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I t a l i e n Römisches Königreich Seit ca. 700.000 Jahren ist Italien von Menschen bewohnt. Der Gebrauch von Feuer ist seit dieser Zeit archäologisch nachgewiesen. Vor 40.000 verschwand der Neandertaler. Um 6200 v. Chr. sind Einflüsse aus dem östlichen Mittelmeerraum nachzuweisen. Ab dem 8. Jahrhundert v. Chr. begann die griechische Kolonisation Süditaliens. In Oberitalien lebten im 5. Jahrhundert v. Chr. Kelten u. Ligurer, im Nordosten Veneter. Mittelitalien war von Umbrern, Latinern, Sabinern u. Volkskern bewohnt. Im Süden waren die Samniten, Messapier u. Lukanier seßhaft. Die Karthager gründeten Kolonien auf Sizilien u. Sardinien u. standen sie zeitweise mit Rom u. den Etruskern im Bündnis. Rom ging im 8. Jh. aus mehreren Dörfern hervor u. löste 509 v. Chr. die Königsherrschaft u. die Dominanz der Etrusker ab. In den Mythen hatte die Expansion zunächst im Kampf mit den Sabinern u. der Stadt Alba Longa begonnen. Zehn Jahre hatten die Griechen Troja belagert. Aus dem völligen Untergang der Stadt konnte sich Äneas, Sohn der Göttin Venus, mit einigen Trojanern retten. Nach langen Irrfahrten im Mittelmeer kamen sie nach Italien. Nach erkämpftem Heimatrecht, heiratete Äneas die Tochter des Königs von Latium. Unter ihren Nachkommen, Numitor u. Amulius, kam es zum Streit um die Herrschaft. Numitor, der rechtmäßige Herrscher, wurde vertrieben. Jedoch brachte seine Tochter, die sich heimlich mit dem Kriegsgott Mars verheiratet hatte, die Zwillinge Romulus u. Remus zur Welt. Als Romulus u. Remus erwachsen waren, töteten sie Amulius u. setzten ihren Großvater wieder als König ein. Die erste Siedlung auf dem Palatin wurde am 21. April 753 v. Chr. von Romulus u. Remus umgrenzt. Remus wird wegen Übertretung der Grenzen von seinem Bruder ermordet. Es vollzieht sich eine Zusammenführung der Latiner des Palatins mit den Sabinern des Kapitols, Quirinal u. Esquilin. Romulus u. Remus sind die Söhne des Gottes Mars u. Rhea Silvia, der Tochter von König Numitor v. Alba Longa. Rom - ein Stadtstaat des 9./8. Jahrhunderts mit sagenhaft überlieferten Königen. Die Siedlung wird um 650 v. Chr. auf dem Palatin mit Ausrichtung auf die höhere Kultur der Etrusker gegründet. Die Sprache bleibt latinisch, den seit Vorzeiten ansässigen Italikern verwandt. Der capitolinische Hügel wird in Rom zum Führungsmittelpunkt u. bis zur Vertreibung von König Tarquinius ein Königtum u. seit 510 v. Chr. Republik. Nach der Plünderung Roms 387 v. Chr. durch die Gallier, wurde Rom mit der Servianischen Mauer umgeben. Ausdehnung der Macht über Mittel- u. Süditalien bis 270 v. Chr. Die Festigung der Macht wurde erreicht mit den siegreichen Schlachten in den drei Punischen Kriegen (264-241, 218-201 u. 149-146 v. Chr.). Die Stadt Rom erweiterte ihren Machtbereich u. das Territorium ständig bis ins erste Jahrhundert u. erlangte einen beherrschenden Einfluss über die Länder am Mittelmeer. Im Innern der Republik führte diese Entwicklung zu Machtkämpfen bis hin zur Ermordung Caesars 44 v. Chr. durch Brutus. Caesar u. Augustus schufen die Grundlagen zur Weltmacht. Mit der Abwanderung der Langobarden aus Oberpannonien (Westungarn) nach Italien im Jahr 568 hat die sogenannte Völkerwanderung ihren Abschluss gefunden. Die 7 Hügel Roms: Capitol Palatin (auf ihm ausgegrabene sehr alte Siedlung) Aventin Esquilin (Bäder des Diokletian) Caelius Quirinal Viminal Weitere Hügel jenseits