• Abstract and Figures
• Public Full-text

THE AGE OF EDO A new exhibition illuminates one of the richest eras in the history of Japanese art By Kenneth Baker, Smithsonian, December, 1998 We live in a culture thick with signs and messages, but we are free to decide which messages speak to us, which to ignore, which to contradict. How would we feel if all the everyday messages we got--the design and materials of the clothes we wore and objects we used, even the foods we ate--reaffirmed the rigid facts of a social order in which our place was fixed? That was the dream of the military rulers who unified Japan for the first time, early in the 17th century. But the stability these rulers imposed had consequences that were very different from what they envisioned--consequences that started to turn Japan from a feudal realm into a modern society. The magnificent exhibition "Edo: Art in Japan 1615-1868" at the National Gallery of uses artworks to make that transformation vivid. Dazzling color wood-block prints such as Toshusai Sharaku's 1794 portrait of actor Otani Oniji III (above) and Utagawa Kuniyoshi's rendering of Miyamoto Musashi subduing a whale were innovations of the Edo era With paintings, sculptures and screens, textiles, weapons and fine porcelains, the show traces the era when Edo--known to us as Tokyo--first became Japan's seat of power, and demonstrates how traditional symbols and new design ideas collided across the whole spectrum of material culture. Scroll paintings contrast the staid landscape images made by scholars with the dashing eccentricity of pictures by samurai and Zen monk amateurs. Gilded screens detail the daily activities of working people and give us panoramic views of urban life and seasonal festivals--cross sections of society unprecedented in Japanese art. Robes and costumes are almost overwhelmed by the boldness of their designs, writhing with appliquéd dragons or rocking with waves; one remarkable costume (p. 64) has a target embroidered on its back with an arrow piercing the bull's-eye. Wood-block prints--the Pop Art of their day--celebrate the spectacle of Kabuki and other plebeian pleasures of Japan's suddenly citified Edo-period culture. The diversity of urban life and work are elaborately portrayed in this detail from a pair of mid-18th-century screens titled Occupations and Activities of Each Month. The world evoked in "Edo" is remote from ours in language, history, institutions and beliefs. Yet through the art assembled here we can recognize in that world early stirrings of modern life: different strata of society mixing as never before; newly centralized political power; business gaining in prestige and social impact; the reorientation of the whole society toward its cities; and good design filtering into every level of material culture, not just the elite. The bold design of the 19th- century Kabuki costume (below left) typifies Edo style. Exaggerated wrinkles define a 17th-century No mask of an old man (lower middle). The strikingly modern-looking porcelain dish with radish (upper middle) was made c.1680.Rabbit ears embellish a 16th-century helmet (bottom). Until the early 17th century the islands of Japan were divided into numerous provinces controlled by contending regional warlords, known as daimyo, and their private armies. In the early 1600s, after years of epochal warfare, Tokugawa Ieyasu emerged as Japan's supreme military leader and assumed the title of shogun. The Tokugawa clan would remain in power for more than two centuries; in fact, the Edo period is sometimes called the Tokugawa era. Ieyasu made the garrison town of Edo his capital. The elaborate sumptuary laws he instituted were part of an effective scheme to keep former military men busy with self-cultivation, civilian ritual and costly displays of obedience. These included the edict that all daimyo and their samurai retainers spend alternate years in Edo and in their own local fiefdoms. The frequent processions of daimyo estates to and from the city made the display of available power--manifest in numbers and accouterments--into civic spectacle. The elaborate armor and helmets on view in the "Edo" exhibition may have been functional combat gear, but their use under the Tokugawa regime became increasingly ceremonial. The less practical they had to be, the more fantastic the helmets became. One example in the show takes the shape of an inverted lacquer bowl; another is surmounted by gargantuan rabbit ears. Under Ieyasu and his successors, Japan enjoyed the longest period of internal peace it has ever known. During this time, the martial arts receded in importance and the patronage and practice of the civilian arts--painting, poetry, calligraphy, theater--flourished. A vibrant popular culture developed and new styles of artistic expression emerged. By the 18th century, the population of Edo had grown to one million, making it the largest