listed as Mylothris bernice albescens Berger, 1981 by Ackery et al., 1995. Synonymized with Mylothris bernice bernice by Warren-Gash, 2020: 72. Syn. nov.

Mylothris bernice nigrovenosa Berger, 1981 Eastern Marsh Dotted Border

Mylothris bernice nigrovenosa Berger, 1981. Les Papillons du Zaire 72 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Mylothris bernice nigrovenosa Berger, 1981. Ackery et al., 1995: 222. Mylothris bernice nigrovenosa Berger, 1981. Warren-Gash, 2020: 72.

Mylothris bernice nigrovenosa. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Near Mufindi, Tanzania. 4 April 1995. A. & M. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Mylothris bernice nigrovenosa. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Near Mufindi, Tanzania. 4 April 1995. A. & M. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Ituri: Nioka”. Holotype (male) and allotype (female) in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Sudan (south), Democratic Republic of Congo (Ituri, Kivu, Katanga), Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania (south-west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Nioka, Ituri (TL); Nyamununye (TL of pulchra); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Note: Flies at lower elevations than ssp. woodhalli (Warren-Gash, 2020).

pulchra Berger, 1981 (as ssp. of Mylothris rubricosta). Les Papillons du Zaire 73 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kivu-Sud: Nyamununye”. Holotype and allotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. Listed as M. rubricosta pulchra Berger, 1981 by Ackery et al., 1995: 222. Synonymised with M. bernice nigrovenosa by Warren-Gash, 2020: 72.

Mylothris bernice woodhalli Warren-Gash, 2020 Central Marsh Dotted Border

Mylothris bernice woodhalli Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 73 (214pp.).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “N. Kivu, Kanyambia, S W Lubero, xi.2011”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi (Warren-Gash, 2020). Etymology: Named for Steve Woodhall in recognition of his contributions to African entomology (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Burundi (montane areas above 2000 m in the Albertine Rift). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kanyambia (TL). Note: Flies at higher elevations than ssp. nigrovenosa (Warren-Gash, 2020).

Mylothris bernice mackenziana Sharpe, 1891 Small Marsh Dotted Border

Mylothris mackenziana Sharpe, 1891. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1891: 190 (187-194). 69 Mylothris bernice mackenziana Sharpe, 1891. Warren-Gash, 2020: 73. Comb. nov.

Mylothris bernice mackenziana. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nairobi, Kenya. 23 March 1995. A. & M. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Mylothris bernice mackenziana. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nairobi, Kenya. 18 June 1996. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: Kenya: “Kavirondo”. Holotype (male) should be in NHM, London but Warren-Gash, (2020) could not find it there. Distribution: Ethiopia (south), Uganda, Burundi, Kenya, Tanzania. Specific localities: Uganda – Busia (for aethra) Burundi – Urundi District (Talbot, 1944). Tanzania – Masagati Forest, south of Ifakara (Kielland, 1990d); Usambaras? (Kielland, 1990d); lower parts of the Ngurus? (Kielland, 1990d).

berenicides Holland, 1896 (as race? of Mylothris berenice [sic]). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 18: 756 (741-767). “East Africa”. Synonymized with mackenziana by Warren-Gash, 2020: 73.

sulphureotincta Strand, 1909 (as sp. of Mylothris). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 22: 109 (104-121). No locality given. Given as a synonym of mackenziana by Warren-Gash, 2020: 73.

fuscescens Talbot, 1944 (as female f. of Mylothris bernice rubricosta). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 171 (155-186). Burundi: “Eastern Congo, Urundi District”.

aethra Stoneham, 1957 (as female f. of Mylothris bernice). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (68): [1] ([4 pp.]). Uganda: “Busia”.

Mylothris bernice rubricosta (Mabille, 1890) Southern Marsh Dotted Border 70

Pieris rubricosta Mabille, 1890. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (6) 10: 28 (17-51). Mylothris rubricosta (Mabille, 1890). Aurillius, 1910: 35. Mylothris bernice rubricosta (Mabille, 1890). Talbot, 1944: 160. Mylothris rubricosta rubricosta (Mabille, 1890). Berger, 1981: 73; Pringle et al., 1994: 299; Ackery et al., 1995: 222; d’Abrera, 1997: 120. Mylothris bernice rubricosta (Mabille, 1890). Warren-Gash, 2020: 74. Comb. nov.

Mylothris bernice rubricosta. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Sekoma Island, Mambova, Zambia. 13 September 2007. H. Selb. Images M.C.Williams ex J. Greyling Collection.

Type locality: Mozambique: “Mozambique” (Original). [Malawi]: “Lake Nyassa” (Neotype locality) (Warren-Gash, 2020). Neotype in NHM, London. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (south-east) Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe (north-west), Botswana (Okavango). Recorded, in error, from Angola by Bacelar (1961). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kapanga, Lualaba (TL of overlaeti). Malawi – Zomba Mountain (Congdon et al., 2010). Zambia – Mongu (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Chingola (Heath et al., 2002); Chililabombwe (Heath et al., 2002); Ndola (Heath et al., 2002); Kafue (Heath et al., 2002); Livingstone (Heath et al., 2002); Lake Mweru (Heath et al., 2002); Chishi Island (Lake Bangweulu) (Heath et al., 2002); Chambeshi River (Heath et al., 2002); Chipata (Heath et al., 2002). Zimbabwe – Victoria Falls (certain islands in the vicinity of; male illustrated above) (Pringle et al., 1994). Botswana – Andara (Gaerdes); Okavango Swamps (Pinhey); Shakawe (Stephen and Duke). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food:

attenuata Talbot, 1944 (as ssp. of of Mylothris bernice). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 171 (155-186). Type locality: “Lake Nyassa”. Synonymized with Mylothris rubricosta rubricosta (Mabille) by Ackery et al., 1995: 223. Given as Mylothris rubricosta attenuata Talbot, 1944 in Pringle et al., 1994: 299 [not seen by Ackery et al., 1995]. Synonymized with bernice rubricosta by Warren-Gash, 2020: 74.

overlaeti Berger, 1981 (as ssp. of Mylothris bernice). Les Papillons du Zaire 72 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Lualaba, Kapanga”. Holotype and allotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. Synonymized with rubricosta by Warren-Gash, 2020: 74. Syn. nov.

*Mylothris chloris (Fabricius, 1775) Black-banded Dotted Border

Mudpuddling male of the Black-banded Dotted Border. Oporo, Ghana. Image courtesy Pamela Sai.

Papilio chloris Fabricius, 1775. Systema Entomologiae 473 (832 pp.). Flensburgi & Lipsiae. Mylothris chloris (Fabricius, 1775). Aurivillius, 1910: 32. Mylothris chloris chloris (Fabricius, 1775). Talbot, 1944: 157; Berger, 198165; Ackery et al., 1995: 218; d’Abrera, 1997: 112. Mylothris chloris (Fabricius, 1775). Warren-Gash, 2020: 77.

Mylothris chloris chloris. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nimba, Liberia. 10 January 2014. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Mylothris chloris chloris. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ougadougou, Burkina Faso. 12 July 1996. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Alternative common name: Common Dotted Border (Larsen, 2005a; used for Mylothris agathina). Type locality: [Sierra Leone]: “Sierra Leon Africae”. Syntype in the Banks Collection, NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Mali, Guinea-Bissau (Aurivillius,1910), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania. Habitat: Open woodland and dense savanna (Larsen, 2005a). It also colonizes disturbed areas in the rainforest zone as well as suburban gardens (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: The habits of this common butterfly are similar to those of M. agathina (Larsen, 1991c).

72 Stoneham (1958) records that it migrates, sometimes in large numbers. Early stages:

Carcasson, 1981 [larva and pupa].

Safian, 2020 [early stages and life history; Liberia].

Larval food: Englerina gabonensis (Engl.) Balle (Loranthaceae) [Bampton et al., 1991; Congo]. Loranthus species (Loranthaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 317]. Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steud. (Santalaceae) [Van Someren, 1974: 317; as Osyris abyssinicus]. Phragmanthera capitata (Spreng.) Balle (Loranthaceae) [Bampton et al., 1991; Congo]. Viscum species (Viscaceae) [Ackery et al., 1995].

Mylothris chloris chloris (Fabricius, 1775) Black-banded Dotted Border

Mylothris chloris chloris. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nimba, Liberia. 10 January 2014. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Mylothris chloris chloris. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ougadougou, Burkina Faso. 12 July 1996. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Sierra Leone]: “Sierra Leon Africae”. Syntype in the Banks Collection, NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Senegal, Gambia, Mali, Guinea-Bissau (Aurivillius, 1910), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin (throughout), Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial

73 Guinea (Bioko), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan (south), Ethiopia, Uganda (south-west), Tanzania (north-west). Specific localities: Gambia – Fajara, Bijilo, Pirang, Abuko, Brufut, Tintinto, Farafenni, Walikunda, Janjanbureh Island, Keneba, Basse (Jon Baker, pers. comm, May 2020). Guinea – Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ghana – Kissi Forest near Cape Coast (Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Togo – Klouto [6°57'15.07"N 0°34'54.40"E] (Safian et al., 2009). Benin – Houeyogbe Forest (Coache & Rainon, 2016); see Coache et al., 2017. Gabon – Libreville (Vande weghe, 2010); Lope (Vande weghe, 2010); Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010). Congo – Bonga (Aurivillius, 1907). Central African Republic – Dzanga (Noss, 1998). Democratic Republic of Congo – Banana (Dufrane, 1947); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Semuliki N.P. (Davenport & Howard, 1996). Tanzania – Kere Hill (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Kikuru Forest (single female) (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006).

thermopyle Cramer, 1779 in Cramer, [1779-80] (as sp. of Papilio). Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en America 3: 26 (176 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht. “Côte de l’Afrique”.

nox Talbot, 1944 (as female f. of Mylothris chloris). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 166 (155-186). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Congo Free State”.

wansoni Dufrane, 1947 (as female ab. of Mylothris agathina). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 83: 55 (46-73). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Banana, Bas-Congo”.

Mylothris chloris clarissa Butler, 1888 Eastern Black-banded Dotted Border

Mylothris clarissa Butler, 1888. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1888: 70 (56-85). Mylothris chloris clarissa Butler, 1888. Aurivillius, 1910: 32; Talbot, 1944: 157. Mylothris chloris f. clarissa Butler, 1888. Berger, 1981: 65. Mylothris chloris clarissa Butler, 1888. Ackery et al., 1995: 218; Larsen, 1996: 149; d’Abrera, 1997: 112. Mylothris chloris clarissa Butler, 1888. Warren-Gash, 2020: 77.

