S R IES IN S O NE F ROMTHE TO . T ROMAN FO RUM

STORIES IN STONE FROM

THE ROMAN FORUM

ISABEL LOVELL

I LLUSTRA TED

Na yak THE MACMILLA N COMPANY

LOND N : MACMILLAN A D LTD O N CO. . .

1 904 P BY THE MACMILLAN COM ANY.

0 Set up, elecmtyped, and published Sepwmber, 190 . M h 1 atc , 904.

Nath a n M

- Nonwood. Nan , U. 8 .A. PREFACE

TO wh sim l a ex tell y, p y and cle rly, is the ceedin l this book Not g y ambitious aim of . ” ’ which ae afiair how, is the arch ologist s , but wh Forum of th y, why the Rome became e ’ i h R a r centre of the nation s l fe, w y the om ns wo e ublic r white togas, why the p Treasu y was under ’ wh as were Saturn s charge, y the basilic built, why the donkeys were decked with cakes during ’ on h Vesta s festival, why the temples stood igh i foundat ons, why the magnificent monuments ” crumbled into ruins, and many other whys to k al that travellers wish now, that historic s readers eek, that young students enjoy. The r no sto ies are but retold, the facts restated, but n e n m legend is arrat d, no stateme t ade, that is unvouched for by a recognized authority. It may be added that the illustrations have been inserted more as aids to the imagination than l s u as materia for cientific st dy.

NEW YOR! ,

1 65079

CONTENTS

TEE STORY or TEE Foam: TTSELE

TEE STORY or TEE TEMPLE or SATURN TEE STORY or THE Conn-n un

THE STORY OP TEE TEMPLE or VEsTA

- TEE STORY or TEE TEMPLE or GASma AND POLLUE

THE STORY or TEE TEMPLE or CONOORD

TEE STORY or JULIUS CE SAR’S BAse A AND or

ms TEMPLE

' VIII . TEE STORY OE TEE Forum s STREETS

ILLUST RA T IONS

TRIUMPEAL PROCESSION ON TEE SACRA VIA

RESTORATI ON or TEE FORUMLOO! ING TO WARD TEE TABULARI UM ,

RESTORATION OE TEE FORUMLOO! I NG TOWARD TEE TEM or , PLE

VESTA m u n ch! TEE FORUM LOO! ING TOW or , ARD TEE BASILIcA

JULIA

R NS or TEE F RUM UI O , EARLY PART or NINETEENTH CENTURY

RUINS TEE FOR M D or U , EN OF NINETEENTE CENTURY

RESTORATION OE TEE TEMPLE or SATURN

RUIN OF TEE TEMPLE OE SATURN

RESTORATION OE TEE TEMPLE or VESTA

RUIN OE TEE TEMPLE OE VESTA

RUIN or TEE ATRI UM

RUI N or TEE TEMPLE OE CASTOR AND POLLUII

RESTO RATI ON or TEE BASILIcA JULIA

RUI N or TEE BASILICA JULIA A U THO RITIES

LI DIONYSIUS OE HALICARNASSUS. PUB US VIRGILIUS.

AVI TITUS LIVIUS . FL US JOSEPEUS.

P . OYIDIUS NASO . MOMMSEN .

PLAUTUS . HENRY TEEDENAT.

VA E A T A . ORAzro MAR EI . M. L RIUS M R I LIS UCC

SExTUs AuRELIUs PROPERTIUS . GASTON BOISSIER .

C . CORNELIUS TACITUS . RODOLFO LANCIANI .

PLUTARCH . J . HENRY MIDDLETON .

C . SUETONIUS TRANQUILLUS. FRAN CIS MORGAN NICHOLS.

M . FABIUS UI TILIA . D . Q N NUS. H JOR AN

M . TULLIUS CICERO .

APPIANUS. E. GIBBON .

DION CASSIUS C CEIA . . D M OC NUS W A A S .

C . ALL TI R P . S US US C IS US L. PRELLER . PLINY TEE ELDER ENCYCLOPE DIAS AND CLASSI EE PLINY T YOUNGER . CAL DICTIONARIES . STORIES IN STONE FROMTHE ROMAN FORUM

THE STORY OF THE FORUM ITSELF

THIS rs is a story about a place out of doo , “ r for that is what forum means. It is a sto y in n s of stone, told by the buildings and monume t a m R the gre t Foru of ome, one of the most inter w esting places in all the orld . And the story tells, not only Of the making of the Forum, but of the many things that happened there, and from wa it we learn of a people strong and rlike, of a

r nation of conquero s and lawgivers, who became the masters of the ancient world . This Forum was the place out of doors of w which the people ere most fond and proud, and, s was an like the forum of other Roman towns, it a h s r open, oblong sp ce t rough which pas ed seve al I STORIES IN STONE

narrow roads, and in and round which were many of the principal buildings of the city. It

for r — - was used many pu poses as a market place, of where all kinds things were bought and sold, from a sack of meal to a necklace of finest gold ;

of r as a court law, where men were t ied and

to of judged, from the pickpocket the traitor his

- country ; as a meeting place, where friends came together, both the common citizens and the men d a of r of high egree ; and as place ente tainment, where the people amused themselves with games,

' and where feasts were given in honour of great

' s of event , such as the birthday an emperor, or the triumph of a victorious general . am Although it bec e much more important, the u For m took the place of the central square, or

r l e n ou . gr en, or commo , of one of smal towns To such an open space the people go to meet each to to in other, listen public speeches, to rally of or to times war, to buy and sell ; and here are found such buildings as the shops, the court

h or c . ouse, the theatre, the chur hes r But the Roman shops we e not like our shops, which are parts of houses, or are great buildings in e e s themselves ; th y were mor like booth , with z

STORIES IN STONE

n was done out of doors, and many thi gs were sold in the Forum by men who, with stands or of baskets, stood about the corners the buildings out d and cried their goods, much as is one — on our streets to day ; still other venders had ’ their places in the porticos of the Forum s great basilicas. Now these basilicas were the Roman courts of

difierent - law, but were from our court houses, for besides having a great hall in the middle of the h building, w ere the trials were carried on, they

d . were ma e with wide, shady porticos These were so large that the quiet of the court room was undisturbed by the noise of the crowds out w i side, where the people ere walk ng up and down s among the marble pillar , gossiping together, bar — gaining with the money changers, or playing w games of chance, for the Romans ere very fond f o gambling. But there were no theatres like ours in the

