Working principle of soxhlet apparatus pdf

Continue The Soxhlet Extractor laboratory is part of a laboratory device invented in 1879 by Franz von Soxhlet. It was originally designed to extract lipids from solid material. Typically, soxhlet extraction is used when the desired compound has a limited solvent solubility, and impurities are insoluble in that solvent. This allows for uncontrolled and restless operation while effectively processing a small amount of solvent to dissolve more material. The description of the Soxhlet extractor has three main sections: the percolator (boiler and reflux), which circulates solvent, thimble (usually from thick filter paper), which retains solid to extract, and a siphon mechanism that periodically empties the thimble. Build the source material containing the compound that will be extracted placed inside the thimble. The thimble is loaded into the main camera of the Soxhlet extractor. The solvent extract to be used is placed in the distillation flask. The flask is placed on the heating element. The Soxhlet extractor is placed on the flask. The reflux capacitor is placed on the extractor. Operation Solvent is heated to reflux. The vapor solvent moves up the distillation arm, and floods into the chamber housing the thimble solid. The capacitor ensures that any vapor solvent is cooled and drips back down into the chamber housing solid material. The camera containing solid material is slowly filled with a warm solvent. Part of the desired compound dissolves into heat solvents. When the Soxhlet camera is almost full, the camera is emptied with a siphon. The solvent returns to the distillation flask. The thimble ensures that the rapid movement of the solvent is not transported by any solid material into a stationary pot. This cycle can be allowed to repeat many times, for hours or days. During each cycle, some unstable compounds dissolve into solvents. After many cycles, the desired compound is concentrated in the distillation flask. The advantage of this system is that instead of many servings of warm solvent, pass through the sample, only one batch of solvent is processed. After extraction, the solvent is removed, usually with the help of a rotary vaporizer, yielding to the extracted compound. The insoluble part of the extracted solid remains in the thimble, and is usually discarded. A schematic representation of Soxhlet Extractor 1: Stirrer bar 2: Still pot (yet the pot should not be overflowing and the volume of solvent in another pot should be 3 to 4 times the volume of the camera soxhlet) 3: Path of distillation 4: Naper The Time 5: Solid 6: Siphon Top 7: Siphon Exit 8: Adapter Expansion 9: Capacitor 10: Cooling Water from 11 : Cooling water in the animation Soxhlet extractor working fruit extraction in progress. placed in a thimble. Playing Media Part of Pumping Retrieve. Kuagawa extractor Is very similar to the Soxhlet extractor, the Kumagawa extractor has a specific design where the thimble holder/camera is directly suspended inside the solvent flask (having a vertical large hole) over the boiling solvent. The thimble is surrounded by a hot vapor solvent and is maintained at a higher temperature compared to the Soxhlet extractor, allowing better extraction for compounds with higher melting points such as bitumen. The removable holder/camera is equipped with a small side hand siphon and, just as for Soxhlet, the vertical capacitor ensures that the solvent drips back into the chamber, which is automatically emptied on each cycle. The history of William B. Jensen notes that the earliest example of continuous extractor is the archaeological evidence of a Mesopotamian hot water extractor for organic matter dating back to about 3500 BC. The same mechanism is present in the Pythagoras cup. Prior to Soxhlet, French chemist Anselme Payen also pioneered continuous mining in the 1830s. The Soxhlet device has been proposed as an effective method for washing mass standards. Inquiries : Harwood, Lawrence M.; , Christopher J. (June 13, 1989). Experimental Organic Chemistry: Principles and Practices (Illustrated by Wylie-Blackwell. p. 122-125. ISBN 978-0-632-02017-1. Soxchlet, F. (1879). Die gewichtsanalytische Bestimmung des Milchfettes. Dingler's Polytechnisches Journal (in German). 232: 461–465. Jensen, William B. (December 2007). The origin of the Soxhlet extractor. In the Journal of Chemical Education. 84 (12): 1913–1914. Bibkod:2007JChEd. 84.1913J. doi:10.1021/ed084p1913. Peter Kumpson; Sano, Naoko (February 2013). Stability of reference masses V: UV/ozone treatment of gold and platinum surfaces. Metrology. 50 (1): 27–36. Bibkod:2013Metro. 