Book IX, Chapters 1-19;

BELL'S ILLUSTRATED CLASSICS

LIVY BOOK IX

CHAPS. I -XIX

W.C.FLAMSTEAD WALTERS, M.A.

Hillllllllllll lilt

Bell's Illustrated Classical Series

Edited by E. C. MARCHANT, M.A.

Classical MasUr ai St. Pauls School

LIVY: BOOK IX

CHAPS. I-XIX

LT888 Wa LIVY, BOOK IX

Chapters 1-19

WITH INTRODUCTION, NOTES, GRAMMATICAL APPENDIX, AND VOCABULARY

W. C. FLAMSTEAD WALTERS, M.A.

SOMETIME SCHOLAR OF PEMBROKE COLLEGE, OXFORD, AND FORMERLY COMPOSITION MASTER AT CHRIST's COLLEGE, NEW ZEALAND

LONDON: GEORGE BELL & SONS YORK STREET, COVENT GARDEN

1899 0;ffor5 HORACE HART, PRINTER TO THE UNIVERSITY CONTENTS

PAGE

Iktroduction : Livy and his Work ...... i Outline of Samnite History to the beginning of Livy IX 5

Text 9 Notes ...... 65

Gkammab and Metaphors . . - • • 93

Technical Terms loi

Index of Proper Names ...... 107

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE Map of Italy To face p. i

A LiCTOR. (From a bas-relief in the Vatican) . Frontispiece

Cots of Capua 7

A EoMAN Trophy. (From Trajan's Column) . . 8 A General addresslng his Soldiers. (From a coin) lo A Light-armed Romax Soldier and a Shepherd. (The soldier from Trajan's Column, and the shepherd from a bas-relief on a sarcophagus in the Cata-

combs) . 12

Soldiers maklng a Camp. (From different sources,

mostly from Trajan's Column) . . . . 14

Sam>tte Warrior. (From a painted vase in the Louvre^ ...... 15 Bringing Herennius to the War-Council in a Waggon. (From a sepulchral marble in the Museum at Baden) 17

The Forum Romanum and the Capitoline Hill in THE Time of the Empire 20

The City of Veii, restored by Canina. From

Dnruy^ a History of Rome) ...... 21 A Legate. From Trajan's Column) .... 23 Vlll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

A Tribune. (From Trajan's Column) . . . 23

Passing under the Yoke. (From description) . 25

A FETIAIi ADDRESSING THE MAGISTRATES IN THE FoRUM (The figure in toga from a statue) 35 Roman Standards ,.,..... 45

A Roman Triumph. (From the Arch of Titus) . 48, 49 Alexander the Great at the Battle of the Grani- cus. (From a bronze statuette in the National Museum, Naples) ...... 50 PoMPEius THE Great. (From a statue' 52

Alexander the Great. .From a coin' 55

Types of Macedonian Soldiers. From a coin) 58 Roman Legionary ...... 59 Antiochus III. (From a coin) .... 61 Perseus. (From a coin) 62 Philip V of Macedon. (From a coin) 62

Plan of a Roman Camp 100

"=5'^^vaUlli«,; Jala^vvKel^MvA C» L0M)ON: GECEr.E BELL I, S05S. INTRODUCTION.

^ LH-Y AND HIS WORK Outline of Life.

Little is known of Livy's life. He was born at Patavium (Padua) in 59 b. c, and went to Rome, possibly about 30 b. c, where he l>ecame intimate with Augustus, who was attracting and encouraging men of letters about him. such as Virgil, Horace. Pollio, Varru.

peian ; that he wrote on philosophy and rhetoric

as well as history ; and that he had a poor opinion of some of the old inscriptions and relics of the city. He seems to have retired to Patavium after Augustus' death, and died there in a. d. 17.

His Work.

Li^Vs intention was to write a complete history of Rome, from the landing of Aeneas to the death of Augustus, A. li. 14 (or at lea>;t to the death of Drusus in 9 b. 0. \ Of this work, thirty-five book> and some frag- uvv IX B :

2 INTRODUCTION

ments and summaries of books have come down to us. From the epitomes, which are attributed to Florus (in the second century a. d.). it would appear that Li^'y had written one hundred and

foi*ty-two books (up to 9 b.c.) ; but from the words of Symmachus' it would seem he had not really got so far, for this learned senator, who was then at work on Livy, refers to Lily's accomit of Caesar's

* Grallic wars as Patavini scriptoris extrema, ' though we need not press 'extrema.' The books left are I-X (to 294 b.c), XXI-XLV (201-167 B.C.): so that we have onlj^ the early histoiy to the eve of Pyrrhus' invasion, and the second Punic war to the victory of Aemilius Paulus over the Macedonians.

Some Features of his Work.

In style Livy, like Froude, is charming and picturesque and poetical, without being florid or

diffuse ; he is much freer in the use of metaphoi*s and personification than other Eoman prose writers and some of his constructions are influenced by Greek. His object is to please and flatter his countrymen, and to exalt the aristocratic party especiall}'; and he has little notion of a critical or philosophical presentation of historj-. For his facts he has gone to the annalists, such as Fabius Pictor, Cincius Alimentus, and Claudius Quadri- garius (mentioned in Book IX), and has not trouljled apparently to go to original authorities, such as

^ Sjinniachus, Ep. iv. 18 ' a. d. 396) 'Priscas Cxalloruin

memorias deferri in manus tuas postiilas ; revolve Patavii)! scriptoris extrema quibus res Gai Caesaris explicantur." In Ep. viii. 13 (401 or 399 a. d.) we have an interesting note

' of his work on Livy : Mnnus totius Liviani oppris. . . . etiam nunc dili^entia emendationis moratur/ LIVY AND HIS WORK 3

official documents and moniunents ; and when there are conflicting accounts, he takes what best suits his piu'pose, or even a piece of both, ^\dthout attempting to sift the e\ndence or harmonize dis- crepancies. Yet he does not seem a deliberately

unfair writer ; sometimes he presents different points of view in rival speeches (as Thucydides does), even with the result that our sympathies occasionally are enlisted on the side opposed to Kome, as in the case of Pontius the Samnite. In ancient times Pollio found fault with his provincialisms (Pata^^nity), which moderns cannot

detect ; and Macaulay (blind to his own failings from partisanshij)) attacks him as being completely indifferent to truth. His eniuneration of prodigies and their expiation is another subject of modern ridicule, but in this matter he is only rightly relating the truly Roman scrupulousness in such matters, which lasted down to the fall of Paganism

at the close of the fourth century a. d. : in fact, some lines from the letters of that belated pagan, Symmachus, read like an extract from Livy. In short, we may say that with all his faults Li\^ was a true Roman, and as such strongly

appealed to Romans ; and his work, in scope and execution, is worthy of the great, though proud and unscrupulous, nation whose history he has told.

The Date of Composition

of Li^'y's work is probably from 27 b. c.-i; a. d.. and from variows references and omissions about current events we can guess the date of different sections. For instance, we can say that Lixy IX was written shortly after the civil wars from tl:e

reference in ch. xix : and from the mention of B 2 4 INTRODUCTION the Parthians without any notice of Augustus' diplomatic victory over them, that the date of this book must be before 23 b. c. or 20 b. c. at the latest.

Inconsistencies in Book IX, chs. i-xix.

I'd!, iv. I. Many attempts, he says, were made to

1 break out from the Caudine Forks. jCh. V. 10. The soldiers grumble that they had not y even dra^vn their swords. Ch. V. I. The consuls, he says, declared to the

' Samnites that no foedus ' could be made without orders from the people. Ch. ix. 4. 9. 10. Here it would have been a telling argument to say the Samnites had this point laid before them directly. Ch. iv. II. Lentulus is made to say that all the legions of Eome and all her fighting men were at Caudium.

Ch. vii. 7. New levies are raised, apparently with- j V out trouble. /Ch. viii. 14. Tribunes of the plebs are among the guarantors of the peace. I

1 Ch. V. 4. Thej^ are not mentioned as would na-

' turally be expected.

And for glaring misstatements see ch. xix with regard to Roman defeats ; as though Pyrrhus and Hannibal luid never existed, not to mention Brennus and Porsinnn. ;

OUTLINE OFSAMNITE HISTORY

TO THE

BEGINNING OF LIVY IX.

The Samnites. with the Picentines, Vestini, Frentani, Paeligni. and Marsi. l^elonged to the

Unibro-Sabellian stock ; and migrating at an early- date these tribes occupied the east and south-centre of the Italian peninsula, the Samnites taking the mountainous districts in the south. From 450 to 350 b.c. they gradually advanced southwards to the Greek cities of Tarentmn and Thm-ii and westwards to Campania, and became mixed mth the Greeks ; so that there arose differ- ences of cidture and manners, and subsequently quarrels between the old Samnites of the hills and the Samnites of the Campanian plains and Lucania. In 343 B. c. the Sidicini of Teanum and the Campanians of Capua appealed to Rome for protection against the Samnites of the hills and the Campanians putting themselves under the supremacy of Eonie, the Romans warned the Samnites to respect the territory of a friendly power ; and after a campaign, the events of wliicli are uncei-tain, Capua was left to the Romans and Teanum to the Samnites. 6 OUTLINE OF SAMNITE HISTORY

341-328 B. c. ^Vhile Rome was completing her conquests of the Campanians and Volscians, and quelling the Latin rebellion, the Samnites remained inactive, partly from hostilities with the Italian Greeks, and partly from want of a somid policy. For Alexander the Molossian (or king of Epirus as Li\y calls him) had been invited by the Taren- tines and Lucanian exiles to assist them against the Lucanians and Samnites. The latter were defeated. Then Alexander and the Tarentines quarrelled, and Alexander was murdered by a Lucanian ; and the Greek cities of Italy again became isolated, and the Samnites once more free to look to Campanian affairs. 327 B. c. Second Samnite War. Allies of both. At the beginning of the second war the Samnites had to stand almost alone to stay the ever-increasing power of Eome. Their only sure allies were their kindi'ed the Yestini, Frentani, Picentes, and Paeligni. The Tarentines were too negligent and too occuj^ied, and the Lucanians were detached by Rome and pitted against their natural enemies the Tarentines. The Etruscans woidd probably side \\"ith the Samnites if they saw a chance of success (and they ; did later on ; also the Gauls). Whereas Rome was united and strong with her late conquests, and could also depend on the

Apulians, who hated the Samnites ; and, as we have seen, pitted the Lucanians against the Tarentines. Cause of War. The aggressions of Rome on the Liris, and foundation of Fregellae in 328, and the natural hostility of two strong nations. Occasion of War. The Romans, to complete Campanian conquests, had designs on Palaeopolis and Neajiolis (^aj^les). The Samnites threw a TO THE BEGINNING OF LIVY IX 7 garrison into Palaeopolis, and the Romans laid siege to the place. 326 B. c. Eome gave good terms to Campanian Greeks, and Palaeopolis sm-rendered. 325-322. Samniimi was overrmi and penetrated by Roman armies : and being decidedly worsted the Samnites humbly sued for peace, sending back Roman piisoners and pro]^)erty taken in the war. Their general, Brutulus Papius, the chief of their war-party, slew himself to avoid being given up, and his count lymen sent his dead body and goods to Rome. But the Romans haughtily rejected their offers, and sent back all but theii* own belongings, and prepared to renew the war. Upon which the Samnites, inspired by their new general, C. Pontius, began to take energetic measures for self-defence. Such is the position of affairs at the beginning of 321 B. c, the year at which Livy's ninth book starts.

Coin 01- Capca. A Roman Tkoi'hy. TITI LIVI AB URBE CONDITA

LIBER IX

Year 321 B.C. Consulship of Veturius and Postumhis. The new Samnite general, C. Pontius, fells his countrymen that, by their offer of surrender, they hare atoned for the past wrong, and the gods icill he dis- pleased at the Romans' haughty rejection of that offer. They hare done all they can, hy their abject and compjlete surrender; as any impcuiial judge would admit.

Sequittjr hiinc annimi nobilis clade Eomana i Caudina pax T. Vetiirio Calvino Sp. Postuiiiio con- 8ulil>us. Samnites eo anno imj>eratorem C. Pontiiini ^ Herenni filium habuerimt, patre longe prudentissimo natum, prinium ipsiini bellatorem ducemqiie. is, 3 iibi legati. qiii ad dedendas res niissi erant, pace

' ' infecta redieiiint : • ne nihil actum inquit hac legatione censeatis, expiatiim est, quidquid ex

I'oedere rupto irarum in nos caelestium fiiit. satis 4 scio, quibuscumque diis cordi fuit siibigi nos ad necessitatem dedendi res, quae ab nobis ex foedere 10 TITI LIVI

repetitae fuerant, iis non fiiisse cordi tarn siq^erbe

r ab Romanis foederis expiationem spretam. quid enim ultra fieri ad placandos deos mitigandosque homines potuit, quam quod nos fecimus? res hostium in praeda captas, quae belK iure nostrae

6 videbantur, remisimus ; auctores belli, quia vivos

non 2)otuinius, peifunctos iani fato dedidimus ; bon^^ eorum, ne quid ex contagione noxae remaneret

7 penes nos, Eomani portavinius. quid ultra tibi, Romane, quid foederi, quid diis arbitris foederis debeo? quern tibi tuarum irarum, queni nieorum suppliciorum iudicem feram ? neminem. neque populum neque privatum, fugio.

A General addbessisg his Soldiers.

Except tJuongh the gods, the weak have no justice from the strong, who are insatiable and thirst for more vengeance. TJie Samn ites heitig now forced into war will have right and the gods on their side.

8 ' Quod si nihil cum potentiore iuris hiunani relinquitur inopi, at ego ad deos vindices intole- randa^ superbiae confugiam et precabor. ut iras 1

LIB. IX. CAP. II II

suas vertant in eos, qiiibus non >>\.vde redditae res, y satis sint quorimi saevi- lion alienae adcimiidatae ; tiam non moi's noxiorimi, non deditio exaniinatorimi corporiun, non bona sequentia doniini deditionem exsatient, placari neqiieant nisi haurienduni sanguinem laniandaque viscera nostra praebueriniiis. "kistuni est bellimi. Sanmites, qiiibus necessarimn. lo et pia arma, qiiibus nulla nisi in arniis relinquitur

spes. proinde cimi reriim hiimanariini niaxiniiun 1

momentimi sit, qiiain propitiis rem. qiiam adversis agant diis, pro certo habete priora bella adversiis deos niagis quam homines gessisse. hoc, quod instat. ducibus ipsis diis gesturos.'

Ttie Samnite army it> secretli/ envatnptd near Caudium ; the Romans are at Calatia, and learn from Samnite soldiers disguised as shepherds and from other sources that the enemy is besieging Luceria, the key of Apulia. So they determine to hasten to its assistance by the sho)iest route, i.e. through the Caudine Forks.

Haec non laeta magis quam vera vaticinatus, i exercitu educto circa Caudium castra quam potest

occultissime locat. inde ad Calatiam, ubi iam 2 consules Komanos castraque esse audiebat, milites decern pastorimi habitu niittit, pecoraque diversos alium alibi baud procid EomanLs pascere iuljet

praesidiis ; ubi inciderint in praedatores. ut idem .^ omnibiLs sermo constet, legiones Samnitium in Ajjulia esse. Luceriam omniVjus copiis circumsedere, 12 TITI LIVI

4 nec procul abesse, quin vi capiant. iani ib et rumor ante de industria volgatiis venerat ad Romanos, sed fidem aiixere captivi eo niaxime, quod sernio

5 inter omnes congiiiebat. haud erat dubium, quin Lucerinis opem Romanus ferret, bonis ac fidelibus

A LiGHT-AKMED RoMAN SOLDIER AND A ShEPHERD.

sociis, siniul ne Apulia onmis ad praesenteni

terroreni deficeret : ea niodo, qua irent, consultatio

6 fuit. duae ad Luceriam ferebant viae, altera praeter oram superi maris, patens apertaque. sed

quanto tutior. tanto fere longior, altera i^er furculas Caudinas brevior. : 1

LIB. IX. CAP. II 13

Descnption of the Caudme Forks. Tlie Romans enter hi/ the jirst pass, and find the other dosed hi/ the enenti/ starting to return, they find the entrance similarly closed.

Sed ita natus locus est : saltiis duo alti angusti 7 silvosique sunt, montibus circa per^êtuis inter se iuncti. iacet inter eos satis patens clausus in medio cam2:»us herbidus aquosusque, per queni medium iter est. sed antequam venias ad eum, s intrandae piimae angustiae sunt, et aut eadem, qua te insinuaveris, retro via rej)etenda aut, si ire porro pergas, jêr aliimi saltmn artiorem inpedi- tioremque evadendum. in emn campiun via alia 9 per cavam iiqêm Eomani demisso agmine ciun ad alias angustias protinus pergerent, saeptas deiectu arbormn saxorumque ingentium obiacentem molem invenere. cum fraus hostilis apparuisset, praesidimn etiam in sununo saltu conspicitiu*. citati 10 inde retro, qua venerant, pergunt repetere viam. earn quoque clausam sua obice armisque inveniunt.

Consternation and despair of Bomans. The soldiers of their own accord fortify a camp ; and the officers go to the consuls.

Sistunt inde gradum sine ullius im^Derio, stu- porque omnimn animos ac velut torpor quidam insolitus membra tenet, intuentesque alii alios, 1 cimi alteriun quisque conpotem magis mentis ac

consilii ducerent, diu inmobiles silent, deinde ubi 1 j praetoria consul um erigi videre et expedire quosdam utilia ojDeri. quamquam ludilnio fore munientes H TITI LIVI

perditis rebus ac spe omni adempta cernebant, 13 tamen, ne culpam malis adderent, pro se quisque nee hortante ullo nee imperante ad munienduni 14 versi eastra propter aquam vallo eireumdant, sua ipsi opera laboremque inritimi (praeterquam quod

Soldi F.Rs makino a Camp.

liostes superbe increpabant), cum nii.-serabili con-

] 5 fessione eludentes. ad consules niaestos, ne advocantes quidem in consilium, quando nee consilio nee auxilio locus esset, sua sponte legati ac tribuni conveniunt, militesque ad praetorium versi opem. quam vix dii inmortales ferre poterant, ab ducibus exposcimt. LIB. IX. CAP. Ill 15

III

TJie camp at night. Murmurings of rage and despair.

Querentes niagis qiiani consultantes nox oppressit, t •iim pro ingeiiio quisque fremerent, alius: '})er

SANfNiTK Warrior. obices vianun, ppr adveisa moiitiuin, per silvas,

2 qua ferri amia poterunt, eamus : modo ad hostem pprvenire liceat, quern per aunos iani prope triginta

^^ncimuR : omnia aequa et plana eiunt Romano in ;

l6 TITI LIVI

3 perfidum Samnitem pugnanti,' alius : "quo aut qua eamus? nuni montes moliri sede sua paramus? duin haec inminebiuit iuga, qua tu ad hostem venies ? armati, inermes, fortes, ignavi, pariter omnes capti atque victi sumus. ne ferrum quidem ad bene moriendiun oblaturus est hostis, sedens

4 bellum conficiet.' his invicem sernionibus qua cibi qua quietis inmeuior nox traducta est.

TJie Samnites also have no definite plans. They send to consult Herennius Pontius, who Jirst advises the dismissal of the Romans unharmed. Consulted again, he advises the slaughter of the entire arm//. The Samnites think his mind is affected, hut send for him to explain.

Ne Saninitibus quidem consilium in tani laetis suppetebat rebus. itaque universi Herennium Pontium, patrem imperatoris, per litteras consulen-

5 dum censent. iam is grands annis non militaribus solum sed civilibus quoque abscesserat muneribus in corpore tamen adfecto vigebat vis animi con-

6 siliique. is ubi accepit ad furculas Caudinas inter duos saltus clausos esse exercitus Eomanos, con-

sultus ab nuntio filii censuit omnes inde quam

7 primum inviolatos dimittendos. quae ubi spreta sententia est iterumque eodem remeante nuntio consulebatur, censuit ad mimn omnes interficiendos.

R quae ubi tarn discordia inter se velut ex ancipiti oraculo responsa data sunt, quamquam filius ipse in primis iam aninium quoque patris consenuis^se in adfecto corpore rebatur, tamen consensu omnium

victus est. ut ipsum in consilium /accii-et. LIB. IX. CAP. Ill 17

Old I'ontiHS comes, repeats his mlrUf mirl explains. By adopiiny a middle course, as proposed by his son, ihcy uould neither make the Bomans friends nor get rid of them as enemies; the Bomans uould never rest till they had taken stern venr/eance.

Nee gravatus senex plaiistro in castra dicitiir 9 advectiis Yocatusq^iie in consiliimi ita ferme locutus esse, ut nihil sententiae suae niutaret, eaiisas tantimi

T. 5>-

Bkisgixg Heees>"ics to the TVak-Couxcil in a "Waggon.

adiceret : piioie se consilio, quod optimum duceret, 10 cmn potentissimo iX)pulo per ingens beneficium

perpetuam fimiare pacem amicitiamqiie ; altero consilio in multas aetates, quibus amissis duobiis LIVY IX c 31 :

l8 TITI LIVI

exercitibiis hand facile receptiira vires Romana res

esset, belluiii diiferre ; tertiimi nullum consilium

1 esse. cum filius aliique principes i3ercunctando exsequerentur, quid, si media via consilii caperetur,

ut et dimitterentur incohmies et leges iis iure l^elli

' 12 victis inponerentur : ista quidem sententia,' inquit,

' ea est, quae neque amicos parat nee inimicos tollit. servate modo quos ignominia inritaveritis ea est Romana gens, quae -sdcta quiescere nesciat.

1 vivet semper in j^ectoribus illorimi quidquid istuc praesens necessitas inusserit, nee eos ante multiplices poenas expetitas a vobis quiescere sinet.'

After fruitless attempts to break out, the Romans ask for a fair peace or fair fight. Pontius gives his terms: peace with dishonour, the yoke, withdrawal from Samnite territory, and removal of colonies.

1 Neutra sententia accepta Herennius domimi e castris est avectus. et in castris Romanis cmn frustra multi conatus ad erumpendum capti essent,

2 et iam omnium rermn inopia esset, victi necessitate

legatos mittunt, qui primum pacem aequam j^e-

terent ; si pacem non inpetrarent, uti provocarent

3 ad pugnam. turn Pontius debellatum esse respondit.

et, quoniam ne victi quidem ac capti fortunam fateri scirent, inemies cum singulis vestimentis

sub iuguni missurum ; alias condiciones pacis

4 aequas victis ac victoribus fore : si agro Samnitium decederetur, coloniae abducerentur, suis inde legibus :

LIB. IX. CAP. IV 19

Romanimi ac Saniniteni ae

Counsel of Lentidus. His father, he says, had advised a saUy from the Capitol itpon the Gauls; and he

irould adtise fyhti)ig now, irere -it any use ; hut their death, though honourable, ivould leave the city absolutely defenceless: they must make a virtue of necessity, and ransom their country by sun'ender of their arms.

Cmn dill silentium fuisset, nee consules aut 7 })ro foedere tarn turj^i aut contra foedus tam neces- sarium hiscere possent, tuni L. Lentulus, qui turn l^rinceps legatorum ^ irtute atque honoribus erat

'patrem meum.' inquit, 'consules, saepe audivi 8 memorantem se in Caj^itolio uniini non fuisse auctorem senatui redimendae auro a Gallis civitatis, quando nee fossa valloque ab ignavissimo ad opera ac muniendmn hoste clausi essent et erimipere, si non .sine magno pericido tamen sine certa pernicie, possent. quod si, illis ut decurrere ex 9 Capitolio armatis in hostem licuit (quo saepe modo oljsessi in obsidentes eruperunt), ita nobis aequo aut iniquo loco diniicandi tantummodo cum hoste copia esset, non mihi paterni animi indoles in consilio dando deesset. equidem mortem pro 10

c 2 20 TITI LIVI

patria praeclaram esse fateor, et nie vel devovere pro popiilo Romano legionibusque vel in medics

1 1 me inmittere hostes paratus smii : sed hie patriam

£fc!lS^^

The X.E. End of the Forum Eomaxum and the Capitolixe Hill ix thk Time of the Empire.

A. Temple of Divus Julius (Caesar'. b, Temple of Castor and Pollux. c. Passage for voters. d. New rostra. e. Arch of Septimius Sevems. f. Basilica Julia. g. Temple of Saturn. H. Temple of Concord. i. Temple of Divus Vespasianus. J. Tabularium. k. Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. 2

LIB. IX. CAP. IV 21 video, hie quidquid Romanarimi legioiiimi est. quae nisi pro se ipsis ad mortem ruere volunt, quid habent, quod morte sua sel•^^ent ? tecta urbis. 1 dicat aliquis, et moenia et earn turbam. a qua urbs incolitur. immo hercule produntur ea omnia delete hoc exercitu, non ser\^antur. quis enim 13

Thk City ok Vkii. ea tueljitur ? inbellis videlicet atque inermis multitudo. tam hercule. quam a Gallorum impetu defendit. an a Veils exercitum Camillumque

ducem inploralnint ? hie omnes spes opesque 14 sunt, quas servando patriam sei-A^amus, dedendo ad necem patriam deserimus ac prodimus. at 22 TITI LIVI

15 foeda atque ignominiosa deditio est. sed ea caritas patriae est, ut tarn ignoniinia earn quam morte

16 nostra, si opus sit, servemus. subeatur ergo ista, quantacimique est, indignitas, et 2^ai'eatur necessi-

tati, quam ne dii quideni superant. ite, consules. redimite armis civitatem. quam auro maiores vestri redemerunt.'

The consuls say they cannot make a formal treaty of peace (foedus), hut only a guarantee (sponsio). Mature of a \foeclus.' Conditions of the ' sponsio.'

I Consules profecti ad Pontiimi in conloquium. cum de foedere victor agitaret, negarunt iniussu populi foedus fieri posse nee sine fetialibus caeri-

-' moniaque alia sollemni. itaque non, ut vulgo credunt Claudiusque etiam scribit, foedere pax

:, Caudina, sed per sponsionem facta est. quid enim aut sponsoribus in foedere opus esset aut obsidibus, ubi precatione res transigitur,j per quern populum

fiat, quo minus legibus dictis stetur, ut eum ita luppiter feriat, quemadmodum a fetialibus porcus

4 feriatur ? jspoponderunt consules, legati, quaestores, tribuni militum, nominaque omnium, qui spopon-

derunt, exstant, ubi, si ex foedere acta res esset,

5 praeterquam duorum fetialium non exstarent ; et propter necessarian! foederis dilationem obsides etiam sescenti equites imperati, qui capite luerent.

6 si pacto non staretur. tempus inde statutum

tradendis obsidibus exercituque inermi mittendo. ^s^ ;

LIB. IX. CAP. V 23

Oylcf of Boniaus in antkipntion of then' disgvacp d'lfi- armamenf, aud return home.

Redintegravit luctuin in castris consilium adventus, ut vix al) iis abstinerent manus. quonnn temeritate in eiim locum deducti essent, quoimn

A Tribuxk.

ignavia foedius inde. quam venissent, abituri : illis 7 non duceni locorum, non exploratorem fuisse ))eluarum modo caeeos in foveam lapses. alii S alios intiieri : contemplari arma mox ti'a

24 TIVI LIVI

inermes futuras dextras obnoxiaque corpora hosti proponere sibimet ipsi ante oculos iugum hostile et ludibria victoris et vultus superbos et per 9 armatos inermiuni iter, inde foedi agminis misera- bileni viam per socioruin urbes, redituni in patriam ad parentes, quo saepe ipsi maioresque eorum

10 triumphantes venissent. se solos sine vulnere,

sine ferro, sine acie victos ; sibi non stringere licnisse gladios, non nianuni cum hoste conferre

11 sibi nequiquani aninios datos. haec frenientibus hora fatalLs ignominiae advenit, omnia tristiora experiundo factura, quam quae praeceperant animis.

The Romans are disarmed and sent under the yoke.

12 lam primum cum singulis vestimentis inermes extra vallum exire iussi, et primi traditi obsides

13 atque in custodiam abducti. tuni a consulibus abire

lictores iussi j^aludamentaque detracta : tantam id inter ipsos, qui paulo ante eos exsecrantes dedendos

14 lacerandosque censuerant, miserationem fecit, ut suae quisque condicionis oblitus ab ilia deforma- tione tantae maiestatis velut ab nefando spectaculo averteret oculos.

I Primi consules prope seminudi sub iugum missi. tum ut quisque gradu proxumus erat, ita ignominiae

-2 obiectus, tum deinceps singulae legiones. circum- LIB. IX. CAP. VI 25

stabant arniati hostes exprobrantes eludentesque. gladii etiani plerisque intentati et viilnerati qiiidam necatique. si vultus eorum indignitate rerum acrior ^^ctorem offendisset.

Passino uxder thk Yoke.

TJie Bonians march off towards Capua. Tlie Capuans send supplies of all ki)ids to them, hut the Bomaus malutain a mooch/ silence.

Ita traducti sub iugimi et, quod paene gravius 3 erat, per hostiuni oculos, cum e saltu evasissent. 26 TITI LIVI

etsi velut ab inferis extracti turn primum liicem aspicere visi sunt, tanien ipsa liix ita deforme

4 intuentibus agmen omni morte tristior fiiit. itaque cum ante noctem Capuam pervenire possent, incerti de fide socioriun et quod pudor praepediebat, cii-ca viam baud procul Capua omnium egena corpora

5 humi prostraverunt. quod ubi est Capuam nun- tiatum, evincit miseratio iusta sociorum superbiam

6 ingenitam Campanis. confestim insignia sua con-

sulibus, fasces, lictores ; arma, equos, vestimenta,

7 commeatus militibus benigne mittunt ; et venienti- bus Capuam cunctus senatus populusque obviam egressus iustis omnibus hospitalibus privatisque

8 et publicis fungitur officiis. neque illis sociorum comitas ^^^ltusque benigni et adloquia non modo sermonem elicere, sed ne ut oculos qiiidem adtol- lerent aut consolantes amicos contra intuerentur,

9 efficere poterant : adeo super maerorem pudor quidam fugere conloquia et coetus hominum cogebat.

Tile youiig men of Capua, returning from escorting the Romans to the frontier, think their spirit is completely crushed. But Calarius declares their moodif silence is hut an indication of subdued wrath that will soon hurst forth u-ith terrible revenge upon the Samuites.

10 Postero die cum iuveups no])iles, missi a Capua, ut proficiscentes ad finem Campanum prosequeren-

11 tur, revertissent. vucatique in curiam percunctan-

tibus maioribus uatu niulto sil)i maestiores et —

LIB. IX. CAP. VII 27

abiectioris animi vises referrent : adeo silens ac 12 prope mutiim agmeii incessisse : iacere indolem illam Eomanani. ablatosque ciun armis aninios, non reddere salutem salutantibus. non dare responsimi. ip. non hiscere quemquam prae metu potuisse tamquani ferentibus adhiic cei-ATcibus iugimi. sub quod emissi essent. hal^ere Samnites victoriam non praeclaram solum, sed etiain per^^etuani : cepisse enini eos non Romam. siciit ante Gallos. sed. quod multo belli- cosius fuerit. Romanani virtuteni ferociamque :

VII

Cum haec dicerentur audirenturque et deplora- i tum paene Romanum nomen in consilio sociorum fideliimi esset, dicitur Ofillius Calavius Ovi filius, -^ clarus genere factisque. timi etiam aetate verendus, lonsre aliter se habere rem dixisse : silentium illud 3 obstinatmn fixosque in terram oculos et surdas ad omnia solacia aures et pudorem intuendae lucis ingentem molem irarmn ex alto animi cientis indicia esse, aut Romana se ignorare ingenia aut 4 silentium illud Samnitibus flel>iles brevi clamores gemitusque excitatm-um, Caudinaeque pacis aliquanto SamnitiVjus quam Romanis tristiorem

.- memoriam fore : quipi^e suos quemque eorum animos lialjitunmi. ubicmnque congressuri sint : saltus Caudinos non ul^ique Samnitibus fore. ;

28 TITI LIVI

Oh receipt of news, there is general nwurhing ; and at Jirst anger, then pity for the soldiers. New magistrates are appointed; Piibliliiis Philo and Papirius Cursor being made consuls.