Roman Forum, although plays were sometimes given there . At such times the people, in gay sat holiday dress, on rows of wooden benches w w e hich , whenever the sho s took place, wer put up round the centre of the Forum, where the 4 THE FORUM

acting was all done in the open air. Some of the citizens looked on from the upper stories of and the shops basilicas, while a few very wealthy and honourable families sat in balconies round r columns, placed in the Forum to the memo y of r some of their famous ancesto s. And the plays themselves were not like our plays, for the actors wore large masks a r n if c yi g face if the part was sad, a laughing face the part was gay and spoke long poems, and made many gestures . Besides the plays, games were often given in the Forum, and these again ff were di erent from our games, for although the m Ro ans had of course games for Children, and sports simply for amusement and to show skill ” S k and strength, when they po e of a game, or “ ” the games, they meant not only a contest of some sort, but a part of a great religious ceremony l or festiva . These games were of many kinds, but only two sorts were given in the Forum fi hts t g be ween wild beasts, and combats between use men called gladiators who, skilled in the of w rs various eapons, fought in pai against each other until one of them was killed . When these gladiatorial shows were given in the Forum they 5 STORIES IN SI‘ ONE

also, like the plays, took place in the centre, and the people watched them with even more interest the than they did actors, for these contests were the favourite amusement of the Romans . But one thing about the fights of the gladiators seems

even stranger than the fact that men, and women,

too, enjoyed looking upon their fellows as they and strove to kill each other, that is, that these gladiators were hired to fight at funerals . For the Romans believed that the spirits of their of if ancestors were fond blood , and that much of it was spilled round the pyre on which a was body burned , the soul of the dead would be So r w safe and happy. the gladiato s ere hired to fight there ; and the richer the family of the per who son died, the greater the number of them employed in these contests, which all the people R w of ome came to atch. w The churches of the Romans, too , ere not like our churches, for they had no bells or Spires ,

no . no Seats or galleries, organs or pulpits The l bui dings, called temples, in which they wor shipped, had flat roofs, or sometimes none at all ; and the people never sat, but stood or knelt m before the image of the god, or gods, to who 6 THE FORUM

the temples were built . The priests preached no sermons, but, amid chants and solemn prayers, burned incense and offered sacrifices on the

. For not altars these temples were sacred, to

r the one T ue God, but to one or more of the many gods whom the Romans worshipped , and to whose honour they ”placed in the Forum many of these beautiful buildings . But although many of the ways of the Romans were not like our ways, there was much about their life that was not so very different from ours

- of to day ; for, after their own manner, as we have one seen , they traded with another in the shops,

and - tried sentenced men in the court houses, came in gayly dressed crowds to the plays and r m ente tainments, and worshipped in the te ples,

r just as in this count y, after our manner, we do

n - the same sort of thi gs to day. Then why was the Forum of Rome so difierent from other places ? Why was it so important ? ff The Forum was so di erent, because it contained a greater number of beautiful buildings and mon uments , placed there for more purposes and uses , than any other place of its Size and kind in all the F r world . o although it was not much wider or 7 STORIES IN STONE

of s longer than one our city blocks , as we ee

them bounded by four streets, there were on the

u - For m the Senate house, the Prison , the Tabula ri um , or record building, the Rostra, or platform from which the orators spoke ; also temples, and and basilicas, statues, and triumphal arches, and columns raised in honour of famous men, or great national events. And each building, each m l r onument, to d its story, a sto y in stone . was so And the Forum important, because these stori es give us the history of the Roman a of of nation, which is th t a city, not a country ;

- for, however far the all conquering Romans went, R it was always for ome that they fought, always R t to ome that they re urned to Rome , whose praise or blame made or marred a Roman ’s life

of all to Rome, the beginning and the end things to her people. So the Forum and the Nation grew in impor was of tance together, for the Forum the centre of the City, and the City was the centre the

Nation . When the Nation was small , and the people were simple in their ways , there were only a few plain buildings in the Forum ; but when N i was the at on large , and the people rich and 8

STORIES IN STONE the Forum now stands was but a marsh in a n valley amo g some green hills, the seven famous hills on which the city of Rome was afterward t f buil . Near the centre o this marsh was a hollow into which trickled the waters from the

e springs of the hills above , forming a de p pool , or little lake , around which grew bulrushes and

e e other reeds . Here and th re, too, w re other

a v pools , and long the valley ran a ri er called the a Tiber, into which emptied a sm ll brook, called

S inon v r e the p , and both brook and ri e often ov r

flowed their banks . So the land was swampy and to as unfit build upon, and was used a pasture for the cattle and the sheep . But at its upper end,

of at the foot the hill called the Capitoline , was some higher ground where the people of the valley met to buy and sell the simple things S needed for their daily life . ome of them were m who fisher en, gave their catches for the game the hunters had killed in the forests ; and some e ff were makers of bows and sp ars, who o ered their weapons for the sheep the shepherds had Chosen from their flocks ; others brought furs and s n l ki s , others came with mea or fruit, and yet others s e — and old v ssels of clay pots, plates, and

10 THE FORUM

pitchers. All the things in this market of the

very early times were most plain and simple, but the day came when the best and the finest that ff was the world could o er placed there on sale , was on for it this spot that, many years later, the great business of the Roman Forum was carried

on . In one of the huts of the market-place a fire

was always kept burning, and was tended by the young maidens of the village, who had it in their

special care, while their fathers and brothers

hunted or were at war, and while their mothers w ff worked in the home , or ove stu s for their

simple clothing . It was hard to get fire in those i early days , when it was done by strik ng sparks from wood or stone, and therefore from this hearth of the people brands were taken to light

-fires a re the home , from which e ch household

ceived m war th, and by which the daily meals

were cooked . The people of those early days lived in small

r se huts thatched with st aw, and busied them lves

t e s. in raising cat le, and in working in the fi ld Therefore the first altar in the market-place was n who s one to Satur , the god of Agriculture, hold I I STORIES IN STONE

band wh o the sickle in his , watches over the seed to time and the harvest, and whom the market on days were sacred . This altar, which the

ofiered of of people sacrifices cakes salted meal,

that their crops might be successful, was prob

ably only a rough block of stone , as were the few other altars and shrines that were placed

there in honour of some of the other gods .

-Off Now we are told that, in those far times when men believed that the greatest among them

were descended from the gods, and that sturdy r of heroes sp ang from the hearts oaks, the good Evander ruled with justice over his people among

those peaceful hills. And they say that one fair his day he, his son Pallas, and warrior chiefs, were

making a solemn feast to Hercules, in a grove not

far beyond their simple homes, and that the sacri fice had just been killed, when two ships, bearing

men in Shining armour, were seen nearing the of banks the Tiber before them . Then suddenly heatin the worship ceased, all hearts g with the

fear of coming evil, and none moved save Pallas who to , bold with youthful courage, ran forward to the nearer vessel, calling out the Chieftain, standing calmly at the prow

I a THE FORUM

Come ye in peace or war ?

In reply, the noble stranger held out an olive b ranch , and , stepping from the ship, asked to be to led before Evander, whom he told his errand was fEneas and his name, saying that he , exiled from Troy, and in need of arms to battle for his rights .