50...27C. doi:10.1088/0026-1394/50/1/27. The device we offer for pre-washing solvent is the Soxhlet, which was used very successfully to wash the surfaces of the standard stainless steel mass. This device has its main application in chemistry for dissolving weakly soluble species from solid matrix. External references Soxhlet Extractor explained by the Royal Society of Chemistry: Classic Kit: Soxhlet Extractor Soxhlet apparatus used as a source of replenishment solvent in chromatography Extracting a spicy chemical in a Black Pepper video demonstrates the use of soxhlet extractor to extract piperine from black pepper. Extracted from the Principle of Similar Similarity In the laboratory for extraction used fat extractor (extractor Soxhlet). Fat extract uses solvent reflux and siphon principle extracting a solid with a pure solvent that saves solvent extraction efficiency and a high high The solid material will ground before extraction to increase the area of solid-liquid contact. The solid material is placed in the filter paper holder and placed in the extractor. The lower end of the extractor is connected to a round bottom flask containing solvent and is connected to a reflux capacitor. The lower flask is heated to a boiling solvent, the steam rises through the branch of the extractor tube, condenses and falls into the extractor, and the solvent is in contact with the solid to extract. When the surface of the solvent exceeds the highest point of the siphon, the solvent containing the extract is pumped back. The flask, thus extracting part of the material, is repeated in such a way that the hard material is constantly regarded as a pure solvent and the extracted material is concentrated in the flask. Soxhlet extraction, also known as continuous extraction, Soxhlet extraction, is a method of extracting compounds from solid materials. Soxhlet extractions to determine the content of raw fat. Fat is widespread in the seeds and fruits of many plants. Determining the fat content can be used as an indicator to determine its quality. Currently, the extraction method is widely used both in other countries and abroad. The Soxhlet extractor method is a well-recognized classical method and the preferred standard method of grain and oil analysis in China. This method takes a long time and is often extracted in the laboratory using a fat extractor (Soxhlet extractor). Soxhlet extractor method Determining the content of raw fat by continuously extracting pseudonyms Principle editing Using solvent reflux and siphon principle, the solid substance can be extracted by pure solvent each time, so that the efficiency of extraction is high. The solid material should be well grounded before extraction to increase the area of liquid immersion. The solid material is placed in the filter paper holder and placed in the extraction chamber. Install the device as shown in the video. When the solvent is heated to a boil, the vapor rises through an air tube and condenses into a liquid that drips into the extractor. When the level of the liquid exceeds the highest siphon point, the siphoning and reflux solution occurs in the flask so that some of the substance dissolved in the solvents can be extracted. Thus, solvent reflux and siphoning are used to enrich the soluble substance in the solid substance in the flask. Since organic solvent extract contains more or less fats such as free fatty acids, sterols, phospholipids, waxes and pigments, the results of the Soxhlet extraction method can only be raw fat. Soxhlet is mined with a variety of solvents such as hexane/dichlormethan, dichlormethan/light oil, cyclokhexan/acetone or hexane/acetone, or methanol, depending on the nature of the sample and pesticide-covered pesticides analytical method. From: Comprehensive Sampling and Sample Preparation, 2012J. de Boer, in the Encyclopedia of Analytical Sciences (Second Edition), 2005Soxhlet extraction is a simple and effective method. It has been used for a wide range of samples such as soil, sediment, and animal and plant tissue. A wide range of solvents such as dichloromethane (DCM), pure or mixed with acetone or hexagonal, and acetone-hexagonal mixtures can be used. The use of only non-polar solvents is not recommended. The minimum time required for regular Soxhlet mining is usually ∼ 8 hours. The sulfur present in sediments and soil samples is also extracted, and should be removed later by the cleaning stepJ Kim, ... D.S. Chung, in the complex sampling and preparation of samples, 2012Soxhlet extraction is traditionally used for a solid sample with limited solubility in the solvent in the presence of insoluble impurities. The porous thimble, laden with a solid sample, is placed in the main chamber of the Soxhlet extractor. By refluxing the solvent through the thimble using the capacitor and the siphon face arm, the extraction cycle is typically repeated many times. Soxhlet mining is a solid, well-established technique and allows unattended mining. However, this requires a long time of extraction and consumption of a large amount of solvent. It is connected in