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Wadelai”. Syntype in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu), Uganda, Kenya (west and central). Specific localities: Uganda – Wadelai (TL). Kenya – Kavirondo (Sharpe, 1891); Surrey Coffee Estates (Stoneham, 1937); Cherangani (Stoneham, 1937); Nyangori (Talbot, 1944); Kitale (Stoneham, 1957); Kisumu (Larsen, 1991c); Tiriki (Larsen, 1991c); Kakamega (Larsen, 1991c); West Pokot (Larsen, 1991c).

wintoniana Sharpe, 1891 (as sp. of Mylothris). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1891: 189 (187-194). Kenya: “Kavirondo”.

afraorientalis Stoneham, 1937 (as sp. of Mylothris). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (33): [1] ([2 pp.]). Kenya: “Surrey Coffee Estates, Trans-Nzoia district, Kenya Colony”.

ochrascens Stoneham, 1937 (as f. of Mylothris afraorientalis). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (33): [2] ([2 pp.]). Kenya: “Cherangani”.

rubrochracea Stoneham, 1937 (as f. of Mylothris chloris). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (33): [2] ([2 pp.]). Kenya: “Surrey Coffee Estates”.

ochreata Talbot, 1944 (as female f. of Mylothris chloris). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 166 (155-186). Kenya: “N. Kavirondo, Nyangori, 4800 feet”.

melanoflava Stoneham, 1957 (as female f. of Mylothris chloris). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (68): [1] ([4 pp.]). No locality given.

dentigera Stoneham, 1957 (as female f. of Mylothris chloris). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (68): [1] ([4 pp.]). No locality given.

admeta Stoneham, 1957 (as female f. of Mylothris afraorientalis). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (68): [1] ([4 pp.]). Kenya: “Trans Nzoia, W. Kenya”.

pyrina Stoneham, 1957 (as female f. of Mylothris afraorientalis). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (68): [1] ([4 pp.]). Kenya: “Kitale, Western Kenya”.

agathinaria Stoneham, 1957 (as female f. of Mylothris afraorientalis). Bulletin of the Stoneham Museum (68): [1] ([4 pp.]). Kenya: “Trans Nzoia, W. Kenya”.

*Mylothris agathina (Cramer, [1779])# Eastern Dotted Border

Eastern Dotted Border (Mylothris agathina). Left – male underside. Right – female underside. Images courtesy Allison Sharp (left) and Steve Woodhall (right).

Papilio agathina Cramer, [1779] in Cramer, [1779-80]. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waerrelddeelen Asia, Africa en America 3: 71 (176 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht. Pieris agathina Cramer. Boisduval, 1836: 511; Trimen, 1862: 28. Pieris chloris Fabricius. Trimen, 1862c. [Misidentification] Mylothris agathina (Cramer, 1779). Trimen & Bowker, 1889: 30; Aurivillius, 1910:34. Mylothris chloris Fabricius. Swanepoel, 1953a. [Misidentification for agathina] Mylothris chloris agathina (Cramer, 1779). Talbot, 1944: 157; Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Mylothris agathina agathina (Cramer, 1779). Berger, 1981: 65; Pringle et al., 1994: 300; Ackery et al., 1995: 217; Larsen, 1996: 15; d’Abrera, 1997: 112. Mylothris agathina (Cramer, 1779). Warren-Gash, 2020: 78.

Mylothris agathina agathina. Male (Wingspan 55 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Loding, Mpumalanga, South Africa. 29 January 2011. M. Williams. Images M.C.Williams ex Williams Collection.

Mylothris agathina agathina. Female (Wingspan 60 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Utopia Resort, North West Province, South Africa. 16 June 2003. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Mylothris agathina agathina. Female (Wingspan 59 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Utopia Resort, North West Province, South Africa. 18 May 2008. M. Williams. Images M.C.Williams ex Williams Collection.

Alternative common name: Eastern Dotted Border. Type locality: [Africa]: “l’Isle de Java à Batavia”. [False locality.] Cramer’s type appears to be lost (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Ethiopia, Somalia, Tanzania, , Malawi, Zambia, Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland. Habitat: Savanna and forest, extending into the fynbos of the southern Western Cape Province in South Africa. Often found in suburban gardens and parks. In Tanzania from sea-level to 2 200 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: Typical, slow, floating flight, high in trees, as for most other members of the genus. Both sexes frequently visit flowers and males sometimes mudpuddle. From the mid 1960’s to the mid 1980’s this species showed a remarkable extension of its distribution in South Africa, from the Knysna district to the western parts of the Western Cape Province (Pringle et al., 1994). Flight period: All year (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Trimen & Bowker, 1889, Vol. 3: 31 [as Mylothris Agathina (Cramer)]. “Larva. Transversely barred with alternate dull red and blackish bands speckled with yellow; and clothed generally with fine grey hair of some length; a yellowish-white lower lateral stripe on each side, from second to last segment immediately above the legs. Head black, varied with yellow down the middle. Length, ¾ inch. (From notes and drawings by Mr. J.P. Mansel Weale of specimens from near King William’s Town). See Plate 2, ff. 3. Pupa. White, more or less tinged with cream-colour in parts, and curiously marked with black. Head with a long frontal horn, curved upward, cream-coloured. Thorax cream-coloured dorsally, but with a broad

76 black marking along the middle; a small anterior acute black tubercle on each side, and on median ridge a series of three white, black-edged, broad, blunt, tubercular processes, slanting forward. Wing-covers black with a greenish tinge. Abdomen dorsally white and black, the latter forming a large lozenge-shaped marking (widest on seventh segment) acuminate anteriorly on fifth and posteriorly on ninth segment; on each side a row of small black spots; below these a broad black stripe; along median ridge a series of seven small white black-edged tubercles, of which the second, third, and fourth are blunter and larger than the rest; both the sixth and seventh segments bearing on each side a large, broad, acute, slightly forward-curved, tooth-like white projection; anal extremity very pointed. Length, ⅔ inch. Attached by anal extremity and thoracic silken girth to web of silk spread on a leaf. (From notes and drawings by Mr. J.P. Mansel Weale, and drawings by Mrs. Barber, of specimens from near King William’s Town; and drawings by Captain H.C. Harford of a specimen found at Pinetown, Natal). See Plate 2, ff. 3a. The singular pupa was sent to Mrs. Barber in December 1868 by Miss Fanny Bowker, who discovered it near King William’s Town, and the drawings reproduced in Plate 2 were received by me from Mrs. Barber during the same month. Captain Harford’s drawings reached me the following year, and Mr. Mansel Weale’s in 1873. Mr. Mansel Weale discovered the larva, and wrote on 20 th March 1873: “I have found Loranthus oleaefolius swarming with the larvae of Agathina; they follow each other like a regiment in line, or like the Processionary Moth”. The pupa, from its black-and-white colouring, and particularly from its attachment to a leaf covered just about it with white silk, very probably presents, at a little distance, the appearance of a bird’s dropping (Mr. Weale wrote in February 1877: “The chrysalides both of Agathina and Poppea (= rueppellii) very much resemble bird-droppings with mistletoe seeds intermixed.”); but on a closer inspection the dorsal aspect is by no means unlike that of a spider of the Gasteracantha group. From every point of view, it looks altogether unlike what it really is – the chrysalis of a butterfly – and no doubt derives protection from its disguise.”

Clark, in Van Son, 1949: 225. Egg barrel-shaped; 1 mm high by 0,75 mm in diameter; watery white but coated with a yellow liquid, giving it a bright yellow colour; 27-30 longitudinal ribs, nearly every second one not reaching the micropyle, the remainder coalescing in pairs and terminating in white prominences (7 to 9 in number) round the micropyle; eggs laid on underside of leaves in clusters of 45 to 70, evenly spaced, being 1,5 diameters apart. First instar larva growing from 1,5 to 3,5 mm; exits the egg near the top and consumes the shell; cluster together and feed on the outer parenchyma of the leaf; when at rest lie close together, appearing as a yellow patch on the leaf surface; larvae turn green after feeding but last three and first three segments generally remain alternately yellow; anterior dorsal setae of each segment forked at tip for first three instars; first and last segments with blackish dorsal patches. Second instar grows from 4 to 6,5 mm; brownish yellow with white spots marking the position of the setae; white lateral stripe; underside yellow; directly after feeding greenish brown in first 8 segments, yellow- brown beyond, after resting yellow-brown throughout; larvae cluster together and feed at intervals on the edge of a leaf, crawling away from their resting mat in procession; dorsal setae exude a liquid. Third instar growing from 7 to 12 mm; darker than second instar; setae more numerous; white spots smaller and more numerous. Fourth instar growing from 13 to 18 mm; generally brown but dull green after feeding; posterior wrinkle of each segment lighter in colour. Final instar growing from 19 to 32 mm; dark chocolate-brown with red-brown intersegmental bands, except first three segments, which are light brown; towards end of instar becomes lighter in colour, becoming yellow-brown. At each moult larvae cluster together. Larval stage about 40 days. Pupa at first yellow, later becoming white with dark markings; a long upcurved finely-granulate cephalic projection; a series of mid- dorsal granulate blackish tubercles; three pairs of abdominal spines curved forward; wing-cases occasionally almost black; secured by the cremaster and a silk girdle; pupal stage about 2 weeks.

Henning, S.F., 1984: 43.

Clark, in Pringle et al., 1994: plate 28, p.394. “The eggs are laid in clusters on the undersides of the leaves of the foodplant. They are 0,7 mm in diameter and 1,0 mm high, and are creamy yellow with a sticky yellow coating. There are about 28 longitudinal ribs and 26 cross ribs. The larvae emerge from the side of the eggs, near the top, and eat the discarded shells. The larvae are gregarious throughout their larval stages and usually sit side by side on leaves of the foodplant. They generally eat their discarded skins after they moult. When they are ready to pupate the larvae drop to the ground on silken threads and scatter to various places. The larval stage lasts about 40 days. The pupae are secured by cremastral hooks and a silken girdle. They vary in colour to match their surroundings. The pupal stage lasts about two weeks.”

Henning, Henning, Joannou, & Woodhall, 1997: 252 (photograph of a batch of eggs); 364 (photograph of final instar larva and pupa).

Braby, 2005. [Material ex Collins, 2001; Nairobi, Kenya]

Early stages of Mylothris agathina. Left – eggs. Right – larvae. Images courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Early stages of Mylothris agathina. Final instar larva and pupa. Images courtesy Allison Sharp (left) and Steve Woodhall (right).

Larval food: Agelanthus kraussianus (Meisn.) Polhill & Wiens (Loranthaceae) [Henning, Henning, Joannou, & Woodhall, 1997: 364; as sp. of Tapinanthus; South Africa]. Note: this species has now been split into two species. Agelanthus natalitius (Meisn.) Polhill & Wiens (Loranthaceae) [Williams, 1996b: 134; as sp. of Tapinanthus; Pretoria district, Gauteng]. Erianthemum dregei (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Tiegh. (Loranthaceae) [Platt, 1921; South Africa]. Oncocalyx quinquenervius (Hochst.) Wiens & Polhill (Loranthaceae) [Platt, 1921; as Tieghemia quinquenervia; South Africa]. Osyris compressa P.J.Bergius A.DC. (Santalaceae) [Williams, 1984: 8; Muizenberg Mountain, Cape Peninsula, Western Cape; as Colpoon compressum] (Metamorphosis 1(6): 8, Apr., 1984). Osyris compressa P.J.Bergius A.DC. (Santalaceae) (suspected to be) [W. van der Riet, 1984: 7; as sp. of Colpoon]. (Metamorphosis 1(6): 7, Apr. 1984). Osyris lanceolata Hochst. & Steud. (Santalaceae) [Van Son, 1949: 226; as Osyris abyssinica Hochst. ex A. Rich.; South Africa. Sevastopulo, 1973, 1975 (Kenya). Van Someren, 1974]. Tapinanthus oleifolius (J.C.Wendl.) Danser (Loranthaceae) [Mansel Weale, in Trimen & Bowker, 1889: 29; as Loranthus oleaefolius]. Tapinanthus rubromarginatus (Engl.) Danser (Loranthaceae) [Pringle et al., 1994: 300; South Africa]. Ximenia caffra Sond. (Olacaceae) [Pringle et al., 1994: 300; South Africa]. Ximenia species (Olacaceae) [Collins, vide Larsen, 1991c: 150; Kenya].

Note: Larsen (2005a: 106) states that extensive breeding experiments by S. Collins indicate that agathina should be regarded as a subspecies of M. chloris. He does not, however, propose any formal taxonomic change.