Good Evander gave him gracious welcome, and caused him to rest upon a couch covered ’ with a lion s shaggy Skin, and , when the holy ff rites were ended , o ered refreshment to the his r as royal stranger and followe s . Then, of the twilight was come, he took the arm his of guest, and that Pallas, his son, and led the way through the wood to his home at the

one of foot of the seven hills, and , as they r walked , he told the simple histo y of his people, and the stories of the places round about. ’ And so they reached Evander s home, before the door of which were cattle feeding on the w af grass of the plain, just here, years ter, hurry ing multitudes passed to and fro in the business ’ O of a great City s life . f this the poet Virgil tells when he says, 1 3 STORIES IN STONE

’ In talk like this Evander s mod est home The reach while here before their e es y , y

Ar cattl ll win wh re anon hall e e be o g, e s stand

’ The Roman rum d Rome r u t Fo , an s p o dest stree .

E When the next day came, neas, refreshed his a and brave at heart, bade gr cious host fare well, and, accompanied by Pallas, at the head of many warriors, went forth to fight his battles, and to win his cause .

S c in e those very early times, many travellers to of have journeyed this valley the seven hills, and have stood upon the ground where once the

r cattle were pastured, and where later the g eat Roman Forum was built ; but the first visitor whose foot crossed this famous place was {Eneas of Troy, guest of the good Evander .

After many wanderings and many adventures, of fEneas the days the noble came to an end, of R and, when the time the kings had come, om

his ulus, strong and valiant descendant, was the — first to rule over Rome for so was called the of City that he founded on the Palatine, one the seven hills. And with his reign came

Changes to that peaceful valley, for Romulus waged many wars with the people round about, 14 THE FORUM and when history first speaks of the Roman to Forum it is tell us of a fierce battle, fought there between the Romans and the Sabines, a d neighbouring tribe rule over by Tatius, their

warlike king.

Down to the plain, from their wooded fastness, came the Romans to meet the enemy and to

e . r b gin the terrible fight At first, victo y seemed w for Mettius ith the Sabines, their general , Cur

r m n tius, d ove the Ro ans back the e tire length of f o . the Forum , even to the gate their own city

But at that desperate moment, Romulus prayed m so to jupiter for help, and i mediately, the story n goes, their flight was stayed, and they tur ed

with fresh courage to the battle . But now the Romans seemed to have won the was day, for, when the fight fiercest, they pursued Mettius Curtius until he and his horse sank in the large pool in the hollow of the plain ; where to an upon, believing him be lost, they turned

Mettius other way. But , forced to desert his u d faithful beast, str ggle bravely in the mire, and, encouraged by the afiectionate words of his

e . people , dragged hims lf from the marsh Then, amid the shouts and the rejoicings of his fol I 5 STORIES IN STONE

lowers, he led them once more to the strife, and,

of r in honour his brave y, men called this place

L u f ac s o . the Curtius, or the Lake Curtius Yet to neither Roman nor Sabi ne was given

of the victory that day, but rather to their women belongs the glory ; for to the battle-field they

of came, full horror at the dreadful slaughter,

r ! ! c ying out, Peace Peace and filling the air S with wails and lamentations. o great indeed

so e en was their distress, and loud were th ir treaties, that the terrible contest was stopped, and a council of peace was held between the two kings and the Chief men of their peoples. This council met on a quiet spot just beyond and was a the market, it agreed th t their tribes

as Should be united one people, and that Tatius should rule equally with Romulus . Tatius Chose as his home the hill called the Capitoline, while

t s Romulus remained on the Pala ine, but they till

th e e came together in vall y between, on the place where the treaty had been made, to consult with their wisest men about the government of the

a w as a people . And this pl ce there fter known as

sat m the Comitium . Here Romulus in judg ent upon the people , here were held the first meet

I 6

STORIES IN STONE

the to whom gates and doorways were sacred, and his see who, because of double face, could both backward and forward . ’ So , in the beginning of Rome s history, we find

m us re the Foru , telling about th e altars erected to to S by the people three gods, aturn , to Vul to —to a b can, and Janus , S turn, ecause he gave th e increase of the fields by which the men of to their nation grew strong ; Vulcan, because he gave the fire by which the metal for their armour was and to melted and wrought ; Janus, because he gave the protection by which their houses

e s was th od w re made safe , and also becau e he e g — of all Beginnings for were they not a young nation, standing in the very doorway of their history ? And under Romulus and Tatius the market was made better, for not only did the people from to the neighbouring hill villages come there trade ,

of but the nation, grown larger by the conquest

now —oi other tribes, had need of more things

of more food and Clothing, and more tools with which to build . And the woods were cut down , and was m houses were built, the marshy land so e n was what drai ed, while across it made a way on

I 8 THE FORUM which the Romans and the Sabines passed and

r l repassed on f iend y business ; and this road, which

e lay b tween people once such bitter enemies,

of d or became a path peace, a sacre way, the Via a as was a a t Sacr , it called ye rs f erward when it ” was ’ Rome s proudest street, and the chief one of the Forum .

Still greater Changes took place under Numa,

ex e who the n t rul r, reigned alone, as did all the kings who followed him ; and the buildings that he made on th e Forum tell us that he taught the an Romans m y things .

was Now Numa a man so good and wise, that the Romans had sent messengers to his quiet country home to invite him to become their king ; and when it was known that he was near

to t ing the City, the people went out mee him, and brought him i nto Rome with great rejoic

led m ings. Then they him to the Foru , where all the Citizens gathered together to prove that

n e every man was co t nt to have him king, and when this vote was take n the people agreed as

h er far with one voice , while their C e s rang down ff the valley. Upon this, the chief men o ered e Numa the royal robes, but these he r fused to I 9 STORIES IN STONE accept until he had first asked the favour of do the gods, and to this, he and the priests went up on the Capitoline Hill, while the crowd waited to in great silence below. After he had prayed

flew on his Jupiter, some birds by right hand , in men was as token , so said the wise , that all the th e gods desired . Then Numa came down to waiting people in the Forum , and, with shouts of

as joy , they hailed him their king.

He not ruled over the Romans many years,

o . r nly governing justly, but building wisely Fi st, he enclosed the public fire in a round temple to

wh o Vesta, the goddess of the Hearth, had no statue , but was represented by the living flame that burned , not only on her altar, but in every house u of hold, and who was the special g ardian every

. to e home And next this he built a house, call d for the Atrium, the young maidens, her priest esses ; thus teaching this warlike nation the gentle duties of the home . Near the Temple of k ’ Vesta, he also built the ing s house, called the

Regia, where he lived as both priest and ruler ; thus teaching the Romans that their king Should e direct the worship of the gods, as w ll as control ff the a airs of men . He also changed the altar of

20

THE FORUM

t havr n Janus, the god of En rances, into a temple g to of doors, which were be opened in time war, and Closed in time of peace ; thus teaching that the people set about with enemies must watch

e who out from their entranc s , but that those are no s and at peace need entinel , may leave their ’ gates unguarded . During all the days of Numa s r of reign, the doo s of the Temple Janus were

for shut, he turned the fierce Romans from battle

of and conquest to the ways peace, showing them h ow a best to worship and to ple se the gods, and how to govern, and to make themselves good laws . The makers of these wonderful laws were Hostilius given a house by Tullus , the next king, during whose reign no other building was added to the Forum. It was built on the Comitium, still the meeting-place of the ruler and his

or counsellors, and was called the Curia, Senate Hostilia its house, or, more often, the Curia , after

a n . roy l fou der When Tullus first became king, the senators used to meet in a small hut of Clay ; for they no longer came together in the open air under the green trees, as in the days of Romulus .