off-line with CE. Since the volume of the extract is much larger than the typical injection volume for CE, the solvent is recreated in the CE separation solution after evaporation and then injected into the capillary. One report describes extracting chlorinated phenols from a textile sample using an organic solvent, followed by an injection for CE without additional processing and separation using a non-ak-based launch buffer. Ziegler... J. Namie'nik, in comprehensive sampling and sample preparation, 2012Soxhlet extraction is widely used for many types of solid samples, especially biological and environmental samples. For many years, Soxhlet's standard technology has been used regularly in almost all analytical laboratories. The regular Soxhlet is shown in figure 4.Figure 4. A regular Soxhlet extractor. The experimental Soxhlet extraction device consists of a distillation flask, a sample holder (thimble), a siphon and a capacitor. The Soxhlet extraction procedure usually involves the following steps. First, the sample material is packed in filter paper and placed in a thimble. The pairs of fresh solvent produced in the distillation flask then pass through a thimble containing material that will be extracted and liquefied in the capacitor. When the liquid reaches the overflow level in the thimble, the siphon aspirates the solution, and the liquid falls back into the distillation flask, instigating the extracted solutions in bulk fluid. Separating the solvent from the occurs in distillation distillation The solution then stays in the flask and the fresh solvent vapors pass back into the solid bed of the sample material. The operation is repeated until full production is achieved.4.5M.O. Nafiu, ... S.B. Adeyemi, in medicinal spices and vegetables from Africa, 2017Soxhlet extraction is required only where the desired compound has limited solubility in the solvent, and impurities are insoluble in this solvent. If the desired compound has a high dissolation in the solvent, then simple filtration can be used to separate the compound from the insoluble substance. The advantage of this system is that instead of many servings of warm solvent, pass through the sample, only one batch of solvent is processed. This method cannot be used for thermolabial compounds, as prolonged heating can lead to the degradation of compounds (Sutar et al., 2010). Rahi... Kshipra Misra, in the management of high-altitude pathophysiology, 2018Soxhlet extraction is widely used to extract valuable biologically active compounds from various natural sources. In this extraction, a small amount of the dry sample is placed in the thimble, which is placed in the distillation flask, containing a solvent of special interest. After reaching the level of overflow, the thimble-holder solution is aspirated with a siphon, which unloads the solution back into the distillation flask. This solution transfers the extracted solutions to the main liquid. The solution is left behind in the distillation flask, and the solvent moves back to the solid bed of the samples. This process is repeated until the mining is completed (Saim et al., 1997).K. Ridgway, ... S.P.D. Lalljie, in comprehensive sampling and sample preparation, 2012Soxhlet extraction is an exhaustive extraction method widely applied to analysis that are fairly thermally stable. The extraction solvent is continuously cyclical, although the matrix, by boiling and condensing, with the sample collected in a hot solvent. The technique is not selective (except for the selection of extraction solvent) and usually requires further cleaning and concentration. With the automated systems that are now available, several samples can be extracted simultaneously, reducing the time it takes to retrieve (usually 1-6 hours). Traditional methods use a significant amount of organic solvent (50-200 ml for a sample of 10 g), although automated systems allow the use of smaller volumes of solvents. The technique is also combined with microwave extraction and ultrasonic extraction in an attempt to improve the efficiency of prey. Examples of Soxhlet's use for pollutant traces analysis include the definition of polykyl aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)8 and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).9Solange I. Mussatto, in Coffee in Health and Disease Prevention, extraction and solid- liquid extraction (SLE) с использованием использованием solvent techniques are more commonly used to extract polyphenol compounds from natural sources because they usually contribute to good extraction results and are easy to perform. However, such technologies (mainly Soxhlet mining) require high consumption of solvent and/or long-term extraction. Extraction time is a disadvantage because it is associated with high energy consumption and can seriously reduce sampling capacity; thus, this is a