Mylothris agathina agathina (Cramer, [1779])# Eastern Dotted Border

78 Mylothris agathina agathina (Cramer, 1779). Berger, 1981: 65; Pringle et al., 1994: 300; Ackery et al., 1995: 217; Larsen, 1996: 15; d’Abrera, 1997: 112. Mylothris agathina agathina (Cramer, 1779). Warren-Gash, 2020: 78.

Type locality: [Africa]: “l’Isle de Java à Batavia”. [False locality.] Cramer’s type appears to be lost (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya (east of the Rift Valley), Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo (south), Angola, Malawi, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province, Western Cape Province), Swaziland. Specific localities: Ethiopia – Harrar (Dufrane, 1947).

79 Somalia – Dorfu (Storace, 1953). Tanzania – Throughout (Kielland, 1990d); Katavi National Park (Fitzherbert et al., 2006). Democratic Republic of Congo – Luebo (Dufrane, 1947). Malawi – Zomba Mountain (Congdon et al., 2010). Mozambique – Njesi Plateau (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mecula [-12.0772 37.6297] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Botswana – North and East (Larsen, 1991); Lake Ngami (Larsen, 1991); Tsodilo Hills (Larsen, 1991); Letlhakeng (Larsen, 1991); Tshane (Larsen, 1991; single record); Gaborone (Larsen, 1991); Francistown (Larsen, 1991); Kasane (Larsen, 1991). Limpopo Province – Throughout bushveld areas (Swanepoel, 1953); Doorndraai Dam Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Percy Fyfe Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”); Highlands Wilderness (Bode & Bode, unpublished checklist); Letaba Camp, Kruger N.P.; Bateleur Nature Reserve (Williams); Soetdoring Farm [-24.561 28.233] (A. Mayer, pers comm. 2015); Bateleur Nature Reserve (Williams & Dobson, unpub., 2015). Mpumalanga – Throughout bushveld areas (Swanepoel, 1953); Sterkspruit Nature Reserve (Williams); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve (Williams). North West Province – Throughout bushveld areas (Swanepoel, 1953); Kgaswane Mountain Reserve (Williams); Mountain Sanctuary N.R. (Williams); Utopia Resort (C. Dobson, 2006). Gauteng – Throughout bushveld areas (Swanepoel, 1953); Witwatersrand Botanical Gardens (J. Dobson, unpublished checklist, 2001); Buffelsdrif Conservancy (Williams). KwaZulu-Natal – Throughout bushveld areas (Swanepoel, 1953); Pinetown (Trimen & Bowker, 1889); Umkomaas (Pringle et al., 1994); Hluhluwe (Pennington); Kosi Bay Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Tembe Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002); Ndumo Nature Reserve (Pringle & Kyle, 2002). Eastern Cape Province – King William’s Town (Trimen & Bowker, 1889); Port Elizabeth (Swanepoel, 1953); Grahamstown (Swanepoel, 1953); Port Alfred (Swanepoel, 1953); Queenstown (Swanepoel, 1953); Hogsback (Swanepoel, 1953); Butterworth (Swanepoel, 1953); Fort Beaufort (Swanepoel, 1953); Katberg (Swanepoel, 1953); Bashee River (Swanepoel, 1953); Umtata (Swanepoel, 1953); Port St. Johns (Swanepoel, 1953). Western Cape Province – Cape Town (Pringle et al., 1994); Ceres (Pringle et al., 1994); Citrusdal (Pringle et al., 1994); Clanwilliam (Pringle et al., 1994); George (Dickson); Greyton (Pringle et al., 1994); Hermanus (Pringle et al., 1994); Knysna (Dickson); Somerset West (Pringle et al., 1994); Wupperthal (Pringle et al., 1994). Swaziland – Throughout bushveld areas (Swanepoel, 1953); Mlawula N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz); Malolotja N. R. (www.sntc.org.sz)..

xantholeuca Hübner, 1819 in Hübner, [1816-[1826] (as sp. of Cathaemia). Verzeichniss bekannter Schmettlinge 92 (432 + 72 pp.). Augsburg. [Java]. [False locality.]

leucoma Talbot, 1944 (as female f. of Mylothris chloris). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 167 (155-186). Angola.

carminea Dufrane, 1947 (as male ab. of Mylothris agathina). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 83: 55 (46-73). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Luebo, Congo belge”.

radiata Dufrane, 1947 (as female ab. of Mylothris agathina). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 83: 55 (46-73). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Congo belge”.

dawanti Dufrane, 1947 (as female ab. of Mylothris agathina). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 83: 55 (46-73). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Luebo, Congo”.

maureli Dufrane, 1947 (as f. of Mylothris agathina). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 83: 56 (46-73). Ethiopia: “Harrar, Ethiopie”.

macrosticta Storace, 1953 (as ab. of Mylothris chloris). Doriana 1 (46): 3 (7 pp.). Somalia: “Dorfú”.

Mylothris agathina richlora Suffert, 1904 80 Congo Eastern Dotted Border

Mylothris chlora [sic] richlora Suffert, 1904. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 72 (12-107). Mylothris chloris chloris f. richlora Suffert, 1904. Talbot, 1944: 157. Mylothris agathina richlora Suffert, 1904. Berger, 1981: 65; Ackery et al., 1995: 217; d’Abrera, 1997: 112. Mylothris agathina richlora Suffert, 1904. Warren-Gash, 2020: 79.

Mylothris agathina richlora. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Fort Portal, Uganda. 6 June 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C.Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Mylothris agathina richlora. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Semuliki N.P., Uganda. 5 June 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C.Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Central African Republic]: “Njam Njam”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren- Gash, 2020). Distribution: Gabon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (north), Uganda, Kenya (west of the Rift). Specific localities: Gabon – Bateke Plateau (Vande weghe, 2010). Central African Republic – Njam Njam (TL). Democratic Republic of Congo – Bonga (Aurivillius, 1907); Nioka, Ituri (Berger, 1981); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Kyagive (Talbot, 1944); Mulange (Talbot, 1944); Mabera Forest (Talbot, 1944).

analis Aurivillius, 1907 (as sp. of Mylothris). Archiv för Zoologi 3 (19): 4 (7 pp.). Congo: “Französisches Congogebiet, Bonga”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/a). Given as Mylothris chloris analis by Berger, 1981: 65. Synonymized with richlora by Warren-Gash, 2020: 79. Syn. nov.

agathinoides Talbot, 1944 (as f. of Mylothris chloris). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 165 (155-186). Uganda: “Kyagive, Mulange, Mabera Forest”.

bicolor Berger, 1981 (as female f. of Mylothris agathina). Les Papillons du Zaire 65 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Democratic Republic of Congo: “Ituri: Nioka”. Holotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. 81

unicolor Berger, 1981 (as f. of Mylothris agathina). Les Papillons du Zaire 65 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Democratic Republic of Congo: “Ituri: Nioka”. Holotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.

Mylothris agathina daalbi Warren-Gash, 2020 Somali Eastern Dotted Border

Mylothris agathina daalbi Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 80 (214pp.).

Type locality: Somalia: “N. Somaliland, Daalb Forest, Cherry Gavo, v-vi.2011”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Somalia (northern hills facing the Arabian Peninsula). Specific localities: Somalia – Daalb Forest (TL).

*Mylothris arabicus Gabriel, 1954 Arabian Dotted Border

Mylothris arabicus Gabriel, 1954. British Museum (Natural History) expedition to south-west Arabia 1937-8 1: 364 (351-391). Mylothris chloris arabicus Gabriel, 1954. d’Abrera, 1980. Mylothris arabicus Gabriel, 1954. Larsen, 1983b: 348; Ackery et al., 1995: 218; d’Abrera, 1997: 112. Mylothris arabicus Gabriel, 1954. Warren-Gash, 2020: 80.

Alternative common name: Arabian Mistletoe White. Type locality: [Yemen]: “Wadi Dhar, c. 7900 ft”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Diagnosis: Closest to Mylothris agathina. The male differs mainly in having less orange in the cell of the forewing underside; the female is almost identical to the male, while females of agathina are pinkish orange (Larsen, 1983b). Distribution: Yemen (south-west), Saudi Arabia (only to Asir). Specific localities: Arabian Peninsula Asir: Suda (K.M. Guichard, Feb. 1980, vide Larsen, 1983b); Feifa (K.M. Guichard, vide Larsen, 1983b); Abha (A.S. Talhouk, vide Larsen, 1983b). Yemen: Wadi Dhahr (TL); Shibam (D. Robertson, Mar. 1980 vide Larsen, 1983b); Wadi Dur (Larsen, 1983b); Wadi Annah (Larsen, 1983b); Wadi Sharas (Larsen, 1983b). Habitat: The species occurs mainly between 1 000 and 2 700 metres and is dependent on the presence of trees. Thus, it occurs both in the tropical coffee-growing valleys and in the cold highlands that support the Palaearctic elements in Yemen (Larsen, 1982). Habits: The species is often attracted in numbers to fields of alfalfa (Larsen, 1982). A single male was noted mud-puddling (Larsen, 1983b). Early stages:

Larsen, 1983b: 348. “The eggs are laid in even-spaced clutches of 20 to 30 within a 15-20 mm circle and the larvae are gregarious. I never found larvae in their later instars; this may be because they share with M. chloris the habit of feeding only at night, spending the day at the foot of the tree carrying the food plant.”

Larsen, 2005a. Egg clusters were found on the same ‘Loranthus’ on a variety of tree species but never on those growing on qat (Catha edulis). Larsen states that the alkaloids in the latter plant “provide the Yemenis with a mixture of mental acuity and somnolence (as well as chronic constipation).”

Larval food:

82 Oncocalyx schimperi (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) M.G.Gilbert (Loranthaceae) [Larsen, 1983b; as Loranthus schimperi].

*Mylothris rembina (Plötz, 1880) Canary Dotted Border

Pieris rembina Plötz, 1880. Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 41: 205 (189-206). Mylothris rembina (Plötz, 1880). Aurivillius, 1910: 32; Talbot, 1944: 157; Berger, 1981: 66; Ackery et al., 1995: 22; d’Abrera, 1997: 112. Mylothris rembina (Plötz, 1880). Warren-Gash, 2020: 81.

Type locality: [Cameroon]: “Rembo-Fluss bei Mungo”. Syntypes probably in EMAU, Greifswald, Germany (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Sao Tome & Principe, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola. Recorded, in error, from Lagos, Nigeria and from the Gambia (Larsen, 2005a). Habitat: Forest (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: Usually scarce but population explosions occasionally occur (Larsen, 2005a). Numbers of females were noted feeding on Lantana at Calabar, Nigeria by St. Leger (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Mylothris rembina rembina (Plötz, 1880) Canary Dotted Border

Type locality: [Cameroon]: “Rembo-Fluss bei Mungo”. Syntypes probably in EMAU, Greifswald, Germany (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), ?Principe. Recorded, in error, from Lagos, Nigeria and from the Gambia (Larsen, 2005a). Specific localities: Nigeria – Port Harcourt (Larsen, 2005a); Calabar (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Rembo River, Mungo (TL); Edea (Bartel, 1905); Port Victoria (Talbot, 1944).

subfusa Crowley, 1890 (as sp. of Mylothris). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1890: 551 (551-556). Cameroon: “Cameroons”. Placed as a synonym of M. rembina rembina by Warren-Gash, 2020: 81.

camerunica Aurivillius, 1891 (as sp. of Mylothris). Entomologisk Tidskrift 12: 220 (193-228). Cameroon: “Camerun”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/c). Placed as a synonym of M. rembina rembina by Warren-Gash, 2020: 81.

infuscata Bartel, 1905 (as female f. of Mylothris chloris). Novitates Zoologicae 12: 149 (129-152). Cameroon: “West-Afrika, Edea, deutsche Endstation am Sannagah, Weiss, Verk”.

intermedia Aurivillius, 1910 in Seitz, 1908-25 (as sp. of Mylothris). Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter: 32 (614 pp.). Cameroon: “Cameroons”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/i). Placed as a synonym of M. rembina rembina by Warren-Gash, 2020: 81.

aneria Hulstaert, 1924 (as sp. of Mylothris). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 12: 92 (90- 99). Cameroon: “Kamerun”. Holotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. Placed as a synonym of M. rembina rembina by Warren-Gash, 2020: 81.

arctata Talbot, 1944 (as male f. of Mylothris rembina). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 167 (155-186). Cameroon: “Cameroons, Port Victoria”.