But this did not please the king, for not only was

z I STORIES IN STONE

n it small, but its floor was ofte wet by the over flowing waters of the little brook Spinon ; so he r caused it to be to n down, and he made there a of house stone, entered by steps, and raised from the ground so as to be safe from floods .

And there, in the Curia, on the Comitium , the great Roman Senate met for many hundred years . After the building in which the laws were m wh o ade, came the building in which those d isobeyed those laws were punished, and in the side of the hill , just above and behind the Ancus t r Comitium, Mar ius, the fou th king of

A ncus Rome, made a dreadful prison . Now was the grandson of the good Numa, and, loving peace and order, even as did that wise king, he tried to make clear to all the people the meaning r of the laws . Fi st, he had the rules, given by

of Numa for the worship the gods, written on

tablets of wood and hung in the Forum , that r man eve y might learn them ; and then, because

there are bad men as well as good , he made the prison, that the Romans should respect their

government and fear its power. But wrong doers were not many in the simple days of the 22

STORIES IN STONE

so so but none were dreaded , or filled with terri as ble memories, was this one of the Forum . And now took place the greatest of all the

of changes made in the valley the seven hills, for r d A ncus Ta quin , who reigne after Martius,

dr drained the marshy land , and made it y and firm so , that it was fit to bear large buildings, and n the weight of many men . This ki g was called

Tarquin the Elder because , later, another Tarquin ruled over Rome . Great were the dreams of this first Tarquin for

r the glo y of the Romans and for their City. He made great drains through the valley, built stone embankments along the sides of the river Tiber, en that it should no more overflow the plain, and closed the little brook Spinon in a huge sewer “ x or of the called the Cloaca Ma ima, the greatest ” was sewers, which made to pass under the Forum, at about its centre, and to empty into the Tiber.

our These drains were not like drains, which are large pipes made of clay or iron , but were

of won formed blocks of stone, so closely and so derfully fitted together that no cement was w needed to hold them, or to prevent the ater m fro leaking through . The work was done so 24 l h l h r wel t at, a t ough many hund ed years have w r passed, these great se e s are still used by the

as aca ax City of Rome , and the v t Clo M ima is pointed out to-d ay with the same pride that was felt by the ancient writer who boastingly said that it was so large that a Roman hay-cart could

so ro ha lli be driven through it, and st ng t t a fa ng house could not shake it ! Then Tarquin went yet farther in his great

r d u e work, for having p epare the gro nd, he plann d

a r . a as to improve and do n the Forum Perh ps, he looked upo n the grassy plain at the upper end saw m of the valley, he , not the arket, nor the

- u l e ld Senate house , nor the r de temp es, but b he , n v ifu instead, as in a visio , ast buildings and beaut l a r monuments, st nding in the cent e of a most S splendid City the Rome that was to be . o the King planned for the years to come , and

of a e a ordered that the length this l rge, op n sp ce he s s a rt bordered by shops and hou e , all h ving po i cos r be facing the Fo um , that the place should ’ regular both in look and form. And the King s o will was done , for the men to whom he s ld the plots of land about the Forum built as he had said. 25 STORIES IN STONE

The was Forum, then , laid out in a regular form by Tarquin the Elder, for which reason he is often spoken of as its founder ; and its length and breadth were never Changed from the days a when, under his command , the people beg n to make their city great and strong.

Many other plans also had this mighty king, but his life was not long enough for the carrying

to out of them all, and his vast works were left be

finished by the last two kings of Rome. Little was done by Servius Tullius , the first of these , but Tarquin the Proud , a hard and unjust man, forced the Romans to give both their money and their strength to complete that which his grand father had begun . In the Forum , he commanded the people to build a temple to Saturn on the

old place where the altar stood , and he sent them to under the ground labour on the great drains, and made them toil , like slaves , without reward . o At last, however, a day came when the p “ pressed people rose and said, There Shall be no ” more kings ! and Tarquin the Proud was driven

his of was from throne, and the reign the kings ended . of The Forum, at this time, was the centre a 26 THE FORUM n u and a ation growing strong and famo s, it told story of energy and progress told by the great e drains, of the energy of a p ople who, from such o swampy ground , c uld make so firm a foundation

of for their city ; told by the temples, their prog

- of ress in religion ; by the market place, their progress in trade ; and by the Regia, the Curia,

Tullianum and the , of their progress in govern ment — and it stood forth as a Sign to the peoples of th e earth that a great nation had been formed n amo g them . r In the time of the Republic, the fi st building placed in the Forum told the tale of a great vic r was to y . This a temple to Castor and Pollux, the twin sons of the god Jupiter, and was made in gratitude for their aid in an hour of sore dis tress . For Tarquin the Proud, striving to regain his lost kingdom, had been joined by men from other cities, and had come against the Romans at

Re illus Lake g , not far from Rome, and during this fierce battle Castor and Pollux, in glistening d armour, and on pure white stee s , had fought with the Romans, and then , having won for them the

r of had to victo y the day, brought the Forum the of 50 good news their success . the people hon 2 7 STORIES IN STONE oured o of the great Twin Br thers, the guardians

r all brave warrio s, and made a temple on the spot

they had stood .

However, all the battles of the Romans, in the time of the Republic, were not waged with ene mies beyond their gates, nor yet with those of foreign lands, for many Of them were fought among the people of Rome itself, and within ’ of the City s very walls . The chief field battle was r the Fo um , and in it took place fight after fight in that bitterest of wars the struggle between the rich and the poor. Now the rich men of Rome were those of the old families , and were called Patricians because

atres r the p , or fathers, had helped to gove n the nation Since the days when the Chiefs had aided Romulus ; while the poor men of Rome were

o of th se the new families, and were called Plebe

u ians beca se they were the people , and had come in from conquered tribes or from other S . o cities the Patricians were the governors, the

- - law makers , and the money lenders ; but the Ple beians were the workmen, the farmers, and the common soldiers . In the long strife between these Patricians of