disadvantage in terms of commercial applicability. SLE involves removing the desired component from a solid material using liquid (usually an organic solvent, such as ethanol, methanol, acetone, hexane, or ethyl acetate, pure or mixed in water), capable of soluble but not (or to a lesser extent) other components of the solid matrix.21 The process consists of mixing solid material and solvent, and the mixture is maintained over time required to facilitate the transfer of the solvent from the solid body to the solvent. SLE has been used to extract polyphenol antioxidants from multiple sources. However, conditions that contribute to high production efficiency, including solvent type, vary depending on each raw material. For example, acetone: water mixtures, especially at 60% in/in, were better than methanol, ethanol, hexagonal, ethyl acetate, water, methanol: water mixtures, and ethanol: water mixtures to extract antioxidant phenolic compounds from the brewer's decontaminaced grains.22 Otherwise, ethanol and methanol were more effective than other solvents for extracting antioxidant polyphenol compounds from winery waste and monopetalum leaves Limoniastrum.23.24 Besides the type of solvent and its concentration, solvent:solid ratio: solid ratio, number of extraction steps, pH, contact time, temperature and size of solid matrix particles are also key factors in SLE processes, because that they affect both the kinetic phenols release from the solid structure and antioxidant activity of the extract.4.25While SLE is still used in many industrial applications, other processes have been proposed as an alternative to SLE in order to shorten the time necessary for mining and/or to avoid the use of excess chemical solvents. Among these technologies, some have already been evaluated to extract polyphenol compounds from making coffee and/or silver skin, Including microwave extraction (MAE), ultrasonic extraction (UAE), extraction of supercritical fluid (SFE), subcritical water extraction (SWE) and solid-state cultivation (SSC) microorganisms.Y. Pique, in comprehensive sampling and sample preparation, 2012Soxhlet extraction is a classic extraction method for complex solid matrix, although it is not currently a classic extraction method for complex solid matrix, although it is not currently a classic extraction method for complex solid matrix, although it is not currently a classic extraction method for complex solid matrix, although it is not currently a classic extraction method for complex solid matrix, although it is not currently a classic extraction method for complex solid matrix, although it is not currently a classic extraction method for complex solid matrix, although it is not currently a classic extraction method for complex solid matrix, although it is not currently a classic extraction method for complex solid matrix, although it is not currently a classic extraction method for complex solid matrix, although it is not currently a classic extraction method for complex solid matrix, although it is not currently a classic extraction method for complex solid matrix, although it is not currently a classic extraction method for complex solid matrix, although it is not currently a classic extraction method for complex solid matrix, although it is not currently a classic extraction method for complex solid matrix, although it is not currently a classic extraction method for complex solid matrix, although it is not currently a practiced because of its shortcomings; it takes a lot of time (6 to 24 hours) and solvent (250-700 ml), and it applies constant heat to the flask, which which extracted pesticides remain. However, Soxhlet is still the first choice when pesticides are extracted from filters and cartridges used in active air breakdowns, or from soil, sediment and sludge because it has the advantage of being a simple and inexpensive method, and it has been adopted in some standardized analytical methodologies to identify pesticides in the surrounding air. Soxhlet is mined with a variety of solvents, such as hexane/dichlormethan, dichlormethan/light oil, cyclokhexan/acetone or hexane/acetone, or even methanol, depending on the nature of the sample and the pesticides covered by the analytical method. Manual shaking of a finely dispersed solid or semi-solid sample by a suitable solvent can be effective; mixing a sample in the presence of a solvent in a high-speed homogenizer or ultrasonic (USA) often provides a pattern violation and better analytical extraction. This liquid extraction phase (LPE) or liquid-solid extraction (LSE) is most popular for the extraction of pollutants in food samples such as meat, fish, eggs, fruits and vegetables. Choosing a solvent is one of the most important decisions to be made in a multifaceted method. Currently, there are various known and effective general extraction procedures