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As Muitas Vidas De Luís De Camões: Ressonâncias Biográficas Camonianas Na Literatura Luso-Brasileira Oitocentista

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As Muitas Vidas De Luís De Camões: Ressonâncias Biográficas Camonianas Na Literatura Luso-Brasileira Oitocentista UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE LETRAS CLÁSSICAS E VERNÁCULAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM LITERATURA PORTUGUESA VICENTE LUÍS DE CASTRO PEREIRA AS MUITAS VIDAS DE LUÍS DE CAMÕES: RESSONÂNCIAS BIOGRÁFICAS CAMONIANAS NA LITERATURA LUSO-BRASILEIRA OITOCENTISTA (Versão Corrigida) São Paulo 2015 1 VICENTE LUÍS DE CASTRO PEREIRA AS MUITAS VIDAS DE LUÍS DE CAMÕES: RESSONÂNCIAS BIOGRÁFICAS CAMONIANAS NA LITERATURA LUSO-BRASILEIRA OITOCENTISTA (Versão Corrigida) Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura Portuguesa da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, como requisito para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Literatura Portuguesa. Área de concentração: Literatura Portuguesa (Doutorado Direto) Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Annie Gisele Fernandes São Paulo 2015 2 Esta tese é dedicada a minha tia, Helena Yolanda de Castro, que, ainda muito cedo, me apresentou às artes visuais e que, mais cedo ainda, partiu e deixou, para trás, um tesouro de fatos passados e de antigas memórias, todos ainda por contar. A todos aqueles que, de Paraty a São Paulo, também enriqueceram, com histórias e diálogos, as muitas vidas imaginadas por um leitor, este trabalho é igualmente dedicado. 3 AGRADECIMENTOS A meus pais, Vitória e Messias, pelo apoio e incentivo ao longo de todo o meu percurso de formação. Aos professores que marcaram minha trajetória acadêmica: Norma Discini, Zilda Aquino, Lilian Jacoto, Paulo Motta Oliveira, Helder Garmes, Adma Fadul Muhana, Ivone Fedeli, João Roberto Faria, José Antonio Pasta Jr., Flávio Aguiar, Ataliba Castilho, Maria Aparecida Barbosa, Elaine Sartorelli, Maria Augusta da Costa Vieira, Valéria Gil Condé, Marcelo Módolo, Aline Gonçalves Guimarães, Mirian Coccetrone da Silva, Rose B. Brunello. Às eternas amizades construídas na Universidade de São Paulo: Carla Santana, Paula da Costa Souza, Alice Pereira Santos, Roberta Hernandes, Rosana Dalla Piazza, Cleide Cunha, Daniela Miranda, Rudmar Franco, Ludmila Rodrigues, Ana Carolina Sá Teles, Fernanda Windholz, Bianca Sebastiani, Amalia Nucci, Juliana Florentino, André Luiz Lorenção, Rafael Minussi, Caio Travaglio, Moizeis Sobreira, Flávia Machado, Paulo Segundo, Filipe Ferreira, Ana Luisa Cavalari, Suely Gargano. À família Mariano, vizinhos e familiares queridos. Aos amigos professores do Colégio Stockler: Patrícia Del Valhe Molero, Regina Tarifa, Cristina Charnis, Ana Paula Severiano, Carol Rahal Gonzalez, Matheus Figueiredo Muller, Fernando da Espiritu Santo, Wilse Francisco, Thiago Rosa Olávio, Regina Giraldi, Leonardo Murasaki, Paulo Borges, Dayse Misiti Tumonis, Mariela Bello, Rodrigo Guimarães, Livia Marchetti, Benê, Ester de Almeida, Arlete Vieira, Rosane Cesari, Paty Vessoni, Gae Sung Lee, Heloisa Hessel. Aos alunos queridos, representados pelos nomes inesquecíveis de Yuri Casseb, Bruna Brossa, Maria Beatriz da Fonseca, Bruna Padro e Pedro Borges. Às amizades nascidas no Anglo Vestibulares e estendidas para a vida: Vitor de Souza Pinheiro, Michele Marcelino, Mariana D'Abronzo, Felipe Oliveira, Paula M. França, Claudia Iglesias, Tamara Castro, Eduardo Oikawa Lopes, Antonio Ayres, Platão Savioli, Cely Arena. Às amigas do Rio e da Rússia, Ana Cristina Fernandes e Valdineia Balthazar. Aos professores e alunos da Escola Aliança, representados por Yan Garbarino. Aos amigos professores da Escola Nossa Senhora das Graças: Davi Fazzolari, Lilian Avelar, Débora Yogui, Carla Milhossi, Flavia Maia, Kadine Teixeira, Brunella Succi, Cassia Oliveira, José Henrique Sequeira, Bel, Regina Hara e Walter Solon. 4 Era uma vez/ um português/ de Portugal./ O nome Luís/ há-de bastar/ toda a nação/ ouviu falar./ – [...] A minha vida/ vai acabar/ mas estes versos/ hão-de gravar./ O livro é este/ é este o canto/ assim se pensa/ em Portugal./ Depois de pronto/ faltava dar/ a minha vida/ para o salvar. (Almada Negreiros, “Luís, o poeta, salva a nado o poema”) Pode objectar-se [...] que o atual momento político não parece de ordem a gerar gênios poéticos supremos, de reles e mesquinho que é. Mas é precisamente por isso que mais concluível se nos afigura o próximo aparecer de um supra-Camões na nossa terra. (Fernando Pessoa, in A Águia) Luís Vaz de Camões./ Poeta infortunado e tutelar./ Fez o milagre de ressuscitar/ A Pátria em que nasceu./ Quando, vidente, a viu/ A caminho da negra sepultura,/ Num poema de amor e de aventura,/ Deu-lhe a vida/ Perdida./ E agora,/ Nesta segunda hora/ De vil tristeza,/ Imortal,/ É ele ainda a única certeza/ De Portugal. (Miguel Torga, “Lápide”) Em tua perdição se conjuraram/ calúnias desamor inveja ardente/ e sempre os inimigos sobejaram/ a quem ousou seu ser inteiramente./ [...] Irás ao paço irás pacientemente/ pois não te pedem canto mas paciência/ Este país te mata lentamente. (Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, “Camões e a tença”) Que sabemos de ti, se só deixaste versos,/ Que lembrança ficou no mundo que tiveste?