28 THE FORUM

O the Comitium, and these Plebeians of the pen

Forum, the rich fought for power, the poor

. O struggled for justice ften, after fighting for his country , the poor Plebeian came back only to find his lands seized and his home in ruins. This forced him to borrow from the rich Patri e ian , allowed by unjust laws to put him in prison not when he could pay, to sell his whole family r as slaves, to to ture, and even to kill him . These wrongs went on year after year until , moved by ’ ff the sight of one man s cruel su erings, the people rose against their hard oppressors. For one day there came into the Forum an old and wretched man, on whose hands and feet were clanking chains, and round whose thin , starved body were only a few miserable rags . His long, white beard hung unkempt about his haggard snfierin face, and his eyes were full Of g and despair. Changed and dreadful as were his wh o looks, there were some in the crowd thought wh o to they knew him, and , turning their neigh hours , said “Was not this man a brave soldier ? Did he not serve Rome with honour ? How has he come to such a pass ? ” 29 STORIES IN STONE

Whereupon the old man, standing before them i n his out h all wretchedness, cried t at he was, in truth, the one of whom they spoke, and that he appealed to them as Romans for help in his sorry

plight . He showed them on his breast the scars Of nearly twoscore battles, and then , pointing to his back, on which were stripes fresh from cruel blows,

for he asked , Are these the just reward faithful ” r i m ? se v ces to Ro e He told them, moreover, how when the wars were ended, he had found his his his house in ashes, cattle stolen , and lands unjustly taxed ; and how he had been thus forced to h borrow from a rich Patrician, by w om, when too to he could not pay, and was ill work, he had been thrown into the prison from which he had but just escaped . This sad tale moved the people with great anger against the Patricians, and in the midst

Of the uproar that followed, horsemen , riding at S d full pee into the Forum, announced that the m Volscians, enemies of Ro e, were fast nearing ’ to the city s gates. At the call arms , however, the Plebeians refused to fight, saying, with scorn , Let the powerful Patricians save Rome 1 Thus a thre tened from both without and within, the dis 30

STORIES IN STONE friends of Virginius rode at full speed to the place was where the army encamped , and told him of his the danger threatening fair daughter. With anxious heart Virginius returned in haste

to find - r to Rome, only Appius all powe ful, and the very laws changed to suit his wicked ends . Vir i nius his Then, at the next daybreak, g and daughter, clad in the garments of mourning, were followed into the Forum by the young girl ’s

Icili us nurse and , to whom she was betrothed , r r and a t ain of weeping friends ; and there , befo e

Vir inius the assembled people, g pleaded his cause

- at the judgment seat of Appius . But when he found that cruel magistrate unmoved by pity and l h i ’ s . deaf to justice, he himse f decided child s fate

Leading her to one of the shops, he seized a knife ’ from a butcher s stall, and, plunging it into her

out SO heart, cried , only, dear child , can I keep ! f thee free Then , holding the kni e before him, he passed from the Forum, the throng making w way for him in a ful silence . And again there was an uprising Of the men of Rome against their Oppressors, and the people conquered, and gained some power in the making Of the laws. From this time the Plebeians were less miser 32 THE FORUM

on able , and as the years went , some among them al became honoured Citizens , and even men of we th. Then the struggle between Patrician and Ple beian was for power in the government, and to reach his end , each used whatever means he could

— not s means always honest nor yet succe sful .

O was nce more the Forum the scene of contest, and this time victory was with the Patricians . It happened in a certain year when there was a ff great famine in the city, and much su ering

Mlius . ae among the poor Spurius , a rich Ple n beian anxious for public ho ours , seized this moment Of need to win the favour of the people m t by selling the corn a a low price , or by giving it n t freely to those who could o pay. Through this use his of wealth, he not only hoped to become a magistrate of the Republic, but he also dreamed — of greater glory even the high honours of a king.

SO , at least, the Patricians looked upon the matter, and, fearing for the welfare Of the State , they appointed a dictator a man whose office gave him an unquestioned right to command, but who only held his position during times of nu usual danger to the nation . This honour was 33 STORIES IN STONE now ff O ered to Cincinnatus, a wise and coura

eous man g who had served Rome nobly, and wh o t , although over eigh y years of age, was trusted in this troublous hour beyond all other men . He ordered that the people assemble in the Maelius for Forum, and that appear before him P trial . Then, having placed atrician guards throughout the place, he came with a strong

- se escort to his judgment seat, and nt a young

' Ofli cer out , named Ahala, to seek the ambitious Maelius Plebeian . had come into the Forum

h is with many of friends, but now, seeing the a fate that aw ited him, he shrank back into the to of throng, and refused obey the command the Dictator. Whereupon Ahala, deeming him a traitor to the Republic, rushed through the SO crowd, and killed him on the spot . , in this ’ struggle for power, a man s life counted as noth f r o . ing, and Charity but as a covering ambition Then came days when disaster overtook the was nation, and when Rome itself laid in ashes. The Romans had full warning of the coming danger, but filled with the pride of conquest, and sure of the strength of their city, they refused to 34 THE FORUM

s e listen to the message of the god , b cause it only to f came them through a poor man o the people . As this honest Plebeian was walking in th e th Forum one night, and was passing through e of street Close to the Temple Vesta, there hap

. was pened a wonderful thing The hour still , and as he neared the sacred place, he heard a n loud, clear voice, saying to him in to es more than human : Marcus Cadicius ! The Gauls are coming ! Rome ’s walls must be strengthened l”

Cadicius wh o Now was a good man, honoured

r SO the gods and loved his count y, and , although

-off the Gauls were a far people , not likely to ven u of t re against the power Rome , he at once out of sought the Plebeian leaders the army, and r epeated to them the unearthly command . But the proud officers turned him away with scornful

not . laughter, and would listen to what he said hit However, the time soon came when they terl y repented their stubbornness and pride , for before long the fierce men of the North were ’ within Rome s very gates . Then the proud and Romans, who for three hundred sixty years riev had been victorious over all their foes, were g 35 STORIES IN STONE ousl to y defeated, and forced make terms with their savage enemy. The price of peace de manded Brennus by , the leader of the Gauls, ’ f was a thousand pounds weight o rich gold . n This the Roma s brought into the Forum, that it might be weighed before their conquerors, but

finding the Gauls using false weights, they angrily s asked the reason of o great injustice . By way

Brennus of answer, threw his heavy sword also into the scales, and said It meaneth woe to the vanquished ! But the ancient writers tell us that this bargain

for was never carried out, hardly had these insult ing words been spoken, than Camillus, at the his head of army, arrived in the Forum . This great general was absent from Rome during the ’ now of city s disaster, but , in this hour peril, he was was sent for by the Senate, and made dic m tator. At once rallying the Ro ans, and saying, ! ” Rome pays in steel , not gold he threw the weights even the scales at the amazed bar barians, and drove them in confusion from the

City.

