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The Old Roman World

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The Old Roman World The Old Roman World John Lord The Old Roman World Table of Contents The Old Roman World.............................................................................................................................................1 John Lord.......................................................................................................................................................1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER I. THE CONQUESTS OF THE ROMANS................................................................................5 CHAPTER II. THE MATERIAL GRANDEUR AND GLORY OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE..................30 CHAPTER III. THE WONDERS OF ANCIENT ROME...........................................................................43 CHAPTER IV. ART IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE.......................................................................................61 CHAPTER V. THE ROMAN CONSTITUTION........................................................................................83 CHAPTER VI. ROMAN JURISPRUDENCE.............................................................................................97 CHAPTER VII. ROMAN LITERATURE................................................................................................115 CHAPTER VIII. GRECIAN PHILOSOPHY............................................................................................134 CHAPTER IX. SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE AMONG THE ROMANS...............................................155 CHAPTER X. INTERNAL CONDITION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE..................................................169 CHAPTER XI. THE FALL OF THE EMPIRE.........................................................................................190 CHAPTER XII. THE REASONS WHY THE CONSERVATIVE INFLUENCES OF PAGAN CIVILIZATION DID NOT ARREST THE RUIN OF THE ROMAN WORLD....................................216 CHAPTER XIII. WHY CHRISTIANITY DID NOT ARREST THE RUIN OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE....................................................................................................................................................234 CHAPTER XIV. THE LEGACY OF THE EARLY CHURCH TO FUTURE GENERATIONS............250 i The Old Roman World John Lord This page copyright © 2002 Blackmask Online. http://www.blackmask.com • INTRODUCTION. • CHAPTER I. THE CONQUESTS OF THE ROMANS. • CHAPTER II. THE MATERIAL GRANDEUR AND GLORY OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. • CHAPTER III. THE WONDERS OF ANCIENT ROME. • CHAPTER IV. ART IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE. • CHAPTER V. THE ROMAN CONSTITUTION. • CHAPTER VI. ROMAN JURISPRUDENCE. • CHAPTER VII. ROMAN LITERATURE. • CHAPTER VIII. GRECIAN PHILOSOPHY. • CHAPTER IX. SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE AMONG THE ROMANS. • CHAPTER X. INTERNAL CONDITION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. • CHAPTER XI. THE FALL OF THE EMPIRE. • CHAPTER XII. THE REASONS WHY THE CONSERVATIVE INFLUENCES OF PAGAN CIVILIZATION DID NOT ARREST THE RUIN OF THE ROMAN WORLD. • CHAPTER XIII. WHY CHRISTIANITY DID NOT ARREST THE RUIN OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. • CHAPTER XIV. THE LEGACY OF THE EARLY CHURCH TO FUTURE GENERATIONS. Produced by Robert Nield, Tom Allen, Tiffany Vergon, Charles Aldarondo, Charles Franks and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. THE OLD ROMAN WORLD THE GRANDEUR AND FAILURE OF ITS CIVILIZATION BY JOHN LORD, LL.D. INTRODUCTION. I propose to describe the Greatness and the Misery of the old Roman world; nor is there any thing in history more suggestive and instructive. A little city, founded by robbers on the banks of the Tiber, rises gradually into importance, although the great cities of the East are scarcely conscious of its existence. Its early struggles simply arrest the attention, and excite the jealousy, of the neighboring nations. The citizens of this little state are warriors, and, either for defense or glory, they subdue one after another the cities of Latium and Etruria, then the whole of Italy, and finally the old monarchies and empires of the world. In two hundred and fifty years the citizens have become nobles, and a great aristocracy is founded, which lasts eight hundred years. Their aggressive policy and unbounded ambition involve the whole world in war, which does not cease until all the nations known to the Greeks acknowledge their sway. Everywhere Roman laws, language, and institutions spread. A vast empire arises, larger than the Assyrian and the Macedonian combined,a universal empire,a great wonder and mystery, having all the grandeur of a The Old Roman World 1 The Old Roman World providential event. It becomes too