based on acetonitrile, ethyl acetate, or acetone.16,30,31 However, various liquid solvents are readily available to provide an environment for easy homogenization in mixing or shaking the device. Table 3 compares important considerations in reducing polarity when selecting common liquids for use in pesticide residues. Extraction methodologies, which are effective for extracting both polar and non-polar compounds, are generally simple and cost-effective, allowing a capacity of approximately 30-50 extractions per day in a medium-sized laboratory. The main advantages are simplicity and efficiency depending on the solvent used. The large volume of (toxic) solvents and the lack of automation are among the main pitfalls.16Table 3. Properties of common solvents used in pesticide residue analysis at 20–25 °CSolventPolarity indexSolubility in water (%w/w)Density (g ml−1)Viscosity (m N s m−2)Boiling point (°C)Water10.2– 0.9981.00100.0Acetonitrile5.81000.7860.3781.6Acetone5.11000.7910.3256.2Methanol5.11000.7920.6064.6Ethyl acetate4.48.70.9020.4577.2Chloroform4.10.81.4830.5361.2Dichloromethane3.11.61.330.4440.7Diethyl ether2.86.90.7130.2434.6Toluene2.40.00520.8860.52110.8Cyclohexane0.20.00060.7890.9880.7Isooctane0.10.00020.6920.5099.0Petroleum ether0.10.00010.6250.3140.0–60.0n-Hexane0.10.0140.6600.3269.0The ability of the solvent to remove water from the initial extract is critical in providing a higher degree of selectivity in high-moisture samples, as foods. Co-extraction of proteins, sugars and other polar compounds tends to increase in combination with water in the extract, so solvents that avoid water give greater selectivity. Ethyl acetate and acetonitril is better than acetone for this purpose because water can be easier to remove by salting. Non-polar cosolvents are essential in the case of acetone, leading to dilution of the extract and greater co-extraction of lipids. Ethyl acetate also easily extracts lipids, making acetonitril the most beneficial solvent in multi-class, multifaceted pesticide methods in food analysis. In acid/core analitis situations, pH is often the most important property in prey, and buffer aquier solvents are often needed. Among these kinds of procedures, the fast, easy, cheap, efficient, durable and safe (KEKERS) method deserves to be mentioned in detail. This is a simple two-stage procedure based on the separation with acetonytrile followed by dispersive treatment of SPE (dSPE) with primary secondary amine (PSA) and/or other sorbents, producing pure extract ready for different GC or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analytical methods. Check and qualification data for the KEERS method are available for a wide range of pesticides in several common food matrixes in . This approach has been tested and modified in several laboratories of the USDA, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (AOAC Official 2007.01 Method) and European (European method EN 15662), and this method is now widely accepted for many types of pesticide residue samples. Reviews of quEChERS are beginning to appear in literature32.33 and the original method has evolved into a flexible template for modification in several applications. Commercially available quEChERS products and products in a variety of standard sizes and formats make this approach even easier. In addition, KEKERS is a universal extraction method that provides different versions in accordance with specific analysis requirements. In 2011: The method dominated the published literature on the subject for use, such as the definition of pesticides in fruits and vegetables,34-36 garlic, onion, onion, onion and chilli, 36 sugar cane juice,37 and refined sugar,38 rice,39 polish rice, 40 wheat grains, flour and bran,41 wheat, cucumbers, cucumbers and red wine,42 tea,43 identification and quantification of 41 pesticide residues in cooked foods, including cooked potatoes, radishes and rice,44 and honey.45Among various matrixes that can be analyzed on pesticide residues, fatty matrix received special attention.12 Most pesticides, non-polar and hydrophobic, show great affinity for fatty components of the matrix makes the pesticides insulate. There are two methodologies widely proposed for fat matrix based on: quEChERS including cleaning dSPE dSPE graphite carbon black, primary secondary amin and sorbent C18; (2) Liquid section with acetonitryl saturated ester oil followed by MSPD using aminepropil as sorbent material and Florisil cartridge for final cleaning in elution step.46.47 In addition, LLP combined with low-temperature temperature oil precipitation is a simple combination that has been proposed to analyze pesticide residues in fatty plant matrix, including the definition of pyrethroid insecticides in milk48 and various types of pesticides peanut butter, and sesame oil.49 Although the approach seems promising, additional