city in the world, with an influence so profound that its name came to denote the culture of all Japan. The exhibition includes an early 17th-century hanging scroll portrait of Ieyasu (right) possibly posthumous, in which he appears more religious than martial in aspect, reflecting the fact that many contemporaries regarded him as the incarnation of a Buddhist-Shinto deity. Even though he is seated on a platform we see from above, his imposing air and the steps at the bottom of the picture create the impression that we are looking up at the great shogun. Although Buddhist temples remained centers of influence and the country's rulers espoused Neo-Confucian beliefs, to a large extent Edo society was an urbanized one. "Urban customs and fads spread throughout the land, traveling with daimyo and samurai as they returned from their attendance duties in Edo," scholar Herman Ooms notes in the exhibition catalogue. "In addition, rural men and women sought temporary employment in towns and cities during the slack agricultural season or after falling on hard times. This led to an environment where status distinctions were not observed as the authorities had wished . .." Among the fads that spread from Edo and other cities were eye-catching color wood-block prints that promoted the new rage for Kabuki and other popular entertainments. "These works have come to represent Tokugawa art par excellence--and deservedly so," writes Ooms, "for this was the period when commoners put their mark on the world of culture for the first time in Japanese history." The "Edo" exhibition has been organized in conjunction with the Japan Foundation and Japan's Agency for Cultural Affairs, the Bunkacho, which each year sends one major exhibition of Japanese art abroad. The show, sponsored by NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone), is a two-part event because so many of the objects are too vulnerable to be exposed to light for more than six weeks a year. All are reproduced, however, in the show's lavish catalogue. The Bunkacho is the authority that designates artifacts as National Treasures or Important Cultural Objects. The National Gallery show deliberately breaks with the Bunkacho custom of grouping artworks by a hierarchy of media: paintings, sculptures, ceramics and lacquer, textiles and prints. In that conventional framework, says the exhibition's guest curator, Robert T. Singer of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, "you can make points about different kinds of paintings or ceramics, for University Museum, faculty of letters, Kyoto example, but you can't make points across various media." And that is just University Tokugawa Ieyasu appears as a what Singer wanted to do in "Edo." Buddhist-Shinto deity in this 17th-century scroll. In feudal Japan, he notes, many artists worked in several modes, and little distinction was made between "pure art" and "functional art." In Edo-period society, he continues, "the increasing economic clout of the merchant class led to the transformation of cultural forms that were once the preserve of court and warrior elites, and the arts became accessible to members of all social classes." To track this shift, the show examines a range of media from the point of view of six emergent themes: Edo style, samurai, travel and landscape, religion, work, and entertainment. No survey exhibition of Edo culture has ever been attempted in Japan. The two-and-a-half-century timespan is considered too long, the fund of significant artifacts, unmanageably large. "Probably 98 percent of the historic Japanese art still extant is Edo," says Singer. In a sense America's distance from Japan made the National Gallery project feasible, even though there is an inevitable sacrifice of historical detail in presenting Japanese culture to a foreign public. Another problem is the justifiable reluctance of Japanese lenders to part with irreplaceable objects. A mysterious, somewhat melancholy quality pervades the six-panel, gold-leaf Hikone Screen (c. 1620s-40s), a Japanese National Treasure and one of the highlights of the show. Although the demimonde figures in this "pleasure depiction" tableau are arrayed against a background nearly devoid of setting, their clothes and poses suggest a bordello scene. The curator of a show such as this, says Singer, "tries to get one National Treasure that has never left Japan before and that makes everyone in the field gasp when they see it." In the present case, that object is in the "entertainment" section of the exhibition. It is known as the Hikone Screen (c. 1620s-40s), six panels painted on a gold-leaf ground depicting demimonde figures—perhaps a bordello scene—in old Kyoto. "It's a magnificent work," says Singer, "and many of the most serious scholars and collectors have never even seen it. Most people will be amazed to find that it's only three feet tall.

Load more

  5

Copy Link