Mylothris rembina nubila (Möschler, 1884) Southern Canary Dotted Border

Tachyris poppea var. (ab.) nubila Möschler, 1884. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 33: 275 (267-310). Mylothris nubila nubila (Möschler, 1884). Talbot, 1944: 159; Berger, 1981: 70; Ackery et al., 1995: 221; d’Abrera, 1997: 118. Mylothris rembina nubila (Möschler, 1884). Warren-Gash, 2020: 82.

Type locality: [Cameroon]: “Cameron”; Gabon. The syntype males could not be traced by Warren- Gash (2020: 82). Distribution: Gabon, Angola (Cabinda), Democratic Republic of Congo (mouth of the Congo river). Specific localities: Gabon – Safala (Vande weghe, 2010); Kangwe (Vande weghe, 2010). Angola – Landana (Talbot, 1944).

fusca Bartel, 1905 (as female f. of Mylothris rembina). Novitates Zoologicae 12: 149 (129-152). Gabon: “Gaboon”.

semifusca Talbot, 1944 (as female f. of Mylothris rembina). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 167 (155-186). Angola: “Congo, Landana”.

Mylothris rembina pyrczi Warren-Gash, 2020 Sao Tome Canary Dotted Border

Mylothris rembina pyrczi Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 82 (214pp.).

Type locality: Sao Tome & Principe: “Sao Tome, Lobata, Lagoa Azul 15-20 m., viii.1990”.Holotype (male) in CEP-MZUJ, Kracow, Poland. Etymology: Named for Tomasz Pyrcz, director of the MZUJ, Krakow. Distribution: Sao Tome & Principe (Sao Tome only). Specific localities: Sao Tome – Lagoa Azul, Lobata (TL).

*Mylothris phileris (Boisduval, 1833) Malagasy Dotted Border

Pieris phileris Boisduval, 1833. Nouvelles Annales du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris 2: 165 (149-270). Pieris phileris Boisduval. Trimen, 1862c; Grandidier, 1886: 265. Mylothris phileris (Boisduval, 1833). Aurivillius, 1910: 35; Talbot, 1944: 157; Ackery et al., 1995: 221; d’Abrera, 1997: 110. Mylothris phileris (Boisduval, 1833). Warren-Gash, 2020: 83.

Mylothris phileris leesi. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ranamofana, Madagascar. 23 March 2016. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Mylothris phileris leesi. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Andasibe, Madagascar. 5-7 April 2018. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Mylothris phileris leesi. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ranamofana, Madagascar. 10-13 April 2018. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Madagascar]: “Madagascar”. Lectotype male (designated by Talbot, in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Madagascar. Habitat: Forest (Lees et al., 2003). The nominate subspecies is found in low-lying, high rainfall areas; ssp. aurata and leesi are in semimontane forest and ssp. teresae is found in dry deciduous forest (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Common and widespread in Madagascar (Warren-Gash, 2020). Early stages:

Warren-Gash, 2020: 85. [black and white image of pupae]

Larval food: Bakerella species (Loranthaceae) [S. Collins vide Warren-Gash, 2020: 83]. 85 Phragmanthera species (Loranthaceae) [S. Collins vide Warren-Gash, 2020: 83; in captivity only].

thinaga Suffert, 1904 (as ssp. of Mylothris agathina). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift, Iris 17: 73 (12-107). Madagascar.

Mylothris phileris phileris (Boisduval, 1833) Malagasy Dotted Border

Type locality: [Madagascar]: “Madagascar”. Lectotype male (designated by Talbot, in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Madagascar (widespread in moist, lower-lying areas). Specific localities: Madagascar –

Mylothris phileris aurata (Oberthür, 1923) Tsaratanana Malagasy Dotted Border

Pieris phileris f. aurata Oberthür, 1923. Études de Lépidoptérologie Comparée 21: 120 (119-155). Mylothris phileris f. aurata (Oberthür, 1923). Talbot, 1944: 157; d’Abrera, 1997: 110. Mylothris phileris aurata (Oberthür, 1923). Warren-Gash, 2020: 84. Stat. nov.

Type locality: Madagascar: “Nord de Madagascar, Massif du Tsaratanana”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Madagascar (Tsaratanana Massif). Specific localities: Madagascar – Tsaratanana Massif (Oberthür, 1923).

aurata Oberthür, 1923 (as f. of Pieris phileris). Études de Lépidoptérologie Comparée 21: 120 (119- 155). Madagascar: “Nord de Madagascar, Massif du Tsaratanana”.

flavescens Oberthür, 1923 (as f. of Pieris phileris). Études de Lépidoptérologie Comparée 21: 120 (119- 155). Madagascar: “Nord de Madagascar, Massif du Tsaratanana”.

Mylothris phileris leesi Collins & Warren-Gash, 2020 Ranamofana Malagasy Dotted Border

Mylothris phileris leesi Collins & Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 84 (214pp.).

Mylothris phileris leesi. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ranamofana, Madagascar. 23 March 2016. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Mylothris phileris leesi. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Andasibe, Madagascar. 5-7 April 2018. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Mylothris phileris leesi. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ranamofana, Madagascar. 10-13 April 2018. M. Williams. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Madagascar: “S.E. Madagascar, Andringitra Massif in the Fianarantsoa area”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Etymology: Named for Dr David Lees of the Natural History Museum, London. Distribution: Madagascar (south-east). Specific localities: Madagascar – Andringitra Massif (TL); Ranamofana N.P. (Warren-Gash, 2020).

Mylothris phileris teresae Collins & Warren-Gash, 2020 Zombitse Malagasy Dotted Border

Mylothris phileris teresae Collins & Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 85 (214pp.).

Type locality: Madagascar: “S.W. Madagascar, Zombitse National Park”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Etymology: Named for Teresa di Micco de Santo, a volunteer at the African Butterfly Research Insttute, Nairobi. Distribution: Madagascar (west and south-west). Specific localities: Madagascar – Zombitse N.P. (TL); Majunga (Warren-Gash, 2020).

*Mylothris ngaziya (Oberthür, 1888) Grand Comore Dotted Border

Pieris ngaziya Oberthür, 1888. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France (6) 8: 41 (40-42). Mylothris ngaziya (Oberthür, 1888). Aurivillius, 1910: 35. Mylothris nagaziya [sic] (Oberthür, 1888). Talbot, 1944: 157. Mylothris ngaziya (Oberthür, 1888). Ackery et al., 1995: 221; d’Abrera, 1997: 110. Mylothris ngaziya (Oberthür, 1888). Warren-Gash, 2020: 86.

Type locality: [Comoro Islands]: “Grande-Comore”. Syntypes in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Comoro Islands (Grand Comore). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

albunea Talbot, 1944 (as female f. of Mylothris nagaziya [sic]). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 165 (155-186). Comoro Islands: “Great Comoro”.

*Mylothris humbloti (Oberthür, 1888) Comoro Dotted Border

Pieris humbloti Oberthür, 1888. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France (6) 8: 42 (40-42). Mylothris humbloti (Oberthür, 1888). Aurivillius, 1910: 32. Mylothris nagaziya [sic] f. humbloti (Oberthür, 1888). Talbot, 1944: 157. Mylothris humbloti (Oberthür, 1888). Paulian, 1960: 274; Ackery et al., 1995: 220; d’Abrera, 1997: 110. Mylothris humbloti (Oberthür, 1888). Warren-Gash, 2020: 86.

Type locality: [Comoro Islands]: “Grande-Comore”. [False locality] Distribution: Comoro Islands (Anjouan). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris sjoestedti Aurivillius, 1895 Rainforest Dotted Border

Mylothris sjoestedti Aurivillius, 1895. Entomologisk Tidskrift 16: 260 (195-220, 255-268). Mylothris sjoestedti Aurivillius, 1895. Aurivillius, 1910: 33; Talbot, 1944: 159; Ackery et al., 1995: 224. Mylothris sjoestedti Aurivillius, 1895. Warren-Gash, 2020: 87.

Type locality: [Cameroon]: “Kitta [today in Korup Reserve]”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (NHRS) (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/s). Diagnosis: Characterized by the presence of bluish grey scaling in most of the cell on the forewing upperside in both sexes (Larsen, 2005a). Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo. Habitat: Forest. Habits: A rare dotted border throughout its range, but especially so in Nigeria (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

88 Mylothris sjoestedti sjoestedti Aurivillius, 1895 Rainforest Dotted Border

Type locality: [Cameroon]: “Kitta [today in Korup Reserve]”. Holotype in the Swedish Natural History Museum (NHRS) (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/s). Distribution: Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo (north). Specific localities: Nigeria – swamps north of Lagos, on the old Ikorodu Road (Larsen, 2005a); Warri (Larsen, 2005a); Calabar (Larsen, 2005a); Oban Hills (Larsen, 2005a). Gabon – Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Waka (Vande weghe, 2010).

panga Berger, 1981 (as female f. of Mylothris continua maxima). Les Papillons du Zaire 69 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Democratic Republic of Congo: “Sankuru, Panga-Ilenga”. Holotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium. Placed as a synonym of sjoestedti sjoestedti by Warran-Gash, 2020: 87.

Mylothris sjoestedti indala Warren-Gash, 2020 Southern Rainforest Dotted Border

Mylothris sjoestedti indala Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 88 (214pp.).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kasai River”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London. Known only from one other specimen, a female from Angola (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (south-central), Angola (north-east). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kasai River (TL). Angola – Muene Indala (Warren-Gash, 2020).

*Mylothris dollmani Riley, 1921 Chalky Dotted Border

Mylothris dollmani Riley, 1921. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921: 237 (234-259). Mylothris similis dollmani Riley, 1921. Talbot, 1944: 157, 171-2; Ackery et al., 1995: 224. Mylothris dollmani Riley, 1921. Warren-Gash, 2020: 88. Stat. res.

Mylothris dollmani dollmani. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mosa Hill, East Lumwana, Zambia. 4 April 2007. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Mylothris dollmani dollmani. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mosa Hill, East Lumwana, Zambia. 4 April 2007. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Mylothris dollmani dollmani. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mosa Hill, East Lumwana, Zambia. 18 March 2007. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Zambia]: “N.W. Rhodesia, Solwezi”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Rwanda, Tanzania, Zambia. Habitat: The nominate subspecies is found mostly in Brachystegia woodland. Subspecies nguru occurs in submontane forest (1000-1600m) (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Mylothris dollmani dollmani Riley, 1921 Chalky Dotted Border

Mylothris dollmani dollmani. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mosa Hill, East Lumwana, Zambia. 4 April 2007. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Mylothris dollmani dollmani. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mosa Hill, East Lumwana, Zambia. 4 April 2007. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Mylothris dollmani dollmani. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mosa Hill, East Lumwana, Zambia. 18 March 2007. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Zambia]: “N.W. Rhodesia, Solwezi”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Lualaba, upper Lomami, upper Shaba), Tanzania (south- west – Ufipa), Zambia (north-west). Specific localities: Tanzania – Chala Mountain in Ufipa (single male) (Kielland, 1990d). Zambia – Solwezi (TL) (Heath et al., 2002).

flavida Riley, 1921 (as female f. of Mylothris dollmani). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921: 239 (234-259). Zambia: “N.W. Rhodesia, Solwezi”.