6 lani Romae etiam sua infamis clades erat.

obsessos prmium audierunt : tristior deinde igno niiniosae pacis magis quam periculi nuntius fuit.

7 ad faniam obsidionis dilectus haberi coeptus erat; diniissus deinde auxiliormn apparatus, postquam

deditioneni tain foede factani acceperunt ; extem- ploque sine ulla publica auctoritate consensuni. in

8 omneni formani luctus est : tabernae circa forum clausae iustitiiunque in foro sua sponte coeptuni prius quam indictmii, lati clavi, anuli aurei positi

9 paene maestior exercitu ipso ci^4tas esse, nee ducibus solum at que auctoribus sponsoribusque pacis irasci, sed innoxios etiam milites odisse et 10 negare urbe tectisve accipiendos. quam concita- tionem animorum fregit adventus exercitus, etiam iratis miserabilis. non enim tamquam in patriam revertentes ex insperato incolumes, sed captorum

11 habitu vultuque ingressi sero in urbem ita se in suis quisque tectis abdiderimt, ut postero atque insequentibus diebus nemo eorum forum aut

12 publicum aspicere vellet. consules in privato abditi nihil pro magistratu agere, nisi quod ex-

pressimi senatus consulto est, ut dictatorem

17, dicerent comitionim causa. Q. Fabiiun Ambustum dixerunt et P. Aelium Paetimi magistrmn equitum.

14 quibus vitio creatis suffecti M. Aemilius Papus LIB. IX. CAP. \'III 29 dictator. L. Valerius Flaccus magister eqiiitiini. nee i^er eos comitia habita. et, quia taedebat popuhmi omniimi magistratuiuu eius anni, res ad interregnimi rediit. interreges Q. Fabius Maxiiiius, 1^- M.Valerius Col•^'us. is consules creavit Q. Publiliiun Philonem et L. Papiriimi Cursoreni iterum baud dubio consensu civitatis. quod nulli ea temjjestate duces clariores essent.

VIII

Postumitis. being incited to speaJc in the senate, sans he i.vill not defend his conduct at Caudiam, thoiKjh he might; hut uill mahe a motion uhich irill show he had acted from no seljish motives. Hie j^^^ople of Ilonie nets not bound hi/ the guarantee that he and the others had given, hut oiily themselves. So they should he surrendered to the Samnites, and the people he free to renew the war.

Quo creati sunt die. eo — sic eniin placuerat i patiibus — magistratuni inierunt, solleninibusque senatus consultis pei"fectis de pace Caudina rettu- lerunt ; et Publilius, penes quern fasces erant : 2

* die, Sp. Postmni,' inquit. qui ubi surrexit, eodem

' illo vultu, quo sub iugiun missus erat : baud simi 3 ignarus/ inquit, 'consules, ignominiae, non bonoris causa me primmn excitatum iussumque dicere, non tamquam senatorem, sed tamquam reum qua ini'elicis belli qua ignominiosae pacis. ego tamen, 4 quando neque de noxa nostra neque de j^oena rettulistis, omis^ia defensione, quae non difficillinia esset apud baud ignaros fortunarum bumanarum 30 TITI LIVI

necessitatimnqiie. sententiam de eo. de quo rettu-

listis, paucis peragam. quae sententia testis eiit, mihine an legionibus vestris i^eperceriiu, cum me turpi 5 seu seu necessaria sponsione obstriiixi ; qua tamen. quando iniussu populi facta est, non tenetur l^opulus Eomanus, nee quicquam ex ea praeterquam 6 corpora nostra debentur Samnitibus. dedamur

per fetiales nudi vinctique ; exsolvamus religione populimi, si qua obligavimus, ne quid divini hmnanive obstet, quo minus iustum piumque de integro ineatur bellum.

Meanwhile {proposes Postuniius; a netv army should he enrolled: and irJien lie and the other guarantors had heen delivered up, the Roman armif might invade Saninium, and, he prayed, with better success than their predecessors. His jyroposal is heard with aston- ishment and pity.

7 Interea consules exercitum scribere armare edu- cere placet, nee prius ingredi hostium fines, quam omnia iusta in deditionem nostram perfecta erunt.

8 vos, dii imnortales. precor quaesoque. si vobis non fuit cordi Sp. Postimiimn T. Veturimii consules 9 cum Samnitibus prospere bellum gerere, at vos satis habeatis vidisse nos sub iugum missos, vidisse sponsione infami obligates, videre nudos vinctosque hostibus deditos, omnem Irani hostium nostris

10 capitibus exeipientes ; novos consules legionesque Eomanas ita cum Samnite gerere bellmn velitis,

11 ut omnia ant« nos consules bella gesta sunt.' quae ubi dixit, tanta simul admiratio miseratioque viri LIB. IX. CAP. IX 31 incessil homines, ut mode vix crederent ilium euiidem esse Sp. Postmiiium, qui auctor tam foedae pacis fuisset, niodo miserarentur. quod vir talis 12 etiara praecipuum apud hostes supplicium passurus esset ob iram dirempta^ pacis.

Tlie senate is j)^'^P<^^'^d to accept his proposal^ irhen the tribunes interpose their veto, saying that the entire army should be ])ut back at Caudiuni. and that they

themselves are exempted by their office. Postumius, in answer, says they can be surrendered when they go out of office, and that the sun-ender of the guarantors is strictly in accord icith Feiicd law.

Cum omnes laudibus modo prosequentes wmn 1.^, in sententiam eius pedibus irent, temptata paulisi)er intercessio est ab L. Livio et Q. Maelio tribunis plebis, qui neque exsolvi religione populum aiebant 14 deditione sua. nisi omnia Samnitibus, qualia apud

Caudiimi fuissent, restituerentur, neque se pro eo, 15 quod spondendo pacem sers'assent exercitmn populi Romani. poenam ullam meritos esse, neque ad extremum, cmn sacrosancti essent, dedi liostibus violarive posse.

' ' Timi Postumius ; dedite interea. dedite inquit i

' profanos nos, quos salva religione potestis ; dedetis deinde et istos sacrosanctos, cum primum magistratu 2 abierint, sed. si me audiatis. priusquam dedantui-, hie in comitio virgis caesos, banc iam ut intercalatae poenae usuram habeant. nam quod deditione 3 32 TITI LIVI

nostra negant exsolvi religitme i^opiilum, id istos magis, ne dedantur, qiiaiii quia ita se res habeat,

dicere, quis adeo iuris fetialiimi expers est, qui ignoret ?

Fronu'ses (confimiet; Fostumiiis) are sacred indeed, but cannot hind a people not responsible for them. Sup- posing the Samnites had dictated the surre}ider of Borne, would our promise hare been still binding? Though you say ' God forbid ' to this, yet a promise is a promise, and admits not of degrees. No matter how exalted in the state is the person who promises, his promise, unless made by order, is not binding for the people. And this the Samnites knetc.

4 Neque ego infitias eo, patres coiiscripti, tani sponsiones quaiii foedera sancta esse apud eos homines, apud quos iuxta divinas religiones fides

huinana colitur ; sed iniussu populi nego quicquam

5 sanciri posse, quod poijulimi teneat. an, si eadeni superbia, qua sponsioneni istani expresserunt nobis Samnites, coegissent nos verba legitima dedentium urbes nuncupare, deditmn populmn Romanum vos, tribuni, diceretis et banc urbem, templa, delubra,

6 fines, aquas Samnitimn esse ? omitto deditionem,

quoniam de sponsione agitur : quid tandem ? si spopondissemus urbem banc relicturmn populum

Romanmii, si incensurum, si magistratus, si sena-

tum, si leges non habitm-iun, si sub regibus futurimi. di meliora. inquis. atqui non indignitas

7 rerum sponsionis vinculum levat. si quid est in quod obligari ^^opulus possit, in omnia potest, et ne illud quidem, quod quosdam forsitan moveat, LIB. IX. CAP. IX 33

refert, consul an dictator an jiraetor s23oponderit.

et hoc ipsi etiani Saninites iiidicaverimt, quibiis non 8 fuit satis consules spondere, sed legatos quaestores tribiinos niilitiini spondere coegerunt.

The truth is. both the Samnites and we acted without judgement; they were eager for peace, and did not take the right measures for securing it. The People, tJierefore, of Borne is not responsible ; let us who are responsible pay the penalty.

Nee a me nunc quisquani quaesiverit, quid ita 9 spo23onderim, cimi id nee consulis ius esset, nee illis spondere pacem, quae mei non erat arbitrii, nee pro Yobis. qui nihil niandaveratis, possem.

niliil ad Caudium, patres conscripti, hunianis con- 10

siliis gestuni est : dii inmoi-tales et vestris et hostiuni imperatoribus nienteni ademerunt. nee n

nos in bello satis ca^'imus, et illi male iârtam victoriam male perdiderunt, dum vix loeis, quibus vicerant, credunt, dum quacumque condicione arma \dris in arma natis auferre festinant. an, si sana u mens fuisset, difficile illis fuit, dum senes ab domo ad consultandmn accersunt, mittere Romam legatos? cum senatu, cmn pojDulo de pace ac foedere age re? tridui iter ex^êditis erat; interea in indutiis res 13 fuisset, donee ab Eoma legati aut ^êtoriam illis cei-tam aut paeem adferrent. ea demum sponsio esset, quam pojûli iussu spopondissemus. sed 14 neque vos tulissetis, nee nos spopondissemus, nee fas fuit aliiun rerum exitum esse quam ut illi, velut somnio laetiore quam quod mentes eorum LIVY IX D 7 :

34 TITI LIVI

15 capere possent, nequiquam eluderentur, et nostrum exercitum eadem, quae inpedierat, fortuna expediret, vanam victoriara vanior inritam faceret pax, sponsio interponeretur, quae nemineni praeter 16 sponsorem obligaret. quid enim. vobiscuni, patres conscripti, quid cum populo Romano actiun est? quis vos appellare potest, quis se a vobis dicere deceptum ? hostis an civis ? hosti nihil spopon- distis, civem neminem spondere pro vobis iussistis.

1 nihil ergo vobis nee nobiscimi est, quibus nihil mandastis, nee cum Samnitibus, cum quibus nihil 18 egistis. Samnitibus sponsores nos sumus rei satis

locupletes in id, quod nostriun est, in id, quod praestare possumus, corpora nostra et aninios: in haec saeviant, in haec ferrmn, in haec iras acuant.

19 quod ad tribunes adtinet, consulite, utrum praesens deditio eoi-um fieri possit, an in diem difteratur nos interim, T. Veturi vosque ceteri, vilia haec

capita luendae sponsion is feramus, et nostro sup- plicio liberemus Romana arma.'

Life returufi to Rome. Postumius' conduct is 2)>'ciise(l. All eager for war. Formal surrender of Postumius and the others to Samnites. Postumius gives the Romans a ' casus helli.'

1 Movit patres conscriptos cum causa tiun auctor, nee ceteros solimi sed tribunes etiam plebei, ut

2 se in senatus dicerent fore potestate. magistratu inde se extemplo abdicaverunt, traditique fetialibus LIB. IX. CAP. X 35

cum ceteris Caudiuni diieendi. hoc s>enatus consiilto facto lux quaedam adfulsisse civitati visa est.

Postumius in ore erat. eimi laudibus ad caelum 3 ferebant, devotioni P. Deci consulis. aliis claris

facinoribus aequabant : emersisse civitatem. ex 4

A Fktial addressing the Magistrates ix the Forum.

obnoxia pace illius consilio et opera ; ij^suni se

cruciatibus et hostimii irae offerre j^iaculaque jiro

jDopuIo Romano dare. ainia cuncti spectant et 5 bellum: en mnquam futurum. ut congredi armatis cum Samnite liceat ?

D 2 :

36 TITI LIVI

6 In civitate ira odioqiie ardente dilectus prope omnium voluntariormn fuit. rescriptae ex eodem milite novae legiones, ductusque ad Caudiiim

7 exercitus. praegressi fetiales ubi ad portam venere, vestem detrahi pacis sponsoribus iubent, manus post tergum vinciri. cum apparitor verecundia

' ' maiestatis Postumi laxe vinciret : quin tu inquit

8 'adducis lorum, ut iusta fiat deditio?' turn ubi in coetum Samnitimn et ad tribunal ventum Ponti est, A. Cornelius Arvina fetialis ita verba fecit

9 ' quandoque hisce homines iniussu populi Romani Quiritimn foedus ictum iri spoponderunt atque ob eam rem noxam nocueiTint, ob eam rem, quo populus Romanus scelere inpio sit solutus, hosce TO homines vobis dedo.' haec dicenti fetiali Postmnius genu femur quanta maxime poterat yi perculit, et clara voce ait se Samnitem civem esse, ilium legatum fetialem a se contra ius gentium violatum: eo iustius belluni gesturos.

Pontius refuses to receive them; demands ^^mce or return to the ''status quo ante' at Caiidium. Rome^ he says, never heei^s faith when conquered.

' 1 Tiun Pontius : nee ego istam deditionem acci-

2 i^iam ' inquit, ' nee Samnites ratam habebunt. quin tu, Spuri Postumi, si deos esse censes, aut omnia inrita facis aut pacto stas ? Samniti populo omnes, quos in potestate habuit. aut pro iis pax debetur. LIB. IX. CAP. XI 37

sed quid ego te appello, qui te captum victori cum ?, qua potes fide restituis ? populiuii Eomanum appello, quern si sponsionis ad furculas Caudinas factae paenitet, restituat legiones intra saltum, quo saeptae fuerunt. nemo quemquani deceperit, 4 omnia pro infecto sint, recipiant arma. quae per pactionem tradiderunt, redeant in castra sua. quidquid pridie liabuerunt quam in conloquium est ventimi habeant : tmii bellum et fortia consilia placeant. turn sponsio et pax repudietur. ea 5 fortuna, iis locis, quae ante pacis mentionem habuimus, geramus bellum, nee populus Eomanus consuliun sponsionem nee nos fidem populi Romani accusemus. numquamne causa defiet, cur victi 6 pacto non stetis? obsides Porsinnae dedistis:

furto eos subduxistis ; auro civitatem a Gallis

; redemistis inter accipiendmii aurum caesi sunt ; 7 pacem nobiscimi pepigistis, ut legiones yobis captas

restitueremus : earn pacem inritam facitis. et semper aliquam fraudi speciem iuris inponitis.

If Rome dislikes the peace [continues Pontius) she should gire up the legions to us. Is it her idea of justice to make one-sided bargains, and her leading men's sense of right to }-fSort to quibbles? He then dismisses the prisoners unharmed.

Non pi'obat populus Romanus ignominiosa pace S legiones servatas? pacem sibi habeat. legiones

captas victori restituat : hoc fide, hoc foederibus,

hoc fetialibus caerimoniis dignum erat. ut quidem 9 38 TITI LIVI

tu quod petisti per iDactioneni habeas, tot cives incolmnes, ego pacem, quam hos tibi remittendo pactus sum, non habeam, hoc tu, A. Cornell, hoc 10 vos, fetiales, iuris gentibus dicitis ? ego vero istos, quos dedi simulatis, nee accipio nee dedi arbitror, nee nioror, quo minus in civitateni obligatam. sponsione conimissa iratis omnibus diis. quorum 11 ekiditur numen, redeant. gerite bellum. quando Sp. Postumius modo legatum fetialem genu perculit. ita dii credent Samnitem civem Postumium, non civem Romanum esse, et a Samnite legatum

Romanum violatum : eo vobis iustmn in nos factum 12 esse bellum. haec ludibria religionum non pudere in lucem proferre, et vix pueris dignas ambages

senes ac consulares fallendae iidei exquirere !

13 i, lictor, deme vincla Eomanis ; moratus sit nemo,

quo minus, ubi vismn fuerit, abeant.' et illi quidem forsitan et publica, sua certe liberata fide ab Caudio in castra Romana inviolati redierunt.

XII

Bepentance of Samnites for rejecting Herennws Pontius' advice, and their anticipation of evil.

1 Samnitibus pro superba pace infestissimum cernentibus renatum bellum omnia, quae deinde

2 evenerunt, non in animis solmn sed prope in oculis esse, et sero ac nequiquam laudare senis Ponti utraque consilia, inter quae se media lapsos —

LIB. IX. CAP. XII 39

^4ctoriae possessionem pace incei*ta mutasse. et beneficii et maleficii occasione aniissa pugnaturos

cum eis, qiios potuerint in perpetuum Yel inimicos

tollere vel amicos facere. adeoque nuUodum cer- 3 tamine inclinatis viribiis post Caudinam pacem animi miitaverant, ut clariorem inter Eomanos deditio Postiimium quam Pontiimi incruenta victoria

inter Samnites faceret. et geri posse l^ellum Eomani 4 pro ^dctoria certa haberent, Samnites simul rebellasse et vicisse crederent Komanimi.

Revolt of Safn'cum to Sanmites. Capture of tlw Roman colony FregeJlae, and slaughter of inhabitants.

Inter haec Satricani ad Samnites defecerimtj et 5 Fregellae colonia necopinato adventu Samnitimii

/"fuisse et Satricanos cum iis satis constat — nocte occupata est. timor inde mutuus utrosque usque

ad lucem quietos tenuit ; lux pugnae initimii fuit, 6 quam aliquamdiu aequam, et quia pro aris ac focis dimicabatui-, et quia ex tectis adiuvabat inbellis

multitudo, tamen Fregellani sustinuerunt. fraus 7 deinde rem inclina^^it. quod vocem audiri praeconis passi sunt incolumem abiturum, qui arma posuisset. ea spes remisit a certamine animos, et passim arma

iactari coepta. peiiinacior pars amiata per avei"sam 8 poiiam erupit tutiorque eis audacia fuit quam incautus ad credendum ceteris pavor. quos circum- datos igni, nequiquam deos fidemque invocantes, Samnites concremaveiiint. 40 TITI LIVI

Movements of the consuls. Papirhis advances towards Luceria bi/ no^ihern route: Publilius to Caudiuni. Samnites decide to give battle to the latter. Fierce charge of Romans and rout of Samnites.

9 Consules inter se partiti proyincias, Papirius in Apuliani ad Luceriani pergit, ubi equites Roniani obsides ad Caudium dati custodiebantur, Publilius in Sanmio substitit adversus Caudinas legiones. 10 distendit ea res Sanmitiuni amnios, quod nee ad

Luceriani ire, ne ab tergo instaret hostis, nee nianere, ne Lueeria interim amitteretur, satis 11 audebant. oj)tiniimi visum est committere rem fortunae et transigere cum Publilio certamen. itaque in acieni eopias educunt.

XIII

1 Adversus quos Publilius consul cum dimicaturus esset, prius adloquendos milites ratus contionem advocari iussit. ceterum sicut ingenti alacritate

ad praetoriimi concursum est, ita prae clamore poscentium pugnam nulla adhortatio imperatoris

2 audita est : suus cuique animus iiiemor ignominiae adhortator aderat. vadunt igitur in proeliuni

urgentes signiferos, et, ne mora in concursu pilis emittendis stringendisque inde gladiis esset, pila velut dato ad id signo abieiunt strictisque gladiis

3 cursu in liostem feruntur. nihil illic imperatoriae

artis ordinibus aut subsidiis locandis fuit ; omnia 4 ira militaris prope vesano inipetu egit. itaque LIB. IX. CAP. XIII 41 non fusi modo hostes sunt, sed ne castris quideni

suis fiigam inpedire aiisi Apuliani dissipati petiere ; Luceriarn tanien coacto rursiis in ununi agmine est perventuni. Eomanos ira eadeni, quae 'pev 5 mediani acieni hostiuni tulerat, et in castra pertulit. ibi plus quani in acie sanguinis ac caedis factum, praedaeque pars maior ii'a corrupta.

Papirius reaches Arpi u-ithouf opposition, and proceeds to besiege Liiceria. Difficulties of commissariat for both parties. Junction of Roman annies.

Exercitus alter cmnPapirio consule locis maritimis 6 pervenerat Arpos per omnia pacata Samnitium magis inim-iis et odio quam beneficio ullo populi

Komani. nam Samnites ea tempestate in montibus 7 vicatim habitantes campestria et maritima loca contempt o cultorum molliore atque. ut evenit fere, locis simili genere ipsi montani atque agrestes

depopulabantur. quae regio si fida Samnitibus 8 fuisset, aut j^ervenire Arpos exercitus Komanus nequisset, aut interiecta inter Romam et Arpos penuria rerum omniiun exclusos a commeatibus absumj^sisset. tum quoque prefect os inde ad Luceriarn, iuxta obsidentes obsessosque, inopia

vexa"\nt. omnia ab Arpis Romanis suppedita- 9 bantur. ceterimi adeo exigue, ut militi occupato stationibus vigiliisque et opere eques foUiculis in castra ab Arpis frumentum veheret, interdimi occursu hostium cogeretur abiecto ex equo frumento l)ugnare. obsessis prius. quam alter consul victore 10 21

42 TITI LIVI

exercitu advenit, et comnieatus ex montibus Sam-

1 nitiuni invecti erant et auxilia introniissa. artiora omnia adventus Publili fecit, qui obsidione delegata in curani collegae vagus per agros cuncta infesta

1 conuneatibus hostium. fecerat : itaque cuin spes nulla esset diutius obsessos inopiam laturos, coacti Saninites, qui ad Luceriani castra halDebant, undique contractis viribus signa cum Papirio conferre.

XIV

Tarentine envoys arrive on the scene, and order Romans and Saninites not to fight. Fapirius pretends to confer with his colleague and prepares for battle, and tells the Tarentines to mind their oivn himness. The Samnites tvishfor their intervention.

1 Per id tempus parantibus utrisque se ad proelium legati Tarentini interveniunt denuntiantes Samnitibus Komanisque, ut bellum omitterent: per utros stetisset, quo minus discederetur ab armis, adversus eos se pro alteris pugnaturos.

2 ea legatione Papirius audita perinde ac motus dictis eorum cum collega se communicaturum respondit, accitoque eo, cum tempus omne in ajDparatu pugnae consumpsisset, conlocutus de re baud dubia, signum

3 pugnae proposuit. agentibus divina humanaque, quae adsolent cum acie dimicandum est, consulibus Tarentini legati occursare responsum exspectantes,

' 4 quibus Papii'ius ait : auspicia secunda esse, Tarentini, pullarius nuntiat, litatum praeterea est LIB. IX. CAP. XIV 43

egregie : auctonbus diis, ut vicletis, ad rem geren- dam proficisciniiir.' signa inde ferri iussit et 5 copias eduxit, vanissiinani increpans gentem, quae, suarum inpotens rerum prae domesticis seditionibus discordiisque, aliis niodiun pacis ac belli facere aequum cense ret. Samnites ex parte altera cum 6 omneni curam belli remisissent, quia aut pacem vere ewpiehsmt aut expediebat simulare ut Taren- tinos sibi conciliarent, cum iiistructos repente ad pugnam Eomanos conspexissent, vociferari se in 7 auctoritate Tarentinoriun manere nee descendere

in aciem nee extra vallum arma ferre ; deceptos potius, quodcumque casus ferat, passuros, quam ut sprevisse pacis auctores Tarentinos videantur. accipere se omen consules aiunt et eam precari 8 mentem hostibus, ut ne vallum quidem defendant.

Tlie Romans storm the Sannu'fe lines, and iroidd hare made an end of their foes, hut the consuls, wishing to save the six hundred hostages at Luceria, recall them.

Ipsi inter se partitis cojms succedunt hostium 9 munimentis, et simul undique adorti, cum pars fossas explerent. pars vellerent vallum atque in fossas proruerent, nee virtus modo insita sed ira etiam exulceratos ignominia stimularet animos, castra invasere, et pro se quisque, non liaec furculas 10 nee Caudium nee saltus invios esse, ubi errorem fraus superbe vicisset, sed Romanam virtutem, quam nee vallimi nee fossae arcerent, memorantes, caedunt pariter resistentes fusosque, inermes atque i r 25

44 TITI LIVI

amiatos, servos, liberos, puberes, ihj^ubes, homines

1 iunientaque ; nee iilliun siiperfuisset animal, ni consules receptiii signum dedissent, avidosque caedis milites e castris hostium imperio ac minis

13 expiilissent. itaque apud infensos ob interpellatam 14 didcedinem irae confestim oratio habita est, ut doceretur miles minime ciiiquam militum consnles odio in hostes cessisse aut cessiiros quin ; duces sicut belli, ita insatiabilis supplicii futuros fuisse, ni respectus equitum sescentorum, qui Luceriae

1 obsides tenerentur, praepedisset animos, ne desperata venia hostes caecos in supplicia eorum ageret, 16 perdere prius quam perire optantes. laudare ea milites laetarique obviam itum irae suae esse, ac fateri omnia patienda potius quam proderetur salus tot principum Romanae iuventutis.

Roman armies af/ain divide. Puhliliiis subdues Apulia, ajid Papirius takes Luceria, aud sends Ihe Samnite garrison under the yohe.

1 Dimissa contione consilium habitum, omnibusne copiis Luceriam premerent, an altero exercitu et duce Ai^uli circa, gens dubiae ad id voluntatis,

2 temptarentur. Publilius consul ad peragrandam l>rofectus Apuliam aliquot expeditione una populos aut vi subegit aut condicionibus in societatem

3 accepit. Papirio quoque, qui obsessor Luceriae restiterat, brevi ad spem eventus respondit. nam LIB. IX. CAP. XV 45 insessis omnibus viis, j^er quas commeatus ex Samnio siibvehebantiir, fame domiti Samnites, qui Luceriae in praesidio erant, legates misere ad consulem Romanum, ut receptis equitibus, qui causa belli essent, absisteret obsidione. iis Papirius 4 ita respondit : debuisse eos Pentium Herenni

Roman Standards. filium, quo auctore Romanes sub iugimi misissent, consulere, quid victis patiendimi censeret. ceterum 5 quoniam ab liostibus in se aequa statui quam in se ipsi ferre maluerint, nuntiare Luceriam iussit, arma sarcinas imnenta multitudinem omnem inbellem intra moenia relinquerent ; militem se 6 cum singulis vestimentis sub iugum missurum, 46 TITI . LIVI

iilciscenteni inlatam, non novani inferentem igno-

7 niiniani. nihil recusatuin. septeni niilia inilitiini sub iuguni niissa, praedaque ingens Luceriae capta receptis omnibus signis arniisque, quae ad Caudiimi

aniissa erant, et, quod omnia superabat gaudia, equitibus recuperatis, quos pignora pacis custodiendos Luceriam Samnites dederant.

Livy's reflexions on these events, and statements about diversities of names in his authorities.

8 Haud ferme alia mutatione subita rerum clarior victoria populi Eomani est, si quideni etiam, quod quibusdam in annalil)us invenio, Pontius Herenni

filius, Samnitium imperator, ut expiaret consulum ignominiam, sub iugum cum ceteris est missus.

9 ceterum id minus miror, obscuriun esse de hostium

duce dedito missoque ; id magis mirabile est ambigi, Luciusne Cornelius dictator cum L. Papirio Cursore magistro equitum eas res ad Caudium atque 10 inde Luceriam gesserit ultorque unicus Eomanae ignominiae haud sciam an iustissimo triumpho ad eam aetatem secundum Furium Camillum triumphaverit, an consulmn Papiriique praecipuum

11 id decus sit. sequitur hunc errorem alius error, Cursorne Papirius proximis comitiis cum Q. Aulio Cerretano iterum ob rem bene gestam Luceriae continuato magistratu consul tertium creatus

sit, an L. Paj^irius Mugilanus, et in cognomine

erratum sit. LIB. IX. CAP. XVI 47

XVI

Events of 319 B.C. Aidius the consul defeats Frentans and takes their capital. TJie other consul {Papirius Cursor?) advances to Satricum and demands surrender of the Samnite garrison.

Convenit iam inde per consules reliqua belli i perfecta. Auliiis cum Frentanis uno secundo proelio debellavit, urbeniqiie ipsam, quo se fusa contulerat acies, obsidibus iinperatis in deditionem accepit. pari fortuna consul alter cum Satricanis, 2 qui cives Eomani post Caudinam cladem ad Sam- nites defecerant praesidiumque eoruni in urbem acceperant, rem gessit. nam cum ad moenia Satrici 3 admotus esset exercitus legatisque missis ad pacem cmn precibus i>etendam triste responsum ab consule redditum esset, nisi praesidio Samnitium interfecto aut traditosne ad se remearenti, plus ea voce quam armis inlatis terroris colonis iniectum. itaqiie 4 subinde exsecuntur quaerendo a consule legati, quonam se pacto paucos et infirmos crederet praesidio tam valido et armato vim adlaturos. ab isdem consilium petere iussi, quibus auctoribus praesidium in urbem accepissent, discedunt, aegreque impetrato, 5 ut de ea re consuli senatum responsaque ad se referri sineret, ad suos redeunt.

Both 2)arties at Satricum help the consul. The anti-Roman jyarty tells him the movements of the Samnite garrison, and the pro-Roman imrty admits the Romans. Punish- ment of the chief rebels.

Duae factiones senatum distinebant. una, cuius 6 48 TITI LIVI

A EoMAx Triumph,

principes erant defectionis a populo Romano aiic- tores, altera fidelium civium. certatum ab utrisque

7 tamen est, ut ad reconciliandani pacem consul! opera navaretur. pars altera, cum praesidium Samnitium, quia nihil satis praeparati erat ad obsidionem tole- randam, excessurum proxima nocte esset, enuntiare consuli satis babuit, qua noctis hora quaque porta

8 et quam in viam egressurus liostis foret ; altera, quibus invitis descitum ad Samnites erat, eadem nocte portam etiam consuli aperuerunt aimatosque 9 clam nocte in urbem acceperunt. ita duplici pro- ditione et praesidium Samnitium insessis circa viam

silvestribus locis necopinato oppressum est, et ab

urbe plena hostium clamor sublatus ; momentoque unius horae caesus Samnis, Satricanus captus, et lo omnia in potestate consulis erant. qui quaestione habita, quorum opera defectio esset facta, quos sontes conperit virgis caesos securi j^ercussit, praesidioque valido inj^osito arma Satricanis ademit. 3

LIB. IX. CAP. XVI 49

A Roman Triumph.

Charade)' and ajiecdotes of Papirms Cursot\ Inde ad triumphiun decessisse Romam Papirium n Cursorem scribunt, qui eo duce Luceriani receptain Saninitesque sub iuguni niissos auctores sunt, et 12 fuit vir baud dubie dignus onini bellica laude, non aninii solum vigore, sed etiani corj^oris viribus excellens. praecipua pedum pemicitas inerat, quae 1 cognomen etiam dedit ; victoremque cursu omnium aetatis suae fuisse ferunt, et seu virium vi seu exercitatione multa cibi vinique eundem capacissi-

mum ; nee cum ullo asperiorem, quia ipse invicti 14 ad laborem corporis esset, fuisse militiam pediti pariter equitique. equites etiam aliquando ausos 15 ab eo petere, ut sibi pro re bene gesta laxaret

' quibus ille : ne nihil remissum 16 aliquid laboris ;

' dicatis, remitto ' inquit, ne utique dorsum demul- ceatis, cum ex equis descendetis." et vis erat in eo viro imperii ingens pariter in socios civesque.