dSPE-based cleaning with PSA and C18 as sorbents and magnesium sulfate to remove residual water and/or step SPE with carbography (GCB) is also needed.49M.R. Preston, in the Encyclopedia of Analytical Sciences (Second Edition), 2005Traditional Soxhlet extraction is still widely used, although increasingly supplanted by faster technologies. Supercritical fluid extraction has not always lived up to its initial promise and current trends towards microwave oven or pressurized liquid extracts (PLEs) using conventional solvents. The water itself can be used as a solvent extractr in subcritical water extraction (SWE). Analytical recovery using PLE and SWE often outperforms those obtained by traditional methods, as well as much faster. These methods are not necessarily used alone. Some recent reports combine PLE with solid phase extraction (SPE) technologies that include the use of limited-access materials and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to measure alkylephenol compounds and steroid sex hormones in sediments.M.D. Luca de Castro, F. Prigo-Capote, in comprehensive sampling and sample preparation, 2012A direct comparison between the usual extraction of Soxhlet and the current generation of ASE in terms of performance is not practical, since 100 years of separation their invention more than justifies the superior characteristics of the latter, simply as a result of scientific and technological advances during the interim period. Even when early ASE methods are compared during their development with their usual Soxhlet counterparts; predictably, all surpassed the old alternatives. What is more useful is the comparison of current ASE and modern versions of both Soxhlet methods using customized or commercially available equipment.Comparisons often revolved around commercial extractors based on different principles such as those behind ASE and MAE, where conventional Soxhlet equipment has proven useful in order to speed up mining. There have also been frequent comparisons associated with the definition of PAH with or without chlorine or bromine substituents in the matrix (usually soil or fish) spiked with these toxic or containing them naturally. For example, Wang et al.42 studied soils high in organic matter, irrigated wastewater in recommended working conditions. Although ASE was more operational (about 11 minutes/sample vs. 20 min/sample for MAE and 15 h/sample for routine production of Soxhlet), the use of more radical working conditions led to more dirty extracts that made chromatograms more difficult to interpret, and led to higher detection and quantitative evaluation restrictions for targeted analyses. The authors concluded that due to their inherent differences in extraction conditions (temperature, pressure and method of contact), it is impossible to compare directly between methods under absolutely identical conditions. Thus, three procedures used different extractors, and their choice was based on previously reported results. It would therefore be reasonable to expect that the differences between the three procedures would be partly the result of differences in extractants. One potential obstacle for mae was the need for additional processing to separate the extract from the solid sample matrix after extraction. Thus, wet samples can be simultaneously extracted in up to 40 vessels with MAE, but require the addition of sodium anhydrose sulfate for ASE or Soxhlet prey. In general, MAE and ASE are preferable to classic Soxhlet mining. In addition, ASE extracts could be made cleaner by longer cleaning, but this would make the analyses more expensive and time-consuming. A recent comparison of the same extraction methods for PCBs and polybromatized diphenyl esters (PBDO) in soil and fish43 using the same extractant (1:1 n-hexane-acetone) confirmed that ASE works better than both MAE and the usual Production of Soxhlet. In addition, MAE requires special care when selecting extraction temperature to avoid degradation of higher bromine congeners. Dynamic ASE and FMASE have been used to extract linear alkylbenzene sulfonates from sediments, using water as an extractant and connecting the extractor with continuous diversity for screening and/or target detection. The MIC II FMAS extractor was connected to dynamic diversity to clean/preconcentrate the analytes in the extract to derivatives and photometric detection for screening or liquid chromatography of individual separation and fluorometric detection for quantitative evaluation.59 The overall screening and quantification process took less than 2 hours (about 90 minutes of which were used in the seesttrication). Connecting a dynamic extractor of overheated water to a variety similar to that used elsewhere for the same analytics showed that 50 minutes is enough to fully extract targeted detergents at a 2 ml-1 extract flow