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The Greatness and Decline of Rome

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The Greatness and Decline of Rome THE GREATNESS AND DECLINE OF ROME VOL. V. THE REPUBLIC OF AUGUSTUS BY GUGLIELMO FERRERO TRANSLATED BY REV. H. J. CHAYTOR, M.A. HEADMASTER OF PLYMOUTH COLLEGE LONDON WILLIAM HEINEMANN 1909 O 1 All rights reserved P 4 I V.5' ,/ CONTENTS CHAP. PAGB I. The East i " " II. Armenia Capta, SiGNis Receptis . , 28 III. The Great Social Laws of the Year 18 b.c. 45 IV. The " LuDi S^culares " 76 V. The Egypt of the West ...... 104 VI. The Great Crisis in the European Provinces . 121 VII. The Conquest of Germania .... 142 VIII. " H^c EST Italia Diis Sacra" 166 IX. The Altar of Augustus and of Rome .... 185 X. Julia and Tiberius 213 XI. The Exile of Julia 243 XII. The Old Age of Augustus 269 XIII. The Last " Decennium " 291 XIV. Augustus and the Great Empire .... 325 Index 355 — CHAPTER I THE EAST Greece before the Roman conquest—Greece and the Romaa conquest—Greece in the second century of the repubUc—The inability of Rome to remedy the sufferings of Greece—Policy of Augustus in Greece—The theatrical crisis at Rome—The Syrian pantomimes—Pylades of Cilicia—The temple of Rome and Augustus at Pergamum—Asia Minor—The manufac- turing towns in the Greek republics of the coast—The agricultural monarchies of the highlands—The cults of Mithras and Cybele—The unity of Asia Minor—Asiatic Hellenism and Asiatic religions—The Greek republics in the Asiatic monarchy—Asia Minor after a century of Roman rule Weakness, crisis and universal disorder—The critical position of Hellenism and the Jews—Jewish expansion in the east The worship of Rome and Augustus in Asia Minor—The Greek renaissance. When Greece was declared a Roman province in 146 b.c. tireece after the decadence of the whole country had already begun, conquest. Her territorial and maritime empire had gradually fallen away, her commercial supremacy had disappeared, her capital had been exhausted and her industries ruined, art and study were decaying, and the sources of her former wealth had run dry. The forges of Laconia, which had been maintained by a pros- perous trade in swords, lances, helmets, trephines, files and * hammers, were now silent ; the bronze foundries of Argos, once busy and famous, had been closed ; t and closed also were the celebrated workshops of the artists of Sicyon.l JEginz had gradually lost her maritime trade and had closed her * Xenophon (Hell. III. iii. 7) speaks of this industry, which is never heard of under the empire. t Pindarus in Athen. i. 50 (28), i. 49 (27 D.); Pollio, i. 149; .<Elius, v.h. iii. 25. Nothing is heard of this Industry afterwards. : PUny, XXXVI. iv. i ; Strabo, VIII. vi. 23. V » A 2 GREATNESS AND DECLINE OF ROME 21 B.C. well-known bronze foundries, while the smaller hardware articles for which she was especially famous were no longer * produced ; the marvellous prosperity of Athens was now buried beneath the ruins of her maritime empire. Her com- merce died when she lost the empire of the sea and was no longer able to support it with privileges of every kind ; expenditure upon her fleet, her army and her public works became impossible when the tribute of the allies had been cut off ; with the Athenian empire had crumbled the system of cleruchies and territorial possessions which brought agricultural products, wood and metals into Greece from every quarter. The conse- quence had been universal ruin ; the shipyards of the Piraeus had decayed like the armourers' shops ; the Attic vases in red and black which had once been sent to the houses of the rich throughout the Mediterranean were no longer in fashion. The silver-mines of Laurium, the chief source of Athenian wealth, were exhausted ; every trade and every art which had formerly supplied the needs and the luxury of Athens had sunk to vanishing-point. The wealthy city, the metropolis of a vast empire and a great commercial centre, had become the deserted capital of a little country some forty miles square, exporting merely a little oil, a little honey, a little marble and some famous perfumes, the last remnants of the wide commercial connections by means of which she had ruled in former years.f Corinth alone remained a flourishing commercial and manu- facturing centre amid the universal decadence. Economic The decay of the great industrial and commercial towns epression. ^-^^^ brought poverty upon the whole of Greece ; agricultural work proved unprofitable, and the artisans could find no employ- ment in the secondary towns ; yet at the same time, as in great and small republics, the peasants flocked to the towns from the most distant parts of the country and abandoned the country as the nation grew poorer. The vices attendant upon wealth, luxury, the thirst for pleasure, avarice, the gambling spirit, * Bliimner, L'Attivitd, Industriale dei Popoli dell' Antichitd Classica. in the Biblioteca