Praenestinus praetor per timorem segnius ex 17 Livy IX E 50 TITI LIVI

subsidiis suos duxerat in priniam acieni ; quern cuin inambulans ante tabernaculum vocari iussisset, 18 lictorem expedire securem iussit. ad quam vocem

Alexander the Great at the Battle op the GRAxicrs.

' exanimi stante Praenestino : ageduni, lictor, excide

* radiceni banc ' inquit inconimodam ambulantibus/ perfusunique ultimi supplicii metu multa dicta 9

LIB. IX. CAP. XVII 51

dimisit. haud dubie ilia aetate, qua nulla virtutum 1 ' feracior fuit, nemo unus erat vir, quo magis innixa res Romana staret. quin eum parem destinant animis magno Alexandre ducem, si arma Asia perdomita in Europam vertisset.

XVII- XIX

Digression on Alexander, and his chances of success had he invaded Italy.

XVII

Apology for digression. Would Alexander's good fortune have lasted through a longer life ?

Nihil minus quaesitum a principio huius opens 1 videri potest quam ut plus iusto ab rerum ordine declinarem varietatibusque distinguendo opere et legentibus velut deverticula amoena et requiem animo meo quaererem A tamen tanti regis ac duels 2 mentio, quibus saepe tacitis cogitationibus volutavi animum, eas evocat in medium, ut quaerere libeat, quinam eventus Romanis rebus, si cum Alexandre foret bellatum, futurus fuerit. plurimum in bello 3 pollere videntur militum copia et virtus, ingenia imperatorum, fortuna, per omnia humana—maxime in res bellicas—potens. ea et singula intuenti et 4 universa, sicut ab aliis regibus gentibusque, ita ab hoc quoque facile praestant invictum Eomanum imperium. iam primum, ut ordiar ab ducibus 5 conparandis, haud equidem abnuo egregium ducem E 2 52 TITI LIVI

sed clariorem tamen eum facit, fuisse Alexandrum ; quod unus fuit, quod adulescens in incremento rerum nondiun alteram fortunam expertus decessit.

PoMPKirs THE Great.

6 ut alios reges claros ducesque oniittam, magna exempla casuum humanorum, Cyrum, quem maxime Graeci laudibus celebrant, quid nisi longa vita, sicut Magnum modo PomiDeium, vertenti praebuit fortunae ?

Mention of famous Rowan generals, trained in all the traditions of Horn an military science, whom Alexander would have met. Reeenseam duces Romanos. nee omnes omnium — 1

LIB. IX. CAP. XVII 53

aetatium, sed ipsos eos, cum quibus consulibus aiit

dictatoribus Alexandre fuit bellanduni, M. Valerium 8 Coi-vum, C. Marcium Rutilum, C. Sulpicium, T. Manliiun Torquatuni, Q. Publiliuin Philonem, L. Papirium Cursorem, Q. Fabiimi Maximuni,

duos Decios, L. Volumnium, M'. Curium ? deincej^s 9 ingentes secuntur viri, si Punicum Romano prae- vei-tisset bellimi seniorque in Italian! traiecisset. horum in quolibet cum indoles eadem, quae in 10 Alexandre, erat animi ingeniique, tum disciplina militaris iam inde ab initiis urbis tradita per manus in artis perpetuis praeceptis ordinatae , modum venerat. ita reges gesserant bella, ita deinde 1 exactores regum lunii Valeriique, ita deinceps Fabii Quinctii Cornelii, ita Furius Camillus, quern iuvenes ii, quibus cum Alexandre diniicandum erat, senem viderant.

Alexander compared with certain Romans in merely soldierly

qualities; ivitli the senate in good judgement ; and with Roman oncers in ordinary duties of commanders. The difference bettveen his Asiatic and Italian opponents.

Militaria opera pugnando obeunti Alexandre— i^ nam ea quoque baud minus clariim eum faciunt cessisset videlicet in acie eblatus par Manlius Terquatus aut Valerius Corvus, insignes ante milites quam duces, cessissent Decii devetis cor- 13 poribus in hostem ruentes, cessisset Papirius Cursor illo corporis robere, illo animi! victus esset con- 14 siliis iuvenis unius, ne singulos nominem, senatus 54 Tin Livi

ille, quern qui ex regibus constare dixit, unus

15 veram specieni Romani senatus cepit ! id vero erat periculum, ne sollertius quam quilibet unus ex his, quos norainavi, castris locum caperet, commeatus expediret, ab insidiis praecaveret, tempus pugnae 16 deligeret, acieni instrueret', subsidiis fimiaret. non cum Dareo rem esse dixisset, quem. miulierum ac spadoniun agmen trahentem, inter purpuram atque auriun, oneratxmi fortunae apparatibus suae, prae- dam verius quam hostem, nibil aliud quam bene

17 ausus vana contemnere, incruentus deyicit. longe alius Italiae quam Indiae, per quam temulento

agmine comisabundus incessit, visus illi^ habitus esset, saltus Apuliae ac montes Lucanos cernenti et vestigia recentia domesticae cladis, ubi avunculus eius nuper Epiri rex Alexander absumptus erat.

XVIII

Demoralization of Alexander atid Macedonians; would it have continued ? Would the Romans have been over- aived by his name ?

1 Et loquimur de Alexandre nondimi merso secundis rebus, quarum nemo intolerantior fuit.

3 qui si ex habitu novae fortunae novique, ut ita dicam, ingenii, quod sibi victor induerat, spectetur,

3 Dareo magis similis quam Alexandre in Italiam venisset, et exercitum Macedoniae oblitum degene- rantemque iam in Persarum mores adduxisset.

4 referre in tanto rege piget suj^erbam mutationem LIB. IX. CAP. XVIII 55 vestis et desideratas humi iacentium adulationes, etiam victis Macedonibus graves, nedimi victoribiis, et foeda supplicia et inter vinuni et epulas caedes

ainicoiTmi et vanitateni ementiendae stirpis. quid, .^ si vini amor in dies fieret acrior? quid, si trux ac praefei'vida ii'a ? — nee quicquam dubiuiii inter script ores refero — nul - lane haec danina ini- j;)eratoriis virtutibus ^ ducimus? idveroperi- f 'f^^^^/ ^^^^'^ZJi "F \ culum erat, quod levis- simi ex Gra^cis, qui Parthorum quoque con- y^ ^^ ^ ^ .^^::>J&^~^ O /J tra nonien Ronianmn gloriae favent, dictitare Solent, ne niaiestatem nominis Alexandri, queni ne fama quideni illis notuni arbitror fuisse,

sustinere non potuerit populus Ronianus, et adver- 7 sus queni Athenis, in civitate fracta Macedonuni ai-mis, cernente turn maxinie prope fumantes Theba- rum ruinas, contionari libere ausi sunt homines, (id quod ex monumentis orationum patet), adversus eum nemo ex tot proceribus Romanis vocem liberam missurus fuerit ?

Comparison of good foHune. Alexander teas onhj one and young: Rome was many and of many centuries. Yet Rome had been defeated in no war, and many of her commanders never lost a battle.

Quantalibet magnitudu hominis concipiatur s 1 ;

56 TITI LIVI

aninio, iiniiis tanien ea magnitiido hominis erit, 9 collecta paiilo plus decern felicitate annoruni ; quani qui eo extollunt, quod populus Romanus etsi nullo

bello multis tamen proeliis victus sit, Alexandre nullius pugnae non secunda fortuna fuerit, non intellegunt, se hominis res gestas et eius iuvenis cum populi iam octingentesimum bellantis annum

10 rebus conferre. miremur, si, cum ex hac j)arte saecula plura numerentur quam ex ilia anni, plus in tam longo spatio quam in aetate tredecim

1 annorum fortuna variaverit ? quin tu hominis cum homine et ducis cum duce fortunam confers ? 12 quot Romanes duces nominem, quibus numquam adversa fortuna pugnae fuit ? paginas in annalibus magistratuumque fastis percurrere licet consulum dictatorumque, quorum nee virtutis nee fortunae ullo die poiDulum Romanum paenituit.

Moreover, the Roman commanders won their successes though they were hampered in many ways; but Alexander ivas his oivn tnaster, and could control events better. Fiiiiher, Alexander had no successor; tvhereas a Roman comiuatider's death made no great difference to the state.

13 Et quo sint mirabiliores quam Alexander aut quisquam rex, denes vicenosque dies quidam dictaturam, nemo plus quam annum consulatum

14 gessit ; ab tribunis plebis dilectus inpediti sunt

post tempus ad bella ierunt ; ante tempus comi-

tionim causa revocati sunt ; in ij^so conatu re rum

1 1 circumegit se annus ; collegae nunc temeritas nunc ;

LIB. IX. CAP. XIX 57

pravitas inpedimento aut danmo fuit ; male gestis rebus alterius successiun est ; tironem aut mala disciplina institutum exercitum acceperunt. at i6 hercule reges non liberi solum, inpedimentis om.- nibus, sed domini rerum tempormnque trahunt consiliis cuncta, non secuntur. invictus ergo 17 Alexander cum invictis ducibus bella gessisset, et eadem fortunae pignora in discrimen detulisset immo etiam eo plus periculi subisset, quod Mace- 18 dones unum Alexandrum habuissent, multis casibus non solum obnoxium, sed etiam offerentem se,

Romani multi fuissent Alexandre vel gloria vel 19 rerum magnitudine pares, quorum suo quisque fato sine publico discrimine viveret morereturque.

XIX

Comparison of forces, and reserves, and arms.

Restat, ut copiae coj)iis conparentur vel numero i vel militum genere vel multitudine auxiliorum. censebantur eius aetatis lustris ducena quinquagena 2 milia capitimi. itaque in omni defectione sociorum Latini nominis urbano prope dilectu decem scribe-

bantur legiones ; quaterni quinique exercitus saepe 3 per eos annos in Etruria, in Umbria Gallis hostibus adiunctis, in Samnio, in Lucanis gerebant bellum.

Latium deinde omne cum vSabinis et Volscis et 4 Aequis et omni Campania et paiie Umbriae Etru- riaeque et Picentibus et Marsis Paelignisque ac 58 TITI LIVI

Vestinis atque Apulis adiiincta omni ora Graecorum inferi maris a Thuriis Neapolini et Cunias et iiide Antio atque Ostiis teniis aut socios valiclos Ronianis aut fractos bello invenisset hostes. ipse traiecisset mare cum veteranis Macedonibus, non plus triginta

A.,

vv.%-%

Types of Macedonian Soldu'rs.

milibus hominum, et quattuor milibus equitmii.

maxime Thessalorum : hoc enim roboris erat. Persas, Indos aliasque si adiunxisset gentes, in-

6 pedimentum maius quam auxilium tralieret. adde, quod Romanis ad manmii donii supplementum LIB. IX. CAP. XIX 59 esset, Alexandre, quod postea Haiinibali accidit, alieno in agro bellanti exercitus consenuisset.

Arnia cliipeus sarisaeque illis ; Romano scutum, 7 maius corpori tegumentum, et 23ilum, baud paulo quam hasta vehementius ictu missuque telum.

Roman Lkgionart,

statarius uterque miles ordines servans : sed ilia s phalanx inmobilis et unius generis, Romana acies distinctior, ex pluribus j^artibus constans, facilis partienti. quacumque oinis esset, facilis iungenti. 3

6o TITI LIVI

Chances of the conflict; one defeat would have ruined Alexander; he would have found the Romans too vigorous a foe ; Ca>'fhage would have united with Rome. Rome afterwards met and destroyed Mace- donians ; and has always shown she need never fear any foreign enemy.

9 lam in opere quis par Eoraano miles ? quis ad tolerandum. laborem. melior ? mio proelio victus

Alexander bello victus esset : Romanum, quem Caudium, quem Cannae non fregerimt, quae fre- 10 gisset acies ? ne ille saepe, etiam si prima prospere evenissent, Persas et Indos et inbellem Asiam quaesisset, et cum feminis sibi bellum fuisse

11 dixisset, quod Epiri regem Alexandrum mortifero vulnere ictum dixisse ferimt, sortem bellorum in Asia gestorum ab hoc ipso iuvene cum sua con-

12 ferentem, equidem, cum per annos quattuor et viginti primo Punico bello classibus certatum cum Poenis recorder, vix aetatem Alexandri suffecturam

1 fuisse reor ad unum bellum ; et forsitan, cum et foederibus vetustis iuncta res Punica Romanae esset, et timor par adversus communem hostem duas potentissimas armis virisque urbes armaret,

14 simul Punico Romanoque obrutus bello esset. non quidem Alexandre duce nee integris Macedonum rebus, sed experti tamen sunt Eomani Macedonem hostem adversus Antiochum Philippmn Persen, non modo cum clade ulla, sed ne cum periculo

15 quidem suo. absit invidia verbo et civilia bella

sileant ; numquam ab equite hoste, numquam a pedite, numquam aperta acie, numquam aequis, 7

LIB. IX. CAP. XIX 6r

utique numquam nostris locis laboravinius ; equiteni 16 sagittas saltus inpeditos avia commeatibus loca gravis armis miles timere potest : mille acies 1

Antiochus m. graviores quam Macedonum atque Alexandri avertit avertetque, niodo sit perpetuus huius, qua vivimus, pacis amor et civilis cura concordiae. Perseus. Philip V op Macedon. NOTES TO LIVY

BOOK IX

EXPLANATORY NOTES

(f denotes uncertainty of text.)

CHAPTER I

§ I. Sequitur Ixanc annum is an awkward expression for 'there occurred in the following year/ Turn into passive, and translate ' the events of this year were followed by the Caudine peace.' nobilis has here its first meaning of 'famous,' 'notable.' clade, ablative of cause to nohilis, and agreeing with Romana. consulibus, lit. 'with C. and P. (as' consuls,' i.e. 'in the consulship of C. and P.' T. and Sp., for Titus and Spurius.

§ 2. C. Pentium. C. for Gains ; so Cn. for Gnaeus. These are relics of the old C, which was a G ; the later C, as we know it in Latin, was in earlier times represented by K. Pontius was now commander in place of Brutulus Papius. long'e prudentissimo, 'far the most sensible man/ i.e. of his time. {prudens generally means wise in practical matters ; sapiens, wise as a philosopher. primum, 'foremost,' ' of first rank/

§ 3. res is frequently used in Latin to define another word, which we should leave undefined. Translate ' to make submission.* pace infecta, lit. 'with peace not made,' i.e. 'without concluding peace.'

ne . . . censeatis, 'lest you suppose. &c., 'I tell you that on the contrary we have made atonement, ^and put away from us' all the anger of the gods excited against us in consequence of the rupture of the truce.' in nos. Adverbial for adjectival phrase, ' excited against us.' Not uncommon in Livy : cf. iii. 4.

§ 4. Construction is, satis scio non/uisse cordi iis diis, quibus- imr IX F 66 NOTES TO LIVY

cumque . . . fuerant, expiationem foederis (esse) spretam ab Romanis tarn superhe. cordi fait, ' it was agreeable/ Cordi is either locative, 'in the heart/ or predicative dative (i. e. a dative used instead of a predicate), ' for a pleasure/ i. e. ' agreeable/ dedendi res. The gerund constr. is more usual than the gerundive {dedendanmi rerum) in such places, to avoid the harsh gen. plurals. repetitae. Repeto is the regular word for demanding restitution or satisfaction.

* i. ' booty.' § 5. in praeda, in the class of booty/ e. as nostrae is complement to videbantur. § 6. auctores belli, especially Brutulus Papius, the late Samnite general, who had committed suicide to avoid being surrendered alive to the Romans. vivos. Supply dedere from dedidimus. noxae defines both quid and contagione. penes nos, 'amongst us.' ' call in to § 7. queni . . . iudicem feram, Whom shall I judge (the righteousness of) your anger and (the adequacy of^ my atonement ? I refuse none, be i t community or individual.' feram, pres. svibj. (deliberative\ § 8. Quod si. Translate, * But if.' cum potentiore, 'when he has to deal with a stronger power.' at, ' yet,' ' at any rate.' § 9. sint. Subjunctive, perhaps merely as being part of the prayer beginning at ut ; or subjunctive, to express rather the class or character of the persons, ' such persons as,' 'men whom' (rather than 'the definite men whom'); this latter is called the generic or consecutive use of qui. placari nequeant. Supply qui as subj. to nequeant, from quorum. hauriendum. Notice this use of the gerundive, ' to be drained/ or ' to drain/ with verbs of giving, entrusting. praebuerimus. Translate the perfect, to mark the difference between it and nequemit, by ' unless we first give.' § 10. quibus, i. e. Us quibus.

^ since vital in § II. cum . . . sit. Causal; the question this world is what action men take with the gods' approval, what with their disapproval/

momentum = that which turns the scale : has an important bearing.

ag'ant. Supply, as subject, ' men.' '

BK. IX. CHAPS. I, §§ 5-iT — 11, §§ 1-6 67

propitiis . . . adversis diis. Abl. abs., which is really one of the uses of the ' sociative ablative/ or ' ablative of accompaniment '; so in next line, ducihus diis, 'with the gods as leaders.' hoc. Supply helium from heUa. gessisse and g-esturos. Supply vos as subject.

CHAPTEE II

§ I. laeta, 'encouraging.'

' quam . . . occultissime, lit. as he can most secretly/ i. e. • as secretly as possible.' The verb possutn is sometimes omitted, e.g. quam pritmon in iii. 6, 'as early as possible.') § 2. ad, 'towards.' diversos, 'separated/ i.e. 'in different places' agrees

* with them,' object of iuh'^t .

alium alibi, ' a different person in a different place/ i. e. ' one here, one there.'

§ 3. ut, iuheo in certain cases may have both constructions, infin. and subj., but infin. is commoner. nee procul, &c., ' and were on the point of taking it by storm.'

§ 4. +iain is [et] rumor ante, the position and even the presence of et is considered doubtful perhaps we ; should put it with ante, reading iam et ante is rumor; i.e. 'even before ' the sham shepherds told them. eo maxima quod, &c., 'especially by the fact that.' &c.

§ 5. liaud erat dubium, &c., ' there was no wavering about the Eomans bringing aid' [dubium must have this sense here, as the whole section is the Roman view). ferret is the subjunctive, as usual in oblique interrog. clauses, for q"in moc^^ns properly 'how not ?' 'why not?'

' simul ne, &c., gives the second reason ; first, because they were loyal and true allies,' secondly, 'to prevent Apulia falling away.'

ad, ' in the face of or on the occasion of the present panic' ea modo, • the ocly matter for consideration was what route they should take.' qua irent is the oblique of qua eamus, 'by what way are we to go ? § 6. superum mare, the Adriatic, as opposed to the mare inferum 1 xix. 4) on the other side of Italy. Livy means of course that the army would have to stiike across the north of Samnium and then down along the coast. F 2 68 NOTES TO LIVY

fere belongs to tanto ; its place being usually after the word that it modifies. § 7. natus, 'was thus formed by nature.' circa, adv. with perpetuis. Translate, 'by an unbroken chain of hills.' satis, here = 'fairly': cf. the French asses. § 8. venias. The subjunctive, as usual with temporal conjunctions, marks a connexion between the two clauses other than of mere time. Translate, 'before you could come.' insinuaveris. Notice the fut. perf. of the Latin idiom, 'by which you have previously made your way in.' The word implies difficulty, owing to the narrowness and perhaps winding of the road. (' retro is unnecessaiy with repetenda ; pleonasm ').

' alium = alterum, the other ' (of two) . So in § 9 alia and alias. § 9. cavam rupem = 'the hollow rock,' i. e. the cleft in the rock. The order of the words is cum Romani demisso

agmine in . . . rupem pergerent ad protinus ad alias atigustias. deiectu arborum, ' a felling of trees,' i. e. ' an abattis.' § 10. sua, 'its own.' suus need not refer to the subject

always ; the context is a better guide than rules. Cf. monies moliri sede sua (iii. 3), and Syracusanis Marcellus sua reddidit (Cicero), i. e. ' their property.' torpor quidam, 'a sort of paralysis.' quidam is often used to tone down an unusual expression. § II, cum alterum, &c., 'as each one attributed to his neighbour more self-possession and judgement (than to himself).' § 12. praetorium. See under Technical Terms. operi, 'field-works,' temporary fortifications. ludibrio. Predicative dat., ' would be a butt for ridicule,' munientes agrees with se (understood), the subject of fore. § 13. culpam., meaning the fault of not fortifying the camp. § 14. sua ipsi, &c.,' themselves with pitiable acknowledge- ment ridiculing their own works,' &c. §15. ne advocantes quidem. Translate, 'though they did not summon them.' esset. The subjunctive shows that the clause is virtually (though not formally) oblique, giving the consuls' reasons for not calling a council. Translate, ' since, as they thought, there was no room for,' &c. :

BK. IX. CHAPS. II, §§ 7-15—III. §§ i-ii 69

CHAPTER III

§ I. pro ing^enio, 'according to his cliaracter. [alius] per adversa. This second alius is best left out, as Muretus proposed. adversa montituu, lit. ' the obstacles of the mountains,'

' i. e. 'the opposing mountains.' Cf. strata viarian, the paved

Avays'; 02x1 '.a locorum, ' dark places.' § 2. vincimus. The usual tense, with iam, iamduclum, of action, still continuing

{ Eng. We have conquered [and are still conquering] |

( Lat. [Yicimus et] vincimus J cf. xviii. 9. § 3. sua. Cf. sua obice in ii. 10. moliri, ' upheave.' The word is used of efforts of all kinds. § 4. invicem. Adjectival (from Greek influence), cf. i. 3. Translate, ' in this interchange of talk.'

inmeiuor. Strangely put with nox : cf, incautus pavor, xii. 8. See Personification in Grammar Appendix.

ne . . . quidem, 'not even the Samnites,' i.e. in spite of their victoiy.

' § 5. vis animi consiliique, his spirit and judgement.' § 6. quam. primujn. See on ii. § i.

§ 7. quae ubi. Notice the Latin idiom of double relative. Say in Eng. ' when this.' ad unum, 'to a man.' § 8. discordia. Adj., from discors. in primis, ' among the first,' i. e. ' as much as any one else,' or ' more than any one else.' ipsum = * his father) in person.' lit. § 9. ita . . . ferine ut, 'almost in ^uch a way as to change nothing,' i. e. ' much to the same effect without changing.' § 10. firmare and differre. The future put as a present fact : cf. Caesar, B. G. ii. 32, quae imperarentur facere dixerunt, ' they declared they were carrying out his orders.'

quibus. Translate, ' by which time the Eoman state would only with difficulty recover its strength after the loss of two armies.' § II. quid, si. The apodosis is easily supplied, 'what would be the result, if.' ^So in xviii. 5, Quid, si vini amor fiertt acriorl 'what would have been the result, if,' &c,)

' consilii, namely that ' just ut. This clause depends on ; as an ut clause would follow a verb of advising. Cf. v. 3, vii. 12. 70 NOTES TO LIVY

§ 12. ea est quae, * is one which.' The present indicative of actual fact as happening is to be compared with the firmare in § lo. servate modo, 'spare but these men's lives after incensing them with degradation, [and see the result].' (A sort of aposiopesis, or breaking off without finishing the sentence. Cf. in the Acts, 'but if a spirit or an angel hath spoken to him' [let us not fight against God]. The next sentence explains his meaning.)

' ea . . . quae nesciat. Generic subjunctive ; is one of the class that.' or ' such that.' quiescere nesciat, 'knows not how to sit still under defeat,' that is, ' cannot sit still.' (Cf. fateri scirent in iv. 3, and the similar use of satoir in French.". § 13. vivet. Cf. Verg. Aen. iv. 67, taciturn vivit sub pedore vulnus, 'deep in her breast rankles the secret wound.' isuuc. (i) Neut. of istic, in app. to qiiidquicl, 'whatever that of yours,' i.e. 'coming from you'; or (2) better and more naturally, the adv. 'thereon,' i.e. 'on their breasts.' (This is consistent with uses of iste, which is used of the defendant in court, contemptuously of any one, and even quite loosely.) Cf. istos in ch. ix. 2. inusserit. Notice the tense. Branding was a punishment for slaves. The addition of praesens with iiecessifas personified is most unusual. (See others, under Personification in Grammar, Appendix.)

' ante . . . expetitas a vobis. Translate, until they have made you pay a thousand-fold for it.'

CHAPTER IV

§ 2. necessitate, ' by force of circumstances.' peterent. Final subjunctive, ' to ask for.' § 3. fateri scirent. Cf. iii. 12, quiescere nesciat. iug-um, ' the yoke,' as a symbol of subjection, was formed by two upright spears with one laid across. missurum. Subject se understood.

^ 4. coloniae. These were Fregellae (xii. 5. and Epit. of Bk. VIII) and Gales (Bk. VIII. 16). Tacitus says the Britons regarded a colony as a secies seyritutis, ' head-quarters of slavery.' suis legibus ^ as independent powers. § 5. ferire. See vi. 3. ;

BK. IX. CHAPS. Ill, §§ 12, 13—V, § I 71

eorum, 'of these things,' i. e. proposals. § 6. legatio, ' the report of the envoys.'

' ut . . . viderentur, so that it seemed they could not have been affected, had the news been,' &c.

§ 7. Mscere, lit. "open their mouths,' i.e. utter a syllable.

' honoribus, ' rank (as due to public offices previously held by him).

' § 8. nnnm . . . fuisse, alone opposed the measure in the senate.'

' nee . . . et, not . . . but.' opera. See on ii. 12

essent . . . possent. Lentulus is giving his father's reason so the clauses are virtually oblique. Translate, ' since they were, said he,' &c.

§ 9. quod si, &c. The order is : quod si, tit illis . . . Ucuit {quo

. . . eruperunt , ita yiobis cupia esset tantummodo dimicandi cum haste aequo aut iniquo loco.

§ II. quidquid . . . legiontun. The argiunents for surrender put into Lentulus' mouth by Livy are not consistent with the statements in vii. 7, about the raising of new levies. pro se ipsis, 'for their own sakes,' i.e. "for their own honour.' servent. The protasis is in morte, which is equivalent to • if they should die.'

§ 12. dicat. Dubitative subjunctive; 'some one may say.' dixerit is often used in such a place. § 14. at, 'but, you say.' So is at enim used. § 16. pareatur necessitati, ' bow to the force of cii'cum- stances.' Lit. 'let obedience be given to,' &c. dii. For the gods themselves could not control the laws of fate, according to the creed of the ancient Greeks and Romans. anuis, 'at the price of your arms,' i. e. 'by the surrender of the arms.' AbL of price, like auro.

CHAPTER V

§ I. neg'arunt. It would seem from ix. 9 that the consuls had said nothing of the kind ; nor would it have been necessary to tell the Samnites this. Both sides lost their heads {dii ynentem ademerunt, in ix. 10) ; and the Samnites, in their eagerness for peace, tried to commit the Romans to one. In repudiating the engagement the Romans were . ;

72 NOTES TO LIVY probably technically right, and by their religion absolved in practical politics they were right also if, as Mommsen says, great nations, mindful of their destiny, may repudiate

treaties when they can. At any rate, they do ! We should not judge the Xumantine Convention (b. c. 145) in the same way; for the enemies' ignorance of Roman ways would make much difference between the Numantine and Caudine Conventions, (This A'ery day one of our own judges has denied a civil servant's right to a pension, on the ground that officers who promised it had no power to make the promise.) alia, 'in general,' or 'besides.' § 2. foedere. Cicero calls it a 'foedus.' Livy says a 'foedus' could be made only with fetials and due rites as

described in § 3 ; some suppose it could be made without the fetials. The religio of the matter depends on this point. § 3. per queiu, &c. All this depends on precatione (cf. the

ut clause in iii. 1 1). The order is : ut, quemadmodum . . .feriatur,

ita luppiter feriat cum popuhon per quern fiat quominus . . . stetur. per quern fiat quominus, &c. Translate, 'whose fault it be that the terms, therewith declared, be not observed.' § 4. ubi = ' whereas.'

' praeterquam . . . non. Understand nomina : no names but those of the two fetials.' § 5. foederis dilationem, the delay in getting the treaty ratified by the people. § 6. exercitu, dative.

quorum . . . essent. Apart from the dependence of this clause, or the /

§ 8. intueri ; contemplari . . . proponere. Historic in- finitives for indicative. Note the nom. subject. mox tradenda, ' that must soon be surrendered.' (This, especially with the neighbourhood of fuhiras, comes very near a fut. pass, participle, as it was used in later Latin. Cf. Ovid, Fast. i. 10, saej^^ tibi pater est, saepe hgendus avtis, ' often your father's name, often your grandsire's, you are sure to read herein.')

§ 9. sociorum. The Capuans especially. § 10. sine vulnere, &c., inconsistent with iv. i. § II. hora fatalis, 'the fated hour of their degradation, '

BK. IX. CHAPS. V, §§ 2-II —VI, §§ 2-10 73 the hour that experience would find far more painful than imagination had anticipated.'

experiando { = experiendo] is awkward with hora as subject of the sentence, faciura agrees with Ixoyql^ and omnia is object oifadura.

CHAPTER VI

* § 2. si . . . offendisset, lit. supposing their looks, too fierce at the indignity, had offended the conqueror'; i.e. ' if they had given offence to the conqueror by showing in their looks too much resentment at the indignity.' The subjunctive is due i) either to its being an implied statement (virtually oblique), ' if, as the Samnites said, they had'; or (2) it is an instance of the indef. subj. that Livy imitates from Greek : of. xix. 8, quacumque opus esset. indignitas rerum. Cf. v. 7, dux locorum. § 3. traducti, ' paraded,' as in a public show, such as a criminal being led to death.

ita . . . ag-men, Ho them, as they looked upon their columns in such degradation.' omni. We should say ' any. i. e. § 4. cum . . . possent, 'when they might have.' 'though might (concessive subj.). they have' ;

§ 5. Capnam. Notice the case : cf. nuntiare Luceriam in XV. 5, and a similar one in xv. 7. We should say ' at Capua.' § 7. hospitalibus may be a subst. = 'hospitality,' or an adj. with officiis. § 8. neque. Translate, ' nay, but for all that.' The negative is really not wanted, and is pleonastic.

non modo . . . sed ne quidem poterant. We say 'not only not . . . but not even.' In Latin, if the predicate or other word is common to both clauses, the second non is usually omitted.

' § 9. super maerorem, with pudor : a sense of shame in addition to grief.' § 10. Cum-clause has no apodosis, but the cum-clause is started again at vii. i. a Capua. Note the preposition. The use of preps, for clearer definition increased as the original sense of cases was forgotten, until all, or nearly all, distinction of case was lost in the Romance languages. Cf. xiii. 9. proficiscentes is accusative, agreeing with Romanos under stood. revertissent, intransitive. Cf. teiio, xvii. 6. 74 NOTES TO LIVY

§ II. maestiores . . . visos, 'they seemed more mournful and dejected (lit. of dejected spirit) than on the previous night/ or ' than might have been expected.' § 12. illam, 'the old Eoman spirit.' ille is often used thus of something well known or famous : cf. quantum mutatus ah illo Eectore, ' how changed from the old Hector.' § 13. tamquam. Notice this rel. conj. with partic, and cf. vii. 10, tamquam revertentes.

fuerit. Graphic use of perfect subj. : cf. xv. 5 and xvii. 2; primary for historic.