So the nation was saved a great disgrace, but a although the Rom ns kept their gold, they paid 36 THE FORUM

u dearly for this peace. For the Ga ls had left Rome destroyed and desolate ; they had torn not down that which could be burned , and had n t injured that which could o be torn down. Look ing upon the woful wreck of their homes and of out their city, the people cried that they could not n stay amid such ruin , but would begi their lives

anew elsewhere . Then Camillus called them to as the Forum, and, the mourning multitude stood n before him, there, amo g the ruins of what had ’ of once been the city s pride, he spoke to them

the noble deeds of their ancestors, and, pointing

s ou to the temples, a ked , Is this the time for y to leave the city of your fathers ? Is this the hour for a Roman to desert his gods ? So he put new

courage into the hearts of the people, and they set about the rebuilding of their Forum and Of

for sad their City ; and his wisdom in this hour, Camillus is known as the second founder of fi a Rome . Among their rst works, the repent nt for Romans, in atonement their neglect of the

warning given them by the gods, made an altar, Aius Locu tius near the Temple of Vesta, to , the

Speaking Voice . And now a disaster happened to the Forum 37 STORIES IN STONE

for u r itself, the gro nd fell in, fo ming a great abyss, in that part where, before the Tarquins drained Lacus the valley, was the pool called the Curtius . This deep hole the Romans laboured to refill with earth, but although each man did his utmost, their efforts were in vain. Then the priests of consulted the will the gods , but both they and the people failed to understand the message, which declared that the chasm could not close i e nor the State prosper, unt l a sacrific had been made of that on which Rome’s greatness was founded. Then , from among the young men,

one u came forth named Marcus Curti s, who asked 0 Tell me , men of Rome , has the nation of r r e aught greater value than a b ave man , a m d in her defence ?

No voice denying him, he stood for a while looking toward the shrines of the gods in the

Forum, and toward the temple of great Jupiter on the Capitoline Hill ; then , stretching out his ff hands toward heaven, he o ered himself as the sacrifice . Then he clad himself in full armour, caused his horse in finest trappings to be brought, and , while the people stood around in silence, 38

STORIES IN STONE

here, too, speeches were made by orators who c sometimes arrived at the pla e before daybreak, that their words might be the first to influence the throng ; for the quick-tempered Romans were So easily moved, and , as the wind the reeds, the wa orators s yed the multitudes, often exciting t them to riots and even o bloodshed . The third

Of these monuments was on the Comitium itself, was just in front of the Curia. It an enclosed Graecostasis and terrace , called the , in it ambas sad ors from foreign countries listened to speeches

of from the Rostra, or awaited the pleasure the

Senate to receive them . A s r this sto y of the Forum goes on , it tells, ’ r not only of Rome s g owth and progress , but also of for its joys and sorrows ; to the Forum , the place of the people, the Romans always came whenever the city was stirred by good or ill . At one time, the sad news was brought that the had entire army been taken by the Samnites, the ’ n ation s foes for many years, and that Rome had been forced into a disgraceful treaty. Upon

off learning this, the people, stripping their orna ments , and putting on their plainest robes, came to the Forum, where, without any order from the 40 THE FORUM

e S nate, they closed the shops, and stopped all e e busin ss, in token of their gri f and shame. Then there followed a time of general mourning for the loss of Roman valour, and for the dishon our Of the nation .

con At another time, when the Romans had quered these . same Samnites , and had brought t back much boo y, among which were many splendid Shields adorned with gold , the people

o were beside themselves with j y and pride . And they came in gayest dress to the Forum to cele O brate the triumph by a feast. ver the Shops of th e silversmiths they hung the Shields of the to Samnites, thus adding the decoration of the ’ was Forum, and Showing that Rome s honour was avenged . So great, indeed, the rejoicing

r over this victo y, that these magnificent shields

set to were apart as sacred the gods, and were always shown in the Forum whenever grand

s . proce sions , or the great games took place

At such times the Forum was, of course, thronged with crowds eager to see the splendour and the glitter of the celeb rations ; but even

was when there no special excitement, the Forum was filled, all day and every day, with a busy 4 r STORIES IN STONE

t of n n of e mul itude ma y ki ds people . For besid s

who me on e a s n s er those ca r gul r bu i e s, there w e those who came to the Forum on all sorts of other matters to seek advice from cheap

to eu lawyers, to buy slaves at public auction,

flute- - gage cooks, players, and dancing girls for s e s or n e n ome grand f a t, o ly to idl away the sun y In hours in lazy gossip with a friend . the middle of r n t - a the Fo um, arou d a gut er for the rain w ter, were usually found miserable loafers and drunk ards ; so the men of honourable character chose

to wa e of the rather lk at the low r end Forum , although, in those days of the Republic, men of humble station might speak freely with the n noblest of the thro g. Children played about on the steps of some of the buildings ; fine ladies

to r e r came to the Shops buy pe fumes, j welle y, and silken stuff s ; and beggars and pickpockets moved e n in and out among the ev r Changi g crowd . Now this mass of people in the Forum greatly ann e Of oyed som the haughty Patricians, who disliked to come too close to men of humble birth, whom they looked upon with much con tempt ; and among those who complained most

Of was loudly the crowded Forum, Claudia, a lady 42 THE FORUM of e high rank, whos brother had once been consul .

his e Under unwise command, how ver, the Roman s fleet had lo t many hundred lives, and another such disaster would have greatly lessened the ’

. O as number of Rome s citizens ne day, the proud Claudia w as borne in her litter through a diffi the busy Forum, and her Sl ves were with

she of culty making their way, looked out, full scorn, upon the press of people. “ e I would my broth r were alive, and that he n were agai admiral ! said she .

as of However, the years went on, the number

e not citiz ns only became greater, but so much

was n space taken up by statues and colum s, placed there to men whom the city desired to honour, that the living crowd of tod ay could hardly move in and out among the marble multitude Of yester day. s So Cato, one of the chief magistrate , wishing to n please the Roma s, and to make more room in the Forum, built a basilica, which he placed near a a his the Curi , and called the Basilica Porcia, fter Of family name Porcius . Now this sort a building was new in Rome, and greatly delighted the

its . people ; and porticos, giving shelter from the 43 STORIES IN STONE su n and from sudden showers, soon became the favourite place of meeting and amusement . s of After the succes the Porcia, several other basilicas were also built in the Forum . The first of these was the Basilica Fulvia, made near the ’ of silversmiths shops, and close by the Temple n Ja us ; then followed the Basilica Sempronia, placed near those shops which were on the north

of side the Forum ; and , some time later, the a O th e of B silica pimia was built, near Temple a Concord . Each of these b silicas was erected by some one of the chief magistrates, and was called after the family of its builder. The name of the