Mylothris dollmani nguru Warren-Gash, 2020 Nguru Chalky Dotted Border

Mylothris dollmani nguru Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 89 (214pp.).

Type locality: Tanzania: “Tanzania, Nguru Mountains, Mkombola. ii.2003”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Distribution: Tanzania (north-east – Nguru and Uzungwa mountains).

91 Specific localities: Tanzania – Mkombola, Nguru Mountains (TL); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Mwanihana Forest (Kielland, 1990d); Maskati, Nguru Mountains.

Mylothris dollmani noel Talbot, 1944 Central Chalky Dotted Border

Mylothris similis noel Talbot, 1944. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 164 (155-186). Mylothris similis noel Talbot, 1944. Berger, 1981: 65; Ackery et al., 1995: 224. Mylothris dollmani noel Talbot, 1944. Warren-Gash, 2020: 90. Comb. nov.

Type locality: [Uganda]: “N. Bugishu, Elgon, Bulago, c. 7000 feet”. Holotype (female) in OUMNH, Oxford. Neallotype (male) in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu), Uganda, Rwanda. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – N. Bugishu, Elgon (TL).

*Mylothris similis Lathy, 1906 Mulanje Dotted Border

Mylothris similis Lathy, 1906. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1906: 6 (1-10). Mylothris similis Lathy, 1906. Aurivillius, 1910: 34; Talbot, 1944: 157; Ackery et al., 1995: 224. Mylothris similis Lathy, 1906. Warren-Gash, 2020: 90.

Mylothris similis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mount Namuli, Mozambique. 24 April 2008. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Mylothris similis. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Mount Mulanje, Malawi. 31 May 2006. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Malawi]: “Malanje, British Central Africa”. Syntypes in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Malawi (south), Mozambique (Congdon et al., 2010). Recorded, in error, from Angola by Talbot (1944). Specific localities: Malawi – Mt Mulanje (TL). Mozambique – Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Yao [-12.4432 36.5114] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Habitat: Montane and submontane forest (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris poppea (Cramer, [1777]) West African Dotted Border

Papilio poppea Cramer, 1777. Die Uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie waereld-deelen Asia, Africa en America 2: 21 (151 pp.). Amsteldam & Utrecht. Mylothris poppea (Cramer, 1777). Aurivillius, 1910: 33. Mylothris poppea poppea (Cramer, 1777). Talbot, 1944: 158. Mylothris poppea (Cramer, 1777). Ackery et al., 1995: 223; Larsen, 2005a: 109. Mylothris poppea (Cramer, 1777). Warren-Gash, 2020: 91.

Mylothris poppea. Male. Left – upperside, Togo. Right – underside, Togo. Images courtesy Torben Larsen.

Mylothris poppea. Female upperside, Ghana. Image courtesy Torben Larsen.

93 Type locality: “Côte de Guinée”; [Sierra Leone]: “Sierra Leona”. Cramer’s syntype is apparently lost (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo. The numerous older records of this species from east of the Dahomey Gap (i.e. east of Togo) are all due to misidentifications (Larsen, 2005a). Erroneously recorded, for example, from South Africa by Trimen, 1866a (MCW) and Angola (Mendes et al., 2019). Specific localities: Guinea – Macenta (Dufrane, 1947); Ziama (Safian et al., 2020). Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ghana – Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007); Boabeng-Fiema Monkey Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2009). Habitat: Forest, penetrating riverine and drier forest habitats (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A common forest butterfly. Both sexes fly slowly in the shade, usually two or three metres above the ground (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Loranthaceae (Larsen, 2005a). Host plant records from Uganda (Van Someren, 1974) must refer to another taxon since poppea does not occur east of the Dahomey Gap.

conflua Strand, 1913 (as ab. of Mylothris hilara). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.2.): 13 (10-26). Equatorial Guinea: “Span. Guinea, Alén, Benitogebt”. [This must be a synonym for another species of Mylothris – see Larsen, 2005a].

excavata Strand, 1913 (as ab. of Mylothris alcuana). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.2.): 13 (10-26). Equatorial Guinea: “Span. Guinea, Uelleburg-Benitogebt”. [This must be a synonym for another species of Mylothris – see Larsen, 2005a].

pseudospica Dufrane, 1947 (as ab. of Mylothris poppea poppea). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Royale Entomologique de Belgique 83: 54 (46-73). Guinea: “Macenta, Guinée”.

*Mylothris spica (Möschler, 1884) Small Dotted Border

Tachyris poppea var. spica Möschler, 1884. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 33: 277 (267- 310). Mylothris spica (Möschler, 1884). Aurivillius, 1910: 33. Mylothris rhodope rhodope female f. spica (Möschler, 1884). Talbot, 1944: 159. Mylothris spica spica (Möschler, 1884). Ackery et al., 1995: 224. Mylothris spica (Möschler, 1884). Larsen, 2005a: 109. Mylothris spica (Möschler, 1884). Warren-Gash, 2020: 92.

Mylothris spica. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Coldwater, Liberia. 9 January 2014. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Mylothris spica. Left – male upperside, Ghana. Right – female upperside, Ghana. Images courtesy Torben Larsen.

Type locality: [Ghana]: “Goldküste (Aburi)”. Description based on two females. Larsen (2005a: 109) designated the female from “Goldkuste (Aburi)” as the lectotype. Furthermore, he suspects that the second female, from Cameroon, is probably a female of M. sulphurea (Larsen, 2005a). The providence of the lectotype could not be established by Warren-Gash (2020: 92). Diagnosis: The male of M. spica differs from that of M. poppea in the following respects: slightly smaller; most of forewing costa without black scaling; orange basal flush on upperside not as bright and smaller; basal flush on underside even weaker but extends beyond cell; the smallest hindwing spot on vein 1 minute (also in female) (Larsen, 2005a). The female is similar to those of M. rhodope and M. schumanni but always differ in having the base of the hindwing clearly orange-yellow, on both the upper and under surfaces of the wings (Larsen, pers. comm.). Distribution: Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana. Specific localities: Liberia – Wologizi (Safian et al., 2020). Ghana – Aburi (TL) [probably no longer here because of destruction of the forest (Larsen, 2005a)]; Atewa Range (Larsen, 2005a); Bia (Larsen, 2005a); Kakum (Larsen, 2005a); Owabi (Larsen, 2005a); Kibi area (Maessen, vide Larsen, 2005a); Bobiri Butterfly Sanctuary (Larsen et al., 2007). Habitat: Wet forest in good condition (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: A rather rare butterfly (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris erlangeri Pagenstecher, 1902 Ethiopian Dotted Border

Mylothris erlangeri Pagenstecher, 1902. Jahrbuch des Nassauischen Vereins für Naturkunde 55: 163 (113-204). Mylothris poppea rueppellii f. erlangeri Pagenstecher, 1902. Talbot, 1944: 158. Mylothris erlangeri Pagenstecher, 1902. Ackery et al., 1995: 219. Mylothris erlangeri Pagenstecher, 1902. Warren-Gash, 2020: 93.

Mylothris erlangeri. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Boter Becho, Ethiopia. 20 September 1997. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Mylothris erlangeri. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Boter Becho, Ethiopia. 19 September 1997. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Mylothris erlangeri. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Boter Becho, Ethiopia. 20 September 1997. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Gewidscha; Moldscha; Wolu; Laku”. The providence of the type series could not be established by Warren-Gash (2020: 92). Distribution: Ethiopia (south-western highlands). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Gewidscha (TL); Moldscha (Pagenstecher, 1902); Wolu (Pagenstecher, 1902); Laku (Pagenstecher, 1902); Boter Becho (images above). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

albescens Berger, 19?? (as f. of Mylothris flaviana interposita). Reference? Type localitiy? Holotype and allotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.

*Mylothris aburi Larsen & Collins, 2003 Savanna Dotted Border

Mylothris aburi Larsen & Collins, 2003. Metamorphosis 14 (3): 66 (63-110). Mylothris aburi Larsen & Collins, 2003. Larsen, 2005a: 107. Mylothris aburi Larsen & Collins, 2003. Warren-Gash, 2020: 94.

Mylothris aburi. Male (Wingspan 52 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Aburi Botanical Gardens, Ghana. 28 November 2011. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: Ghana: “Ghana: Near Accra, Aburi Botanical Gardens, xii.1994”. Holotype (male) in African Butterfly Research Institute, Nairobi; genitalia SCC 477. Diagnosis: Male characterized by extensive yellow basal scaling on the forewing upperside, almost entirely filling the cell (Larsen, 2005a). Distribution: Senegal (east), Guinea, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria (north), Sudan (Warren- Gash, 2020). Specific localities: Guinea – Fouta Djalon (Collins et al., 2003). Ghana – Aburi Botanical Garden, near Accra (TL); Kyabobo National Park (Collins et al., 2003); Volta Region (Larsen, 2005a). Togo – Klouto (Collins et al., 2003). Nigeria – Jos Plateau (Collins et al., 2003). Habitat: Savanna/forest transition zone (Collins et al., 2003). Also in dry forests and light woodland (Larsen, 2005a). Habits: May be common in certain localities (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Strongly associated with some old Loranthus-infested citrus trees at Aburi, Ghana (Larsen, 2005a).

*Mylothris dubia Aurivillius, 1907 Cream Dotted Border

Mylothris dubia Aurivillius, 1907. Archiv för Zoologi 3 (19): 5 (7 pp.). Mylothris poppea hilara f. dubia Aurivillius, 1907. Talbot, 1944: 158. Mylothris alcuana binza Aurivillius, 1907. Berger, 1981: 68; Ackery et al., 1995: 218. [misidentification] Mylothris dubia Aurivillius, 1907. Warren-Gash, 2020: 95.

Type locality: [Congo]: “Französisches Congogebiet, Bonga”. Syntypes in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium and the Swedish Natural History Museum (NHRS) (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/d). Distribution: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Congo, Angola, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania. Habitat: Forest (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Mylothris dubia dubia Aurivillius, 1907 Cream Dotted Border

97 Mylothris dubia Aurivillius, 1907. Archiv för Zoologi 3 (19): 5 (7 pp.). Mylothris poppea hilara f. dubia Aurivillius, 1907. Talbot, 1944: 158. Mylothris alcuana binza Aurivillius, 1907. Berger, 1981: 68; Ackery et al., 1995: 218. [misidentification] Mylothris dubia dubia Aurivillius, 1907. Warren-Gash, 2020: 95.

Type locality: [Congo]: “Französisches Congogebiet, Bonga”. Syntypes in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium and the Swedish Natural History Museum (NHRS) (images available at www2.nrm.se/en/lep_nrm/d). Distribution: Congo, Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Congo – Bonga (TL). Democratic Republic of Congo – Kinshasha-Binza (TL of binza); Lukolela (Warren-Gash, 2020); Kinshasa (Warren-Gash, 2020).

binza Berger, 1981 (as ssp. of Mylothris alcuana). Les Papillons du Zaire 68 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kinshasa-Binza”. Holotype and allotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium. Listed as a valid taxon in Ackery et al., 1995: 218. Synonymized with dubia dubia by Warren-Gash, 2020: 95.