CHAPTER VII

§ I. deploratum, * mourned as lost.' § 2. se habere rem. Either 'the matter was far otherwise,' or 'he regarded the matter far otherwise.' The former is perhaps best, as se habet res, with an adverb, is a common phrase. §3. obstinatum, 'determined,' 'dogged'; usually in a good sense rather than a bad. pudorem, 'that shame at beholding the light,' 'shrinking from the light ' Storr . molem, obj. of cientiSy 'were clear signs of a spirit stirring in its depths a vast mass of wrath,' i. e. ' of a volcano preparing to burst ill- a storm of passion.' Others take cieniis for cientium, and animi with alto, for which sense the old reading ex alto animo would be better.

' § 4. aliquanto, wdth trtstiorem, considerably more painful to Samnium than to Rome.' § 5. qvLeraqvie — utrosque, 'both sides,' 'each nation': or perhaps 'each individual among them would exhibit the character of his nation.' § 6. sua, refers to Eomae. Cf. § 8. infamis clades, 'the news of their disaster was ill-received,*

' the disaster was much censured.' tristior, 'then came worse news, news of a degrading peace rather than of dangers.'

' § 7. ad, ' to meet,' i. e. on the news.' haberi coeptus erat. The passive of coepi must always be followed by a passive infinitive. apparatus, ' the raising.' consensum est in, 'there was general agreement to show.' § 8. sua sponte was so common a phrase that the some- strictly, it what careless use of sua would hardly be felt ; BK. IX. CHAPS. VI, §§ 11-13—VIII. §§ 1-4 75 would refer to itistitiutn. As in § 6, the reference to tlie people is plain.

§ 9. esse. Historic infinitive. urbe tectisve. Locative or instrumental. § 10. etiam iratis miserabilis, lit. 'an object of pity even to an enraged population,' i.e. 'whose plight could turn even anger into pity.* tamqnam. See vi. 12,

• § II. ita . . . ut, so closely that.'

publicum, i. e. ' the streets.' § 12, pro magistratu, 'in the exercise of their office.' comitiorum causa, "for the purpose of holding the elections ' (^in the com. centuriata).

ut . . . dicerent explains co/i^w//o : cf. iii. 11. So translate from nisi, ' except what they were forced to do by the senate's decree requiring them to,' &c. § 14. vitio, by some flaw in the auspices or formalities. An old-fashioned method of showing disapproval of the election.

§ 15. is . . . creavit. Livy seems to mean tlie presiding interrex nominated, and the people confirmed the election. haud dubio, 'plainly expressed' (an instance of the figure of speech called 'litotes' or 'meiosis. ' whereby you say less than you mean .

essent. Virtually oblique ; the people's reason for theii" unanimity.

CHAPTER VIII

§ I. The first of January was not finally fixed for the commencement of consular duties until during or after the second Punic "War. § 2. penes quern. In the city, duties and official insignia of the consuls went in monthly rotation.

§ 3. ignominiae, with causa. primum. The usual procedure, at least in later times, was to ask the senior consul-designate first, if present, then the chief members.

§ 4. quae . . . esset, 'which could not have been very difficult had I chosen to make a defence .' The protasis is easily supplied. necessitatium. Except for civikis, this form of gen. pi. is rai'e before the Augu.stan age. In xvii. 7 we have also aetatiioii, sententiaiu, 'my proposal.' 76 NOTES TO LIVY

seu . . . seu, 'by an engagement, whether you call it disgraceful or unavoidable.' § 6. ne quid, &c., ' that nothing divine or human may debar us from entering anew upon a war justifiable to men and approved by heaven.' In this

iicstum I correspond ) divinum

pium \ crosswise to ) humanum so that the figure of speech is called chiasmus, or cross- construction : cf. i. I, xii. 4. § 7. placet, i.e. 'I propose.' iusta, ' all due rites pertaining to our surrender.' § 8. cordi. See i. 4. § 9. at. Cf. i. 8, 'at least may ye be satisfied to have seen us,' &c. § 12. passurus esset, subjunctive, because it is the senators' reason for their pity (virtually oblique). ;

' ob iram . . . pacis, in revenge for the frustration of their hopes of peace.'

§ 13. cum . , . modo, 'just when all were going to vote for his proposal, amidst a shower of applause.' (If pedihus (rent is to be taken literally of a 'division,' then prosequentes must be taken literally also, 'escorting him with praises'; in either case omnes is not strictly true). § 14. Ii. Iiivio. Cicero gives the second tribune as Ti. Numicius. tribunis plebis. See Technical Terms. § 15. pro eo quod, &c., ' for the fact that they had by guaranteeing a peace preserved,' &c. (Livy does not mention the tribunes of the plebs in v. 4. nor here explain how they came to guarantee the peace. He is satisfied to depict

' a telling scene ' from the materials he found in older narratives.) CHAPTER IX

§ I. profanes, &c. Translate, 'whom you can surrender without sacrilege.' profani means not protected by the law that made the tribunes sacrosandi. § 2. comitio, the place of assembly of the curiae, adjoining the foi'um.

' ut . . . habeant, that they may so have the interest due

; i. on the deferred penalty ' e. a flogging, + their surrender to the enemy. § 3. nazu quod, &c., 'for as to tlieir assertion that the ' .

BK. IX. CHAPS. VIII, §§ 6-15—IX, §§ i-ii 77 nation is not discharged from obligation by our surrender, who is so ignorant of Fetial Law as not to know that they say this rather to escape being surrendered than because such is the fact ?

§ 4. neqne infitias eo, ' I do not mean to deny.' {infitias is an accusative like Romani eo, dormihon eo, 'I am going to sleep ; of of ' relics of the general use the accusative direction without ad.) sancta belongs to both sponsiones and foedera, • are alike binding on individuals who have as much respect for promises to their fellows as for their obligations to the gods.'

' quod . . . teneat, consecutive or generic subjunctive, such as binds.'

§ 5. istam, perhaps 'this of which you speak.' or 'this wretched.'

' verba . . . urbes, the regular formula of people surrender- ing cities,' i. e. ' the regular formula for the surrender of cities.'

deditum . . . diceretis, &c.. 'would you now say that the people of Eome had been sui'rendered, and that this city, &c., belonged to the Samnites?' (Notice the difference of time in coegissent and diceretis.)

§ 6. omitto deditionem, i.e. 'I go further than mere surrender of the city.' di meliora, 'the gods fgrant a better fate,' i.e. 'heaven forbid.' (An unfinished sentence or elliptical expression.. atqui, brings in, as usual, the second link of the argument.

I Such extreme promises are not binding, you say. Yet, indignity makes no difference. I

( Therefore all promises are binding, you must say. So Postumius repeats his first statement that the people are not bound by what they did not authorize.

§ 9. nee . . . quaesiverit, 'and let no one ask me why,'&c.

cum . . . esset, and possem, concessive subjunctives.

nee . . . nee . . . nee, 'although neither a consul had a right to do so, nor was I able to promise at all, i. e. neither to them. &c., nor for you, &c.'

Li\y begins as if he were going to write 7iec . . . esset, nee. . .

ossem ; and then introduces a further contrast by 7!€c illis . . nee jji'o vobis.) quae mei non erat arbitrii, ' which was not within the range of my province.' Cf. for gen. xi. 9, and xix. 5. § 10. imperatoribus, dative.

§ II. nee . . . et. Cf. iv. 8 'ice did not indeed, &c.. but they,' &c. 78 NOTES TO LIVY

male partam . . . male perdiderunt, 'ill lost what they had ill won.' Cf. the proverb, male parfa male dilabuntur,

' ill-gotten ill-gone,'

' * dum. . , . credunt, while they barely trust instead of 'because they barely trust.' Translate, 'In their want of trust in the position where they had won their victory, and in their eager haste/ &c. quacuitique coudicione, ' on any terms (they could).'

§ 12. fuisset . . . fuit. Difficile fuit is the usual Latin for

' it would have been difficult ' : even when the protasis is expressed. Cf. Cicero, Milo ii Si ita Milo putasset, opta- bilius ei fuit dare iugidum Clodio, ' had Milo so thought, it would have been better for him to present his throat to Clodius.'

xi. 8 erat, ' it In [fde dignum would have been honorable ') there is no protasis expressed. Similarly modal verbs [debeo, possum, oportet, &c. sum with fut. partic, sum with gerundive), are usually in indicative, though the protasis verb is in subjunctive. Cf. xvii. ii quibus cum Alexandra dimicandum erat (si vfnisset). ab domo, usually domo. Cf. vi. lo.

§ 13. expeditis, ' disencumbered,' and so 'active.' adferrent, final subjunctive with donee ; properly, 'to allow of their bringing.' Translate, ' until they brought.' ea demum, ' that and that only.'

§ 14. sed. Supply protasis, ' had they done so ' or 'in that case.' tulissetis = (i 'tolerated,' or (2) 'proposed, such a measure.' fas fuit, ' was it heaven's will.' laetiore quani quod, &c., ' too glorious for their minds to grasp,' ' for their comprehension.'

nequiquam eluderentur, i. e. ' be deceived by their dream, and find nothing come of it.' Translate, ' be rudely awakened to the hollowness of their dream.' § 15. interponeretur. Perhaps in legal sense. Translate, 'and all action stayed by a guarantee,' vanam, unreal, because not won in fair fight, § 16. appellare, also legal. ' call you to account.' § 17, vobis nobiscum est, 'you have nothing to do with us,' i.e. 'we have no claim on you, who gave us no commission ; nor have the Samnites, who had no transactions with you,*

§ 18. rei ... in id, 'debtors fully able to pay with what is our own, with wJiat we can give over.' saeviant, ' let them vent their rage.' '

BK. IX. CHAPS. IX, §§ 12-19— X, §§ i-io 79

§ 19. in diem, 'for a time,' i.e. until they have gone out of office. Inendae sponsionis, 'to pay the debt of our guarantee.' For the genitive compare Caes. B. G. iv. 17. 10 sive tuives deiciencU operis essent missae, 'in case vessels were sent to break down the works.' Tacitus and Sallust also have this usage of the genitive with the gerundive, {sponsioni is also read.)

CHAPTEE X

§ I. causa, 'presentation of the case.* in potestate, ' at the disposal.'

§ 3. in ore, ' in all men's mouths was P.'s name.' aequabant, ' they put him (i. e. his action) on a level with the self-sacrifice of Decius.' § 4. emersisse, 'fthey said the state had escaped.' § 5. spectant, 'looked to,' i. e. ' longed for.'

en Tunquam, &c., '(saying) "ah ! will it ever be that we " shall be allowed, &c. ?

* § 6. omninnx . . . fait, consisted almost entirely of volunteers.' ^Ye should expect omni.s to agree with dilectus. § 7. portam, ' gate of Samnite camp.' maiestatis, 'his high rank'; as late consul.

quin . . . adducis, ' why do you not draw the thong tight?' So quin fads'? in xi. 2. 'why do you not make?' equivalent to an imperative, (^quin = qui ne, why or how not ; both rel. and interrog.)

§ 9. Msce. Nominative plural : ''an old form found in laws and formulae). noxam. Cognate ace, 'have been guilty of guilt,' i.e. 'have done a wrongful act.' ob earn rem quo, 'for the purpose that thereby.* (quo with final subj. generally has a comparative adj. or adv. in the clause.) Verg. Aen. iv. 106 quo regnum averteret. 'to remove the seat of empire.' Tac. Agric. 18. 3 quo ceteris par animus esset. ' that the others might h;ive equal spirit.' § 10. genu, abl., ' with his own knee '; femur, ace. quanta maxime. Much the same as quam maxima.

se . . . civem. Postumius had now become a Samnite ; so a saci-ed fetial of Rome had been struck by a Samnite ; result, right would be on Roman si

CHAPTEK XI

§ 2. quin. See x. 7. § 3- appello. See ix. 16. lit. ' have deceived § 4. nemo . . . deceperit, let no one any one,' i.e.' let neitlier side be able to complain of deceit.'

' omnia . . . sint, let all be as though it had not been.'

quidquid . . . ventum, object of habecmt.

pridie . . . quam, 'on the day before that.' (The same construction as furprms . . . quam.) of right § 7. aliquam fraudi, &c., 'put a cloak upon your wrong-doing'; (a legal sense of fraus). § 8. dig-num erat, 'would have been worthy.' {Qf. difficile fidtj ix. 12.)

. . , 'that you should § 9. ut . . . ha"beas, ego habeam, have, &c., and I not have,' &c. (^/-clause, as with words of command, depends on iuris.)

hoc . . . iuris g-entibus dicitis? 'is this a specimen of the law you lay down for the nations ?' (Cf. the genitive in ix. 9 and xix. 5.) § 10. nee moror quo minus, &c., 'nor do I hinder a return to a state that is still bound by its pledge, whose bond is forfeited and whose gods are enraged.' sponsione commissa. A contract of which the terms have been kept by one side and not by the other, and the penalty consequently incurred. This penalty would be, Pontius thinks, the surrender of the whole army or the divine wrath. As to the construction, it seems best from the order to take sponsione commissa and diis iratis co-ordinately as abl. of attendant circumstances with redeant. § II. ita, ironical, 'so the gods will of course believe.' Cf. Hans'? or itane vera? 'really! you don't mean to say so?' (The Eoman gods, however, seem to have been quite satisfied to be 'taken in,' if formalities were duly observed.) eo, ' therefore.' § 12. non pudere, ' are you not ashamed to bring into the light of day, &c., and you men of years and ex-consuls to devise quibbling excuses for breaking faith scarcely worthy of children?' The exclamatory infin. {non pudere) and the exclamatory accus. (e. g. me miserum !) are objects generally of some vague

' thought. The infin. is similarly used in English : You going away!' 'You to turn traitor!' In the Latin clause the thought could be expressed by such words, 'Do you "

BK. IX. CHAPS. XI, §§ 2-13—XIII, § I 81 really say you are not ashamed?' Roby says it is rare except in poets and Cicero. fallendae fidei is best taken as a gen. defining ambages. § 13. forsitan, with pubUca: 'with at least their own credit

CHAPTER XII

§ I. Samnitibus, dative. pro superba pace infestissimnm renatuin bellum is the object of cernentibus. (si'perba is properly applicable to persons only.) omnia quae deinde evenerunt is subject of esse, which is historic infin. Translate, * All the after events lay plain, not merely to their minds, but almost to their eyes.' § 2. laudare, historic infin. with Samnites as subject.

' ' inter quae, &c., oblique : supply they said out of laudare.

§ 3. inclinatis, kc. * though the balance of power had not as yet been affected by any engagement.' mutaverant, intrans. here. Cf. reverto in vi. 10.

' § 4. g'eri . . . liaberent, the Romans regarded the mere ability to make war as an assured %-ictorj-, while the Samnites thought that the Romans had conquered with

* their renewal of the war ' lit. had renewed the war and conquered at the same moment '). § 5. colonia. The hated colony ^^cf. iv. 4 was naturally the first object of attack. § 6. quam, obj. of susiinueriint tectis, ' houses,' or perhaps 'roofs. tament, if right, must mean • in spite of the surprise.'

' ' § 7. rem inclinavit, turned the scale ; keeping up the metaphor of arquam. iactari coepta, cf. vii. 7.

' § 8. ad credendum, with incautus ; unguardedly credu- lous.' (For the personification of pavor cf. nox inmemor in iii. 4.; fidem, the 'promise ' or 'honour' of the Samnites. § la ad, 'towards'; as in ii. 2.

CHAPTER XIII

§ I. prae, * by reason of; lit. 'in face of.' i,Only as a

' ' preventive cause in this sense, says Madvig ; cf. vi. 12.) LIVY IX G ;

82 NOTES TO LIVY

§ 2. suus cuique, &c. Translate, ' The bitter memory of disgrace in the heart of all was enough to inspire them.' pilis emittendis, no delay caused 'by stopping to hurl their javelins.'

ad id, ' to that effect.'

' § 3. omnia . . . eg-it, swept all before it.' § 4. castris, &c., abl. of instr., "stay the rout by their

' camp ' ; or, impede their flight with their camp,' i. e. with their goods and companions there. § 6. per omnia pacata, ' through a country submissive,' or 'offering no opposition.'

* § 7. contempto . . . genere, despising the character of the inhabitants that was more peaceful and civilized, and, as usually happens, resembling the country they lived in.'

ipsi . . . agrestes, in apposition to Samnites (but keep it at end in translation^, 'especially as they were themselves rude mountaineers.' § 8. faisset, aut. Apodosis begins at aut. interiecta agrees with regio, as subject of ahsumpsisset (a very unusual form of subject, which should be personal in such a sentence : cf. iii. 13 and xiii. 11). penuria is abl. with absunipsisset. exclusos agrees with Romanos understood. Translate, * or the district (i. e. the people of the district) lying between Rome and Arpi would have cut off the Romans from their communications, and destroyed them by depriving them of all their supplies.'

' . . . § 9. iuxta obsessosque, besiegers and besieged alike ' in form both are in apposition to profedos, but in reality the first only. ab Arpis. Cf. ab domo in ix. 12, vi. 10.

' militi, sing, for plural, as often found : the infantry.' veheret, i. e. ' had to carry.' § 10. obsessis, dative. victore exercitu, abl. of accomp. without cum fas often,

of military movements : cf. Caesar, reliquo exercitu subsecuius est, ' he followed up with the rest of the army '\ and for the two subst., one being adjectival, cf. tiro exercitiis in xviii. 15.

§ II. artiora omnia . . . fecit, lit. 'made everything closer,' i. e. ' effected a closer blockade,' or ' kept a closer hold over the country.' adventus, as subject, cf. iii. 13.

' cnncta infesta . . . fecerat, had made the entire district

unsafe for the enemies' communications,' i. e. ' had cut the enemies' communications at every point.' '

BK. IX. CHAPS. XIII, §§ 2-12—XIV, §§ 1-13 83

§ 12. inopiam lattiros, ' would be able to bear the pressure of scarcity.

CHAPTER XIV

§ I. per utros. Order thus: se 2)i'giiCLturos esse pro alteris adtersus eos per utros, &c. Translate, "They would fight for the other side against the side that was to blame for a con- tinuance of the struggle.' § 2. perizLde ac motus, ' just as though influenced,' i.e. 'pretending to be influenced.' (More usually, perinde ac si motus esset.) CTUu tempus onxne, &c. Subject is ,1) Publilius: 'and sending for him after he (Publilius) had spent all the time (while Papirius was giving audience) in j^reparation for battle, and then conferring with him. '&c. ; or (2) Papirius: ' and. sending for him, after he (Papirius) had spent all the time (of the pretended private interview) in preparation for battle, and discussed with him,' &c. The latter seems best, as (i would rather require qui than ciati ; and the

Tarentines, in § 3, are said ' to come up to the consuls.' re baud dubia, * a matter already settled.'

§ 4. litatum, &c., ' the sacrifices have gone most favourably.' § 5. prae. Cf. xiii. i. seditionibus, the usual discords in Greek towns between oligarchs and democrats; one party was for interfering in affairs of Sicily, the other in Italian affairs.

modnm . . . facere, 'prescribe the bounds,' 'put restric- tion on.'

aequum censeret, • thought fit.'

' § 7. in auctoritate . . . manere, abided by the wishes of the Tarentines.'

potins • . . quam ut. Cf. below in § 16. The constr. seems to be. 'Would suffer any fate rather than so act as to.'

§ 8. earn, ' such.'

§ 10. pro se. Cf. xiii. 2 ; i.e. 'they needed no one to tell them.'

non haec . . . arcerent, depends on memorantes. arcerent, generic subj. (apart from the oblique). Trans- late, 'could keep out.' § II. iupubes. The presence of boys need not surprise us: many of our boys have so perished, e.g. on the Zulu spears at Isandlwhana. § 13. infensos, 'enraged with their officers.' G 2 84 NOTES TO LIVY

§ 14. miniiue, &c., ' that the consuls were not and would not be a whit behind the soldiers in luitred of the foe.' quin, like qum etiam = ' n^y, but' (cf. xvi. 19). praepedisset animos, ' put a curb upon their passions.' § 16. potius quam. See above = § 7. principiinx iuventutis ' noble knights.*

CHAPTER XV

§ I. consilium, 'a council of war.' premerent, ' press the siege of.' circa, almost adjectival.

ad id, ' hitherto.' Cf. adhuc.

temptarentur, ' be tested/ i.e. as to their feelings.

' § 3. ad speiu . . . respondit, answered his expectations.' ut. Translate, ' (to persuade him to raise the siege on the restoration of the knights.'

' § 4. deljuisse . . . consulere, they ought to have taken the opinion of Pontius, &c., as to the fitting fate of the vanqui>,hed.'

§ 5. ab hostibvis, &c., 'that a fair .sentence should be passed upon thena by their enemy rather than propose one themselves.' aequa seems to have the sense of 'requital' as well. maluerint. More graphic than mallent (cf. vi. 13, xvii. 2). Iiucerianx. Cf. vi. 5.

* relinquerent, oblique command : they were to leave.'

§ 7. custodiendos Iiuceriam . . . dederant, 'had sent to Luceria to be guarded.' {Dare, as we see from the compounds, has two roots, da = give, and dhd = put. Vergil often has the latter sense.) § 8. haud ferme alia, with victoria, 'hardly any other victory.'

si quidem etiam, ' if indeed it is al.so true that.'

§ 10. liaud sciam. an, with iiistissimo only : cf. forsitan in xi. 13, ' With, I should feel sure, the best de.served triumph up to those days next to Camillus.' (haud sciam an is some- what more vague [duhitative] than the more usual haud scio an.)

' consnlum . . . sit, belongs to the con.suls.' § II. iterum, with Cerretano. Tran.slate, 'as colleague to Q. Aulius Cerretnnus, consul for the second time.'

continuato. This was illegal : ten years should have elapsed before his second election. BK. IX. CHAPS. XIV, §§ 1 1-16—XVI, §§ 2-13 85

CHAPTER XVI

§ 2. Satricanis. Cf. xii. 5. cives. From Livj* vi. 16. 6 and vii. 27. 7 we gather that Satricum was colonized in 382 by Rome, then destroyed, re-colonized by the Volscians of Antium in 345, and destroyed by Rome in 343. Perhaps at this time the population was chiefly Volscian.

§ 3. responsum . . . redditum esset. Continue with ne

remearent ad se (i. e. the consul) nisi . . . tradito, 'not to return to him unless they had previously slain,' &e. plus, with ferroris. armis inlatis, ' by the armed assault.'

§ 4. quonam se pacto, &c., 'how he expected a weak handful of men like them to throw themselves upon so strong and well-armed a garrison.' isdem -^ iisdem.

§ 5. inxpetrato, abl. abs. with substantival w^clause instead of subst., 'having with difficulty won his permission to consult their senate on this matter, and report their answer to him.'

' § 6. ad reconciliandam . . . consuli, to secure a restoration of peace from the consul.'

' § 7. nilxil . . . praeparati, had not made sufficient pre-

' parations ' ; lit. nothing enough (in the way) of preparation.' praeparati is genitive neuter of the participle.

§ 9. hostium, with j)?e?ia.

momento . . . horae, ' within the space of an hour.' momentum is from moveo, and means a movement or change, or what makes a change in the balance.

liorae and in § 7 noctis hora\ The Roman day and night, when divided into 'hours.' which was done in fact later

than this, were not equally divided as ours are ; for the length of day and night depended on sunrise and sunset. § 10. qui, the consul. quorum, inteiTOg. {as esset shows), * as to who were the instigators of the rebellion.'

§ II. scribunt qui . . . auctores sunt, 'say the writers who are oiu- informants that,' &c. Livy does not often

name his authorities : cf. end of chs. vii and xv. In fact

it was not usual for the ancients to do so ; and even direct plagiarizing was not uncommon both in prose and verse.) § 13. cogrnomen, i. e. Ctirsor. the Runner. Ancient cognomina were chiefly of this nature, and were not usually employed on formal occasions, e.g. in the senate ; they w^ere 86 NOTES TO LIVY

nicknames in fact : e. g. Caesar, Long-Hair [?] ; Cato, the

Shrewd One ; Naso, Nosey ; and Ahenobarbns, Bronze-beard, is quite Scandinavian, like Forked-tooth, Swan-neck, &c. The fact that this consul's father was called Cursor may be due to reflex-naming.) fet seu fvirium fvi. (i) If this reading is correct, we must take exei'dtatione = ' through, taking exercise' (of. Caesar,

B. G. iv. 1 quae res et cibi genere et cotidiana . . . exercitatione vires alit). (2) Madvig reads seu crurxim vi, with a stop at multa and none SLtfernnt viriuni vi, 'physical vigour.' § 14. ullo = ullo alio.

' invicti . . . corporis, a man of untiring energy.'

§ 16. ne . . . dicatis. Cf. ne censeatis in i. 3.

' remitto . . . demiQceatis, I excuse you at least from stroking down their backs,' i. e. giving the horses a stroke and a pat on the hinder quarters^. Others take it of the men giving themselves a rub down.

' ' vis . . . imperii, imperiousness (perhaps). § 18. perfusum, lit. ' flooded,' i. e. 'trembling from head to foot,' or 'bathed in a cold sweat.' § 19. qua, ablative of comparison. This is classed with

' ' ablatives proper ' (with notion of separation), e. g. Taller than his father'; his father is the statidard from which you start in judging the son's height.

' quo . . . staret, on whose support Rome's fortunes more depended.' staret, generic subjunctive. quin, like quin eiiam = nay, but. Cf. xiv. 14. parem serves as apodosis to the st-clause, 'as a commander, a match for Alexander, had the latter directed his arms,' &c. destinant animis, ' mark him out in their fancies.' Subj. 'people,' 'other historians.'

CHAPTER XVII

' § I. nihil . . . potest, nothing can seem to have been less required at the beginning of this work.' quam ut, ' than for me to deviate unduly from the order of events.'

1 Col. Crole "VVj-ndham, C.B. (2Ut Lancers), tells me the English phrase is 'to make much of the horses ': to this the passage, he thinks, refep. ' It is such a natural thing,' he wTites, ' for a man to pat and stroke his hoi-se when he dismounts.' '

BK. IX. CHAPS. XVI, §§ 1^-19 —XVII. §§ i-io 87

varietatibusque, ' and by adorning my work %vith varied patterns to procure both charming digre:isions for my readers,' &c. § 2. tacitis cog-itationibus. In English put this with antecedent eas, 'Tliose unuttered thoughts with which I have often busied my mind.' fuerit. Cf. vi. 13 and xv. 5.

§ 3. virtus, 'excellence,' "morale/ fortuna. Cicero makes a great deal of a general's good luck in discussing the merits of Pompeius. Our own commander-in-chief is also frequently accredited with this quality,

per omnia htunana, • in all human aflfairs.' § 4. ea, 'these points.' intuenti, lit. ' to one considering them.' singTila et universa, ' severally or collectively.' praestant, 'guarantee,' or 'prove.'

' sicut ab aliis . . . invictum, 'invincible by,' i. e. as little likely to have been conquered by Alexander as by other kings and nations.' § 5. facit quod. The quod-clsLMses are subjects to /acit. 'The fact that, &c., makes his reputation greater.'

unns, ' without rivals ' (such as the Roman commanders had). in incremento rerum, ' in the full tide of success.' § 6, ut. Final clause to a thought readily supplied, e. g. ' To omit others, &c. (I will say of Cyrus).' Cf. ne in i. 3 and xvi. 16. {exempla is in apposition to reges ducesque : Cynnn is object of praebuit) celebrant. The first idea of this word seems to be 'frequent'; so perhaps here, 'mention frequently,' 'are fond of glorifying.' vertenti, intransitive. Cf. reveriissmt in vi. lo. § 7. recenseam. It would be better to read this, ' Let me pass in review,' than with the question, ' Shall I pass in review ? nee, 'not indeed.'

aetatium. Cf. necessitatium in viii. 4. § 8. M'. Notice this for Manius. Plain M. is for Marcus.

§ 9. secuntur. Better form than sequimiur : and so cu- for quu- always.

si . . . praavertisset. The apodosis is to be supplied from r/ri, 'who would have been his antagonists.' § 10. tradita per manus, ' transmitted from hand to hand,' i.e.' handed down from generation to generation.' 88 NOTES TO LIVY

' in . . . modum, lit. into the form of an art regulated by an unbroken line of maxims.' § 1 1, ita = in accordance with these maxims. quibus dimicandiuu erat, ' who would have had to fight.' For erat cf. ix. 12 and xi. 8.

' § 12. militaria . . . obeunti, lit. performing the work of a private soldier in actual fighting.' i.e. ' in his capacity as a fighting-man' :^ apart from his qualities as a general). videlicet, ironical. 'We must suppose,- of course.' The irony continues to end of § 15. oblatus par, ' meeting him in single combat.' (Cf. Verg. Aen. i. 475 impar congressus Achilli, 'unequally matched with Achilles.')

' insigrnes . . . duces, distinguished as soldiers before they were as generals.' § 13. ruentes, unusual use of pres. part, for rel. clause.

§ 14. ne . . . nominem. Cf. § 6. queni qui. We should put the qui rather with the next clause, 'which was declared to be composed of kings by the man who alone.' &c.

' veram specieni . . . cepit, comprehended the true aspect/ i. e. ' formed the right conception.' The man who called

' the senate an assembly of kings ' was Cineas, the minister of Pyrrhus, a few years later. § 15. coiumeatus expediret, 'keep the lines of commu- nication clear,' or as Storr) 'organize a commissariat.' § 16. cum Dareo rem esse. Translate, ' had to deal with Darius.'

nihil aliud . . , contemnere, 'merely because he was bold enoiigh to despise empty show,' lit. 'doing nothing else but daring,' &c.

§ 17. habitus, ' physical aspect.' cernenti, agrees with iUi. avunculus. Cf. xix. 11 for this uncle's comparison between Indians and Italians. As a matter of fact the Macedonian army had very severe fighting with Porus and his Indians.

CHAPTER XYIII

§ I. merso, • engulfed in prosperity."

§ 2. habitu . . . indtierat, metaphor from 'dress.'

spectetur . . . venisset, irregular in form, but is merely

' condensed foj- two pairs of conditional sentences : if we BK. IX. CHAPS. XVII, §§ 11-17 — XVIII, §§ 1-8 89 should judge him by that, (we should find this fact, viz.) he would have come to Italy, &c. (had he come at all). § 4. mutationem, &c. Alexander is generally supposed to have adopted Persian dress and customs out of deference to the Persians, to establish his hold on the country, and reconcile them to a foreigner. In India our officials have to recognize the same principle in many ways; and many serious mistakes have been made by forgetting this on the one side, and on the other treating the natives as Europeans.

' desideratas . , . adulationes, the obsequious prostrations that he required,' lit. 'the obeisances of men lying prostrate on the ground.'

' etiam . . . graves, hateful to the Macedonians even had they been the vanquished.' amicorum. Philotas, Parmenio, Callisthenes, and Cleitus ''the latter at a feast). ementiendae stirpis, * of giving a fictitious account of his birth.' (He claimed to be the son of Zeus Ammon.)