Fulvia, however, was twice changed, for members of two great families made it, in turn , larger and more beautiful , and it became known first as the i i P ulli lEm l a a . , and then as the In the court rooms of these basilicas was carried on much of the law business that before this had all of been done out doors at tribunals , or judgment

ff of seats , placed in di erent parts the Forum ; but a these tribunals were not all t ken away at once, many years even passing before they entirely

e ceased to be used . B ing of wood , they were e Oft n torn to pieces during riots, and used as a 44 THE FORUM means of attack and defence ; they were also

m e for r easily ov d , when space was needed a la ge assembly, for the shows of the gladiators , or for any great feast. And, in truth, much room was

r often necessary, for when the gladiato s fought, so vast were the crowds that they even overflowed into the streets which overlooked the Forum ; too sat sometimes, , hundreds of people down to f r S tables spread there o the entire populace . ome of the most magnificent feasts of the Forum were given at the funerals of great men ; but of them all, none were more splendid than was the one in honour of Publius Licinius Crassus, at one time ff Ponti , or High Priest. His funeral ceremonies

s for -five la ted three days, one hundred and twenty r of pai s gladiators fought around the funeral pyre , and not only w as a gift of meat made to the i n h dde . people, but all Rome was to the feast i r a While the mult tude we e fe sting, a great r storm arose . The wind struck the Fo um in such violent gusts that the tables were over turned, and the rain fell in such torrents that the people were drenched, and forced to make u themselves tents, of whatever they co ld find cloths, cloaks, and coverings of any kind . And 45 STORIES IN STONE so was fulfilled a saying of the soothsayers that, of da w a surety, a y would come hen tents would

e be pitch d in the Roman Forum . Now as Cato pleased the Romans by the build ing of a basilica, so other men sought to win in public favour other ways . And a certain man,

Mancinus con named , greatly desiring to become sul to to , thought of a way in which bring himself

to the notice of the people , and, at the same time ,

- gain their good will . He caused large paintings to be made of the siege and destruction of Car tha e dis g , the chief city of the Carthaginians, a tant nation long at war with Rome ; and these pictures he hung over some Of the shops in the

to u Forum, and he himself showed them the c ri ous — e populace, for it happened that he had b en S e . O the first Roman to ent r Carthage , using his

to his of his fame aid ambition, he told the people n own adventures, explai ed to them the position of the army, and answered, with untiring patience, the many questions asked by men of both high

l w - and o degree . Thus his good nature won for him the liking of the people , who elected him consul, even as he had planned . of At the lower end the Forum , near the 46

STORIES IN STONE in r the entire gove nment of their nation, for it formed a link between the two chief periods of ’ Rome s history. It was a basilica, placed between the Temple Of Castor and Pollux and the Temple of Saturn, and it was begun in the last days of ae the Republic, by Julius C sar, the greatest of the Romans ; but it was finished in the first days of

of the Empire, by Augustus, the greatest the rs was as Empero . It known, however, the Basil ica Julia, because of the wonderful man who commenced it ; for altho ugh Augustus was the ae a of Emperor, Julius C sar was the gre ter the a two. For it was C sar, conqueror and states so man , who was great in mind, and so strong of

his will , that he won way, step by step, to the highest position that could be given by the was nation ; and it Augustus, Rebuilder and

Beautifier wh o of Rome, received, but only as a of legacy, the place and honour supreme ruler. of During the last years the Republic , the long struggle between the Patricians and the Plebeians became a contest for power among two or three

r ambitious men . And Rome, wea y of the rule of tyrants for such were the consuls at that time would have gladly placed the entire govern 48

THE FORUM

n t ment in the hands of one just a d s rong man . ae r fo r i Julius C sar, already dictato l fe, would have been made king had not the jealousy of evil men ended his life, for he died covered with wounds given him by assassins and associates. And so this vast basilica, the largest building in the Forum , tw o — told a story in parts the first, about the end of the Republic and the loss of Roman liberty ; the second , about the beginning of the Empire n and the i crease of Roman splendour.

In the time of the Empire , the first monument placed in the Forum was a type of all the mag nificence that was to follow ; it was a column of gilded bronze, set on a base of beautifully carved

was marble , and called the Milliarium Aureum , or the Golden Milestone . It was put up near the

Temple of Saturn by the Emperor Augustus, and on it by his order were marked the names and the distances of the Chief towns on the highroads

- e that led from the thirty sev n gates of Rome . SO this Golden Milestone told a long story about the great changes that had been made by the e Romans, not only in the vall y of the seven hills , f but throughout the whole land o Italy. For it a showed that in those places where, in the e rly 49 STORIES IN STONE

th e e times, and in tim s Of the kings, small tribes n had lived in Simple huts, there were now thrivi g

of s e e Cities, full bu y p opl and Of fine buildings . And it told also Of the wisdom of the Romans

- — wh o the most famous of all road builders , by

es th e wonderful highways, bound each town to Of Rome itself, and thus made the centre the

as nation mighty, even a great tree upholding

- many wide spreading branches . O ver this realm Augustus reigned supreme ; his yet, in the midst of all power, he did not for get the great man who had made the Empire

for h is possible, among first works, he built a temple in the Forum to the memory Of Julius

ae . C sar This temple stood near the Regia, on the ’ r ae m spot whe e C sar s funeral pyre had been ade, and ff e it told of the a ection Of the Roman p ople, as w of for ell as of the gratitude the Emperor, , t its although erected and dedicated by Augus us, building had been first planned by the magis trates of the Republic . In the same year in which the Emperor paid this homage to the re memory of the great dictator, he himself ceived wh o high honours from the Senate ,

Offered him a triumphal arch in the Forum. so THE FORUM

This Arch of Augustus spanned the Sacra Via, ae near the Temple Of C sar, and it reminded men m of those great victories in Dal atia, in Egypt , and at Actium that had made him master of the

Roman nation .

was However, Augustus not only a brave war r was ior, he also a great builder ; and during his

as reign , still remembered a Golden Age, the Forum shared with the city in the many improve ments and adornments that he made . Thus n Romulus began Rome, Tarqui the Elder laid its l r i its foundations, Cami lus a sed it from ashes, u ifi and Augustus bea t ed it . For from plain and r th e l now simple brick st uctures, bui dings were

r remade in marble , o namented with all that art w could besto , and were wrought in all the beauty ’ that man s mind could conceive. The Emperor also finished many of the works that Caesar had begun ; and because of the ever increasing num

of as as add ber the citizens, well to to his own

r as ae glory, he built a new fo um, even C sar had r done before him . So the Forum of this sto y was no longer the only one in Rome ; but it was w l al ays the one most dear to the peop e, it was of always the centre of their life, and men spoke SI STORIES IN STONE

t! ze as do to- it as Forum, even they day, for there is no place in all the world so full of the memo ries of great men and great deeds ; of the echoes of great tragedies and great triumphs. One day when the Emperor came into the m Forum, at the ti e of an assembly of the people, he beheld many of the citizens of his fair white ”

t . ci y clad in sombre cloaks of grey Are these ,

he cried in indignation, the lords and conquer ors of the world ? and he commanded that henceforth no Roman should appear in the FO

rum without his toga, a long and graceful robe F r f of white. o the citizens o Rome were alone

r permitted to wear this garment, fo feited by

r banished Romans and forbidden to strange s. n Augustus, therefore, by this comma d , sought to make his subjects ever mindful of their proud

birthright as Romans, and to have each remem ber that the greatest of good fortunes was that of having been born and bred in that mightiest of i cit es Rome . When a young man became b ’ of age, the oy s toga, which was bordered with

a stripe of purple, was changed with much cere

mony for the pure white robe of manhood ; and , had r after he sac ificed to the gods of his home, 52