Mylothris dubia alcuana Grünberg, 1910 Western Cream Dotted Border

Mylothris alcuana Grünberg, 1910. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1910: 480 (469- 480). Mylothris poppea hilara f. alcuana Grünberg, 1910. Talbot, 1944: 158. Mylothris alcuana Grünberg, 1910. Ackery et al., 1995: 217. Mylothris dubia alcuana Grünberg, 1910. Warren-Gash, 2010: 96. Comb. nov.

Type locality: [Equatorial Guinea]: “Alcu [= Alen], Span-Guinea”. The providence of the syntypes could not be established by Warren-Gash (2020: 96). Distribution: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (north-west). Specific localities: Cameroon – Yaunde-Simekoa (Strand, 1913; for limbonotata). Equatorial Guinea – Alen (TL); Makomo (Strand, 1913; for limbonotata). Central African Republic – Bangui (Warren-Gash, 2020).

limbonotata Strand, 1913 (as f. of Mylothris hilara). Archiv für Naturgeschichte 79 (A.2.): 13 (10-26). Cameroon: “Kamerun, Jaunde-Simekoa”; Equatorial Guinea: “Span-Guinea, Makomo-Campogebt”. Treated as Mylothris poppea hilara f. limbonotata. Treated as a synonym of M. dubia alcuana by Warren-Gash, 2020: 96.

Mylothris dubia flavisparsa Warren-Gash, 2020 Eastern Cream Dotted Border

Mylothris dubia flavisparsa Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 96 (214pp.).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “DRC, N. Kivu, Kiwale, v.2016”. Holotype (male) in the collection of Robert Ducarme. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (north-east), Uganda (south-West), Tanzania (north- west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kiwale (TL); Mitumba Mountains (Warren-Gash, 2020).

98 *Mylothris shaba Berger, 1981 Yellow-based Dotted Border

Mylothris alcuana shaba Berger, 1981. Les Papillons du Zaire 68 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Mylothris alcuana shaba Berger, 1981. Ackery et al., 1995: 218. Mylothris shaba Berger, 1981. Warren-Gash, 2020: 97. Stat. nov.

Mylothris shaba shaba. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Lisombo, Mwinilunga District, Zambia. 1 May 2001. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Mylothris shaba shaba. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nyangombe, Mwinilunga District, Zambia. 9 June 2007. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kapanga, Lulua”. Holotype (male) and allotype (female) in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia. Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Mylothris shaba shaba Berger, 1981 Yellow-based Dotted Border

Mylothris alcuana shaba Berger, 1981. Les Papillons du Zaire 68 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Mylothris alcuana shaba Berger, 1981. Ackery et al., 1995: 218. Mylothris shaba shaba Berger, 1981. Warren-Gash, 2020: 97. Stat. nov.

Mylothris shaba shaba. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Lisombo, Mwinilunga District, Zambia. 1 May 2001. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Mylothris shaba shaba. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Nyangombe, Mwinilunga District, Zambia. 9 June 2007. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kapanga, Lulua”. Holotype (male) and allotype (female) in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (south), Zambia (north-west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kapanga (TL). Zambia – Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Chingola (Heath et al., 2002); Kisama (Heath et al., 2002); Chisamba Falls (Heath et al., 2002); Hillwood, Zambezi Bridge.

Mylothris shaba richardsoni Warren-Gash, 2020 Zambia Yellow-based Dotted Border

Mylothris shaba richardsoni Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 98 (214pp.).

Type locality: Zambia: “Zambia, Chisimbe Falls”. Holotype (male) in ANHRT, Leominster, United Kingdom. Etymology: Named for Ian Richardson. Distribution: Zambia (north-east). Specific localities: Zambia – (TL); Kundabwika Falls (Warren-Gash, 2020).

*Mylothris goma Berger, 1981 Ochre-based Dotted Border

100 Mylothris hilara goma Berger, 1981. Les Papillons du Zaire 61 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Mylothris hilara goma Berger, 1981. Ackery et al., 1995: 220. Mylothris goma Berger, 1981. Warren-Gash, 2020: 99. Stat. nov.

Type locality: [Rwanda]: “Kisenyi”. Holotype (male) missing (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (South Kivu), Rwanda. Specific localities: Rwanda – Kisenyi (TL). Democratic Republic of Congo – Goma (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris polychroma Berger, 1981 Red-based Dotted Border

Mylothris polychroma Berger, 1981. Les Papillons du Zaire 69 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Mylothris polychroma Berger, 1981. Ackery et al., 1995: 221. Mylothris polychroma Berger, 1981. Warren-Gash, 2020: 100.

Mylothris polychroma. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Kitabi, Rwanda. 28 October 2015. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “S. Kivu, Mulungu”. Holotype (male) and allotype (Female) in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Rwanda, Burundi. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Mulungu, S. Kivu (TL); Nyamununye (Berger, 1981; for semirufa); Mount Mitumba (Warren-Gash, 2020); Idjwi Island (Warren-Gash, 2020). Rwanda – Kitabi (images of male, above). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

semirufa Berger, 1981 (as female f. of Mylothris polychroma). Les Papillons du Zaire 69 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kivu, Nyamununye”. Holotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium.

*Mylothris ochrea Berger, 1981 Mulungu Dotted Border

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Mylothris ochrea Berger, 1981. Les Papillons du Zaire 69 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Mylothris ochrea Berger, 1981. Ackery et al., 1995: 221. Mylothris ochrea Berger, 1981. Warren-Gash, 2020: 100.

Type locality: [Democratic Republic of Congo]: “Kivu, Mulungu”. Holotype (male) and allotype (female) in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Kivu), Rwanda, Burundi. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Kahusha, Kivu (TL); Nyamunyunye, Kivu (Berger, 1981). Rwanda – Nyungwe Forest (Warren-Gash, 2020). Burundi – Kigwena (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

ochrea Berger, 1952 (as female f. of Mylothris sjoestedti). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 46: 321 (319-322). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kivu, Kahusha”.

cedrata Berger, 1981 (as female f. of Mylothris ochrea). Les Papillons du Zaire 69 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kivu, Nyamununye”. Holotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.

nivea Berger, 1981 (as female f. of Mylothris ochrea). Les Papillons du Zaire 69 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Democratic Republic of Congo: “Kivu, Nyamununye”. Holotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.

*Mylothris winstoni Warren-Gash, 2020 Katera Dotted Border

Mylothris winstoni Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 101 (214pp.).

Type locality: Uganda: “S.W. Uganda, Rakai, Katera Forest, ix.2011”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Etymology: Named for Winston, grandson of the species author. Distribution: Uganda (south-west). Specific localities: Uganda – Katera Forest (TL). Habitat: Montane and semimontane areas (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris carolinae Warren-Gash, 2020 Mitumba Dotted Border

Mylothris carolynae Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 102 (214pp.).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “DRC, N. Kivu, Muleke, ii.2014”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Etymology: Named for Caroline, wife of the species author. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (North Kivu – northern end of the Mitumba mountains). Specific localities:

102 Democratic Republic of Congo – Muleke (TL). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris fouta Warren-Gash, 2020 Fouta Dotted Border

Mylothris fouta Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 103 (214pp.).

Type locality: Guinea: “Guinea, Labe, xi.1995”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Distribution: Guinea (Fouta Djalon highlands). Specific localities: Guinea – Labe (TL). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Scarce and local (Warren-Gash, 2020). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris hilara (Karsch, 1892) Small Mountain Dotted Border

Pieris hilara Karsch, 1892. Entomologische Nachrichten. Berlin 18: 169 (161-183). Mylothris poppea hilara (Karsch, 1892). Aurivillius, 1910: 33; Talbot, 1944: 158. Mylothris hilara hilara (Karsch, 1892). Ackery et al., 1995: 221. Mylothris hilara (Karsch, 1892). Warren-Gash, 2020: 104.

Mylothris hilara. Left – male upperside, Cameroon. Right – male underside, Cameroon. Images courtesy Torben Larsen.

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Mylothris hilara. Female, Cameroon. Photo ex Torben Larsen.

Type locality: [Cameroon]: “Baliburg (Deutsch-Westafrika)”. Syntypes in ZMHB, Berlin (Warren- Gash, 2020). Distribution: Nigeria (south-east), Cameroon. Specific localities: Nigeria – Obudu Plateau (Larsen, 2005a); Mambilla Plateau (Larsen, 2005a); Gashaka-Gumpti (Hecq, 2005: 131, for lucens). Cameroon – Baliburg (TL); Banso Mountains north of Lumbo (Talbot, 1944: 168, for trimacula); Mount Kupe (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habitat: Upland savanna-forest mosaic (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Common in submontane forest, usually above 1 200 m (Larsen, 2005a). Males are most often seen flying around the edges of forest (Larsen, 2005a). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

trimacula Talbot, 1944 (as female f. of Mylothris poppea hilara). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 168 (155-186). Cameroon: “Banso Mountains, north of Lumbo, 6000 feet”. Placed as a synonym of hilara by Warren-Gash, 2020: 104.

andromorpha Berger, 19?? (as f. of Mylothris hilara hilara). Reference? Type locality? Holotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.

lucens Hecq, 2005 (as sp. of Mylothris). Lambillionea 105 (1): 131 (129-131). Type locality: Nigeria: Gashaka-Gumpti, 1 700 m. Synonymised with hilara by Warren-Gash, 2020: 104. Syn. nov.

*Mylothris josi Larsen, 1986 Shining white Dotted Border

Mylothris rueppellii josi Larsen, 1986. Bulletin de l’Institut Fondamental de l’Afrique Noire (A) 45: 153 (151-172). Mylothris rueppellii josi Larsen, 1986. Ackery et al., 1995: 223; Larsen, 2005a: 108. Mylothris josi Larsen, 1986. Warren-Gash, 2020: 104. Stat. nov.

104 Mylothris josi. Left – male upperside, Nigeria. Right – male underside, Nigeria. Images courtesy Torben Larsen.

Type locality: Nigeria: “Plateau State, Jos”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Nigeria (Jos Plateau), Cameroon (montane areas bordering Nigeria). Specific localities: Nigeria – Gardens of the main Jos Hotel (Larsen, 2005a). Cameroon – Ako (Warren-Gash, 2020); Kumbo (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris pseudohilara Strand, 1912 Smoky Dotted Border

Mylothris hilara f. pseudohilara Strand, 1912. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 78 (A.2.): 138 (136-141). Synonym of Mylothris rhodope (Fabricius, 1775). Ackery et al., 1995. Mylothris pseudohilara Strand, 1912. Warren-Gash, 2020: 105. Stat. nov.

Type locality: [Cameroon]: “Buea”. Warren-Gash (2020: 105) was unable to find Strand’s type series. Distribution: Nigeria (south-east), Cameroon. Specific localities: Cameroon – Buea (TL); Mount Bana (Warren-Gash, 2020); Mount Tabenken (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Scarce and local (Warren-Gash, 2020). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris furvus Bernardi, 1953 Bioko Cream Dotted Border

Mylothris poppea furvus Bernardi, 1953. Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire (A) 15: 1438 (1437-1440). Mylothris hilara furvus Bernardi, 1953. Ackery et al., 1995: 220. Mylothris furvus Bernardi, 1953. Warren-Gash, 2020: 106. Stat. nov.

Type locality: [Equatorial Guinea]: “Fernando Po [= Bioko], 3000-4000 feet”. Holotype (female) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Equatorial Guinea (island of Bioko).

furvus Talbot, 1944 (as female f. of Mylothris poppea hilara). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 168 (155-186). Equatorial Guinea: “Fernando Po, 3000-4000 feet”.