§ 5. quid, si {oT quid'? si). Cf. iii. ir. ira. Supply in dies fieret acrior. ducimus, 'are we to consider?' Delib. indie, for delib. subj. (cf. Yerg. Ed. viii. 108, credimns? • shall we believe,' and Aen. iii. 88 quem sequimur"? 'whom are we to follow?' § 6. vero, ironical ; as in xvii. 15. Graecis. Livy is supposed to mean Timagenes, a contem- porary historian. The Greeks naturally exalted Alexander, and probably argued that he would have beaten the Romans, as they were worsted by the Parthians. the inheritors of the

Persians. (See Introduction on date, i

fama . . . notum. Tliere are, however, stories, but not resting on good foundation, of embassies between them.

§ 7. Athenis. Athens was frightened into submission by anti- the destruction of Thebes in 335 ; but the Macedonian orators, especially Demosthenes, raised their voices when they dared. id quod, ' a thing which,' i. c. 'as.' monumentis orationuni, i. e. ' extant speeches.'

missums fuerit. Construction is ne ( § 6^ P. R. non potuerit susfiyiere viaiestatem . . . fuisse et nemo . . . fuerit adversus eum, adversus quem . . . pafet. § 8. unius tamen, &c., ' it will be but the greatness of a single man established by the prosperity of a little more than ten years.'

plus . . . annonun, quam omitted as usual witli numbers. (Cf. xix. 5. )

90 NOTES TO LIVY

eo, ' on to quod. § 9. that account ' ; points et eius iuvenis, ' and liim a young man.'

' iam . . . bellantis, which has now been engaged in wars for 800 years/ (Cf. iii. 2.)

§ 10. miremur si, ' can we be surprised that'

cum . . . anni, ' when Rome reckons more generations than Alexander years.' variaverit, intransitive. Cf. xvii. 6 ^verto). § II. q.uin. Cf. xi. 2. fortunam \_cu7n foiiioralf. (i) Read either hominem and ducem for hominis and ducis; or 2) omit cum fortuna, which was probably a gloss or marginal note on cum homine and duce, and so got into text. § 12. nominem, ' I could name ' if I chose).

-f-annalibus . . . fastisf. MSS. have anrudibus inagistratuum fasfisqut : the text is Mommsen's. § 13. quo sint mirabiliores. The subjunctive is more consecutive than final. Quo- minus •clnnaea are more fre-

quently consecutive than linal ; but other f/?/o-clauses with comparative are usually final. (For one without comparative

see X. 9. Translate, ' What makes them more admirable than Alexander, &c.. is the fact that.' denes. The first sense of these forms was 'group of:

e.g. 'group of ten,' so 'ten at a time' t^as here 1, then ' ten each.' § 14. The tri])unes sometimes stopped the levies, criti- cized the conduct of the war, and so forth. During the Hannibalian war, and even during the Jugurthine war in Africa, the consuls had to return for the elections.

' ' § 15. temeritas . . . pravitas, indiscretion,' perverse- ness' perhaps), e. g. Varro at Cannae for the latter, and Semprouius at the Trebia for the former.

' male . . . successum. est, one would succeed to the mis- management of his predecessor.' (Especially during the Jugurthine war, in which there was bad man ig.-ment and bad discii^line. § 16. domini, &c., ' being mastei-s of times and circumstances, make all things bend to thei]- purpose.' secuntur. See xvii. 9.

§ 17. eadem . . . detalisset, 'would have hazarded the same past successes on the issue.'

§ 19. suo . . . fato, i.e. 'whose life or death affected themselves alone.' BK. IX. CHAPS. XVIII, §§ 9-19—XIX, §§ 2-13 91

CHAPTER XIX

§ 2. ducena. See xviii. 13, omni, 'the general revolt,' or * all through the revolt.' (Ending in 340 b.c, till when they were nominally independent allies.)

prope, ' nearly from the city-le^'y (alone).'

§ 4. Latium, object of invcyiissef. deinde, 'in the next place' ^besides the Roman forcesX inferi maris. See note on sujjeri 7naris, ii. 6.

Thuriis. Gronovius proposed Bndiis : if Thuriis is right, LivA' may mean from the west coast in a line with the town. From these numerous Greek settlements. Southern Italy was called Magna Graecia.

socios . . . fractos, in apposition to Latium cum Sabmis, See.

§ 5. plus . . . milibus. The usual omission of quam with numbers. Cf. xviii. 8. :^Perhaps the origin is a phrase like ours. ' 30,000 men and no more.'

hoc . . . roboris. Cf. xi. 9. 'This was what constituted the flower of his cavalry'.'

§ 6. adde quod, lit. 'add the fact that/ i. e. 'moreover.' ad manum, ' ready to hand.'

esset, like iraiecisset in § 5, with protasis implied : for both, supply ' in the event of war.' Hannibali. He was in Italy for about fifteen years. $ 7. ictu missuque, ' for thrust or throw.' The j^ilum was generally used for throwing, but it must also have l)een used for receiving a charge, or in what Mommsen thinks was its purpose) for the defence of ramparts. § 8. distinctior. Owing to tlie subdivision into maniples. facilis partienti, ' easily handled for ^^the commander) dividing it,' i. e. 'easily subdivided.' quacumque opus esset, indefinite subjunctive, as in vi. 2. § 9. opere, ' field-works,' perhaps as in iv. 8.

§ 10. ne, ' verily.' (Sometimes spelt nae.) quaesisset = quaemsset or quaesivisset, ' would have longed for,' i. 0. he would have been glad to get back to less warlike antagonists.

bellujn fuisse. Translate, ' his former wars had been.* § II. conferentem, agrees with Ahxandrum, § 12. classibus. This does not seem important, and looks like the note of a commentator.

§ 13. cnm. . . . iuncta . . . esset et timor . . . armaret. The subjunctives are not quite co-ordinate, for iuncta esset is causal )

92 NOTES TO LIVY and armaret is also conditional. ' Since Carthage and Eome had already been united by old treaties, and a common danger would have (united them on this occasion again, and) armed them,' kc.

foederibus, chiefly commercial ; but also for measures against pirates and one relating to Corsica. timor, personified. Cf. xii. 8. § 14. tamen, answers to non quidem, ' Not indeed when Alexander, &c., yet the Romans did experience the Mace- donian as an enemy, namely, when they encountered Antiochus,' &c. non modo — non modo non. Cf. vi. 8. § 15. absit invidia, 'may my words be free from boasting,' lit. * may no displeasure (of men) attend my words.' (Others take it of the god's jealousy, and this a formula to avert evil consequences. sileant, 'be left unmentioned.' (Apparently he means to put the civil wars as an exception. What seems really wanted is for absit . . . sileant to be brought into relation with niodo . . . concordiae.)

tnumqxiani . . . hostef. Omitted by Madvig, as contrary to the statement in § 16. § 16. equitem, &c. Reference probablj^ to Parthian victory over Crassns at Carrhae B.C. 53. {equidem is also read.) =^ gravis . . . miles a heavy-armed soldier. § 17. modo sit, 'only let there be.' i.e. 'provided that there be.' GRAMMAR AND METAPHORS

CASES.

Accvisative : ^direction implied) xv. 7 quos custodiendot; Liu e- riani dederant. {idiomatic) ix. 4 infiiias eo. (^cognate) x. 9 noxani nocuerunt.

Dative : {xjredicative i. 4 cordi fuit diis. ii. 12 ludibrio fore. xviii. 15 inpedimento aut damno fuit. {purpose) xiv. 12 consules receptui signum dedis^ent.

Genitive : {defiydtion xamecessanj in Eng.) v. 7 dux locoruin. vi. 2 indignitas rerum.

(definition icith ge)-undive) : see Gerundive. {description, conjoined iclth adj.) vi. 11 maestiores et abiectioris animi.

{defining partitive xoord < xvi. 7 satis praeparati. xi. 9 hoc iuris gentibus dicitis. xix- 5 hoc roboris erat. ix. 9 quae mei non erat arbitrii. defining ohjectively) viii. 12 iram diremptae pacis. xvi. 18 ultimi supplicii metu.

[imth paeuitet, taedet) xi. 3 : xviii. 12 : vii. 14.

Ablative : (i) ablative projjer, x. 9 scelere inpio solutus. Comparison .explained in xvi. 19% ^2) Sociative {icithout cum), xiii. 4 coacto agmiiic per- ventum est. xiii. 10 victore exercitu advenit. ix. I quos salva religione potestis dedere. xiv. 4 auctoribus diis proiicisciniur. (3) I/istrianental. iv. 16 rediniite armis civitatem. iv. 15 tarn ignominia earn quam morte nostra servemus. xiii. 3 vesano impetu egit. 94 LIVY, BOOK IX

(4) Locative, vii. 9 urbe tectisve accipiendos. xiii. 4 castris fugam inpedire. xix. 7 ictu missuqixe vehementius.

xvi. 7 and 9 proxima nocte : momento unius horae.

INDICATIVE.

Future Perfect : ii. 8 eadem qua te insinuaveris retro via repetenda est. iii. 12 servate modo quos ignominia inritaveritis.

viii. 7 nee prius ingredi . . . quam omnia perfecta erunt.

Deliberative present : xviii, 5 nullane haec damna impera- toriis vii-tutibus ducimus ?

In Conditional Sentences : ix, 12 an, si sana mens fuisset, difficile illis fuit mittere legates ?

xi. 8 (protasis implipjl) hoc fide . . . dignurn erat. xvii. II {protasis implied) quibus cum Alexandi'o dimicandum erat. Withquin? why not? {^iynperative).

X. 7 quin tu adducis lonim ?

xi. 2 quia tu . . . pacto stas ?

xviii. II quin tu hominis cum liomine . . . fortunam confer- ?

INFINITIVE, &c.

Gerund and Gerundive : v. 11 hora . . . advenit omnia tristiora experiundo factura. i. 4 ad necessitatem dedendi res. i. 9 nisi hauriendum sanguinem lauiandaque viscera praebuerimus. XV. 7 quos custodiendos dederant. V. 8 arma mox tradenda et inermes futuraa dextras. xi. 7 inter accipiendum aurum caesi sunt. ix. 19 haec capita luendae sponsionis feramus. vii. 3 2)udorem intuendae lucis. xviii. 4 vanitatem ementiendae stirpis. xi. 12 ambages fallendae fidei. xiii. 2 lie mora in concursu pilis emittendis stringendisque inde gladiis esset.

Participle : \^nom. as subj.) xiv. 15 ne desperata venia . . . ageret. (with tamquam) vi. 12 tamquam ferentibus adhuc cervi- cibus iugum. (with tamquam) vii, 10 non tamquam in patriam revertentes ex insperato incolumes. GRAMMAR AND METAPHORS 95

{with perinde ac) xiv. 2 perinde ac motus dictis. [iciih velut) vi. 3 velut ab inferis extract!. (preseyit for rel. clause) xvii. 13 cessissent Decii ... in hostem ruentes.

Infinitive : (Hisforic) v. 8. vii. 12. xiv. 3 and 7, vii. 9. ^Exclamatory) xi. 12 haec ludibria religion inn non pudere

in lucem proferre ! (How to) xcith nescio, iii. 12 quae victa quiscere ne.^eiat. xcith scio, iv. 3 quoniam ne victi quidem fortunam fateri scirent. {present for future) iii. ro priore se consilio perpetuam firmare

pacem, altero . . . helium differre.

INTEANSITIVE USE OF TRANSITIVE VERBS.

vi. 10 (reverto). xvii. 6 (verto). xii. 3 muto). xviii. 10 (vario). SUBJUNCTIVE.

Deliberative : i. 7 quern tibi . . . iudicem feram ? xvii. 7 recenseam duces Ronianos ?

iii. 3 quo aut qua eamus "? (oblique) ii. 5 ea modo qua irent consultatio fuit.

Dubitative : iv. 12 tecta urbis, dicat aliquis. XV. 10 hand sciam an iustissimo triumpho.

Optative and Jussive : iii. r per obices viarum . . . eamus. iv. 16 subeatur ergo ista indignitas et pareatur necea- sitati.

xi. 3 and 4 restituat . . . recipiant arma, &c. xix. 15 absit invidia verbo et civilia bella sileant.

viii. 6 dedamur . . . exsolvamus religione populum.

viii. 9 at vos satis habeatis vidisse nos sub ' iugum missos. (rcith modo) xix. 17 modo sit perpetuus huius pacis amor. (xoith modo) iii. 2 modo ad hostem pervenire liceat. (with negative) ix. 9 nee a me nunc quisquam quaesiverit. xi. 4 nemo quemquam deceperit. xi. 13 moratus sit nemo. (xcith quantuslibet) xviii. Squantalibet magnitude hominis concipiatur animo.

Virtual Oblique : vii. 15 consensu civitatis quod nulli ea tempestate duces clariores essent.

XV. 5 quoniam ab hostibus in se aequa statui . . . maluerint, nuntiare iussit, «fee. .

96 LIVY, BOOK IX

iv. 8 quando nee . . . clausi essent et erumpere . . . possent.

V. 6 quorum temeritate . . . deduct! essent (tJiough also dep(i)ideni on another subjundive clause).

Indefinite : vi. a vulnerati quidam ... si vultus eoruni vic- torem offendisset. xix. 8 facilis partienti quacumque opus esset.

Conditional : (irregular) xviii.a si ex habitu . . . spectetur. . in Italiam venisset. Apodosis implied: in. ii quid, si media via consilii caperetui- ? xviii. 5 quid, si vini amor in dies fieret acrior? xvii. 19 secuntur viri. si Punicum Eomano praever- tisset bello. xvi. 19 quin eum parem destinant Alexandre ducem si anna in Europam vertisset.

Protasis implied : ii. 15 ad consules ne advocantes quidem in consilium, quando nee eonsilio nee auxilio locus esset, sua sponte legati ac tribuni conveniunt. V. 3 non foedere pax Caudina sed per sponsionem facta est. Quid enim sponsoribus in foedere opus esset? viii. 4 quae non diffieillima esset. xviii. 12 quot Romanes duces nominem? xix. 6 adde quod Romanis ad manum domi supple-

.' mentum esset, Alexandre . . exereitus consenuisset. ix. 14 neque a'os tulissetis nee nes spepondissemus.

]Vith qui : {generic or consecutive j i. 9 in eos quibus non suae

redditae res . . . satis sint (also dependent on another subjunctive). iv. II quid habent quod morte sua servent ? xvi. 19 nemo unus erat vir, quo magis innixa res Romana staret. ix. 4 iniussu pepuli nego quicquam sanciri posse quod populum teneat. iii. 12 ea est Romana gens quae victa quieseere neseiat. (final) V. 5 ebsides imperati sunt qui capite luerent, si pacto non staretur. iv. 2 legates mittunt qui paeem aequam peterent. With quo: [^a7id comparative) xviii, 13 et quo sint mirabiliores

quara Alexander . . . nemo plus quam annum eon- sulatum gessit (more consecutive tlian fined), (no comparative) x. 9 que populus Romauus scelere inpio sit solutus, hosce homines vobis dedo.

With quominus : v. 3 per quem populum fiat que minus legibus dictis stetur. GRAMMAR AND METAPHORS 97

viii. 6 ne quid obstet quo minus iustum . . . ineatur bellum.

xi. 10 nee moror quo minus in civitatem . . . redeant,

xi. 13 moratxis sit nemo, quo minus . . . abeant. xiv. I per utros stetisset, quo minus discederetui ab armis.

With quin : ii. 3 nee procul abesse quin vi eapiant. ii. 5 haud erat dubitmi quin opem Eomanus ferret.

With cum : (causal) i. 1 1 proinde cum maximum momentum sit. iv. I cum frustra multi conatus capti essent.

ii. II cum alteram quisque eonpotem magib . . . ducerent.

xix- 13 cum . . . iuncta res Punica Romanae esset. (concessive) vi. 4 cimi ante noctem Capuam pei'Venire possent. vii. I cum haee dicerentur, &c, ix. 9 cum id nee consulis ius esset.

Wiih antequam : ii. 8 antequam venias ad eum, intrandae primae angustiae sunt.

Final {special) : i. 3 ne nihil actum hac legatione censeatis (so. I must tell you this). So xvi. 16, xvii. 6 and 14. xviii. 2 ut ita dicam (so. allow me). iii. II si media via consilii caperetur, ut dimitterentur ineolumes {depending on consilii, uhich =^ • and ice purpose that']. Cf. also v. 3 and vii. 12.

After potixis quam : xiv. 16 fateri omnia patienda potius quam proderetur salus.

xiv. 7 potius passuros quam ut . . . videantur.

Apposition: {instead of adjective) xviii. 15 tironem aut in- la disciplina institutum exercitum. xiii. 10 victore exercitu advenit. X. 10 legatus fetialis \butf. may he adj.).

Coeptus erat : (vii. 7; dilectus haberi eoeptus erat.

So xii. 7 passim arma iactari coepta.

Forsitan : xi. 13 and xix. 13 (not affecting construction . (f. haud sciam an in xv. 10.)

Modo : non modo . . . sed ne . . . quidem) vi. 8 and xix. 14. (with imperative) iii. 12 servate modo.

(tcith subjunctive) : see under Jussive Subjunctive.

Quam : {omitted) xix. 5 cum veteranis, non plus triginta milibus hominum. (Also xviii. 8.)

Quin: ( = quin etiam): xvi. 19 quin eum parem destinant, LIVT IX H .

98 LIVY, BOOK IX

xiv. 14 quiu duces . . . futures fuisse. {See under Indicative and Subjunctive.

Suus : jef. to object] ii. 10 earn quoque clausam sua obice armisque inveniunt. iii. 3 num montes moliri sede sua paramus ? used carelessly) vii. 6 Romae etiam sua infamis clades erat. vii. 8 iustitium in foro sua sponte coeptum.

ITbi : (= ichereas) v. 4. FORMS.

i. 4. ii. 15 &c. diis and dii. v. 6 exercitu, dative. X. 9 hisce, nomvwtive. X. 9 quandoque. xii. 8 igni, ablative. xvi. 17 securem, accusative. xvi. 4 isdem for iisdem. viii. 4 necessitatium ay\d xvii. 7 aet ;tium. xi. 9 petisti for petiisti. xix. 10 quaesisset for quaesivisset.

xi . 6 defiet as pass, of deficio.

FIGURES OF SPEECH.

Aposiopesis : ix. 6 Di nieliora I xviii. 5 and iii. 11 quid, si ... ? iii. 12 servate modo.

Chiasmus : i. i clade Romana Caudina pax.

viii. 6 divini humanive . . . iustum piumque.

. rebellasse. xii. 4 geri posse Romani . . Samnites

Meiosis or Litotes : xix. 7 baud paulo = niulto. xviii. 12 nee paenituit = teas loell satisfied. xiv. 2 re hand dubia = settled mattei

Personification : iii. 13 necessitas inusserit. iii. 4 cibi inniemor nox. xii. I superba pace. xii. 8 pavor incautus. xiii. 8 regio fida. xiii. Ti artiora omnia adventus Publilii fecit. ^ guarantee.. xvii. 4 ea . . . facile j^raestant \^ xix. 13 timor armaret.

Synesis or Constructio ad sensum : xv. 7 custodiendos Lueeriarn dederant. GRAMMAR AND METAPHORS 99

xvi. 8 pars altera . . . habuit ; altera, qnibus inviti^i descitum erat, portam aDenierunt.

xiv. 9 pars . . . explerent.

METAPHORS AND SIMILES.

Commercial : ix. 2 interealatae poenae usuram. ix. 18 rei satis locupletes. xii. 7 fraus rem inelinavit. xii. 3 inclinatis viribus. 1, II and xvi. 9 momentum. xii. 6 pugnam aequam sustinuerunt.

Physical : x. 2 lux quaedam adfulsisse civitati visa est. vi. 3 velut ab inferis extracti. xviii. I mersus rebus secundis. xvL 18 perfusum supplicii metu. excide radicem. banc. xvii. 5 in incremento rerum. X. 6 ira odioque ardens. ii. 10 velut torpor quidam insolitus membra tenet.

i. 9 sanguinem haurire. xiv. 14 insatiabilis supplicii. xiv. 9 exulceratos ignominia aninios.

i. 6 contagio noxae. Human: ix. 18 iras acuant. xiv. 9 ira animos stimulat. iii. 13 quidquid necessitas inusserit. v. 3 eum ita luppiter feriat quemadmodum. i^e. v. 7 beluarum modo caecos in foveam lapsos. ix. 6 sponsionis vinculum levat. ix. 7 populus obligari possit. ix. 19 sponsionem luere. viii. 5 sponsione obstrinxi. xviii. 2 ingenium induere. xviii. 17 eadem fortunae pignora in discrimen deferre. xvii. I legentibus velut deverticuln amoena et requiem animo meo quaererem.

H 2 PO«^TA PR>e.TO«VlA

I .

VIA PR.I NCI PALI S

lARt&4 l' 1. I Jul

, , , . , ^ TECHNICAL TERMS

Adlocutio (ch, xiii, i). The address of the Roman commander to his soldiers iDefore battle. This was usual, if not necessarj", and was generally in the form of an exhortation (adhoriatio) to valour and discipline. In xiv. 13 we have an address after battle. Anulus avireus (vii. 8). Gold ring, worn by senators, and later by knights also. After Cannae, Hannibal is said to have gathered a bushel of them, showing how great the number was of senators and knights slain. They were not worn in times of mourning. Appello (^xi. 3). To formally summon a person to the courts. The summons was made by the plaintiff or prosecutor. Castra. See Plan on opposite page. The camp was always fortified by the Romans (even when temporary, as we see in ii. 13) with a rampart {vallum) of earth surmounted by stakes, and with a ditch (fossa). Colonia (iv. 4). The first pui-pose of a Roman colony was to hold, not to cultivate, newly-acquired territory. The most commanding positions in the territory or on the frontiers were chosen, and connected by roads to

the capital ; so that Rome firmly secured all she gained. Tacitus says the Britains regarded a colony as ' sedes servitutis.' The colonists retained all rights as citizens

<>r Latins at least : sometimes all became full citizens. Comitia (vii. 14;. There were three comitia at Rome. The one mentioned here is the omiitia centuriata, or assembly of the whole peoijle, divided into 'centuries* in sucli a way that the moneyed classes had the greatest power. The assembly was held in the Campus Martins, elected consuls, praetor>. and quaestr^rs, decided on peace and I02 LIVY, BOOK IX

' war, heard appeals of citizens from capital ' >5enteiices. The division of the people into centuries was originally a military organization. Consul. After the expulsion of the kings, the people elected two consuls yearly as supreme magistrates. They were nominally independent of control, but actually much under the influence of the senate. In later times they entered on their office on January i, but not always so in earlier times, as we see in viii. i. and even during the Hannibalan war. When both were together at Rome they presided in the senate in monthly turns,

as in viii. 2 ; they controlled the city, summoned the

comitia (xviii. 14 , nominated dictator (vii. 12), com- manded the armies ;v. 6, &c.).

Dictator. Nominated by the consuls (vii. 13' ; also known

as viagister populi ; appointed by the people with sovereign power at critical times foi six months, superseding all the magistrates. The dictatorship was a temporary return to monarchy. Equites. Originally the cavalry, three hundred being attached to each legion i^cf. v. 5% i.e. three centuries out of the eighteen centuries of equites. Cxradually, being the wealthiest class, the equites passed into the

equestrian order, ranking next to the senators ; and from the time of the Gracchi (133 b. c.) they began to have judicial functions. Fasces. A bundle of rods and an axe borne before dictators, consuls, and praetors, as symbols of their authority (viii, 2 and vi. 6). Fetialis. Among the many sacred colleges at Eome was that of the fetials, whose special duty it was to see that all proper formalities were taken when peace was made, war declared, satisfaction demanded. The acting fetial on such an occasion was known as the ^jafer patratus. (x. 8, 9; viii. 6; v. 1-4.) The college was composed of men of the highest rank, e. g. A. Cornelius Arvina had been dictator. The kindred tribes of Italy seem to have had the same system. Forum. An open place in the city, especially tlie Forum Romanum, which lay between the Capitoline and Pala-

tine hills, and was surrounded by shops (vii. 8 , and was the general place of business, public and private. Gladius. The short sword of the Roman infantry. Instead

of bullet and bayonet, they used the pilum and sword : but in xiii. 2 tliny Avere so eager to get at the foe without — '

TECHNICAL TERMS 1 03

loss of time, that they flung away the pila and charged with their swords. Insignia. For the consul these would be the paludamentum,

fasces, and lictors (v. 13 ; vi. 6). Intercessio. The interposition of a plebeian tribune, who, by saying 'Veto,' •! forbid,' could stop the passing of decrees of the senate {senatus conbulta,, or resolutions of the comitia tributa \phhiscita). Interrex and Interregnum. Under the monarchy, between the one king's death and the election of his successor (interregnum), a regent was appointed interrexj. Similarly under the republic, an interrex or interreges might be appointed on special occasions, as in vii. 14, until new consuls could be appointed. lustitium (vii. i). A period of public mourning (opp, to

supplicatio or period of thanksgiving , usually proclaimed

by the senate ; the courts were closed, shops shut, and business in general suspended. There was a sponta- neous one, like this, when the news of CTermanicus' death reached Rome, in the reign of Tiberius.

Latins or Women Latinum (see under Proper Names . They had the right of intermarriage and of trade, but not

the full citizenship of Rome ; and had to send contin- gents to the Roman armies. (Sometimes called, as in xix. 2, 'socii Latini nominis.'; Latus clavus. The broad band of purple on the ' tunica of senators (in later times it worn all persons ; was by

of noble birth . It was taken off during times of mourning, as in vii. 8. Legatus. (i) A deputy or lieutenant-general: thei'e were perhaps two under each commander. Livy mentions them next to the consuls (v. 4). Caesar had a legatus for each legion (B. G. i. 52), and also several legati as commanders of divisions. 2) An envoy deputed by the people or commander for special duty, e.g. the fetial Arvina in x. 8. Legio. In the earlier days, the legion consisted of 3000

heavy-armed men, under three tribunes of the soldiers : to these were attached 1,200 light-armed 'velites) and 300 equites. Livy tells us, in xix. 2, of ten legions raised in the citv. In the later subdivision of the legion 2 centuries = i maniple. 3 maniples ^ i cohort.

10 cohorts I lesion. ;

I04 LIVV, BOOK IX

Lictor. All attendant granted to a magistrate. The dictator ]iad twenty-four, the consul twelve, the praetor (at first two, then) six. They bore the fasces before the magistrates, cleared the way, executed their sentences, &c. Magister equitum. Originally the commander of the cavalry. "When a dictator was appointed by the comitia, he pei'haps nominated and the assembly (vii. 13) appointed, a magister equitum, as chief of his staff and his deputy, and especially commander of the cavalry. Paludamentum. A military cloak, especially the general's (y- 13.- Patres. (i) Heads of (patrician) households, and so the senators. Patres conscripti =' the fathers and the elect,' i.e. men specially nominated to act as senators in addition to the 'fathers.' (2) Patres also means the patricians. Pilvun. The Roman javelin used for hiu-ling (xiii. 2) {see Gladius), and probably for meeting cavalry-charge> and for camp-defence. Plebs. Originally perhaps resident aliens at Rome, and

therefore excluded from office and civil rights ; but having civil duties they gradually (498-351 B.C.) secured equality with the patricians, and became fully a part of the populus. Populus Romanus Quiritium. This is taken by some as an error for P. Fi. et Quirites, a trace of the Roman and

' Sabine union at Rome ; others as meaning the Roman

' people consisting of bui-gesses.' Quirites ' meant spearmen, warriors, then burgesses. Praetor. A magistrate Tfirst created in 366 b. c.) that

presided at judicial inquiries. There were two : the

praetor urhanus, for citizens only ; and the praetor pere- grinus, for foreigners. (In later times there were more e. g. after Sulla there were twelve, for different courts.) In case of necessity, a praetor took command of an army. TJie Praeyrestine 2^>'a^tor was possibly the chief magistrate of Praeneste, or at least the commander of the contin- gent from that Latin town (xvi. 17). Praetorium. The two magistrates elected on the fall of the kings (afterwards known as consuls), were at first called praetores. So the consul's quarters were known us the praetorium. and his guards and flagship were called praetorian, and these names remained. TECHNICAL TERMS I05

Each consul had his own praetorium in the camp, as we see from ii. 12. Quaestio. A special court of inquiry. In xvi. 10 it is a sort of court-martial. Latterly there were qnaestiones per- petxiae or permanent courts, each for different offences. Quaestor. A magistrate who had charge of the public

revenues ; a paymaster in attendance on the chief magistrate. Originally two, the number of quaestors increased as the provinces increased. They evidently in these days accompanied the consuls with the anny (V. 4). Quirites. See PopulvLS. Referre, relatio, are specially used of laying any matter before the senate by a consul, either when reporting anything or asking for advice. In viii. 2 he asks the late consul

to speak : usually, at least in later times, the senior consul-designate was asked first, as Cicero asks Silanus

his opinion about the treatment of the Catilinarians ; and when a man was thus invited to speak {loco sententiae), he might give his opinion about any mattei- of public importance.