des Tibers: Pincio Oppian Gianicolo Herrscher vor der Gründung Rom’s dItalus dItalus. Mythischer König, der dem Land den Namen gab. dJanus dJanus Römischer Gott von Anfangs u. Ende. König v. Latium. Nahm den vor Jupiter fliehenden Saturnus auf. Ehe mit Venilia. Tochter: Canens. Ehe mit Kg. dPicus v. Laurentium, Nachfolger in Alba Longa. dSaturnus dSaturnus. Sohn des Himmelsgottes dCaelus u. der Erdgöttin dTellus. Gott des Ackerbaus, der Aussaat (griech. Kronos) Ehe mit Ops (griech. Rhea). Söhne: dJupiter dPicus, Nachfolger in Alba Longa. dPicus dPicus. S. u. N. von dSaturnus u. Ops (griech. Rhea) Gefolgsmann von Mars. Sohn: dFaunus, Nachfolger in Alba Longa. dFaunus dFaunus. S u. N. von dPicus u. Enkel von dSaturn. Naturgott. Gott der Fruchtbarkeit, des Ackerbaus und der Viehzucht. König v. Latium. Ehe mit dFauna. Sohn: dLatinus, Nachfolger in Alba Longa. König dLatinus. S. u. N. von dFaunus u. der Nymphe dMarica. Urenkel von dSaturn. dLatinus Herrscher in Latium der Aborigines. Nahm dAeneas als trojanischen Flüchtling auf u. gab ihm seine Tochter zur Gemahlin. Im Krieg mit den Trojanern abgedankt oder getötet. Urahn der Römer. Gab ihrer Sprache (Latein) den Namen. Ehe mit Amata. Tochter: Lavinia. Ehe mit dAeneas, Sohn von Anchises u. dVenus. König dÄneas. Sohn von Anchises u. dVenus (griech. dAphrodite) dÄneas Stammvater der Römer. 1. Ehe mit Krèusa v. Troja. Sohn: Askanius (Julius), Geschlecht der Julier. 2. Ehe mit Lavina, Tochter von König Latinus. Sohn: Silvius König Askanius (Julius), Geschlecht der Julier. S. u. N. von Kg. dÄneas v. Alba Longa u. Askanius Krèusa. 1179 - 1141 Gründer u. erster König von Alba Longa (Mutterstadt Roms) Sohn: Iulius (unterlag in einer Volkswahl Silvius) König Äneas Postumius Silvius. Sohn von dÄneas u. Lavina, Tochter von König Latinus v. Silvius Alba Longa. Nachfolger seines Halbbruders Kg. Ascanius v. Alba Longa. Kg. von Alba 1141 - 1112 Longa. Sohn: Aeneas Silvius, Nachfolger in Alba Longa. Alle Könige von Alba Longa nach Silvius trugen „Silvius“ als Beinamen. König Aeneas Silvius. S. u. N. von Kg. Äneas Postumius Silvius v. Alba Longa. Aeneas Silvius König von Alba Longa. Sein Nachfolger war Latinus Silvius. 1112 - 1081 Sohn: Latinus Silvius, Nachfolger in Alba Longa. König Latinus Silvius. S. u. N. von Kg. Aeneas Silvius von Alba Longa. Latinus Silvius König von Alba Longa. Sein Nachfolger war Alba Silvius. 1081 - 1030 Sohn: Alba Silvius, Nachfolger in Alba Longa. König Alba Silvius. S. u. N. von Kg. Latinus Silvius v. Alba Longa. Alba Silvius König von Alba Longa. Sein Nachfolger war Atys Silvius. 1030 - 991 Sohn: Atys Silvius, Nachfolger in Alba Longa. König Atys Silvius. .S. u. N. von Kg. Alba Silvius v. Alba Longa. Atys Silvius König von Alba Longa. Sein Nachfolger war Capys. 991 - 965 Sohn: Capys Silvius, Nachfolger in Alba Longa. König Capys Silvius. S. u. N. von Kg. Atys Silvius v. Alba Longa. Capys Silvius König von Alba Longa. Sein Nachfolger war Capetus Silvius. 965 - 937 Sohn: Capetus Silvius, Nachfolger in Alba Longa. König Capetus (Calpetus) Silvius. S. u. N. von Kg. Capys Silvius v. Alba Longa. Capetus Silvius König von Alba Longa. Sein Nachfolger war Tiberinus Silvius. 937 - 924 König Tiberinus Silvius Tiberinus Silvius König von Alba Longa. 924 - 916 †, ertrunken im Fluss Albula König Agrippa Silvius Agrippa Silvius 10. König von Alba Longa. Sein Nachfolger war Romulus Silvius. 