rate. The dilution effect was overcome by continuous sulfonates in sorbent material.60 Both photometric screening and definition was possible, and dynamic ASE proved to be faster than FMASE. The extraction of non-polar compounds with polar extractant, such as water, requires special conditions. Thus, the extraction of PAH by continuous ASE45 or focused microwave irradiation61 from the soil is required using michell-forming agents; in both cases, the production was completed within 40 minutes, with no significant differences in user participation or complexity in the later stages of the analytical process. Nitro-PAHs were also extracted from the soil using dichloromethain as an extractant and either static ASE or FMASE (MIC V prototype) prior to detection of THE-MS/MS/MS and GC-electron capture, respectively. In the first method, 30 minutes was enough for full mining, but online filtration and pre-concentration were required before the chromatographic step.51 FMASE required 50 minutes to fully extract all targeted analyses, but it was possible to recover 75-85% of the extractant (i.e. in addition to the green effect) was given a pre-central effect).62In the recent work of Oukebdane et al.48 completed previous studies of the same group, 40.41, which allowed to compare different approaches to mining for several families of targeted analitis. They conducted rigorous optimization studies to extract PAH, nitro PAH and n-alkanes from high-corotiv diesel soot using supercritical CO2, microwave aid, ASE and hot production Soxhlet. Unlike other authors using the most common extractant for this purpose,42.43 Oukebdane et al. studied a wide range of extractants (methylene chloride, acetone, toluene, diethyamine, pyridine-dietylamine, and pyridine-acetinic acid) and found pyridine-diethyl and pyridine-atine mixtures; In supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), these organics have been used as cosolvents. Figure 16 illustrates the similar performance of previous approaches in extracting n-alkanes, and Table 1 shows their optimal working conditions. As you can see, ASE demonstrated the shortest production time and SFE required the lowest volume of extractant. On the other hand, the hot extraction of Soxhlet took the most time and used the highest volume of extractant. Figure 16. Extraction n-alkanes hot Soxhlet (SOX), microwave extraction (MAE), accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), from naturally contaminated diesel soot (m 0.1 g) collected inside the diesel particulate filter. For extraction conditions, see Table 1. Portet-Coltalo, F.; Machur, N.; Dionnet, F.; Deben. L. Talent 2010, 82, 227-236, with permission elsevier.Table 1. Comparison of different approaches to the preparation of the sample for the extraction of PAHs, heavy n-alcans and nitrate PAHs in optimized conditionsExtractative technologyExtraction compoundsBter solventsSolvent volume (ml)TimeTemperature (°C)Pressure (bar)Solvent evaporation prior to analysisHot SoxhletPAHs/heavy n-alkanesPyridine/diethylamine 83/17% (v/v)>150 ml60 cycles > 8 h<651YesNitrated PAHsPyridine + 1% acetic acid>150 ml60 cycles > 8 h<701YesMAEPAHs/heavy n-alkanesPyridine/diethylamine 83/17% (v/v)18 ml37 min140Not measuredYesNitrated PAHsPyridine + 1% acetic acid18 ml37 min140Not measuredYesSFEPAHs/heavy n-alkanesCO2 + 15% of a mixture pyridine + 1% acetic acid<3 ml10 + 30 min75300Not necessaryNitrated PAHsCO2 + 15% of a mixture pyridine + 1% acetic acid<3 ml10 + 30 min75300Not necessaryASEPAHs/heavy n- alkanesPyridine/diethylamine 83/17% (v/v)16–20 ml1 cycle: 10 min150100YesNitrated PAHsPyridine + 1% acetic acid16–20 ml1 cycle: 10 min150100YesAbbreviations: ASE, accelerated solvent extraction; MAE, microwave extraction; PAO, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; SFE, supercritical fluid extraction. Reproduced from Oukebdane, K.; Portet-Coltalo, F.; Machur, N.; Dionnet, F.; Desben, P.L. Talent 2010, 82, 227-236, with permission Elsevier.In in some cases, mining equipment was used for other purposes, working on it in excessively radical conditions. For example, extracting aflatoxins from vegetables is a gentle step requiring only water or a mixture of methanol-water and magnetic mixing in less than 10 minutes.63 Using ase 200 extractor for this matrix-analytic vapor and a non-emergency method of optimizing interconnected variables showed that: (1) pressure from 500 to 2000 psi had no impact on the results; The analysis was not carried out under normal pressure; (2) The temperature had little impact; (3) The extraction time was longer than required by the mixing method; and (4) the radical conditions used triggered the extraction of lipids and required their subsequent removal by extracting liquid with hexane.64 hexane.64 working principle of soxhlet apparatus pdf

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