*Mylothris boireaui Warren-Gash, 2020 Nimba Dotted Border

Mylothris boireaui Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 107 (214pp.).

Type locality: Ivory Coast: “Cote d’Ivoire, Mt Tonkoui, iii.2016”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Etymology: Named for Patrick Boireau, an entomologist resident in Ivory Coast. Distribution: Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast (west). Specific localities: 105 Guinea – Nimba mountains (Warren-Gash, 2020). Liberia – Nimba mountains (Warren-Gash, 2020). Ivory Coast – Mount Tonkoui (TL). Habitat: Sub-montane forest (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris alexanderi Warren-Gash, 2020 Angular Dotted Border

Mylothris alexanderi Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 108 (214pp.).

Type locality: Cameroon: “Cameroon, Mt Kupe, xii.2009”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Etymology: Named for Alexander, son of the species author. Distribution: Cameroon (west and north-west). Specific localities: Cameroon – Mount Kupe (TL). Habitat: Montane country (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris continua Talbot, 1944 Shade Dotted Border

Male Shade Dotted Border, Mylothris continua. Tanzania. Image courtesy Sudheer Kommana.

Mylothris poppea continua Talbot, 1944. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 158 (155-186). Mylothris continua continua Talbot, 1944. Berger, 1981: 69; Ackery et al., 1995: 219. Mylothris continua Talbot, 1944. Warren-Gash, 2020: 108.

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Mylothris continua. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Tumani River. 1 42 N, 30 07 E, Democratic Republic of Congo. 22 April 2016. T. Desloges. Images courtesy T. Desloges.

Type locality: [Uganda]: “Ruwenzori, Masinde”. Holotype (female) in NHRS, Stockholm, Sweden (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (east), Uganda, Kenya (extreme west), Tanzania (north- west). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – West Semliki Valley (Talbot, 1932); Ituri Forest (Ducarme, 2018); Semuliki Valley (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Mitumba (Ducarme, 2018); Mt Blue (Ducarme, 2018). Uganda – Masinde (TL); Mabira Forest; Buddu (Talbot, 1944); Mt Elgon district (Talbot, 1944); Entebbe (Talbot, 1944); Jinja (Talbot, 1944); Kampala (Talbot, 1944); Semuliki N.P. (S. Forbes, pers. comm., 2015); Mpanga Forest (Safian & Pyrcz, 2020). Kenya – Kakamega Forest (Collins, 2008). Tanzania – Minziro Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998); Munene Forest (Congdon & Collins, 1998). Habitat: Dense primary forest. Habits: The flight is slow and specimens keep to the semi-shade of the forest. Occasionally they venture into forest clearings to feed at flowers. They mudpuddle, but rarely (Larsen, 1991c); Congdon & Collins (1998), however, observed males mudpuddling in large numbers. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

continua Aurivillius, 1910 in Seitz, 1908-25 (as female ab. of Mylothris poppea). Die Gross- Schmetterlinge der Erde, Stuttgart (2) 13 Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter: 33 (614 pp.). “Ruwenzori”.

*Mylothris maxima Berger, 1981 Matt Dotted Border

Mylothris continua maxima Berger, 1981. Les Papillons du Zaire 69 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Mylothris continua maxima Berger, 1981. Ackery et al., 1995: 219. Mylothris maxima Berger, 1981. Warren-Gash, 2020: 109. Stat. nov.

Mylothris maxima maxima. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 19 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Cameroon]: “Ebogo”. Holotype (male) and allotype (Female) in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda. Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. 107 Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Mylothris maxima maxima Warren-Gash, 2020 Matt Dotted Border

Mylothris continua maxima Berger, 1981. Les Papillons du Zaire 69 (543 pp.). Bruxelles. Mylothris continua maxima Berger, 1981. Ackery et al., 1995: 219. Mylothris maxima maxima Berger, 1981. Warren-Gash, 2020: 109. Stat. nov.

Mylothris maxima maxima. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Ivindo N.P., Gabon. 19 November 2017. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Cameroon]: “Ebogo”. Holotype (male) and allotype (Female) in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium. Distribution: Cameroon (central, south), Gabon, Congo, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of Congo (west). Specific localities: Cameroon – Ebogo (TL). Gabon – Ipassa (Vande weghe, 2010); Langoue (Vande weghe, 2010); Nouna (Vande weghe, 2010). Democratic Republic of Congo – Panga-Ilenga, Sankuru (Berger, 1981).

Mylothris maxima kivu Warren-Gash, 2020 Kivu Matt Dotted Border

Mylothris maxima kivu Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 110 (214pp.).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: “DRC, Orientale, Mamove, 1050 m iii.2017”. Holotype (male) in the collection of Robert Ducarme. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (North Kivu), ?Uganda. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Mamove (TL). Uganda - ?Itwara Forest (Warren-Gash, 2020).

*Mylothris septentrionalis Carpenter, 1928 Didinga Dotted Border

Mylothris rueppellii septentrionalis Carpenter, 1928. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 76: 31 (25-54). Mylothris poppea septentrionalis Carpenter, 1928. Talbot, 1944: 158. 108 Mylothris rueppellii septentrionalis Carpenter, 1928. Ackery et al., 1995: 223. Mylothris septentrionalis Carpenter, 1928. Warren-Gash, 2020: 111. Stat. nov.

Type locality: [South Sudan]: “S.E. Sudan, Imatong Mts.”. Holotype (male) in OUMNH, Oxford (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Sudan, Uganda. Habitat: Flies at a higher altitude than the nearest subspecies of rueppellii (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

Mylothris septentrionalis septentrionalis Berger, 1981 Didinga Dotted Border

Mylothris rueppellii septentrionalis Carpenter, 1928. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 76: 31 (25-54). Mylothris poppea septentrionalis Carpenter, 1928. Talbot, 1944: 158. Mylothris rueppellii septentrionalis Carpenter, 1928. Ackery et al., 1995: 223. Mylothris septentrionalis septentrionalis Carpenter, 1928. Warren-Gash, 2020: 111. Stat. nov.

Type locality: [South Sudan]: “S.E. Sudan, Imatong Mts.”. Holotype (male) in OUMNH, Oxford (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Sudan (south), Uganda (north). Specific localities: South Sudan – Imatong Mountains (TL); Nagichot in the Didinga Hills (Warren-Gash, 2020); Bahr-El- Ghazal (Warren-Gash, 2020). Uganda – Agoro Forest (Warren-Gash, 2020).

Mylothris septentrionalis kadam Warren-Gash, 2020 Southern Didinga Dotted Border

Mylothris septentrionalis kadam Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 112 (214pp.).

Type locality: Uganda: “E. Uganda, Mt. Kadam, Nakapiripirit, iii.2017”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Distribution: Uganda (south-east). Specific localities: Uganda – Mount Kadam (TL); Mount Kokanjero (Warren-Gash, 2020).

*Mylothris rueppellii (Koch, 1865)# Twin Dotted Border

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Male Twin Dotted Border (Mylothris rueppellii), Kenneth Stainbank Nature Reserve. Image courtesy Steve Woodhall.

Pieris rueppellii Koch, 1865. Die Indo-Australische Lepidopteren-Fauna in ihrem Zusammenhang mit der Europaeischen nebst den drei Hauptfaunen der Erde 88 (119 pp.). Leipsig. Mylothris rüppellii (Koch, 1865). Trimen & Bowker, 1889. Mylothris rüppelli [sic] (Koch, 1865). Aurivillius, 1910: 34. Mylothris poppea rueppellii (Koch, 1865). Talbot, 1944: 158. Mylothris poppea Cramer. Swanepoel, 1953a. [Misidentification for rueppellii haemus] Mylothris rueppellii (Koch, 1865). Pringle et al., 1994: 299. Mylothris rueppellii rueppellii (Koch, 1865). Ackery et al., 1995: 223. Mylothris rueppellii (Koch, 1865). Warren-Gash, 2020: 112.

Mylothris rueppellii rhodesiana. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Juniper Forest, Nyika, Malawi. 27 October 2019. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Mylothris rueppellii rhodesiana. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. 10 km east of Chelinda, Nyika, Malawi. 26 October 2019. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Alternative common name: Rueppell’s Dotted Border. Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Abessynica”. The type series was not found by Warren-Gash (2020: 112). 110 Diagnosis: The basal coloured scaling takes up about half of the forewing cell on the upperside and is deep orange (Larsen, 2005a). Distribution: Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa, Swaziland. Habitat: Forest and heavily wooded savanna. In Tanzania ssp. rhodesiana and tirikensis both occur at altitudes from 600 to 2 000 m (Kielland, 1990d). Habits: This is a common species that may be seasonally abundant (Larsen, 1991c). Both sexes have a slow, floating flight, usually high up in trees (Pringle et al., 1994). Both males and females come to flowers regularly, including those of Lantana. Flight period: All year (Pringle et al., 1994). Early stages:

Mansel Weale, in Trimen & Bowker, 1889: 36 [as Mylothris Rüppellii (Koch)]. “Pupa. Satiny-white, with a pale-green tinge dorsally; projections on wing-covers tipped with ochreous- yellow and black; faintly mottled with grey ventrally. In shape closely resembles pupa of Agathina.” – J.P. Mansel Weale, in epist., February 1877.”

Clark, in Pringle et al., 1994: plate 27, p.392. “The eggs are laid in clusters on the leaves of the foodplant. They are 0,7 mm in diameter and 1,1 mm high, and are yellowish with a sticky, yellow coating. There are about 28 longitudinal ribs and about 26 cross ribs. The larvae emerge from the side of the eggs, near the top, and eat the discarded shells. The larvae are gregarious throughout their larval stages and sit side by side on the leaves of the foodplant. After moulting, they usually eat their discarded skins. When ready to pupate, the larvae drop to the ground on silken threads and scatter to various places. Egg duration six days. Larva on emergence 2,0 mm growing to 4,0 mm in six days; 2 nd instar growing to 5,5 mm in five days; 3 rd instar growing to 9,5 mm in six days; 4th instar growing to 17,0 mm in seven days; 5th instar growing to 30,0 mm in 15 days. Pupa 18,0 mm and hatching after 16 days. The pupae are secured by cremastral hooks and a silken girdle. They vary in colour to match the surroundings.”

Henning, Henning, Joannou, & Woodhall, 1997: 361 (photograph of final instar larva and pupa).

Congdon et al., 2017 [final instar larva].

Larval food: Erianthemum dregei (Eckl. & Zeyh.) Tiegh. (Loranthaceae) (suspected to be), parasitic on two kinds of Acacia (Fabaceae), Combretum (Combretaceae), and Schotia (Fabaceae) [Mansel Weale, in Trimen & Bowker, 1889: 36; as Loranthus Dregei; for ssp. haemus]. Globimetula pachyclada (Sprague) Danser (Loranthaceae) [Congdon et al., 2017; Mufindi, Tanzania; for ssp. rhodesiana]. Phragmanthera usuiensis (Oliv.) M.G.Gilbert (Loranthaceae) [Congdon & Bampton, unpublished 2003; Bundali Hills, Tanzania; for ssp. rhodesiana]. Tapinanthus oleifolius (J.C.Wendl.) Danser (Loranthaceae) [Pringle et al., 1994: 300; South Africa; for ssp. haemus]. Tapinanthus rubromarginatus (Engl.) Danser (Loranthaceae) [Williams, 1994; Pringle et al., 1994: 300 (South Africa); for ssp. haemus]. Ximenia caffra Sond. (Olacaceae) [Williams, unpublished 2004; Buffelskloof Nature Reserve, Mpumalanga; based on a group of third instar larvae found feeding on it; for ssp. haemus].