Reus. The defendant in a suit ; so a person liable, such as a debtor (ix. 18}. Sarisa. The Macedonian pike, used for charging or meeting a charge, not for throwing. Senatus. See Referre and Patres. The senate was open to all who had passed curule offices, consulship, praetorship, quaestorship, and curule aedileship. The list was revised every fifth year by the censor. Voting was by division {pedibus ire, viii. 13) or by acclamation. Socii. The Italian allies of Rome, who sent troops according to terms of alliance. Most of them were more subjects than independent allies, but most had the management of their home affairs. They had fewer privileges than the Latins. Tribunus Militum (v. 4). In the old organization of the army there seems to have been in the legion three divisions— 1000 heavy-armed men from each tribe, with

a tribe-officer or tribune for each division ; afterwards there were two for each division or six for each legion, each commanding two months at a time. Tribunus plebis or plebei (viii. 13). A tribe-officer appointed first in 494 B.C. to protect the plebeians against the patricians. For this purpose they had thf Io6 LIVY, BOOK IX

intercessio or right of vetoing public measures» that they

considered unjust to the plebeians ; and for this purpose they sat at the door of the senate-house, and watched without taking part in the proceedings. In viii. 13 they use their right of veto for their own protection, but withdraw it. Their persons were sacred and city. [How inviolable ; and they might not leave the they had been with the army on this occasion is not

known ; nor are they mentioned in v. 4. Possibly they had been elected before the surrender, and did not

come into ojffice till after ; otherwise, we must suppose, they had guaranteed the treaty at Eome. Cicero merely says (in De Offic. iii. 30) that they were surrendered because the peace had been made by their authority. If, as is suggested, this points to a ratification of the treaty at Rome, they deserved to be surrendered for assuming (or letting the coniitia tributa assume) the powers of the comitia centuriata. Were it not for Cicero's statement, the scene of viii. 13, &c., would have looked more like a piece de tliedire composed by Livy.] By the efforts of their tribunes and the exercise of the veto, the plebeians gradually won their way to the state offices hitherto confined to the patricians. In viii. 13, Livy mentions two, L. Livius and Q. Maelius. Cicero names Q. Maelius and T. Numicius as the tribunes of this year. There were at first two tribunes, afterwards

five ; there were ten at the time of the Gracchi (133 b. c.;. The * tribunician power,' afterwards conferred on the emperor, was one of the most important of the powers that made up their absolutism. Trixxmphus. After an important victory the general, by decree of the senate, entered the city with his soldiers in triumphal procession, carrying the spoil, and various emblems of the victories (such as representations of the towns taken), and the prisoners, and went to the Capitol to offer thanksgiving to Jupiter. At the same moment the chief prisoner was flung into theTullianum dungeon and left to perish, or was strangled. It was customary for a man dressed as Death to accompany

the general, and remind him of his mortality : moreover, the soldiers abused their commander with every form of ribaldry. INDEX OF PROPER NAMES

Aelius. Publius Aelius Pae- the Samnites V336-332 b.c' . tus, consul in 338 b. c, Tarentines quarrel with master of the horse to Fa- him, and he is murdered b. c. bius Ambustus in 321 ; by a Lucanian. election was declared void. Ambustus. .bee Fabius. Syria Aemilius. Marcus Aemiliiis Antiochus. King of ; Papus, made dictator after at inritigation of Hannibal Caudium in 321 b. c. made war on Rome ; in- Aequi,-orum. Italians dwel- vaded Greece; was defeated ling on the Anio, west of at Thermopylae (191 b.c.),

and at Magnesia ; 190;. Rome : towns were Tibur, Praeneste, Alba, &c., con- Antium. A town of Latium quered by Cincinnatus. ^ near the sea. Alexander the Great, 356- Apiilia. A district on east side of Italy. 323 B. c. King of Mace- _ donia, 336-323. Destroys Apulus, -a, -um. Apulian, of Apulia. Thebes, 335. Conquers of Persian Empire, 334-330. Arpi, -orum. A town Conquests in India, 326. Apulia, occupied by Pa- After his death his empire pi rius. Arvina. See Cornelius. is divided ^323), Macedonia going to Royal Family, Asia, -ae. The continent. Syria to the Antiochi, More usually in Latin the Egypt to the Ptolemies, Roman province formed in

_ Asia to the Attali. ^ Asia Minor. Alexander, king of Epirus. Athenae, -arum, the chief Maternal uncle of Alexan- city of Greece: submitted der, came to help Taren- to Alexander after fall of tinesagainst theLucanians, Thebes, but maintained a

whom with the Samnites show of freedom ; this was he defeated, and was going the time of Demosthenes. to unite with Rome against Aulius. Quintus AuliusCer- io8 LIVY, BOOK IX

retanus. Consul of 320 b. c. nelian gens, especially (and previously). Con- Ai*yina and Lentulus. The

quers Frentans ; slain in Scipio and Sulla families battle by Samnites, 319. also belonged to this gens. Calatia, -ae. A town in Cornelius. Aulus Cornelius Campania between Capua Cossus Ar\-ina, the fetial and Beneventum. that surrendered Postu-

Calavius. See Ofillius. mius to Samnites ; dictator Camillus. M. Furius Camil- previously, and conqueror lus. The conqueror of of Samnites. Veii (396 B. c), and de- Lucius Cornelius Lentu- liverer of Rome from the lus, advises the surrender

Gauls. (390). at Caudium ; afterwards Campanus, -a, -um. Belong- dictator (?), chs. 4 and 15. ing to Campania, a district Ciimae, -arum. A Greek city in Italy, south of Latium. of Campania, on the coast,

Cannae. A village of Apulia near Naples ; famous as the on the Aufidus, famous for dwelling of the Sibyl, and Hannibal's great victory first Greek city in that part. over the Romans (in Curius. Manius Curius Den- 216 B.C.). tatus, one of the most Capitolium. One of the famous of the ancient

hills of Rome, or, more Romans ; conquered the correctly, the summit of Samnites and other Italian

the Tarpeian hill ; on it tribes, and finally Pyrrhus, stood the great temple of thekingof Epirus(274B.c.). Jupiter. Of him Pyrrhus said, it Capua, -ae. The chief city was easier to turn the sun of the Campanians, in from its course than Curius alliance with Rome against from the paths of probity. the Samnites. Cyrus. The conqueror of Caudinus, -a, -um. Of Cau- Babylon, India, &c., and dium. founder of the Persian

Furculae Caudinae, the monarchy. Ob. 529 b. c. : Caudine Forks, a pass in perished in battle against the mountains near Cau- the Massagetae. dium (321 B. c.). Dareus. (i) A cousin of Caudium. A small town of Cyrus, and successor of his Samnium, near Beneven- son Cambyses. Defeated tum. at Marathon by Greeks in Claudius. Quintus Claudius 490 B. c. Quadrigarius, a Roman (2) Also the last Persian historian of the time of king overthrown by Alex-

Sulla '^^70 B. c). ander at Arbela(in33i B.C.) ; Cornelii. Men of the Cor- murdei*ed the next year. — :

INDEX OF PROPER NAMES 109

Decii. Members ofthe Decian 328 B.C., seized by the

gens, especially P. Decius ' Samnites in 320, who burnt

Mus, (i , who devoted him- the inhabitants. self to death at Veseris in Pregellanus, -a. -um. Of the Latin "War, 340 b. c. Fregellae. ;2) Who did the same at Prentani, -orum. A mixed Sentinum, 295. 3) Who race of Samnites and Illj- did the same at Asculum rians on the Adriatic coast, in 279 in the war with defeated in 320 b.c.) by Pyrrhus. Aulius. EpLnxs. A district west Piirius. See Camillus. of Macedonia, and east Galli, -orum. The GaTils.

of the Adriatic ; part of both in Northern Italy ^ Albania. and beyond the Alps. Etriiria. A district of Italy Especially the Gauls who. north of Latium and the under Brennus, defeated

Tiber : the modern Tus- the Romans at the Allia cany. The inhabitants 390 B.C.).. and sacked were quite different from Rome. the rest of the Italian Graeci, -orum. The Greeks, tribes. both of Greece proper and Europa. The continent of of Magna Graecia in South- Europe, named after the ern Italy and of Sicily, &e. Phoenician princess whom Hannibal, -is. The great Jupiter, under the form of Carthaginian 247-i83B.c.^' a bull, carried off to Crete. who conquered Spain and Fabii. The Roman gens that invaded Italy, defeating

carried on 477 b.c. ; war the Romans at the Trebia. with Veil, and was almost Trasimeme. Cannae, &c. annihilated. Later mem- defeated by Scipio at

bers were Zama, 202 ; with Antio- Fabius. Quintus FabiusAm- chus, king of Syria, 193- bustus, made dictator after 190. died 183 I?). Caudium, but the election Herennius. See Pontius. was declared void. Indi, -orum. The inhabi-

Quintus Fabius Maximus tants of India ; who under

iRullianus . interrex with Porus were defeated by Valerius Cor-vus. after Cau- Alexander 'in 326 b. c.\ diiun. The victor of who is said to have found- Sentinum (in 295 b.c.) ed Cabul. over Samnites, G-auls, and India, -ae. The country of Etruscans. Asia, from the Indus to Fregellae, -arum. A town China.

'•f the Volsci in Latium. Italia, -ae. Italy : properly

made a Roman colonv in Southern Italv : in Liw's no LIVY, BOOK IX

time, all Italy exclusive Manlius. Titus ManliusTor- of Cisalpine Gaul. quatus. Dictator in 349 B.C., luniL The members of the and several times consul. Iiinian gens, which in- In Gallic war slew a cluded the family of the chief, and took his torques Bruti, (collar), hence his name. luppiter, geyi. lovis. The In the Latin war (340 B.C.) chief god of the Romans. puts his son to death for Latinus,-a, -um. OfLatium. disobedience. Nomen Latinum = the La- Marcius. Gains Marcius Ru- tins of Latium and of tilus. Conquers Etruscans,

Latin colonies : after the 356 B.C. (Also a consul of war of 340 B. c. they ceased 310O to be independent allies. Marsi, -orum. A tribe of See Technical Terms. Latium, generally allied Latium. A district of Italy, with Samnites. south of Tiber. Neapolis, -is. Naples, a Lentulus. See Cornelius. Greek colony in Campania. Livius. Lucius Livius. Tri- OfiUius Calavius. A Capuan bune of the plebs with senator. Mallius: objected at first Ovius. The father of OfiUius, to the surrender of Postu- the Capuan. mius and the others to Ostia, -ae and -orum. The Samnites, and said the port of Rome, at mouth of whole army should be put Tiber. back at Caudium. Paeligni, -orum. A tribe of

Lucani, -orum. A people of Central Italy ; kinsmen lower Italy, between Sam- and allies of the Samnites.

nium and Bruttii : enenaies Papirius. Lucius Papirius of the Tarentines. Cursor. Dictatorin325B.c.,

Luceria, -ae. A town of consul 320 ; takes Luceria

Apulia : the Roman host- and avenges Caudium. His ages were placed here. It character in ch. 16. was captured by Papirius Lucius Papirius Mugila- in 320 B. c. To hold Luceria nus. Consul 327 b. c. (?) meant to hold Apulia. and 319 (?). Confused in Lucerinus, -a, -um. Of the annals with Cursor. Luceria. Parthi, -orum. The succes- Macedo, -onis. An inhabi- sors to the power of the

tant of Macedonia. Persians in the East ; the Maelius. Quintus Maelius. Parthian dynasty lasted Tribune of the plebs with from about the year 60 b.c. L. Livius (q. v.). Cicero to A,D. 350. names only Ti. Numicius Persae, -arum. The Persians.

as a colleague of Maelius. a people of Asia : their ; ;;

INDEX OF PROPER NAMES III

empire extended from Asia Porsinna. An ancient Etrus- Minor and Egypt to the can king, who supported borders of Afghanistan. the banished Tarquins, and Perses, -ae. The last king seems for a time to have of Macedonia, overthrown occupied Rome, in spite by Aemilius Paulus at of Horatius ' who held the Pydna ';i68 b.c.\ bridge.' Philippus, -i. (i) Son of Postumius. Spurius Postu-

Perses : or rather Andris- mius. Consul of 321 b.c. eus called Pseudo-Philip- Surrounded at Caudium, pus, the pretended son delivered up to Samnites of Perses, is meant on his own advice, is ; and overthrown by Metellus set free by Pontius.

(149 B.C.) ; or Praenestinus, -a, -um. Of (2) Philip V of Macedon Praeneste, a town of defeated at Cynoscephalae Latium. by Flamininus (197 B.C.). Publilius. Quintus Publi- Picentes, -ium. The people lius Philo, one of the of Picenum in Eastern greatest of the Romans of

Italy, north of Apulia the period, 340-320 b. c. ; kinsmen of Samnites. defeats Latins in 339, and Poeni, -orum. The Cartha- the Samnites in 320, when ginians, who were Phoeni- consul with Cursor. cians in origin. Punicus, -a, -um. Punic, Pompeius. Quintus Pom- belonging to the Cartha- peius Magnus, the Romaii ginians. commander, who conquer- Quinctii. A Roman gens ed Sertorius in Spain. especially the dictator L. Mithridates of Pontus, &:c.. Quinctius Cincinnatus, the and was defeated bj' Caesar conqueror of the Aequians at Phai'salia in 48 b. c. (458 B.C.). and slain in Egypt. Quirites, -ium. See under Pontius. Gains Pontius. Technical Terms. Commander of Samnites Roma, -ae. The city of ;

victor of Caudium ; de- Latium, on Tiber.

feated by Papirius ; taken Romanus, -a, -um. {adj.) and executed (292 b.c). Roman, of the Romans Herennius Pontius, fa- (subst.) a Roman. ther of the above, advises Sabini, -orum. An Italian either the slaughter or tribe, mixed witli Romans dismissal of the Roman and Samnites. prisoners at Caudium. Sabinus, -a, -um, (arlj. an

Advice rejected. A friend siihst. ') SaV>ine. of Plato the Athenian Samnis, -tis. A Samnite. philosopher. Samnites, -ium. The Sam- ;

112 LIVY, BOOK IX

nites, a people of Central Etruria. Original home Italy' of Samnites. Satricanus, -a, -um. Of Valerii. Members of the Satricum. The people were Valerian gens, especially Roman citizens. P. Valerius Poplicola. Satricum. A town of Latiuni Lucius Valerius Flaccus, revolted to Samnites, cap- master of the horse to tured by Papirius. Aemilius Papus in 321 Sulpicius. Gaius Sulpicius B.C. [Peticus?], a consul con- Marcus Valerius Corvus, spicuous in the Herenni- famous for a victory over can war of 366 b. c, and a Gallic champion in the Gallic war of 350. 349 B. c, and for victories Tarentini, -orum. The Tar- over Volscians and Sam- entines, the people of nites. Interrex in 321. Tarentum, who tried to Veil, -orum. The chief city make the Eomans and of Etruria, taken by Samnites keep the peace. Camillus. TSrentum, -i. A Greek city Vestinl, -orum. A people of Lower Italy, founded by of Italy on the Adriatic Spartans. Sea, between Picenum and Thebae, -arum. Thebes, Apulia. Part of Umbro- the capital of Boeotia Sabellian stock.

in Greece ; destroyed in Veturius. Titus Veturius 335 B- ^'- by Alexander. Calvinus. Consul with Thessali, -orum. The Thes- Postumius at Caudium. salians. Thessaly lay be- Volsci, -orum. The Vol- tween Macedonia and scians, a people of Italy, Greece proper. between Latium and Cam- Thurii, -orum. A town of pania. Lucania, on the borders Volumnius. Lucius Volum- of Bruttii. nius, gained many vic- Umbria. A district of Italy, tories over Samnites about between Picenum and 296 B. c. +

VOCABULARY

a, ab, prep.{icith dbl.), from, by. ac or atqae, conj., and. abdico, -are, -aW. -atum, v.u. aecerso, -ere, -ivi, -ituni, r. a..

remove : icitlt reflex, ace summon, and abl.. e.g. me magistratu accidit, -ere,-cidit,r.H. wipers., abdico) resign. it happens, ad + cado.) abdo, -ere^ -didi, -ditum. aceio, -Ire, -Ivi, -itum, v. a.. v. a., put away. hide, summon, abduco, -ere, -diixi. -ductum. accapio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, r. a., lead away, withdraw, f. a., receive, hear news. abeo, -Ire, -Ivi aiul li, -itum. (ad-^capio.;

v.ii., go away, depart, acer or acris, acre, adj. , fierce, abicio, -icere, -ieci, -iectum. bold, keen, r. a., fling away, abiectv^^^ acies, ei, /., line, amiy in = dejected, (ab + iacio.} arrav, annv, battle, field ablatus. See aufero. of battle, abnuo, -uere, -ui, -utum and accuso, -are, -avi, -atum, c.a., -uitum, V. a., deny, blame, accuse {ace. of person

abscedo, -ere, -cessi, -ces- : and gen. of charge), (ad + V. n. (tcith causa, sum, abl), depart ; from, give up. acuo, -uere, -ui, -iitum, r. «., absisto, -ere, -stiti, v.n. (icifh whet, sharj^en.

abL), hold aloof, desist, ad, i^re^J. with ace, towards, abstineo, -ere, -tinui, -ten- for, at, to. (With toicns, tum, r. a., hold off {with ace. towards, at. and ab icifh abl.\ (abs adcumulo, -are, -avi, -atum.

teneo.) r. <(., heap up, add greatly, abstuli. See auferre. addo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, v. a., absum, -esse, -fui, v.n., ho add. (adde quod, with away. See quin. indie. =^ moreover.) absiirao, -ere, -sumpsi. addiico, -ere, -duxi, -ductum. -sumptum, V. a., take away, V. a., draw tight, tightt-n, separate, destroy. bring. LIVY IX I LIVY, BOOK IX adeo, adc. to such extent, adulescens, -tis. adj., youtli- so. ful, ..still young. adfectus, partic. (adficio,-ere, adveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectuni. -feci, -fectuin), weakened, r. a., cany. adfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum. advenio, -ire,-veni. -ventuni. r.a., bring, bring to bear, r. n., come to, arrive. apply, adventus, -iis, in., arrival. adfulgeo, -gere,-si .r.n., gleam SL&veTSViS, prep., against. on {irWi daf.). adversus, -a, -um, adj., op- adhortatio, -ionis, /., encour- posed, hostile, (adversa in agement, exhortation (the n.pl. = obstacles.) speech of a general to advoco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a.. soldiers before battle), summon. adhortator, -Oris, m.. en- aegre, adv., \vith difficulty, courager, scarcely. adhuc, odi\, hitherto, aequo, -are. -avi, -atum, r. a., adicio, -ere. -ieci, -iectum, make like, compai'e (icith v.a., add. ace. and dat.). adimo, -ere, -emi, -emptuni, aequus, -a. -um, adj., level, r. a., take away (ace. of thing fair, favourable, equal, un- and dat. of person^. decided, (right in c. 14",. adiungo, -ere. -iunxi, -iunc- aetas, -atis, /., age, time of tum, r. «., join, add (ace. life, generation.

and dat). agedum, come now I adiuvo, -are, -iuvi, -iutum, ager, agri, ?«., territory. r. a., help, assist, agito, -are, -avi, -atum, v.a. adloquivun, -ii, n.. speaking (tcith de). discuss. to, address. agmen, -inis, n., army in adl6quor,-i, -locutus, dep. v.a., march, army, column, speak to. address, host, train. admiratio, -ionis, /., admira- ago, -ere, egi, actum, v.a.. tion, do, drive, carry away admoveo, -ere, -movi. -mo- (i^/ir. agere rem, to con- tum, V. a., (with cum bring up. duct matters) ; -Iri, v. (icith dis- adorior, -ortus. dep. a., treat with ; de) attack, cuss, mention. adsoleo, -ere, -solitus. r. n.. agrestis, -e, adj., of the couji- (assulsf.] rustic, farmer. be accustomed, try ; adsum, -esse, -fui, r. >?.. be aio (ais, ait,aiunt), r.a., assert. present, alacritas, -atis,/., briskness, -ere. -uit, v. n. 3>r/ energy. adtinet, 1

2itrs. with ad , pertain to. alibi, adv., in a diiferent adtoUo, -ere, v.a., lift, raise, place, elsewhere. adiilatio, -iOnis, /.. prostra- alienus, -a. -um, adj.. of an

i it'll, obeisance. other, of others. .. .

VOCABULARY 111

aliquamdiu, adt., for some annales, -ium, wt. annals. time, annus, -i, m., year. adv., aliquando, once, one ante, adv., previously ; prqu,

day, some time, before, in front of ; 7CJflt aliquanto, ahl. of aliquantus, quam, before that,

by a considerable amount, anulus, -i, /ti., ring, considerably, aperio, -ire, -ui, -tum, v. a.. aliqui, -a, -od, Indef.pron. adj., open, aperta acies, open some, fight, aliquis, -id, indef. pron., some apparatus, -us, vi., prepara- one. tion, work of preparing, aliquot, indecl. adj., several, pomp, aliter, adv., otherwise. appareo, -ere, -ui, v. n., come alius, -a, -ud, adj., another in sight, be seen, ;

also = alter in c. 2. alius . . apparitor, -oris, m., officer, ac or quam, other than, attendant, alter, -era, -erum, adj., the appello, -are, -avi, -atum, r.o., one, the other (of two.. call to account, altus, -a, -um, adj., high, (ex apiid, prep, irith ace, among. alto, from the depths, at, in heart of. ambages, -is, /, double-deal- aqua, -ae, /., water, ing, subterfuge, quibble, aquosus, -a, -um, adj., well- ambigitur, v. impers., there is watered.

doubt, ara, -ae, /., altar, ambulo, -are, -avi, -atum, arbiter, -tri, m., •VN'itness. V. I'., walk, arbitrium, -trii, n., power, amicitia, -ae, /., friendship, arbitror, -ari, -atus, dep. v. a., amicus, -a, -um. adj., friendl}'. think, deem, (or siibst, friend), arbor, -oris, /., tree, amitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, arceo, -ere. -ui, v. a., keep off. r. a., lose. ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsum, v. n., amoenus, -a, -um, adj., plea- blaze, sant, charming. arma, -orum, n., arms, amor, -oris, m., love, liking. armatus, -a, -um, partic. used an, adv., mark of direct ques- as adj. or subst., armed,

tion ; -ne ... an ; utrum . . armed man. an, whether ... or. armo, -ai-e, -avi, -atum, r.a.. anceps, (gen.) -cipitis, adj., arm. ambiguous, ars, artis, /., art, skill (a. im- angustiae, -arum, /., narrow peratoria — generalship^

place, defile, pass. artus (orarctus , -a, -um, adj., angustus,-a,-um.ac?/., narrow, confined, strict. Co)np. ar- animal, -alls. n. , living thing, tior, -us. animus, -i. m.. mind, heart. asper,-era. -erum. ."//.. i-ough, courage, feelings. harsh. IV LIVY, BOOK IX

aspicio, -ere, -exi. -ecttun, bello, -are, -avi, -atum, v. n., v.a., look upon, behold. make war. at, conj., yet, at any rate. belua, -ae, /., wild beast, (In c. 14 But you say.) bene, adv., well, successfully, atque, ac, conj., and, beneficium, -ii, n., good deed, atqui, coyij., yet say I. kindness, service,

att- : see adt-. benigne, adv., kindly, gene- auctor, -oris, m., instigator, rously, adviser, approver. benignus, -a, -um, adj., kind, auctoritas, -atis, /., advice, gracious. influence, proposal. bona, -orum, n., goods, po?*- "audacia, -ae, /., daring, sessions. bravery. bonus, -a, -um, adj., good, audeo,-ere. ausus, r.n., dare. loyal, audio, -Ire, -ivi and ii, -Itum, brevis, -e, adj., short. (Com}). v.a., hear, listen to. brevior.) brevi, in a short aufero, -ferre, abstiili, abla- time. tuni, V. a., take away (ace. and dat.). (ab + fero.) caecus. -a, -um, adj., blind. augeo, -ere, auxi, auctum, caedes, -is. /., «laughter. V. a., increase. caedo, -ere, cecidi, caesum, aureus, -a, -um, adj., gold. r. a., cut, flog. kill. auris, -is, /., ear. caelestis, -e, adj., of heaven, aurum, -i, n., gold. of the gods. auspicium, -ii, n., auspices. caelum, -i, ?;., heaven. aut, conj., or ; aut . . . aut, caerimonia, -ae, /., rites.

either . . , or, campester or -ris, -e, of or auxilium, -ii, n. help, rein- belonging to the plain, j forcements. lowland. averto,-ere,-ti,-sum, v.a., campus, -i, m.. plain. turn )

aside, turn away, repulse. ! capax, adj., able to hold or

aversus, -a, -um, partic. as i consume. adj., back, in rear. capio, -ere, cepi, captum, avidus, -a. -um, adj. (icith v.a., hold, take, select, gen.), greedy, lusting. grasp, comprehend, under- avius, -a, -um, adj., impassa- take. ble, difficult. captivus, -i, »1., prisoner. avunculus, -i, m. uncle (^mo- capiat, -itis, n., head, life, ther's brother). caritas, -atis, /., love. castra, -oinim, n., camp. bellator, -oris, m., warrior. casus, -lis, m., chance, for- bellicosus, -a, -um, adj., war- tune, accident. like, martial. causa, -ae,/., reason, excuse, bellicus, -a. -um. adj.. of o?- in pleading. {In abl. uith yen. war. often — for sake of. VOCABULARY

caveo, -ere, cavi, cautum, eivilis,-e,af?;., civil, national. r, n., take precautions, civis, -is, wi., citizen, cavns, -a, -um, adj., hollow. civitas, -atis, /., the state, cedo,-ere, cessi, cessum, v.n., citizenship. yield, clades, -is,/., disaster, defeat. celebro, -are, -avi, -atum. clam, adv., secretly. r.a., make frequent men- clamor, -oris, m., cry, shout- tion of, glorify, ing. censeo, -ere, censui, censum, clarus, -a, -um, adj,, illus- V. a., rate, reckon, propose, trious. think. classis, -is,/., fleet. cemo, -ere, crevi, cretum, claudo, -ere, clausi, clausum. r.a., descry, see, realize, v.a., shut, close.

certamen, -inis, n., struggle, clavus, -i, ?)?., purple stripe contest, on tunica [broadfor senators). certe, adv., at any rate, clupeus, -i (or clipeus, -i), ?«., certo, -are, -avi, -atum, r.a., shield (round and of metal). strive in rivalry, coepi, -isse, coeptum, r. a. and certus, -a, -um, adj., settled, n., begin. sure, certain, assured, (pro coetus, -us, m., gathering, certo habere = regard as assembly. sure, be assured.) cogitatio, -onis, /., thought. cervix, -icis,/., neck, cognomen, -inis, >?,, surname. ceteri, -ae, -a, adj. (rare in cogo, -ere, coegi, coactum. sing.^, the rest, r. a., collect, compel, (co + ceterum, adv., for the rest. ago.) however, coll-: see conl-. cibus, -i, m., food, coUega, -ae, m,, colleague {in cieo, -ere, civi, citum, r. a., magistracy). stir, rouse, colligo, -ere. -legi, -lectum, circa, prep., about ; adv., all V. a., collect, round, colo, -ere, -ui, cultum, v. a., circumago, -ere, -egi,-actum, till, cultivate, respect, V. a., bring round, complete, honour. circumdo, -dare, -dedi, -da- colonia, -ae, /., settlement,

tum, V. a., put round, sur- • colony.

-i, ?/?,, >;ettler, colo- round. ! colonus, circumsedeOj-ere, -sedi, -ses- nist. sum, r. a., sit round, comisabundus, -a, -um, arij., blockade, revelling, circumsto, -are, -steti, v.n., comitas, -atis, /.. kindness, stand around or about, courtesy, cite, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., comitium, -ii, n., place of

; eitatus, hasten -a, -um, assembly (of curiae) ; (in hurrving. plural), assemljly, elections. .

VI LIVY, BOOK TX commeatus, -us, 'm.., stores, dep. V. n., meet in battle. j provisions for array, com- (con + gradior.) j

munications. I congruo, -uere, -ui, v. n.. committo, -ei*e, -misi, -mis- agree. \

sum, V. a., entrust, leave I conloquium (o?- colloquium). ;

(rem) j -ii, engage in battle ; >?., parley, conference, (sponsionem) forfeit. conversation.

communico, -are,-avi,-atum j eonloquor (or colloquor),

V. a., communicate, ' -loqui, -lociitus, dep. r. >«., eommunis, -e, adj., common. converse. I compos, {gen.) -otis, adj. (xcWi conparo {or eomparo), -are,

I gen.), possessed of, capable -avi, -atum, r. a., compare. j of. conperio {or comperio), j conatus, -us, m., attempt. -perire, -perui, -pertum, concilio, -are, -avi, -atum, V. a., find. V. a., win over {ace. and dat.). conscripti, partic. of con- concipio,-ere, -cepi, -eeptum, scribo, enroll, (zaYfepatres) x.a. {icith animo), imagine. senators. See note. eoncitatio, -onis, /., tumult consenesco, -ere, -senui, v.n., of wrath. grow old also.

Concordia, -ae, /., harmony, consensus,-us,7M. , agreement, agreement. consentio, -ire, -sensi, -sen- coneremo, -are, -avi, -atum, sum, v.a., agree, c. a., burn up. consilium, -ii, n., advice, concurro, -ere, -curri (a,nd counsel, wisdom, council, -cucurri), -cursum, v.n., council of war. run together. consoler, -ari, -atus, dep. r. a.. concursus, -lis, m., meeting, console. shock of battle. conspicio, -ere, -spexi, -spec- condicio, -onis,/., state, con- tum, V. a., behold. dition, terms. consto, -are, -stiti, -statum, confero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, r. n. {with ex), consist of. V, a,, bring together, com- constSit,inipers.,it is agreed, -is, pare ; vinanum) engage in consul, m., consul, -e, adj., battle ; (signa) engage in consiilaris, of a con-

' battle ; se) muster, unite. sul, of consul's rank ; subst., confessio, -onis, /., acknow- ex-consul, ledgement. consulatus, -us. m., consul- confestim, «rfv., immediately ship. conficio, -ficei'e, -feci, -fec- consulo, -ere, consului, con- tum, v.a., finish off. (con + sultum, V. a., consult,

facio. I consultatio, -onis,/., subject confiigio, -fiigere, -fugi, r.n.. of deliberation, flee to, resort to, consult©, -are, -avi, -atum, congredior, -gredi, -gressus. '•, /<.. deliberate. VOCABULARY Vll consultum, -i, ».. decree, cunctus, -a, -imi, adj.. tlie consumo, -sumere, -.sump-i. whole, all.