great to be governed by an oligarchy of nobles. Civil wars create an imperator, who, uniting in himself all the great offices of state, and sustained by the conquering legions, rules from East to West and from North to South, with absolute and undivided sovereignty. The Caesars reach the summit of human greatness and power, and the city of Romulus becomes the haughty mistress of the world. The emperor is worshiped as a deity, and the proud metropolis calls herself eternal. An empire is established by force of arms and by a uniform policy, such as this world has not seen before or since. Early Roman history is chiefly the detail of successful wars, aggressive and uncompromising, in which we see a fierce and selfish patriotism, an indomitable will, a hard unpitying temper, great practical sagacity, patience, and perseverance, superiority to adverse fortune, faith in national destinies, heroic sentiments, and grand ambition. We see a nation of citizen soldiers, an iron race of conquerors, bent on conquest, on glory, on self−exaltation, attaching but little value to the individual man, but exalting the integrity and unity of the state. We see no fitful policy, no abandonment to the enjoyment of the fruits of victory, no rest, no repose, no love of art or literature, but an unbounded passion for domination. The Romans toiled, and suffered, and died,never wearied, never discouraged, never satisfied, until their mission was accomplished and the world lay bleeding and prostrate at their feet. In the latter days of the Republic, the Roman citizen, originally contented with a few acres in the plains and valleys through which the Tiber flowed, becomes a great landed proprietor, owning extensive estates in the conquered territories, an aristocrat, a knight, a senator, a noble, while his dependents disdained to labor and were fed at the public expense. The state could afford to give them corn, oil, and wine, for it was the owner of Egypt, of Greece, of Asia Minor, of Syria, of Spain, of Gaul, of Africa,a belt of territory around the Mediterranean Sea one thousand miles in breadth, embracing the whole temperate zone, from the Atlantic Ocean to the wilds of Scythia. The Romans revel in the spoils of the nations they have conquered, adorn their capital with the wonders of Grecian art, and abandon themselves to pleasure and money−making. The Roman grandees divide among themselves the lands and riches of the world, and this dwelling−place of princes looms up the proud centre of mundane glory and power. In the great success of the Romans, we notice not only their own heroic qualities, but the hopeless degeneracy of the older nations and the reckless turbulence of the western barbarians, both of whom needed masters. The conquered world must be governed. The Romans had a genius for administration as well as for war. While war was reduced to a science, government became an art. Seven hundred years of war and administration gave experience and skill, and the wisdom thus learned became a legacy to future civilizations. It was well, both for enervated orientals and wild barbarians, to be ruled by such iron masters. The nations at last enjoyed peace and prosperity, and Christianity was born and spread. A new power silently arose, which was destined to change government, and science, and all the relations of social life, and lay a foundation for a new and more glorious structure of society than what Paganism could possibly create. We see the hand of Providence in all these mighty changes, and it is equally august in overruling the glories and the shame of a vast empire for the ultimate good of the human race. If we more minutely examine the history of either Republican or Imperial Rome, we read lessons of great significance. In the Republic we see a constant war of classes and interests,plebeians arrayed against patricians; the poor opposed to the rich; the struggle between capital and labor, between an aristocracy and democracy. Although the favored classes on the whole retained ascendancy, yet the people constantly gained privileges, and at last were enabled, by throwing their influence into the hands of demagogues, to overturn the constitution. Julius Caesar, the greatest name in ancient history, himself a patrician, by courting the people triumphed over the aristocratical oligarchy and introduced a new regime. His dictatorship was the consummation of the victories of the people over nobles as signally as the submission of all classes to fortunate and unscrupulous generals. We err, however, in supposing that the Republic was ever a democracy, as we understand the term, or as it was The Old Roman World 2 The Old Roman World understood in Athens. Power was always in the hands of senators, nobles, and rich men, as it still is in England, and was in Venice. Popular liberty was a name, and democratic institutions were feeble and shackled. The citizen−noble was free, not the proletarian. The latter had the redress
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