Mylothris rueppellii rueppellii (Koch, 1865) Twin Dotted Border

Type locality: [Ethiopia]: “Abessynica”. The type series was not found by Warren-Gash (2020: 112). Distribution: Ethiopia (highlands). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Inderatcha Forest, Bonga (Riley, 1921); Hararge Mountains (Warren-Gash, 2020).

kaffana Riley, 1921 (as female f. of Mylothris rueppellii kikuyuensis). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921: 236 (234-259). Ethiopia: “Inderatcha Forest, at Bonga, Kaffa, Abyssinia, 6050 ft”.

Mylothris rueppellii tirikensis Neave, 1904 Tiriki Twin Dotted Border

Mylothris tirikensis Neave, 1904. Novitates Zoologicae 11: 341 (323-363). Mylothris tirikensis Neave, 1904. Aurivillius, 1910. Mylothris poppea tirikensis Neave, 1904. Talbot, 1944: 158. Mylothris rueppellii tirikensis Neave, 1904. Ackery et al., 1995: 223; Larsen, 1996: 151. Mylothris rueppellii tirikensis Neave, 1904. Warren-Gash, 2020: 113.

Mylothris rueppellii tirikensis. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Gatamayu Forest, Kenya. 5 May 2002. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Mylothris rueppellii tirikensis. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. Loita Hills, Kenya. 29 January 2019. A. Gardiner. Images M. Williams ex Gardiner Collection.

Type locality: [Kenya]: “Tiriki Hills”. Holotype (female) in OUMNH, Oxford (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Uganda (north, east), Kenya (highlands on both sides of the Rift). Specific localities: Kenya – Tiriki Hills (TL); Kikuyu (Bartel, 1905); S.E. slopes of Mt. Kenya (Riley, 1921); Londiani (Hulstaert, 1924); Upper Meru Forest (Larsen, 1991c).

112 kikuyuensis Bartel, 1905 (as female f. of Mylothris rueppellii). Novitates Zoologicae 12: 150 (129-152). Kenya: “Brit. Ost-Afrika, Kikuyu”.

kenia Riley, 1921 (as male f. of Mylothris rueppellii kikuyuensis). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921: 236 (234-259). Kenya: “S.E. slopes of Mt. Kenia, 6000-7000 ft”.

aspilota Hulstaert, 1924 (as ab. of Mylothris ruppellii [sic] kikuyuensis). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 12: 92 (90-99). Kenya: “Londiani”. Holotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.

Mylothris rueppellii magamba Warren-Gash, 2020 Magamba Twin Dotted Borde

Mylothris jacksoni lequeuxi Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 113 (214pp.).

Type locality: Tanzania: “Tanzania, W. Usambara, Magamba Forest, iii.2001”. Holotyp (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Distribution: Kenya (south-east), Tanzania (northern highlands). Specific localities: Kenya – Shimba Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Teita Hills (Larsen, 1991c); Chyulu Hills (Larsen, 1991c). Tanzania – Magamba Forest (TL); Northern Highlands (Kielland, 1990d); Pare Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Loliondo (Kielland, 1990d).

Mylothris rueppellii rhodesiana Riley, 1921 Kashitu Twin Dotted Border

Mylothris rüppellii rhodesiana Riley, 1921. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921: 236 ( 234-259). Mylothris poppea rhodesiana Riley, 1921. Talbot, 1944: 158. Mylothris rueppellii rhodesiana Riley, 1921. Ackery et al., 1995: 223. Mylothris rueppellii rhodesiana Riley, 1921. Warren-Gash, 2020: 114.

Mylothris rueppellii rhodesiana. Male. Left – upperside; right – underside. Juniper Forest, Nyika, Malawi. 27 October 2019. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

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Mylothris rueppellii rhodesiana. Female. Left – upperside; right – underside. 10 km east of Chelinda, Nyika, Malawi. 26 October 2019. J. Dobson. Images M.C. Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [Zambia]: “N.W. Rhodesia, Kashitu”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo (Shaba, Kivu), Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania (central, south), Malawi, Zambia (north and north-east), Angola (south-east), Mozambique (north). Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Luanza (Hulstaert, 1924). Tanzania – Western, southern and eastern parts, to the Usambaras in the north-east (Kielland, 1990d). Malawi – Mt Mulanje (Congdon et al., 2010); Nyika N.P. (J. Timberlake, pers. comm., 2019). Zambia – Kashitu (TL); Mwinilunga (Heath et al., 2002); Ikelenge (Heath et al., 2002); Solwezi (Heath et al., 2002); Mufulira (Heath et al., 2002); Mporokosa (Heath et al., 2002); Lusaka (Heath et al., 2002); Mkushi (Heath et al., 2002); Mbala (Heath et al., 2002); Nyika (Heath et al., 2002). Mozambique – Mt Inago (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Namuli (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Chiperone (Congdon et al., 2010); Mt Mabu (Congdon et al., 2010).

pallidior Hulstaert, 1924 (as ab. of Mylothris ruppellii [sic] rhodesiana). Revue de Zoologie et de Botanique Africaine 12: 92 (90-99). Democratic Republic of Congo: “Luanza”. Holotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium.

Mylothris rueppellii haemus (Trimen, 1879)# Southern Twin Dotted Border

Pieris haemus Trimen, 1879. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1879: 342 (323-346). Mylothris poppea haemus (Trimen, 1879). Talbot, 1944: 158. Mylothris poppea haemus (Trimen, 1879). Dickson & Kroon, 1978. Mylothris rueppellii haemus (Trimen, 1879). Pringle et al., 1994: 299. Mylothris rueppellii haemus (Trimen, 1879). Ackery et al., 1995: 223. Mylothris rueppellii haemus (Trimen, 1879). Warren-Gash, 2020: 114.

Mylothris rueppellii haemus. Male (Wingspan 52 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Utopia Resort, North West Province, South Africa. 2 April 2008. M. Williams. Images M.C.Williams ex Williams Collection.

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Mylothris rueppellii haemus. Female (Wingspan 54 mm). Left – upperside; right – underside. Randburg, Gauteng, South Africa. 15 May 2002. J. Dobson. Images M.C.Williams ex Dobson Collection.

Type locality: [South Africa]: “Kaffraria, Bashee River”. Lectotype (male) designated by Warren- Gash (2020: 114); in Iziko Museum, Cape Town (SAM_LEP A005075). Distribution: Mozambique (south), Zimbabwe, Botswana, South Africa (Limpopo Province, Mpumalanga, North West Province, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Eastern Cape Province), Swaziland. Specific localities: Mozambique – Mt Yao [-12.4432 36.5114] (Congdon & Bayliss, 2013). Botswana – Francistown (Larsen, 1991; single male). Limpopo Province – Lekgalameetse Nature Reserve (“Malta Forest”) (Swanepoel, 1953); Mokeetzi (Swanepoel, 1953); Sibasa (Swanepoel, 1953); Entabeni Forest (Swanepoel, 1953); Wyliespoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Saltpan (Swanepoel, 1953); Polokwane (Swanepoel, 1953); Chuniespoort (Swanepoel, 1953); Tubex (Swanepoel, 1953); Potgietersrus (Swanepoel, 1953); Warmbaths (Swanepoel, 1953); Doorndraai Dam Nature Reserve (Warren, 1990); Highlands Wilderness (Bode & Bode, unpublished checklist); Soetdoring Farm [-24.561 28.233] (A. Mayer, pers comm. 2015); Bateleur Nature Reserve (Williams & Dobson, unpub., 2015); Buzzard Mountain Retreat [-23.012 29.765] (Williams, unpub., 2015). Mpumalanga – Barberton (Swanepoel, 1953); Nelspruit (Swanepoel, 1953); Acornhoek (Swanepoel, 1953); Marieps Kop (Swanepoel, 1953); Lydenburg District (Swanepoel, 1953); Buffelskloof Nature Reserve (Williams). North West Province – Utopia Resort (C. Dobson, 2006). Gauteng – Pretoria (Swanepoel, 1953); Hartbeespoort Dam (Williams); Witwatersrand Botanical Gardens (J. Dobson, unpublished checklist, 2001). KwaZulu-Natal – Port Shepstone (Swanepoel, 1953); Umkomaas (Swanepoel, 1953); Durban (Swanepoel, 1953); Eshowe (Swanepoel, 1953); St. Lucia Bay (Swanepoel, 1953). Eastern Cape Province – Bashee River (TL); King William’s Town (Trimen, 1879); Kei River (Trimen, 1879); Amabele (Swanepoel, 1953); East London (Swanepoel, 1953); Qamata (Swanepoel, 1953); Stutterheim (Swanepoel, 1953); Port St. Johns (Swanepoel, 1953).

*Mylothris menagesha Warren-Gash, 2020 Menagesha Dotted Borde

Mylothris menagesha Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 115 (214pp.).

Type locality: Ethiopia: “Ethiopia, Mt Menagesha, 2600 m. xi.1993”. Holotype (male) in ABRI, Nairobi. Distribution: Ethiopia (west of Addis Ababa). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Mount Menagesha (TL). Known only from the type locality (Warren-Gash, 2020). Habitat: Nothing published.

115 Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris cousinae Warren-Gash, 2020 Djimma Dotted Border

Mylothris hilara cousinae Bernardi. Unpublished manuscript name. Mylothris cousinae Warren-Gash, 2020. Mylothris. A Revision of the Afrotropical Pierid Genus with Descriptions of New Species: 115 (214pp.).

Type locality: Ethiopia: “Ethiopia, Djimma, iv.1925”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London. Distribution: Ethiopia (south-west). Specific localities: Ethiopia – Djimma (TL). Habitat: Nothing published. Habits: Nothing published. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

*Mylothris pluviata Berger, 1980 Morogoro Dotted Border

Mylothris pluviata Berger, 1980. Revue de Zoologie Africaine 94: 865 (861-880). Mylothris pluviata Berger, 1980. Kielland, 1990: 67; Ackery et al., 1995: 221. Mylothris pluviata Berger, 1980. Warren-Gash, 2020: 116.

Type locality: Tanzania: “Morogoro”. Holotype (male) in NHM, London (Warren-Gash, 2020). Allotype in the Royal Museum for Central Africa (MRAC), Tervuren, Belgium. Diagnosis: Similar to M. basalis but with black dusting at the base of the wings and a more prominent black stripe along the costa of the forewing (Kielland, 1990d). Distribution: Tanzania (east-central). Specific localities: Tanzania – Morogoro (TL); Uluguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); Nguru Mountains (Kielland, 1990d); North Nguu Mountains (Kielland, 1990d). Commonest at Mkombola in the Ngurus (Kielland, 1990d). Habitat: Submontane and montane forest at altitudes of 1 000 to 2 150 m (Kielland, 1990d). Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

pluviata Talbot, 1944 (as female f. of Mylothris poppea rhodesiana). Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 94: 168 (155-186). Tanzania: “Tanganyika Territory, Morogoro”.

NOT IN WARREN-GASH 2020:

*Mylothris citius Oremans, 2019 Congo Black-tipped Dotted Border

Mylothris citius Oremans, 2019. Faunitaxys 7 (11): 1 (1-2).

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Mylothris citius. Left – Allotype (male); right – Holotype (female).

Type locality: Democratic Republic of Congo: Mamove, North Kivu. Holotype (female), V-2015; in collection of Philippe Oremans. Allotype (male) with same data. Diagnosis: Characterized by the very broad black forewing apex. Distribution: Democratic Republic of Congo. Specific localities: Democratic Republic of Congo – Mamove, North Kivu (TL). Habitat: Forest. Early stages: Nothing published. Larval food: Nothing published.

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