-sumptum, r.a., spend, cupio, -ere. -Ivi, -Ttxim, '•. a., contagio, -Gnis;, /., tamt. desire. contemno, -ere, -tempsi. ciira, -ae, /., care, anxiety, -temptum, r.a., despise, thought, charge. contemplor, -ari, -atus, ch,-. ciiria, -ae, /.. senate-house. V. a., gaze at, regard, cursus,-us, //^, run, running. continuo, -are, -avi, -atuin. custodia, -a»-, guard, cus- r. a., prolong, tody. contio, -onis. /., meeting, custodio, -ire, -Ivi and -ii, contionor, -ari, -atus. clejj. -Itum, r. a., guard. V. n., speak out. contra, adv., in damnum, -i, /;., loss, harm, the face ; prep., against. defect. contraho, -ere, -traxi, -trac- de, jrrep. -icith aW., down from, tum, r. a., draw together. concerning. mass together. debello, -are, -avi, -atum, convenio, -Ire, -veni, -reu- V. a., end a war. tum, r. n., assemble, debeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v.n., convenit, impers., it is agreed, owe, be due {tciih dat.), copia, -ae, oj^iiortunity, abun- ought {xcith inf.). (de +

dance ; {in pi.) forces. habeo.) cor, cordis, n., heart, cordi decedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, est, it is a matter for care, depart, ex vita) die. corpus, -oris, n.. body, decern, indecl. adj., ten. corrujnpo, -ere, -rupi. -rup- decipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, tum, r.a., spoil, destroy. r.rt., deceive. credo, -ere, eredidi, credi- declino, -are, -avi, -atum. tum, r. a. and n.. believe, V. n., turn off, deviate. think, decurro, -ere, -curri and -cii- creo, -are, -avi, -atum, r. a.. curri, -cursum, v.n., run or appoint, elect, charge down. cruciatus, -us, rn., torture, decus, -oris, n.. gloiy, culpa, -ae, /. , blame, fault, deditio, -onis./., surrender. cultor, -Oris, hk, cultivator. dedo, -ere, dedidi, deditum. inhabitant, r. a., surrender. cum, ^j/ep. {icith abl. , with. deduce, -ere. -du.xi, -ditetinn, Generally placed after pron., r. a., lead down. e.g. nobiscum.) defectio, -Onis. /., revolt, re- cum, co^ij., when. •' With indie. bellion. or subj. imperf. and pluperf. defendo, -ere, -fendi, -fen-

render by when : xcith suhj. sum, r. a., ward off. do- aho by since, although.' fend.

cum , . . turn Vtoth . . . and. defensio, -Onis../"., defence. Vlll LIVY, BOOK IX defero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, descisco, -6re, -scivi and-scii, V. a., bring, -scltum, r. n., revolt, deficio, -ere, -feci, -fectiun, desero, -ere, -serui, -sertum, V. a. and n., fail, revolt. r. a., abandon, defio, -fieri, -fectus, v.n. desidero, -are, -avi, -atum,

(poet pass, of deficio), fail, 'c. a., require, expect, be wanting, despero, -are, -avi, -atum, deformatio, -onis, /., degra- 'c.a. {and 7ir, despair of. dation, destino, -are, -avi, -atum, deformo, -are, -avi, -atum, r.a., mark out, fix on. V. a., degrade, desum, -esse, -fui, v.n., be degenero, -are, -avi, -atum, wanting, fail, V. n., deteriorate, fall away, detraho, -ere, -traxi, -trac- delectus, -us, w., a felling, tum, v.a., drag off. deinceps, adv., next in suc- deus, -i, m., god. cession, deverticulum,-i,ii., by-path, deinde, arfr., thereupon, next, digression, delego, -are, -avi, -atum, r.a., devinco, -ere, -vici, -victum, transfer, V. a., conquer, subdue com- deleo, -ere, -evi, -etum, r. a., pletely, destroy, devotio, -onis, /., devotion, deligo, -ere, -legi, -lectum, self-sacrifice, V. a., choose out. devoveo, -ere, -vovi, -votum, deliibruin,-i,??., shrine, sanc- r. a., devote, sacrifice. tuary. dextra, -ae, /., right hand, demittOj-ere, -misi,-missum, dico, -ere, dixi, dictum, v. a., V. a., send down, despatch, say, tell, declare, appoint, demo, demere, dempsi,demp- dictator, -oris, m., dictator, tum, r. a., take away, dictatura, -ae, /., dictator- demulceo, -ere, -mulsi, shij), -mulctum, V. a., stroke dictito, -are, -avi, -atum, v.a., down. repeat {frequent, of dico). demum,arfu.,atlast, then only, dies, -ei, m. and /., day : in deni, -ae, -a, adj., ten each, dies, day by day. ten at a time, differo, -ferre, distuli, dila- denuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, tum, v.a.. put off, postpone, difficult, i\a., command : (dat. of difficilis, -e, adj.,

person : ut with subj.). dignus, -a, -um, adj., worthy deploro, -are, -avi, -atum, {rviih abl.). r. a., mourn, regard as lost. dilatio, -onis, /., delay, post- depopulor, -ari, -atus, dep. ponement. r.a., ravage. dilectus, us, 7)1., levy of descendo,-ere, -scendi,-scen- troops, sum, r. n., come down, dis- dimico, -are, avi, -atum. moimt. v.n., fight. )

VOCABULARY IX

dimitto, -ere, -misi. -missum, donee, cunj.. until. r. a., send away, break oflf, dorsum, -i., n., back, rear. cancel. dubie, o.dr.. doubtfully. dirimo, -ere, -enii, -emptuni, dubius, -a. -um, adj.. doubt- V. a., break off. ful, baud dubius, plain,

discedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum. clear, decided ; non du- V. n., depart. bium est quin, {with siibj. disciplina, -ae,/., discipline. there is no doubt but that. discordia, -ae, /., disagree- &c. ment, quarrel. duceni, -ae, -a, adj., two hun- discors, {gen.) discordis, adj., dred each or at a time. disagreeing, inoonsi>;tent. dulcedo, -inis, /., charm,

discrimen, -inis, ?i., crisis, pleasure. danger. duco, -ere. duxi, ductum,t\«.. displiceo, -ere, -ui, -itura, guide, lead, think. v.n., displease (iciih dat.). dum, co/jj., so long as, whilst, dissipo, -are, -avi, -atum, until, pro^'ided that. v.a., scatter. duo, -ae, -o, adj., two.

distendo, -ere, -tendi, -ten- duplex f gren.), -icis, adj.. two- turn, r. a., distract. fold.

distineo,-ere.-tinui.-tentTim. dux, ducis, w. and /., guide, r.a.. keep apart, divide. captain, leader, general. distinguo, -ere, -stinxi. -stinctum, r. a., separate, eadem./ew.aW. .

domi,at home ; domo, from r.a.. misi*epresent. declare

home ; douium, to) home. falsely. )

LIVY, BOOK IX emergo, -ere, -mersi, -mer- in consequence of, in ac- sum, v.n., get free, cordance with. emitto, -ere, -misi, -missum, exactor, -oris, m., expelier. f.a., send forth, discharge. exanimatus, -a, -um, adj.^ en, inteij., behold! en um- lifeless {partic. o/exanimo).

quam, ever, oh, ever ! exanimis, -e, adj., lifeless, §nim, adv., for {2nd in sen- stunned. ience). excedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, enuntio, -are, -nvi, -atum, V. n., depart. V. a., annoniice. excellens {gen. -tis% adj., eo, adv., on that account, eminent, superior. thither, excido, -ere, -cidi, -cisum, eo, ire, ivi atid. ii, itimi, v.n., v.a., cut out. (ex -(- caedo. go- excipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum, epulae, -arum,/., feast, r. a., catch, receive, ex-i- eques, -itis, w., horseman, capio.) knight, excito, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., equidem, adv., indeed, at all arouse, awaken, call forth. events. excludo, -ere, -clusi, -clusum, equus, -i, 7n., horse. r. a., cut off. ergo, adv., therefore. exemplum, -i, n., instance. erigo, -ere, -I'exi, -rectum, exeo, -Ire, -ivi and -ii, -itum, V. a., set up. r. n., go out. erro, -are, -avi, -atum, r.n.. exercitatio, -onis, /., prac-

go astray, make mistake, tice ; taking exercise. be uncertain, exercitus, -us, ?«., army. error, -oris, /n., mistake, un- exigue, adv., scantily. certainty. exitus, -lis, 7n., issue. erumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptum, exorior, -iri, -ortus, dep. v. 71., v., break forth, arise. ease. See sum. expedio, -Ire, -ivi and -ii, et, conj., and, also, even, -itum, r.a., set free, get etiam, conj., also, ready, expeditus, partic, etsi, conj., even if, though, unencumbered, active, evado, -ere, -vasi, -vasum, expedit, impers., it is ex- V. a., go out. pedient. evenio, -Ire, -veni, -ventum, expeditio, -unis, /., flying V. n., turn out, happen, column, expedition. eventus, -us, m., issue, re- expello, -ere, -puli, -pulsum, sult, r. a., drive out. evinco, -ere, -vici, -victum, experior, -iri.-pertxis, dep.v.a.. r. a., overcome, prevail over, try, experience. evoco, -are. -avi, -at\im. v. a., expers, [gen.) expertis, adj., call forth, out. ignorant (uNf/jsfen.^. '^ex -h ex.,pitp. iciUi all., out of, fmm. pars.^ ): .

VOCABULARY XI

expeto, -ere, -petivi unci facile, adv., easily. -petii, -petltum. v. a., re- facin\is, -oi'is, n., deed, ex- quire, exact. ploit. expi&tio,-onis,/.. atonement, facio, -ere, -feci, -factum, v.a., expio, -are, -avi, -atuni, v. a.. do, make. atone for. factio, -onis,/.,party,faction. expleo, -ere, -evi, -etnm, r. a.. factum, -i, n., deed, exploit. fill up. fallo, -ere, fefelli, falsum, explorator, -oris, m., scout, r.a., deceive, (fidem, break exposco, -ere, -poposci, r. «., faith. ^ demand, fama, -ae, /.. news, report. exprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pres- fames, -is, /., hunger. sum, V. a., wring from, fas, iyidecl. n., right, (divine force, dictate, order, (ex + law). premo.) fasces, -ium, w., fasces ;the exprobro, -are, -avi, -atum, rods and axe borne by v.a., upbraid, reproach, lictors before the highest exquiro, -ere, -quisivi, -qui- magistrates^ sTtum, r. a., seek out. fasti, -orum, 7n., registers, exsatio, -are, -avi, -atum. calendar. r. a., satisfy fully, satiate, fatalis,-e.a(?J.,destined, fated. exsecuntur. See exsequor. fateor, -eri, fassus, dep. r.a., exsecror, -ari, -atus, dep. v.a., acknowledge. curse, (ex + sacro.) fatum, -i, n., destiny, fate. exsequor, -i, -secutus, dep. (fato peifunctus, dead.) r.a., follow up, continue. faveo, -ere, favi, fautum, r.n.,

rejoin, -i- favour, support {icith dat.). (ex sequor. j exsolvo, -ere, -solvi, -solu- felicitas, -atis, /., good for-

tum, v.a., thing) pay in ful 1 tune. (person) discharge, acquit. femina, -ae, /., woman. ex + solvo.) femxir, -oris, n., thigh. exspecto, -are, -avi. -atum, ferax, (ge7i. -acis. adj., fruit- v.a., wait for. 'ex + specto. ful, productive (?c/f/? gen.). exsto, -are, v.n., exist, be fere, adv., generally, on the extant, (ex-f-sto.^ whole. extemplo, adv., immediately, ferio, -Ire, percussi, percus- extollo, -ere, v.a., raise up. sum or ictum, v. a., strike, exalt, extol, (foedus, make a treaty. extra, prep. v:ith ace, outside, {See ch. v.) extraho, -ere. -traxi, -trae- ferme, adr.^ almost. turn, r.a., draw out. deliver, fero, ferre, tiili, latum, r. a.. extremum, ad, adr., finally, bear, bring, lead (o/ road . exulcero, -are, -avi, -atum, report, propose.

i\ a., exasperate ; (partic. ferocia, -ae. /.. boldness, past., smarting). fierce valour, Xll LIVY, BOOK IX ferrum, -i, n., iron, sword, frumentum, -i, n., com, sup- festino, -are, -avi, -atum, plies of food, r, n., hasten, frustra, adv., in vain. fetialis, -is, vi,, fetial. fuga, -ae, /., flight, fetialis, -e, adj., fetial. fugio, -ere, fugi, fugitum, fidelis, -e, adj., faithful, loyal, v. a. and n., flee, shun, fides, -ei, /., faith, promise, avoid, credit, belief, loyalty, fumo, -are, -avi, -atum, v.n., fidus, -a, -um, adj., faithful, smoke, loyal, trusty. fundo, -ere, fudi, fusum, v.a., f ilius, -ii, m., son. rout, finis, -is, m.andf., border, {in fungor, -i, functus, dep. v. n., pi.) o/ife«=-what is between perform, ivith abl. borders, or territory. furculae, -arum, /., forks, fio, fieri, factus, r.n., become, mountain-pass, be done, come about, furto {ahl. o/furtum, -i,), by firmo, -are, -avi, -atum, r. a., stealth. strengthen, establish, fixus, -a, -um, paHic. of figo, gaudiuro.,-ii, w., joy, gladness. fixed, gemitus, -lis, m., gi'oan. flebilis, -e, adj., tearful, gens, gentis, /., nation, clan.

moiirnful. genu, -us, »?., knee. focus, -i, 7n., hearth, genus, -eris, 7?., race, birth, foede, adv., disgracefully, kind. foedus, -a, -um, adj., dis- gero, -ere, gessi, gestum, r. a., graceful, disgraced, conduct, perform, (bellum) foedus, -eris, n., treaty. carry on war. league. gladius, -ii, ?w., sword. foUiculus, -i, small bag. m., gloria, -ae,/. , glory, boasting, fore, forem, fut. inf. and impf. pretensions. subj. of sum. gradus, -iis, m., step, rank. forma, -ae, /. , shape, form, gravatus, -a, -um {partic. of forsitan, adv., perhaps, gravor), loth, reluctant. fortis, -e, adj., brave, gravis, -e, adj., heavy, hard fortuna, -ae, /., fortune, to bear, burdensome, hate- forum, -i, n., forum, place of ful, (gravis armis = heavy-

business in the city, armed. ) fossa, -B.e,f., ditch, moat, graviter, adv. (accipere), be fovea, -ae, /., pit. grieved at. Comp. gravius. frango, -ere, fregi, fractum, V. a., break, crush, destroj'. habeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v.a., fraus, fraudis, /., trickery, have, hold, regard, (ora- ruse, tionem, deliver speech, fremo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v.yi.. (comitia, &c., hold elec- murmur. jTmnible. tions.) (se, l>f>.) VOCABULARY Xlll

habito, -arc, -avi. -atiiui, v.a., ictus, -Ub, in., stroke, blow. dwell, idem, eadem, idem, proiu, the habitus, -us. m.. bearing, same. garb, aspect, igitur, adv.. therefore. hasta, -ae. /., spear, ignarus, -a, -um, adj., igno- haud, adv., not (icith single rant. word). ignavia, -ae,/., cowardice. haurio, -ire, hausi, haustum, ignavus, -a, -um, adj., cow- r. a., drain, drink, ardly, lazy, {superl. igna- herbidus, -a, -vun, adj., vissimus.) grassy. ignis, -is, vi., fire. hercule, exd. adv., by Her- ignominia, -ae,/., disgrace. cules, by heaven, ignominiosus, -a, -um, adj., hie, adv.. here, disgraceful. hie, haec, hoc, proyi., this, ignoro, -are. -avi. -atum, v.a., hisco, -ere, v. »i., open mouth, know not. say a word, ille, -a, -ud,pron.. that. homo, -inis, vi. and f., man. illic, adv., there. honor, -oris, m., magisterial imb-, imm-, &c. : ste inb-, office, honoris causa = to inm-, &c. do honour, inuno, adv., nay but, nay hora, -ae,/., season, due time, rather.

hour, imp- : see inp-. hortor, -ari, -atus, dep.v.a., imperator, -oris, w.., com- urge, exhort, mander, general. hospitalia, -ium, n., hospi- imperatorius, -a, -um, adj., tality, of the general. hostilis, -e, adj., of the enemy, imperium, -ii, n., command, hostis, -is, 7n., enemy, order, power, empire, (vis hiimanus, -a, -um, (^id.j., imperii = imperiousness.) human, impero, -are, -avi. -atum, hiinu {loc. of humus), on the command, require. ground. impetus, -us, m., attack, assault, rush, charge. iaceo, -ere, -ui. r. n., lie, be in, prep, {.icith abl.), in, on, prostrate, be cast down, in case of. (icith ace.) into, iacto, -are, -avi, -atum, v.a., onto, against, for. fling away (frequent of inambulo, -are, -avi, -atum.

iacio, throw). V. 71., walk. iam, adv.. already, now. iam inbellis, -e, adj., unwarlike. inde, immediately, from incautus, -a. -um, adj.. heed- this moment, less, over-eager. ibi, adv., there, incedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessum, ictus, -a, -um, partic. of ieo, r. n. ami a., come in, inarch strike. {icith See ferlo. in ; ace.) come upon. XIV LIVY, BOOK IX incendo, -ere, -ceudi, -ceii- infactus, -a, -um, adj., not sum, V. a., burn. done, (re infecta, withuut incertvis, -a, -iiin, adj.. doubt- accomplishing one's pur- ful, insecure. pose, pro infecto, as incido, -ere, -cidi, -casum, though not done.) v.n., fall in with, i^in ioiih infelix, (gen.) -icis, adj., un- ace.) fortunate, unsuccessful. inclino, -are, -avi, -atum, t.a. infensus, -a. -um, adj., en- and n., turn the scale, raged. weaken, change. infero, -ferre, -tiili, -latum, incolo, -ere, -colui, -cultuni, r. a., bring upon or against, V. a., inhabit, people. inflict. incolomis, -e, adj., un- inferus, -a, -um, adj., below, harmed. (mare infei-um, the lower, incoramodus, -a, -uni. adj., i. e. theTuscan,sea. inferi, inconvenient, in way of the nether world. i[mth dat). infestus, -a,-um. adj., hostile, incrementum, -i, >«., growth. bitter, deadly. increpo, -are. -ui, -itum, infirmuSj -a, -um, adj., weak.

r. a., upbraid, revile. infitias [ace. with ire, to go , incruentus, -a, -um, adj., deny. bloodless, without blood- ingenitus, -a, -um, adj., in- shed. nate, natural. inde, adv., thence, thereupon, ingenium, -ii, n., character, then. genius, intellect. indicium, -ii. n., indication, ingens, {gen.) -tis, adj., large, signs. great. indico, -ere. -dixi, -dictum, ingredior, -i, -gressus, dep. v., r. a. proclaim. enter. , indignitas, -atis, /. . degrada- inicio, -ere, -ieci, -iectum, tiou, insult, contumely. v.a., inspire {icith ace. and indoles, -is, /., disposition, dat). chai*acter. inimicus, -i, m., enemy. induo, -ere, -ui, -utum, r. o., iniquus, -a, -um, adj., dis- put on (of dress). advantageous. industria, icith de, on pur- initium, -ii, n., beginning. pose. (from ineo.) indutiae, -arum, /., truce, iniuria, -ae,/., wrong-doing. armistice. iniussu (ivith gen.), without ineo, -Ire, -ivi and -ii, -itum, orders. r. a., enter upon, begin. inlatus. See infero. inermis, -e, adj., unarmed. inmemor, i^ge}i.) -oris, adj.. infamis, -e, adj., of ill repute, heedless (icith gen.) received with adverse com- inmineo, -ere, c.n., overhang, ments. threaten i^u-ith dat.). .

VOCABULARY XV

inmitto, -ere, -mlsi, -missiim, insido, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, r. a., let loose ;se' v.a., upon ; beset, occupy. hurl (oneself.) insidiae, -arum,/., ambush. inmobilis, -e, adj., stable. insigne, -is, v., ornament, Jnniortalis,-e.oK(y., immortal. badge, innixus, -a, -um, adj., resting insignis, -e, adj., distinguish- on, supported ^rcith all.). ed, illustrious, innoxius, -a, -um, adj., guilt- insinuo, -are, -avi, -atum. less, innocent. r. «., work in, wind in. inopia, -ae, /., want of food, insitus, -a, -um, adj., innate, want, destitution. natural. inops, (gen.) -is, adj., power- insolitus, -a, -um, adj., unless, weak. usual, extraordinary. inpedimentum, -i, «., hin- insperato, (ex), unexpect- drance. edly. inpedio, -ire, -Ivi and -ii, instituo, -uere, -ui, -utuni.

-itum, ?•. a., hamper, stop, r, a., arrange, organize. entangle, inpedltus, -a, insto, -are, -stiti, -statum,

-um, hampered, difficult. r. >i., press on, {icith dat. be inpetro, -are, -avi, -atum, imminent, v.a., gain (by asking). instruo, -ere, -struxi, -struc- inpius, -a,-um, adj., impious. tum, r, a., array, arrange. inploro, -are, -avi, -atum, insum, -esse, -fui, v. n., be in v.a., call to one's aid. {xcith dat.,. inpono, -ere, -posui, -posi- integer, -gra, -grum, adj.. tum, v.a., put on (ace. entire, unbroken, de in- and dat.), plant over, lay tegro, afresh. upon. intellego, -ere, -lexi, -lectum, inpotens, (gen.) -tis, adj., (with V. a., realize perceive, un- gen.) unable to manage. derstand. inpubis gen.-isa/?rf-eris),af?;., intento, -are, -avi, -atum, underage, {in pi.) children. V. a., thrust threateningly, inquam, v. a., say {used with point at {ace. and dat.). quotation, after two or three inter, iirep., among, between, 7cords of it). in midst of, inter se, one inrito, -are, -avi, -atum, r. a., with another, mutually, enrage, intercalo, -are, -avi, -atum, inritus, -a, -um, adj., vain, V. a., defer. useless, of no effect, inrita intercessio, -onis, /., inter- facio, make null and void. vention, veto. insatiabilis, -e, adj. , not to be interdum, adv., from time to satisfied, insatiable ^icith time, gen.: interea, adv., meanwhile. insequor, -i, -seeutus, dc}^. interficio, -en-, -feci, -fec- r.a., follow. tum, r.a., kill. XVI LIVY, BOOK IX

intericio, -eiv. -ifti, -ieetum, invius, -a, -um, adj., im- V. a. (m jxtsst'.e), be situated passable. j between (inter + iacio). invoco, -are, -avi, -atum, v.a., I interim, adv., meanwhile. call upon, interpello, -are, -avi, -atum. ipse, -a, -\ivn,pro)i., self, very, V. a., interrupt. ira, -ae, /., anger, rage. -ere, -posui, -p6- irascor, -i, interpono, ! iratus, dep. v. n.,

situm, V. a., interpose. ! be angry ;wiY/i dat.).

interregnum, -i, n., interreg- irr- : see inr-. num. is, for iis, dative of is. interrex, -regis, m., interrex, is, ea, id, pron., this, that. regent. isdem,/oriisdem, dat. o/idem. intervenio, -Ire, -veni, -ven- iste, -a, -ud, pron., that of tum, r. n.. arrive on scene. yours, that of which you intolerandus, -a, -um, adj., speak,

not to be tolerated, in- istiic, adv., thereon ; or neut. tolerable. sing, of istic, -aec, -uc, that intolerans, (gen.) -tis, adj., of yours, unable to bear (tcUh gen.). ita, adv., thus, so.

intra, j^rep. {with ace. ' , within. itaque,a(7i'., and so, therefore, intro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., iter, itineris, n., road, route,

. enter. journey, ^ intromitto, -ere, -misi, -mis- iterum, adv., for the second sum, v.a., send within., time, introduce. iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussum. intueor, -eri, -itus, dep. r. a., V. a., order, bid (^loith infin.). gaze upon. iudex, -icis, m. judge, , inuro, -ere, -ussi, -ustum, iiidico, -are, -avi, -atum, v.a., v.a., brand. judge, deem, invado, -ere, -vasi, -vasum, iugum, -i, n., yoke, ridge, v.a., attack, rush upon. heights, inveho, -ere, -vexi, -vectum, iiimentum, -i, n., beast of v.a., bring in. burden, mule, invenio, -ire, -veni, -ventum, iungo, -ere, iunxi, iunctum,

r. a., find. V. a., join, unite, invicem, adi:., in turn, inter- ius, iiiris, n., right, law, changeably. ordinance, ius dicere, ad- invictus, -a, -um, adj., invin- minister justice, cible, unyielding. iussus, -Us, m., order, invidia, -ae, /., jealousy, iustitium, -ii, 71., period of envy, ill-feeling. public mourning. inviolatus. -a, -um, adj.. un- iustus,-a, -um, adj., )ust, due, harmed, not desecrated. right, deserved, righteous, invitus, -a, -um, adj., un- regular, correct, plus iusto. willing. more than right, unduly. VOCABULARY XMl

iuvenis,xuvciiiaj -is,-IS, /«.,m., youth,^uuuj-i, man libero, -are, -avi. -atum, v. a., under forty-five,forty-five. set free. iuventus, -tiitis, /., man- libet, -ere, -uit, -itum. r. n., hood, body of men. it is a pleasure, will, choice, iuxta, prep, {icifh ace), next licet, -ere, -uit, -itum, r. n.,

to ; adv., alike. it is allowed, may. lictor, -oris, rn., lictor. labor, -i, lapsus, dep.v.n., fall, lito, -are, -avi, -atum, v.n., labor, -oris, wz., work, toil. have favourable sacrifice. lab6ro,-are, -avi, -atum,r.)i., litterae, -arum, /., a letter. be in distress, come to loco, -are, -avi, -atum, v.a., harm, place, post, pitch. lacero, -are, -avi, -atum, v.a., locuples, [gen.^ -etis, adj., tear in pieces, having property, solvent.

laetor, -ari. -atus, dep. v. n., locus, -i, ?«., place ; 'icith dat.) be glad. room. Idea (n.pil.), coun- laetus, -a, -lun, adj.. glad, try, ground, lie of land. cheering, longe, adv., far, by far. lanio, -are, -avi, -atum, v.a., longus, -a, -um, adj., long, rend in pieces, mangle. loquor, -i, locutus, dep. v. a., latus. See fero. speak. latus, -a, -um, adj., broad, lorum, -i, n., thong, bonds, laudo, -are, -avi, -atum, v.a., luctus, -us, m., grief, lamen- praise. tation. laus, laudis, /., praise, ludibrium, -i, v., ridicule, laxe, adv., loosely. mockery, a laughing-stock. laxo, -are, -SLxi, -atum, r. a., luo, -ere, -i, -itum, v.a., atone abate, remit, for, pay penalty. legatio, -onis, /., embassy, lustrum, -i, «., lustrum, expi- legatus, -i, m., envoy, lieu- atory sacrifice ; and census, tenant-general. revision of senate and bur- legio, -onis, /., legion, gess-roll once in five years. legitimus, -a, -um, adj., legal, lux, lucis,/., light, daylight. lawful. lego, -ere, legi, lectum, v. a., maeror, -oris, m., sadness. read, maestitia, -ae. /., sadness. levis, -e, adj., light, worthless, maestus, -a, -um, adj., sad. of no weight or influence. {Comp. maestior, -us.) {Superl., levissimus.) magis, adv., more, rather, levo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., magister, -ri. m., i^equitum), lighten, loosen. master of the horse. lex, legis, /., law, terms ; pL magistratus, -us, m., magis- constitution. tracy, magistrate. liber, -ei'a, -erum, adj., free, magnitudo, -iuis, /., great- libere, adv., freely. ness, size. LIVYIX ;

XVlll LIVY, BOOK IX

magnus, -a, -um, adj., great. mereor, -eri, -itus, dep. v. a., {Comp. and superL, maior, deserve. maximus.) mergo, -ere, mersi, mersum, maiestas, -atis, /., high rank, V. a., sink. majesty, prestige, metus, -us, m., fear. maior, maius, adj. (comp. of meus, -a, -um, adj. pron., my, magnus), greater. natu mine. maior = older, elder, ma- mihi, dat. of ego. iores ^ ancestors, miles, -itis, m., soldier, sol- male, adv., badly, diery. maleficivim, -ii, n., injury, milia, -ium, n. (pi. o/mille), harm, thousands. malo, malle, malui, v. a., militaris, -e, ad/., of a soldier, choose rather, military. malum, -i, n., evil, militia, -ae, /., military ser- malus, -a, -um, adj., bad, evil. vice. inded, adj., (C&tnp. and superL, peior, mills, thousand ; pessimus.) also subst. (with pi. milia).

mando, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., minae, -arum, /,, threats. assign, order, commission. minime, adv. (superl. of pa- (With dot. of person.') rum), in the least degree, maneo,-ere, mansi, mansum, ra\yxua,adv. (comp. o/parum),

v.n., remain, abide, less. quo , . . minus, by manus, -us, /., hand, power. which the less, so that not, ad manum = at hand. in order that not (wiVi m.are, -is, n., sea. subjutKt.). maritimus, -a, -um, adj., on mirabilis, -e, adj., wonderful, the sea-coast, remarkable. maxime, adv., especially. miror, -ari, -atus, dep. v. a., maxim.us,-a, -um. adj. (superl. be surprised at. o/ magnus), greatest, miserabilis, -e, adj., pitiable, me, ace. of ego. piteous. medium, -ii, n., middle, miseratio, -onis, /., pity, medius, -a, -um, adj., mid compassion, e. g. media nocte, at mid- miseror, -ari, -atus, dep. v. a., night, pity, compassionate, melior, melius, adj. (comp. of missus, -us, m., hurling, bonus\ better, throw. merabrum, -i, 7i,, limb, mitigo, -are, -avi, -atum, memoria, -ae,/., recollection, V. a., soften. memoro, -are, -avi, -atum, mitto, -ere, misi, missum, V. a., relate, v. a., make to go, send, mens, mentis, /,, mind. vocem mittere - utter. thoughts, sense, plan, modo, adv., only, lately, just, mentio, -onis, /., mention. modo . . . modo, now . . . n ow. VOCABULARY XIX modus, -i, m., form, manner, miitatio, -onis, /., change. limit. muto, -are, -avi, -atum, r. a. nioenia,-iimi, n., town build- and n., change one thing ings, fortified town. for another {ace. and abl). moles, -is, /., pile, mass. mutus, -a, -um, adj., dumb. molior, -iri, -itus, dep. v. a., mutuus, -a, -um, a rfj. , mutual, overthrow. for each other. mollis, -e, adj., mild, soft, peaceful. nam, conj., for. momentum, -i, yi.. nascor, -i, natus, dep. v. n impor- , tance, moment, brief space. be born, be by nature. mons, montis. m., mountain. natus, icWi abl., born of, montanus, -i, m., moun- son of. taineer. natu^, -us, birth. natu monumentum, -i, /?., memo- maior = older. rial, remains. navo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a. mores, -um, m. (pi. of mos}. (operam), take energetic character, habits. measures, morior, -i, mortuus, dep.r. n., ne, adv., verily, die. -ne, adv. (after first icord), sign moror, -ari, -atus, dep. v. a., of question. -ne . . . an, delay, hinder. whether ... or. mors, mortis, /., death. ne, adv. , not. ne . . . quidem mortiferus, -a, -um. adj., = not even, for ut ne, with

deadly, mortal. subj. = lest ; ne quis = lest moveo, -ere, movi, motum, any one. r. a., move, influence. nee or neque, conj., and not. mox, adv., soon. nee . . . nee = neither . . . nor. miilier, -eris, /., woman. nee . . . et = not . . . but. multa, -ae, /., fine. necessarius, -a, -um. adj., naultiplex, {gen. -icis), adj., unavoidable, necessary, many times as numerous, necessitas, -atis, /., force of manifold, a hundredfold. circumstances, necessity, multitiido, -inis, multi- neco, -are, -avi, -atum, r. a /., , tude, niunbers. kill. multo,a?>?. o/multus.bymuch. necopinato, adv.. unexpect- multus, -a, -um, adj., much, edly. many. (Comp. and suptrl. necopinatus, -a, -um, adj., plus, plurimus.' unexpected, munimenta, -orum, n., forti- nedum, not to say, still less, fications. nefandus, -a, -um, adj., hor- munio,-ire, -ivi a/i^Z-ii,-itum, rible, fortify. nego, -are, -avi, -atum, r. a., munus, -eris, n., function, deny, say not. duty. nemo, -inem, -ini, {gen., nul- K .