916 - 875 König Romulus Silvius Romulus Silvius König von Alba Longa. Sein Nachfolger war Aventinus Silvius. 875 - 856 König Aventinus Silvius Aventinus Silvius König von Alba Longa. Sein Nachfolger war Proca. 856 - 819 Sohn: Procas Silvius, Nachfolger in Alba Longa. König Proca (Procas) Silvius. S. u. N. von Kg. Aventinus Silvius v. Alba Longa. Proca Silvius König von Alba Longa. 819 - 796 Söhne: Numitor, Erbe von Thron u. Herrschaft. Amulius, Erbe von Land u. Herden König Numitor Silvius. S. u. N. von Kg. Procas Silvius v. Alba Longa. Numitor Kg. Numitor wurde von seinem jüngeren Bruder Amulius entthront u. seine Söhne 796 ermordet. Regierte in der altitalienischen Stadt Alba Longa. Kinder: Söhne (von Amulius ermordet) Rhea Silvia. Von Amulius zur Priesterin gebannt. Brach ihr Gelübde in Liaison mit dem Kriegsgott dMars, danach Gemahlin von Flussgott dTiberius (ertränkt durch König Amulius). Zwillinge: Romulus Remus König Amulius Silviu. Jüngerer Sohn von Kg. Procas Silvius v. Alba Longa. Nachfolger u. Amulius Silvius Bruder von Kg. Numitot v. Alba Longa. 796 - 754 15. König von Alba Longa. Er stürzte seinen älteren Bruder Numitor Silvius vom Thron u. zwang dessen Tochter Rhea Silvia zur jungfräulichen Dienerin der Herdgöttin Vesta, um keine Nachkommen zu zeugen. Rhea Silvia brach ihr Gelübde u. gebar von dMars die Zwillinge Romulus u. Remus. Sie wurde dafür ertränkt u. von Flussgott Tiberius gerettet. Nachdem Numitor Silvius erfuhr, dass die Kinder, die beim Hirten Faustulus aufwuchsen, seine Enkel waren, ging er mit ihnen zum Königspalast von Alba Longa u. töteten Amulius. Letzter dem Askanius folgender König aus dem Geschlecht der Julier. † 754 v. Chr., erm. von Romulus Sieben Könige von 753 bis 510 v. Chr. König Romulus Quirinus. Der Sage nach ein Sohn des Kriegsgottes dMars u. der Vestalin Rhea Romulus Silvia, Tochter von König Numitor v. Alba Longa. 753 - 715 Der Legende nach hatte der Hirt Faustulus die auf dem Tiber ausgesetzten Zwillinge, † 715 Romulus u. Remus, gefunden. Obwohl von einer Wölfin bis zu ihrer Auffindung gesäugt, wurden sie von dem Hirten u. Ziehvater Faustulus u. seiner Frau Acca Larentia aufgezogen u. bekamen von ihnen ihre Namen. Die Zwillinge nahmen Rache u. ermordeten König Amulius. Sie gründeten die Stadt Rom auf dem Palatin. In der Nähe ihrer Auffindung u. Säugung wurde die Kirche „San Giorgio in Velabro“ erbaut. Wölfin mit Romulus u. 1. König v. Rom u. Gründer von Rom 753 v. Chr. am Ort ihrer Rettung. Im Streit um Remus die Einhaltung der Grenzen erschlug Romulus seinen Bruder Remus u. erklärte sich zum König. Der Raub der Sabinerinnen diente dem Fortbestand seines Volkes u. der Aufrechterhaltung seiner Macht. Titus Tatius war nach Vereinigung mit den Sabinern kurzzeitig sein Mitregent. Romulus führte eine kriegerische Regierung u. verschwand während einer Heerschau. - Vergöttlicht - † 715 (vermutlich ermordet) König Numa Pompilius, * um 750 v. Chr., Sabiner. Sohn von Pompo. Numa Pompilius 2. König v. Rom. Friedliebender Gesetzgeber. Begründer der wichtigsten Götterkulte 715 - 670 u. religiöser Einrichtungen. Verbesserung des röm. Kalenders mit 12 statt 10 Monaten. * um 750 Regierte 46 Jahre. † 670 1. Ehe mit Tatia, Tochter von König Titus Tatius der Sabiner. 2. Ehe mit der römischen Quellnymphe Egeria. Söhne: Mamercus Calpus Pinus Pompo 3. Ehe mit Pompillia. Sohn: Ancus Marcius † 670 König Tullus Hostilius, * um 710. Enkel der Sabinerin Hersilia, Gemahlin von Romulus.