di Storia Economica (Milan, Society Editrice Libraria, vol. ii. part i, p. 592). \ See Blumner, op. cii. p. 562 fi. THE EAST 3 municipal pride and intrigue, far from disappearing, continued to develop with increasing force. Thus Greece had been ravaged by terrible domestic evils until the time of the Roman conquest. To preserve some outward show in the towns, to pay the artists and workmen, to keep up the schools of athletes, the great games and the intellectual traditions, to satisfy the ambitions and the animosities of the many political oligarchies in the great and small towns, Greece had squandered the wealth accumulated by her ancestors and had compromised her prospects in every direction. Parties and towns, as if in parody of their ancient power, had embarked upon war, revolu- tion, plunder and violence ; every district had been impove- rished by these disturbances and by the unbridled luxury of public and private life. Celibacy and debt, the two great scourges of the ancient world, which constantly suffered from want of capital and diminished population even in the most prosperous epochs, had brought desolation even to the country- side. By degrees, large estates worked by slaves or landj entirely deserted had replaced districts formerly populous, while in the towns art languished and morals deteriorated, in spite of the most desperate efforts. Want and corruption, walking, as usual, hand in hand, entered the palace of the noble, the house of the merchant and the humble dwelling of the peasant. Midway upon this ruinous career Greece was annexed by The efiFects of Roman Rome, but the progress of her destruction was rather accele- ^^^ conquest. , rry J rated than restramed. To understand the true nature of the Roman empire we must abandon one of the most general and most widespread misconceptions, which teaches that Rome administered her provinces in a broad-minded spirit, con- sulting the general interest and adopting wide and beneficent principles of government for the good of the subjects. Subject countries have never been so governed, either bv Rome or by any other empire ; domination has never been advantageous to subject races except by accident ; the dominant race has invariably attempted to secure the largest possible profit for itself with the least possible amount of risk and trouble. As in all countries subjugated by her, Rome had allowed affairs 4 GREATNESS AND DECLINE OF ROME in Greece to follow their natural course for good or for evil until they became dangerous or disastrous to her own interests. By the destruction of Corinth, the last great industrial and com- mercial town in Greece, Rome had forced the country to live upon the feeble resources of her territory and the infamous means of subsistence to which a decadent people resorts ; Greece was reduced to exhibiting her antiquities and her monuments to strangers and to advertising the miraculous cures of Epidaurus. Moreover, Rome had divided the countrv into an infinite number of little states, the majority of which included merely the territory of one town. Sparta, Athens, and a few other towns had preserved their independence and some of their adjacent territory ; Sparta held part of Laconia and Athens the whole of Attica and some of the islands. These towns in alliance with Rome continued to live under their old institutions and laws without paying tribute or admitting a foreign governor. The rest of the country had been incor- porated with Macedonia and divided into a large number of towns, paying tribute and self-governing, with their own laws and their own institutions, but under the supremacy of a Roman governor and the Roman Senate. Thus the little wars and revolutions which had formerly harassed the country had been suppressed in favour of peace. Unfortunately, when peace is not produced by the natural balance of domestic forces, but is imposed from without, it is comparable merely with the lethargy produced by narcotics, which stifle pain for a moment but rather aggravate the disease. The fax Romana had neither regenerated Greece nor brought any particular advantage to the country, for the little wealth that peace had brought had been seized by Rome. The great war with Mithridates, the civil wars of the last thirty years, the imposts, taxes and other depredations of the political factions, added to the ordinary taxation and to the extortions of the publicani, had reduced Greece to utter exhaustion, overwhelmed with debt property already involved, discouraged the small land- holders, diminished the population, weakened the tottering governments and scattered the last remnants of capital. Even the treasury in the temple of Delphi was empty at the time THE EAST 5 vi'hen Augustus visited Greece. The fair mother of Hellenism, 21 b.c. once so rich and powerful, was now a beggar among the nations, enslaved to Rome, with all the rags and sores of infamous poverty.
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