XX LIV\', BOOK IX

lius, ahL, nullo), m. and /., numen, -inis, m., godhead, no one. divine majesty, neque. See nee. numero, -are, -avi, -atum, nequeo, -Ire, -ivi and -ii, v.n., V. a., reckon, count, be unable, cannot, numerus, -i, m., number, nequiquam, adv., in vain, numquam, adv., never, nescio, -ire, -ivi and -ii, v., nunc, adv., now. nunc . . not know, (u-ith iyif.) not nunc = at one time ... at know how to, cannot, another, neuter, -ra, -rum, adj., nei- nuncupo, -are, -avi, -atum, ther of two. v.a., recite publicly, nex, necis, /., death, nuntio, -are, -avi, -atum, ni, conj., unless. r. a., bring news, report, nihil, n., nothing, announce, nisi, conj., unless, except, nuntius, -ii, m., messenger, nobilis, -e, adj., famous message. noble, nuper, adv., recently. nobiscum, ahl. of nos with cum. 6b, prep., unthacc, on account noceo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. n., of. hurt, injure i^oith dat.). obeo, -Ire, -Ivi and -ii, -itum, nomen, -inis, w., name, V. a., perform. nomine, -are, -avi, -atum, 6bex,-icis, m. and/., obstacle, V. a., name, mention, bai-rier. non, adv., not (with sentence or obiacens (partic. o/obiaceo), single word). lying in the way, put in the nondum, adv., not yet. way, opposing, nos, pi. of ego. obiectus, -a, -um, {partic. of noster, -ra, -rum, pron. adj., obicio\ exposed, subject, our, ours. oblatus. See oflfero. n6tus,-a, -ura,p«r^'c. o/"nosco, obligo, -are, -avi, -atum, v.a., known, familiar, bind, novus, -a, -um, adj., new. obliviscor, -i, oblitus, dep. v., nox, noctis, /., night, forget {with gen.). noxa, -ae, /., guilt, noxam obnoxius, -a, -um, adj., ex- nocere = commit an act of posed, liable, degrading, guilt, obruo, -ere, -ui, -iitum, r. a., noxius, -a, -um, adj., guilty, overwhelm, nudus, -a, -um, adj., stripped. obscurus, -a, um. adj., not nullus,-a, -um, adj., none, no. clear, doubtful, nullusdum, -adiun, -umdum, obses, -idis, yn. atidf , hostage, adj., none as vet. none at obsessor, -oris, m., besieger, all. blockader. num, adv. interrog., asks ques- obsideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessum, tion (expecting answer no). v.a., besiege, blockade. VOCABULARY XXI obstinatiis, -a, -um, adj.^ de- opem, -is, (as from ops), /., termined. help. In plur., opes, -um, obsto, -are, -steti, -statum, /., resources,

V. n , stand in way of, pre- opera, -ae, /., agency, work. vent (u:ith dat., /oUoiced by (See navare.) quominus and subjunct). oppeto, -ere, -ivi and ii, obstrictus, -a, -um {partic. of -itum, V. a., meet, face, obstringo), determined. opprimo, -ere, -pressi, -pres- obstringo, -ere, -strinxi, sum, r. a., crush, come -strictum, v. a., bind. down upon, obt- : see oflfero. optimus, -a, -um, adj. (superl, obviam, adv., {ace. /em. of o/ bonus), best, excellent, obvius), to meet {with dat). opto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., obviam ire = meet, go to desire, meet, oppose. opus, -eris, w., work; inplur., occasio,-onis,/., opportunity. military works, opus est occultissime, adv., most (icith a5?.) = there is need, secretly (superl. o/occulto}. ora, -ae, /., coast, shore, occiipatus, -a, -um (partic. of oraculum, -i, n., oracle, oecupo), engaged in, busy oratio, -onis, /.. speech, ora- with. tionem habere = deliver a oecupo, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., speech, seize. ordinatus, -a, -um (partic. of occurso, -are,-avi,-atuni, v.n., ordino), arranged, meet. ordior, -iri, orsus, dep. v. a., occursus, -lis, m., a meeting begin, (in battle). ordo, -inis, m., order, rank. octingentesimus, -a, -um, OS, oris, n., mouth, in ore adj., eight-hundredth. esse = be talked of. oculus, -i, m., eye. odi, odisse, r. a., hate. paciscor, -i, pactus, dep. v. a., odium, -ii, w., hatred. bargain for, agree to. offendo, -ere, -di, -sum, v. a., paco, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., give offence to. reduce to peace. offero, -ferre, obtiili, oblatum, pactio, -onis, /., making a v.a., offer, present, expose. covenant, agreement. officium, -ii,n., duty, service. pactum, -i, n., covenant, omen, -inis, 7i., omen. agreement, quo . . . pacto, omitto, -ere, -misi, -mis- by what means ? how ? sum, r. a., leave out, pass paene, adv., almost.

over, neglect, give up, stop. paenitet, -ere, -uit, r. n., it - all, (icith omnis, -e, adj., every, makes to repent ; ace. in omnia, in all respects. and gen.) repent of, be sorry oneratus, -a, -um (partic. of for, be dissatisfied ^vitll. onero), burdened. pagina, «ae, /., page. xxu LIVY, BOOK IX

paiudamentum, -i, n., mili- pectus, -oris, n. , breast, heart, tary cloak, pecus, -oris, n., cattle, herd, pango, -ere, pepigi, pactum, pedes, -itis, m., foot-soldier, V. a., bargain for, agree to. infantry,

par, {gen.) paris, adj., equal, penes, prep, with ace. , in power as a match, of, in hands of, with, parco, -ere, peperci, parsum, penuria, -ae, /., want, scar- v.n., spare {with clat.). city. parens, -ntis,m. arid/., parent per, prep, ivith ace, through, {from pario). by means of. pareo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v.n., perago, -ere, -egi, -actum, obey, yield to {icith clat.). v.a., recount, describe, de- pariter, adv., equally, alike, liver, paro, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., peragro, -are, -avi, -atum, prepare, procure, V. a., traverse, pars, partis, /., part, side, percello, ere, -culi, -culsum, some. V. a., strike, partior, -iri, -itus, dep. v. a., percunctor, -art, -atus, dep. share, divide, partitus as v.a., inquire, investigate. passive partic. perciirro, -ere, -cucurri and partus, -a, -um {partic. of -curri, -cursum, v.a., run pario), acquired. through, look through, pasco, -ere, pavi, pastum, percutio, -ere, -cussi, -cus- V. a., feed, sum, V. a., strike (seeferio). passim, adv., on all sides, securi percutere = behead, pastor, -oris, m., shepherd, perdo, -ere, -didi, -ditum, pateo, -ere, -ui, v.n., lie open. V. a., destroy, perditus, -a, patens, partic. as adj., open, -um, = ruined, clear, patet — it is plain, perdomitus, -a, -um (partic. is proved, perdomo), quite subdued,

pater, -ris, m. , father, patres perdomo, -are, -ui, -itum, or patres conscript! — sena- V. a., subdue thoroughly. tors, pereo, -ire, -ivi and -ii, -itum, paternus, -a, -um, adj., of a V. n., perish, be destroyed, father, father's, perfero, -ferre, -tuli, -latum, patior, -i, passus, dep. v. a., v.a., carry through, suffer, perficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, patria, -ae, /., fatherland, V. a., carry out, complete, pauci, -ae, -a, adj., few. perfidus, -a, -um, adj., paulisper, adv., for a short treacherous, while. perfungor, -i, -functus (jcith paulo (or paullo), adv., by a fato), dep. V. n., complete little, one's destiny, die. paver, -oris, m., alarm, panic. perfusus, -a, -um, (partic. of pax, pacis, /., peace. perfundo), flooded, filled. VOCABULARY xxm

pergo, -ere, perrexi, perrec- plebs, -is, /., plebs, com- tum, r. n., go straight on, mons. The patres or proceed, (per-i-rego.) patricians and the plebs periculum, -i, n., danger. or plebeians made up the perinde, adv., (with ac) just Eoman 'populus.' as though. plenus, -a, -um, adj., full, pernicies, -ei, /., destruc- plerique, -aeque, -aque, adj., tion. several, pernicitas, -atis, /., agility, pliirimum, adv. {superl. of fleetness. multum), most,

perpetuus, -a, -um, adj. , con- plus, {gen.) pluris, adj. and tinuous, lasting, in per- adv., more, pliires, -a,= petuum - for ever. several, pertinacior, -ius, adj., (comp. poena, -ae,/., penalty. of pertinax more deter- polleo,-ere, v.n. haveweight, mined. have influence, pervenio, -ire, -veni, -ven- pono, -ere, posui, positum, tum, v.a., go through, v.a., place, lay down, reach. popiilus, -i, m., nation, pes, pedis, w., foot. people. peto, -ere, -ivi and -ii, -itum, porous, -i, m., pig. r. a., ask for. porro, adv., forward,

phalanx, -angis, /., phalanx, porta, -Re,f., gate, {esp. the Macedonian, a porto, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., body of men fifty abreast carry, and sixteen deep). posco, -ere, poposci, v.a., piaculum, -i, n., expiation, demand, peace-oflfering. possessio, -onis, /., posses- piget, -ere, -uit, v. a., it sion, ownership, grieves (with ace. and gen.). possum, posse, potui, v.n., pigniis, -eris and -oris, n., can, be able, security, pledge, stakes. post, prep, iciih ace, after, pIlTim, -i, n., the Roman behind, heavy javelin. postea, adv., afterwards, plus, -a, -um, adj., righteous. posterus, -a, -um, adj., next, placeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, r. n., postquam, conj., after that, (esp. pers. please ; 3rd unth when, dat.) be resolved on by. potentior, -ius, adj. {comp. of placo, -are, -avi, -atum, v.a., pot ens), more powerful, appease, pacify. potentissimus, -a, -um, adj. planus, -a, -um, adj., flat, {superl. of potens), most or level. very powerful, plaustrum, -i, n., waggon, potestas, -atis, /., power, in cart. potestate {with gen.) — at plebes, -ei and -is, /., and disposal of. ; ,.

XXIV LIVY, BOOK IX potius, adv., rather. praetorium, -u, n., the gen- prae, prep, with aU., by reason eral's quarters, of. praeverto, -ere, -verti, -ver- praebeo, -ere, -ui, -itum, v. a., sum, v.a., anticipate, offer, pi'esent, expose. pravitas, -atis, /., perverse- praecaveo, -ere, -cavi, -cau- ness. tum, r.w., take precautions precatio, -onis, /., prayer. (ab with abl.) against, invocation, praeceptum, -i, n., maxim, preces, -um, /., prayers, rule, precor, -ari, -atus, dep. v. a., praecipio, -ere, -cepi, -cep- pray, tum, V. a., anticipate, premo, -ere, -pressi, -pressum praecipuus, -a, -um, adj., t'.a., fallupon,attack,crush. special, remarkable, extra- pridie, adv., on the day before, ordinary, (quam, that), praeclarus, -a, -um, adj., primum, adv., first, specially glorious. primus, -a, -um, adj., first. praeco, -onis, m., crier, in primis = especially, herald, princeps, geti. -ipis, m., chief, prae da, -ae,/., prey, booty, principium, -ii, n., begin- praedator, -oris, m., plun- ning, first design, derer, prior, -us, adj., former, praefervidus, -a, -um, adj., prius, adv., before,

over - boiling, impetuous, priusquam, conj. {or prius . . volcanic, quam), before that, praegredior, -i, -gressus, dep. privatus, -a, -um, adj., not V. n., go in advance, in office, private, in pri- praeparatus, -a, -um, {partic. vate = in private, q/" praeparo), provided, pro, prep, loith abl., for, on praepedio, -ire, -Ivi and -ii, behalf of, in return for. -itum, r. «., hinder, forbid, pro certo habere = regard hamper, withhold, as certain, praesens, {gen.) -tis, adj., probo, -are, -avi, -atum, v.a., present, approve, praesidium, -ii, n., guard, proceres, -um, m., nobles, detachment, procul, adv., far. praesto, -are, -stiti, -stitum proditio, -onis, /., betrayal, and statum, v. a., give, treason, guarantee, prove, prodo, -ere, -didi, -ditum,

praeter, prep, tvith ace. , along, v. a., betray, ruin, praeterea, adv., besides, proelium, -ii, n., battle, praeterquam, adv., except profanus, -a, -um, adj., not {with quod) besides the fact sacred, that, except that. profero, -ferre, -tiili, -latum, praetor, -oris, m., praetor. v.a., put forth. .

VOCABULARY XXV proficiscor, -i, -fectus, dep. purpura, -ae, /., purple gar- V. n., set forth, march. ment. proinde, adv.. just as, accord- ingly. ciua,,rel.and interfog pron.. hj the prope, adv.. nearly. way which, by what way ? propitius, -a, -urn, adj.. fa- qua . . . qua = both . . . and. vourable. quaeunique, indef. j^^on., by propono, -ere, -posui, -posi- what way soever, where- tvun, r.«., set before, put soever ? forth, display. quaero, -ere, quaeslvi. quae- propter, j>rep. icith ace, near, sltum, r. a., ask, seek, long on account of. for, procure. proruo, -ere, -rui, -riitum, quaeso, v.a. .parenthetically), V. a., rush. I beg. prosequor, -1, -secutus, r. a., quaestio, -onis, /., inquiry. attend, escort, honour. quaestor, -oris, m., quaestor, prospere, adv., successfully. paymaster. prosterno, -ere, -stravi, -stra- quails, -€. rel. pron., as, 'carrel, tum, V. a., throw down. to talis, such, xchich may he protinus, adv., straight on. omitted in Latin^. provincia, -ae, /., official quam, rel adv., as ; with com-

duty, province. parative alius, than ; tcith provoco, -are, -avi, -atum, ante, prius, pridie, post, v.a., challenge. before that, after that, proxumvis, -a, -um, adj., next. tam . . . quam = as ... as. prudentissimus, -a, -um, adj. quam primum = as soon as {superl. of prudens), very possible, quam, xcith superl. ^se. = as ... as possible. puberes, -um, m., adults. quam, iyiterrog.adv., how? publicus, -a, -um, adj., pub- quamquam, conj., although lic, of the people, in pub- (xcith indie). licum = into a public place, quando, conj., when, since the streets. 'u-ith indie). pudet, -ere, -uit or -itum est, quandoque, conj., since. v.a., it shames (ynth ace. and quantus, -a, -um, relpron., as gen.^. correl. to tantus, which may pudor,-oris, ?n., shame, sense he omitted in Latin, asgreat , .

of shame. as), tanto . . . quanto = by puer, -i, m.. boy; (m pl.\ so much ... as, as . . . as. children. intetrog. pron., how great ? pugna, -ae, /., fight, battle. (quanto? = by how much?) pugno, -are, -avi, -atum, v.n., quantuscumque, -a, -um, fight. indef. pron., however great. pullarius, -ii, w., chicken- quantuslibet, -a, -um, itulef. feeder. pron., however large. .

XXVI LIVY, BOOK IX

quatemi, -ae, -a, adj., four pron., who, what in fact? each, four on each occasion. quonam pacto = how.

quattuor, indecl. adj. , four. quini, -ae, -a, adj., five each, que, conj. {after first word of five on each occasion, connexion), and. quinquageni, -ae, -a, adj., quemadmodum, conj., as. fifty each, or fifty at a time, queror, -i, questus, dep.v.n., quippe, adv., in fact, complain. quis, quid, interrog. pron., who, qui, quae, quod, pron. rel. and what? interrog. adj., who, which. quis, qua, quid, ind^. pron., quia, conj., because, since any {with si or ne). (icith indie). quisquam, quae-, quic-, indef, quicumque, quae-, quod-, pron., any one, anything indef. pron., whosoever, (after negative^. whatsoever. qmsque, quae-, quid-, quod-, quidam, quae-, quod-, indef. indef pron., each one (of pron., a certain one (known many); aZso = uterque.

but not named) ; a sort of quo, adv. rel. and interrog.,

(used to tone doum a metaphor), whither ; whither ? as it were. quo, by which, with stibj. —in quidenijOfZu., indeed, ne . . order that (generally with quidem = not even. comparative). quidquid, vnth gen., whatso- quo-minus, by which the

ever of, all that {from quis- less, icith subj. ; in order quis). that not, so that not (e.g. quies, -etis, /., rest, sleep. after fieri, morari, per ali- quiesco, -ere, -evi, -etuni,v.n., quem stare). rest. quod, conj. with indie, a thing quietus, -a, -um, adj., quiet, which, as to fact that, peaceful. because, quod si = but if. qmlibet, quae-, quod-, indef. quoniam, conj. with indie, pron., who, which you since, please, any you please. quoque, adv., also, quin, interrog. adv., how not, quot, indecl. interrog. pron., how why not ? rel, adv., how many?

not. phr., non procul abest quu- : see cu-. quin, withsubjunct. = it is far

distant but that ; almost, radix, -icis,/., root, on the point of. haud ratum habeo = ratify, dubium est qxiin, with ratus, -a, -um. See reor. stibjmict. = there is no doubt rebello, -are, -avi, -atum, but that, undoubtedly, V. n., renew a war.

unhesitatingly, quin , with recens, (gen.) -tis, adj., fresh, or rcitJwut etiam, nay but. recent, quinana, quae-, quod-, interrog. recenseo, -ere, -censui, -cen- VOCABULARY XXVll

sum and -censitum, v. a., repente, adv., suddenly. recount, review, repeto, -ere, -petivi aiid -ii, receptus, -us, 7n., retreat, -Itum, v.a., require, re- recipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptum. trace. v.a., take again, recover, repudio, -are, -avi, -atum. take back. V. a., reject, repudiate. rec:ncilio, -are, -avi, -atum, reqmes, -etis {ace. -et«m and r. a., re-establish, -em\ /., rest. recorder, -ari, -atus, dep.v.a., res, rei,/., thing, matter, fact, remember, affairs, property. recupero, -are, -avi, -atum, rescribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scrip- v.a., recover. tum, v.a.f re-enroll, re- reciiso, -are, -avi, -atum, v.a., enlist. refuse. resisto, -ere, -stiti, r. n., op- reddo, -ere, reddidi, reddi- pose, stand one's ground, tum, V. a., give back, stop {with dai.). restore. respectus, -us, m., regard. redeo,-Ire, -ivi and -ii, -itum, respondeo, -ere, -spondi, r. n., go back, return, -sponsum, v. a., answer redimo, -ere, -emi, -emptum, (with d

remitto, -ere, -misi, -mis- I rumor, -oris, m., report, v.a sum, , send back, give I hearsay.

' up, take off, excuse. rujnpo, -ere, rupi, ruptum,

renascor, -i, -natus, v.n., re- ! V.a., break, dissolve. rui, v. vive, be renewed. i ruo, -ere, rutum, w., renujitio, -are, -avi, -atum, rush. j r. a., report. rupes, -is,/., rock. reor,reri,ratus,cZep.r.a., think. rursus, adv., again. XXVlll LIVY, BOOK IX sacrosanctus, -a, -um, adj., scutum, -i, n., shield. inviolable, sacred. se and semet (sui, sibi, se), saeculum, -i, w., age, genera- reflex, pron., himself, them- tion (of thirty-three years). selves, inter se = mutual- saepe, adv., often. ly, one with another. saepio, -ire, saepsi, saeptum, secu-: see sequor. V. a., block, close. secundujn, prep, with ace, saevio, -ire, -ii, -itum, v. n., next to, after. show cruelty, wreak ven- secundus, -a, -um, adj., fa- geance. vourable, prosperous. saevitia, -ae, /., cruelty, securis, -is,/., axe. sagitta, -ae,/., arrow. sed, conj., but. saltus, -us, m., mountain- sedeo, -ere, sedi, sessum, pass. V. n., sit still. salus, -litis, /., safety, greet- sedes, -is, /., (of mountain) ing. base, roots. saliito, -are, -avi, -atum, o.a., seditio, -onis, /., dissension, greet. disturbance. salvus, -a, -um, >n., safe, segnius, comp. adv. o/segniter, salva religione = without too slowly, with a want of doing violence to con- alacrity. science. seminudus, -a, -um, adj., sancio, -ire, sanxi, sanctum, half-naked. V. a., make binding, make semper, adv., always. a contract. senator, -oris, m., senator. sanctus, -a, -um, adj., binding. senatus, -us, m., senate. sangms, -inis, m., blood, senex, {gen.) senis, old. senes bloodshed. = old people (over forty), sanus, -a, -um, adj., sound. senior {comp.) = elderly, sarcinae, -arum, /., baggage. advanced in years. sarisa, -ae, /., the Macedo- sententia, -ae, /., proposal, nian pike. counsel, plan. satis, adv., enough, suffici- septem, adj. inded., seven. ently, fairly well, rather. sequor, -i, secutus, dep. v. a., saxum, -i, n., stone. follow, accompany, be led scelvis, -eris, n., crime, im- by. piety. sermo, -onis, m., talk, report, scio, -ire, -ivi and ii, -itum, language,

v.a. , know, (with in/in.) know sero, adv., late in the day, how to, be able, haud too late, scio an = I feel sure. servo, -are, -avi, -atum, v.a., scribo, -ere, scripsi, scrip- keep, save, preserve, turn, V. a., write, record, servus, -i, m.', slave, enlist. sescenti, -ae, -a, adj., six scriptor, -oris, m., historian. hundred. VOCABULARY XXIX

seu . . . seu, coyij. , be it . . . or, sons, '^gen.) sontis, adj., guilty.

whether ... or. sors, sortis, /., lot. fortune. si, conj.. if. spado, -onis, m., eunuch. sibi and sibimet. See se. spatium, -ii, n., space. sic, adv.. thus. so. species, -ei, /, appearance, sicut, adv., just as. aspect, pretence, cloak. signifer, -eri, m., standard- spectaculum, -i, n.. sight. bearer. specto, -are, -avi, -atum, v.a., signum, -1, n., signal, stand- look to, regard, judge, ard, signa conferre = nieet sperno, -ere, sprevi, spretum, in battle, join issue. V. a., despise, reject. silentivun, -ii, ?z., silence. spes, -ei,/., hope, expectation. sileo, -ere, -ui, r. w., be silent, spondeo, -ere, spopondi, be not mentioned. sponsum, v. a., make an silva, -ae, /., a wood. engagement, promise, guar- Silvester and -ris, -e, adj., antee. wooded, woodland. sponsio, -onis, /., engage- silv6sus,-a, -um, adj., wooded. ment, promise similis, -e, adj., like (icifh sprnsor, -oris, m., surety.

dat). sponte [icith sua , voluntarily, simul, adv., at same time. of their o .vn accord. simulo, -are, -avi, -atum, v.a., statarius, -a, -um, adj., sta pretend. tionary. sine, i>rep. it'Hh ahl., without. st&tio, -onis, /., outpost singuli, -ae, -a, adj., one picket. apiece, one by one, the statuo, -ere, -ui, -iitum, r, a. several, individual. appoint, determine. sino, -ere, sivi, situm, r. a., stimulo, -are, -avi, -atum allow. V. a., goad, excite. sisto, -ere, stiti, statum, r. a., stirps, stirpis, /,, family

stay, stop ; hcith gradum) birth. come to a standstill. sto, stare, steti, statum, r. n societas, -atis, /. , alliance. stand, stand firm ; tcith socius, -ii, m., ally. ahl. ) abide by. per aliquem solacium, -ii, n., comfort, stare quominus = to be ow consolation. ing to a person that not. soleo, -ere, solitii.s, v. n., be stringo, -ere, strinxi, stric accustomed. tum, r. a., draw. sollemnis, -e, adj., customary, stiipor, -oris, m., bewilder- sollertivis, coynp. adv. of sol- ment. lerter, more skilfully, sub, prep, {with ace. and ahl.), shrewdly. under. solum, adv., only. subduco, -ere, -duxi, -duc- solus, -a, -um, adj., alone. tum, v.a., withdraw se- somnium, -ii, )t., dream. cretly, filch away. XXX LIVY, BOOK IX subeo, -ire, -ivi and ii, -itum, supplementum, -i, n., rein- v.a., undergo, forcements, supplies. subigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, supplicium, -ii, n., punish- v.a., drive, force, subdue, ment, death-penalty. subinde, adv., immediately surdus, -a, -um, adj., deaf. after, surgo, -ere, surrexi, surree- subito, adv., suddenly, tum, V. n., arise. subitus, -a, -um, adj., sudden, sustineo, -ere, -tinui, -ten- sublatus, partic. of tollo, turn, V. a., endure, bear, raised, stand ground against. subsidium, -ii, n., reserves, suus, -a, -um, possess, pron., subsisto, -ere, -stiti, v. n., his, her, its, their own. halt, subveho, -ere, -vexi, -vec- taberna, -ae, /., shop, tum, v.a., bring in secretly. tabernaculum, -i, n., tent, succedo,-ere, -cessi, -cessum, tacitus, -a, -um. adj., silent, v.n. (with dat.), take up in taedet, -ere, -uit, v. a., it succession, come up to. wearies (icith ace. and gen.). sufficio, -ere, -feci, -fectum, talis, -e, dem.pron., such,

v. a., elect in place of ; v. n., tarn, adv. icith adj. and adv.),

suffice, so ; {followed by quam), sum, esse, fui, r. n., be. as . . . as. svunmus, -a, -um, adj. {snperl. tamen, adv., nevertheless, of supei-us), highest, top- yet. mo.'it, e.g. summus saltus, tarnquam, adv., as though,

adv. , the top of the pass, tandem, at last ; Jn super, prep, with ace, in addi- questions) pray, tion to. tanto {abl. of tantus), by so superbe, adv., haughtily. much (quanto) as, so . . . as. siiperbia,-ae,/., haughtiness, tantum, adv., merely, pride, tantummodo, adv., merely, superbus, -a, -um, adj., only, haughty, arrogant, tantus, -a, -um, dem.pron., so supero, -are, -avi, -atum, great, so much, v.a., overcome, be better te, ace. o/tu. than, outdo, crown, tectum, -i, n., hou.se, home, supersum, -esse, -fui, r. 7i., (roof, ? in 12). survive, tegumentum,-i, n., covering, superus, -a, -um, adj., upper. telum, -i, n., weapon (of mare superum = the Adri- offence). atic, temeritas, -atis, /., indiscre- suppedito, -are, -avi, -atum, tion,

V. a. , supply, tempestas, -atis, /., time, suppeto, -ere, -Ivi and ii, templum, -i, n., sacred place, -itum, V. n., be in store. temple. VOCABULARY XXXI tempto,-are, -avi,-aturQ. v. a., tribunal, -is, n., platform, test, tribunal. tempus, -oris, n., time, date. tribunus, -i, m., tribune, tri- post tempus ^- late, ante bunus militum = military tempus = early, tribune, tribunus plebis temiilentu^, -a, -um, adj., or plebei = plebeian tribune. tipsy, triduum, -i, n., a space of teneo, -ere, -ui, tentum, v. a., three days. hold, keep, seize, bind, triginta, adj. indecl., thirty. teniis, prep, after abl., as far as, tristis, -e, adj., sad, unfavour- tergum, -i,n., back, a tergo = able. €07712^- ff^V-i tristior, in the rear, -us, sad, gloomy. terror, -oris, m., dread, fright, triumpho, -are, -avi, -atvim, tertium, adv., for the third r. n., celebrate a triumph. time, triumphus, -i, m., a trium- tertius, -a, -um, adj., third. phal procession. testis, -is, m., witness, trvix, {gen., trucis, adj., timeo, -ere, -ui, v. a. and n., savage, stern. fear, tueor, -eri, -itus, dep. v. a., timor, -oris, m., fear, protect. tiro, -onis, m., recruit. (With tul- : see fero. exercitus, army ofrecruits.) turn, adv., then. tolero, -are, -avi, -atum, v. a., turba, -ae, /., crowd, popula- endure, (obsidionem^ stand tion. a siege. turpis, -e, adj., disgraceful, tollo, -ere, sustuli, sublatum, degrading. v.a., remove, raise, tutior, -ius, adj. {comp. of torpor, -oris, m., numbness, tutus), safer. paralysis. tot, pron. mdecL, so many, ubi, conj., when, where, trado, -ere, -didi, -ditum, v.a., whereas, deliver up. ubicumque, adv., w^hereso- tradiico, -ere, -duxi, -duc- ever. tum, V. a., lead across, ubique, culr., eveiywhere. parade, pasS; spend. ulciscor, -i, ultus, dep. v. a., traho, -ere, traxi, tractum, avenge. v.a., draw, drag, lead, uUus, -a, -um, adj., any, make to bend, any one. traicio, -ere, traieci, traiec- ultimus, -a, -um, adj., last,

tum, V. a., cross, ultor, -oris, m. , avenger, transigo, -ere, -egi, -actum, ultra, adv., further, V. a., settle, despatch, ;^cer- umquam, adv., ever, at any tamen) bring about or time, bring to an end. unde, conj., whence, tT^deGiin.,adJ.indecl.,thirteen. undique, adv., on all sides. XXXll LIVY, BOOK IX unicus, -a, -um, adj., single, vario, -are, -avi, -atum, r.n., standing alone, peerless, fluctuate, universus, -a, -um, adj., all vaticinor, -ari, -atus, d^.v.a., together, all in a body. prophesy, unus,-a, -um, adj., one, alone. vehementior, -ius, adj. {comp. ad unum = to a man. o/ vehemens), more power- urbanus, -a, -um, adj., of the ful, city, urban, veho, -ere, vexi, vectum, v.a., urbs, urbis, /., city. carry, urgeo, -ere, ursi, v. a., urge vel, conj. and adv., or. vel . . . on. vel, either ... or. usque, adv. (ivith ad), right vello, -ere, velli and vulsi, up to. vulsum, v.a., tear down, usura, -ae, /., interest. velut, adv., just as. ut, uti, conj. and adv., as. venia, -ae, /., pardon, quar-

...... ter. ut ita, as so. ut, ! with indie, as, when, ut, venio, -ire, veni, ventum, icith subj., that, in order v.n., come, that, so that, that, to the verbum, -i, n., word, verba effect that, though, facere - make a speech. uter, -ra, -um, rel., which of verba legitima = the legal the two. formula, uterque, -traque, -trumque, vera, adv., truly. Comp.

adj., both ; in pi., both verius. parties, vereciindia, -ae, /., awe, utilis, -e, adj., useful, ser- respect, viceable, verendus, -a, -um, adj., ven- utique, adv., at least, at any erable, rate. vero, adv., indeed, utrum, adv., (with an) verto, -ere, verti, versum, whether ... or. V. a. and n., turn, verus, -a, -um, adj., true, real, vado, -ere, v. n., go. vesanus, -a, -um, adj., insane, vagus, -a, -um, adj., roaming. mad. 2>ossess.pron. validus, -a, -um, adj., strong. vaster, -ra, -rum, , valliim, -i, n., rampart with your, palisades. vestigium, -ii, w., trace, vanitas, -atis, /., vain-glory. vestimentujn, -i, n., garment, vanus, -a, -um, adj. (comp. and vestis, -is, /., clothing, superl. vanior, vanissimus), veteranus, -a, -um, adj., empty, worthless, vain- veteran, glorious. veto, -are, -ui, -itum, v. a., varietas, -atis, /., diversity, forbid, introduction of episodes, vetustus, -a, -um, adj., &c. ancient. VOCABULARY XXXlll

vexo, -are, -avi, -atura, r. a., vir, viri, »?., man.

harass, trouble. vires, -ium, /., strength, via, -ae, /., way, road, route, forces [pi. o/vis). course, virga, -ae,/., rod. vicatim, adv., in villages. virtus, -litis, /., good quali- viceni, -ae, -a, adj., twenty ties, valour, each, twenty at a time, vis (vim, vi;, /., force, victor, -oris, m., conqueror ; violence, vis imperii = im- (as adj. ' victorious, periousness. victoria, -ae, /., victory, viscera, -um, n.pl., flesh. victus, -a. -um, /rcnn vinco, ^'ita, -ae,/., life,

the conquered, vitiujn, -ii, >?,, defect, flaw, victiirus, -a. -uni, /nt. part, of vivo, -ere, vixi, victum, r.n., vivo, ojid o/ vinco. live,

videlicet, adx.s I suppose I vivus, -a, -um, adj., alive,

yironkal . vix, adj., scarcely, video, -ere, vidi, visum, r.a.. vobis, vobiscum, ahl. of vos see. {icifh cum\ vide or, -eri. visus, dep. v. n., vociferor, -ari, -atus, dtp. r.n., seem, cry aloud, videtur, (twpers." it seems voco, -are, -avi, -atum, r.a.. good. call, summon, vigeo, -ere, v. n., be strong. volgo. .See vulgo. vigiliae, -arum, /. {pJ. of volo, velle, volui, r.a.. wi-.h, vigilia, watch}, sentinels, wish for. viginti, adj. inded., twenty. v61untarius,-ii, w., volunteer, vigor, -oris, m., strength, voluntas, -atis, /., goodwill. energy, loyalty, vilis, -e, adj., worthless, voluto, -are, -avi, -atum, vincio, -ire, vinxi, vinctum, r. a., busy, occupy, r. a., bind, vos, n. ayid acc.pl. of in. vinclum or vinculum, -i, n., vox, vocis, /., voice, bonds, obligation. vulgo, -are, -avi, -atum, r.a., vinco, -ere, vTci, victum,. r.a., publish, conquer, defeat, prevail vulgo, adv., generally, upon, vulnero, -are, -avi, -atum, vindex, -icis, m., avenger, v.a., wound, vinum, -i, n,, wine, vulnus, -eris, n., wound, loss violo, -are, -avi, -atum, r.a,, of life,

violate, profane, commit vultus, -lis, »«., looks, expres- sacrilege on. sion of face.

LI7T IX