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    Daniel 11:20-45 Commentary Click chart to enlarge PREVIOUS Charts from recommended resource Jensen's Survey of the OT - used by permission NEXT Daniel 11:20 THEN IN HIS PLACE ONE WILL ARISE WHO WILL SEND AN OPPRESSOR THROUGH THE JEWEL OF HIS KINGDOM; YET WITHIN A FEW DAYS HE WILL BE SHATTERED, THOUGH NOT IN ANGER NOR IN BATTLE. place, Da 11:7,21 Dt 15:2,3 2Ki 23:35 Daniel 11 Resources - Multiple Sermons and Commentaries Time: 187-175BC In his place one will arise - Seleucus IV Philopator (187-175BC) Will send an oppressor through the jewel of his kingdom - A tax collector. Oppressor (05065) (nagas) is a verb which means to force someone to do something, as in this context where it refers to forcing someone to pay money (cf 2Ki 23:35). Walvoord explains the reason for the taxation "Because of the rising power of Rome, he (Seleucus IV Philopator) was forced to pay tribute to the Romans of a thousand talents annually. In order to raise this large amount of money, Seleucus had to tax all the lands under his domain, including special taxes from the Jews secured by a tax collector named Heliodorus (2Macc 3:7) who took treasures from the temple at Jerusalem (Ed: But read the record from Second Maccabees). Second Maccabees records a quite incredible story regarding Heliodorus attempts to take funds from the Jewish Temple… While they (Jews distraught that Heliodorus was attempting to take funds from God's House) were imploring the almighty Lord to keep the deposits safe and secure for those who had placed them in trust, Heliodorus went on with his plan.
  • Pompeii and Herculaneum: a Sourcebook Allows Readers to Form a Richer and More Diverse Picture of Urban Life on the Bay of Naples

    Pompeii and Herculaneum: a Sourcebook Allows Readers to Form a Richer and More Diverse Picture of Urban Life on the Bay of Naples

    POMPEII AND HERCULANEUM The original edition of Pompeii: A Sourcebook was a crucial resource for students of the site. Now updated to include material from Herculaneum, the neighbouring town also buried in the eruption of Vesuvius, Pompeii and Herculaneum: A Sourcebook allows readers to form a richer and more diverse picture of urban life on the Bay of Naples. Focusing upon inscriptions and ancient texts, it translates and sets into context a representative sample of the huge range of source material uncovered in these towns. From the labels on wine jars to scribbled insults, and from advertisements for gladiatorial contests to love poetry, the individual chapters explore the early history of Pompeii and Herculaneum, their destruction, leisure pursuits, politics, commerce, religion, the family and society. Information about Pompeii and Herculaneum from authors based in Rome is included, but the great majority of sources come from the cities themselves, written by their ordinary inhabitants – men and women, citizens and slaves. Incorporating the latest research and finds from the two cities and enhanced with more photographs, maps and plans, Pompeii and Herculaneum: A Sourcebook offers an invaluable resource for anyone studying or visiting the sites. Alison E. Cooley is Reader in Classics and Ancient History at the University of Warwick. Her recent publications include Pompeii. An Archaeological Site History (2003), a translation, edition and commentary of the Res Gestae Divi Augusti (2009), and The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy (2012). M.G.L. Cooley teaches Classics and is Head of Scholars at Warwick School. He is Chairman and General Editor of the LACTOR sourcebooks, and has edited three volumes in the series: The Age of Augustus (2003), Cicero’s Consulship Campaign (2009) and Tiberius to Nero (2011).
  • Aguirre-Santiago-Thesis-2013.Pdf

    Aguirre-Santiago-Thesis-2013.Pdf

    CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE SIC SEMPER TYRANNIS: TYRANNICIDE AND VIOLENCE AS POLITICAL TOOLS IN REPUBLICAN ROME A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the degree of Master of Arts in History By Santiago Aguirre May 2013 The thesis of Santiago Aguirre is approved: ________________________ ______________ Thomas W. Devine, Ph.D. Date ________________________ ______________ Patricia Juarez-Dappe, Ph.D. Date ________________________ ______________ Frank L. Vatai, Ph.D, Chair Date California State University, Northridge ii DEDICATION For my mother and father, who brought me to this country at the age of three and have provided me with love and guidance ever since. From the bottom of my heart, I want to thank you for all the sacrifices that you have made to help me fulfill my dreams. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I want to thank Dr. Frank L. Vatai. He helped me re-discover my love for Ancient Greek and Roman history, both through the various courses I took with him, and the wonderful opportunity he gave me to T.A. his course on Ancient Greece. The idea to write this thesis paper, after all, was first sparked when I took Dr. Vatai’s course on the Late Roman Republic, since it made me want to go back and re-read Livy. I also want to thank Dr. Patricia Juarez-Dappe, who gave me the opportunity to read the abstract of one of my papers in the Southwestern Social Science Association conference in the spring of 2012, and later invited me to T.A. one of her courses.