/ Do nascer ao morrer ganhaste os dias todos?/ Ou perderam-te a vida os versos que fizeste? (José Saramago, “Epitáfio para Luís de Camões”) Quando n’alma pesar de tua raça/ a névoa da apagada e vil tristeza,/ busque ela sempre a glória que não passa,/ em teu poema de heroísmo e de beleza. (Manuel Bandeira, “A Camões”) Luís, homem estranho, que pelo verbo/ és, mais que amador, o próprio amor/ latejante, esquecido, revoltado,/ submisso, renascente, reflorindo/ em cem mil corações multiplicado. (Carlos Drummond de Andrade, “História, coração, linguagem”) Agora, vamos mostrar/ As Astúcias de Camões,/ Que satisfarão as mais/ Diversas opiniões/ De pessoas curiosas/ Que procuram diversões. (Arlindo Pinto de Souza, cordel As astúcias de Camões) Não sou um tempo/ ou uma cidade extinta./ Civilizei a língua/ e foi reposta em cada verso./ E à fome, condenaram-me/ os perversos e alguns/ dos poderosos. Amei/ a pátria injustamente/ cega, como eu, num/ dos olhos. E não pode/ ver-me enquanto vivo./ [...] Não morrerei, não/ quero mais morrer./ Nem sou cativo ou mendigo/ de uma pátria. Mas da língua/ que me conhece e espera./ E a razão que não me dais,/ eu crio. Jamais pensei/ ser pai de tantos filhos. (Carlos Nejar, “Luís Vaz de Camões”) Sin lástima y sin ira el tiempo mella/ las heroicas espadas. Pobre y triste/ a tu patria nostálgica volviste,/ oh capitán, para morir en ella/ y con ella. En el mágico desierto/ la flor de Portugal se había perdido [...]/ todo lo perdido, el Occidente/ y el Oriente, el acero y la bandera,/ perduraría (ajeno a toda humana/ mutación) en tu Eneida lusitana. (Jorge Luis Borges, “A Luis de Camoens”) 5 RESUMO Ao longo do século XIX luso-brasileiro, a biografia do poeta Luís Vaz de Camões emerge, reiteradas vezes, como matéria central de textos ficcionais pertencentes a gêneros literários diversos. No Portugal de Oitocentos, a constatação do estado de decadência da pátria lusitana, aliada a um desejo de restauração da grandeza nacional, resulta na retomada da figura de Camões como símbolo do saudoso passado imperial, cuja glória busca-se recuperar. No Brasil recém-independente, recriações literárias da biografia do poeta classicista português assinalam o estabelecimento de uma complexa relação entre as letras nacionais e as matrizes culturais europeias. A análise dos textos literários selecionados procura integrar, sob a perspectiva do comparatismo literário, os respectivos textos, autores e gêneros ao eixo unificador dos procedimentos ficcionais que configuram a tradição das ressonâncias biográficas camonianas. O diálogo entre literatura e história permite acompanhar a participação ativa de autores e obras em contextos histórico-culturais específicos, mas inter- relacionados. As relações entre ficção e biografia, por sua vez, apontam para a configuração de universos ficcionais a partir de elementos biográficos, com os quais – devido à liberdade criadora do fazer artístico e às influências das ideologias e do imaginário –, os artistas operam. O recorte observacional da pesquisa se insere, em grande medida, no arco temporal do período romântico, tendo início em 1825, com o poema inaugural do Romantismo português (Camões, de Almeida Garrett), e se estendendo até as comemorações do tricentenário da morte de Camões, em 1880 (ano em que vêm a público peças de Gomes Leal, Cipriano Jardim e Machado de Assis). No caso de Portugal, a década de 1870 já testemunha o desenvolvimento dos ideais estéticos do Realismo, com implicações sobre a própria configuração do culto a Luís Vaz de Camões, trabalhado ficcional e criticamente por Camilo Castelo Branco. De todo modo, no Brasil e em Portugal, entre os anos de 1825 e 1880, pode ser observado um tratamento específico da figura de Camões, inicialmente idealizada segundo os valores românticos (a exemplo de peças escritas por Luís Antônio Burgain, Casimiro de Abreu e Antônio Feliciano de Castilho), em um processo que conduz à consolidação definitiva do mito camoniano em dois países ligados, ao mesmo tempo, pelo passado colonial e por uma tradição cultural comum. Palavras-chave: Luís Vaz de Camões. Ressonâncias biográficas. Literatura Comparada. Literatura luso-brasileira. Estudos oitocentistas. 6 ABSTRACT Throughout the Portuguese-Brazilian 19th century, the biography of the poet Luís Vaz de Camões emerges, repeated times, as the main topic of fictional texts belonging to different literary genres. In the Portugal of the 1800’s , the assumption of the decaying state of the Portuguese nation, together with the restauration of the national greatness, reclaims Camoes as the symbol of a lost past, whose
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