STORIES IN STONE

Now the place in the Forum where the Lacus was Curtius had been held sacred, and was marked by an altar ; close beside this was a well, and about it were growing a vine, an olive and a fig tree, giving welcome Shade to the

- w a t l passer by. The spot s believed o be a p ace of good fortune , and here , once a year, the people oo came, rich and p r, knights and labourers, to throw a piece Of money into the well and to

SO pray for the health of the Emperor. all the

Romans wished their ruler happiness, for he was n a man with many friends, and amo g those whom he knew best were the three great poets, Virgil, O Horace and vid, from whose beautiful verses so much has been learned about the Forum and the people of their day. Sad and terrible w as the story of the Forum

th e of during reign Tiberius, a cruel and wicked

wh o w as e a man , made Emperor aft r the de th of

Augustus . The story Showed the beginning of was the downfall Of mighty Rome , and told by ff O tw o . di erent structures f these , the first was another triumphal arch ; this was called the Arch

was of Tiberius, and raised over the Sacra Via, near the Temple Of Saturn . 54 THE FORUM y

Tiberius received this honour because his kinsman, Germanicus, had been victorious over some of the Germans, and had regained the standards lost by Rome in a former dishonourable Of defeat . But, although called an arch triumph,

of it was in reality an arch disgrace , for it showed that Roman valour was now held so lightly that even the highest man Of the nation was willing ’ r to profit by another s brave y, to conquer by ’ ’ for another s hand, and to be praised another s

for selfish deeds. This Arch Of Tiberius stood was ness and untruthfulness, and , indeed, a Sign Of ’ the times, for with the Empire s wealth and magnificence had come the loss of Roman noble

r ness and b avery. There were many nobles , but a e little true nobility ; many br vely dress d , but

e few brave at h art . The people no longer assem

to e e bled make the laws , but came tog th r, for the

a . O most part, only to feast and to be mused ver them the Emperor ruled with a power that none

e s dar d gainsay, but that many ambitiou men plotted to destroy, while others schemed , in turn, to m b ruin these . So Rome ight well have een

to likened a fine garden , full of rare growths and SO costly marbles, but whose paths turned and 55 STORIES IN STONE twisted that all who walked therein were lost in

az r the m es of a labyrinth, whence the e was no escape. Not far from the Arch of Tiberius was the structure that told the rest of this part of the ’ was Forum s story . It the stairway that led Tullianum a from the Forum to the , that dre dful Ancus Martins of prison begun by , in the times the Kings . These stairs were called the Scalar Gemoniae , or the Stairs of Sighs, for they told

ff r of horrible cruelty and su e ing, of gross abuse wh o and injustice . The bodies of those had been strangled or tortured in the dungeons of the prison , were thrown out on these steps, where they were sometimes left for days. At other s times, the corpses were rolled down the e awful aft r stairs , and, er having been d agged by great s hooks through the street , were cast into the

Tiber. Now as envy and the love of power go hand in suc hand , the Emperor Tiberius feared and hated cessful men, and he was jealous , above all others, of his popular nephew, Germanicus . He therefore

e to sent Piso, one of his spi s, Syria, of which dis was Not tant province Germanicus then governor. 56 THE FORUM

long afterward , news was received in Rome that the brave Germanicus was dead . Piso, accused

of having given him poison , at a time when they

r were feasting together, was brought to t ial before the Senate, and, although it could not

n be proved that he had done this dreadful thi g,

the people were furious against him . While he r his was being tried , the maddened mob d agged

statues from the Forum , and rolled them down

ae Gemoni of the Scal ae. To the crash the marble

of they added loud shouts anger, and demanded ’ that Piso s own body be flung out before them ; and in order that the enraged people might not

tear him limb from limb, many guards were sent him to protect as he went back to his home .

There, no help coming to him from the Emperor,

u whom he had faithfully served, Piso, giving p

all hope , killed himself, and thus avoided a yet

more horrible death . NO man was safe in those days Of treason and a as r conspir cy, and to be known the f iend of the ’ Emperor was to be in constant danger of one s ’ Ev u life . en Tiberius s minister, Sejan s, fell at ’ last under the Emperor s suspicions, and became w a victim of the a ful prison. 57 STORIES IN STONE

For three whole days the corpse Of Sejanus lay on Scalaa Gemoniae the , where it was insulted by

on o of the angry crowds, who vented the b dy this wicked favourite their hatred of his still more wicked master. But the Emperor did not stop of here, and soon afterward the Children Sejanus

Tullianum were also put to death in the . His youngest son and little daughter were taken by rough men to the prison ; the boy was silent and w seemed to kno that he must die, but the tiny was girl did not understand , and frightened , like a child fearing to have done wrong and dreading Sh e punishment. As they dragged her along,

to cried out pleadingly the jailers, asking them what she had done amiss and whither Sh e was e l b ing taken . Then tel ing them that they might use she the rod and strike her if they wished ,

to r promised , again and again , to be good , be ve y e U d a good indeed . But her pitiful cry f ll pon e f and e e ears, even the tender bodi s of th se little n w childre were thro n upon the Stairs of Sighs . Among these terrible tales of the Scalze Ge

ac is r moni , there one gentle sto y, a story of lov ing faithfulness, although Shown only by a dog. It happened when the Emperor Tiberius con 58 THE FORUM demned Sabin us to death a man named , whose only crime was that he had been too good a friend to the popular Germanicus . With Sabi nus a his were lso killed slaves, and to one of these belonged a dog that followed its master to the prison, before which it watched day and night, in the vain hope that he would again come forth.

e But when , at last, the doors w re opened, the poor w as e dog in great distr ss , for amongst others, the body of its owner was thrown out upon the wf stairs, and there lay in a ul stillness . Then its the dog stole bread , and tried to feed master, staying faithfully beside him until men came and to dragged the bodies away the Tiber. Yet even

not its there the loving animal did desert friend ,

as s but following, the waters clo ed over him , it struggled with all its strength to keep its master afloat and to bring him to land. Only a dog ! but showing more humanity than the men of those cruel days . Now a great disaster befell the Forum during n of the reig of Nero, the last of the line Julius Caesar and the most cruel man of those cruel be set fire days. He caused Rome to on , in order that narrow, winding streets and small , 59 STORIES IN STONE ugly houses might be destroyed ; for the city was to be made more beautiful and so h is own fame rendered greater. Then , unmindful of the terror

sufierin his e and the g of p ople, this Emperor stood upon a tower, watching Rome in flames, as and singing even he watched . Many of the buildings and monuments Of the Forum were

six sadly injured, for the fierce fire lasted for s old day , sweeping away, not only the and ugly

of parts the city , but destroying also much that was new and beautiful . So Rome lay again in

r ashes. Nero and the emperors that followed e of built the Forum and the City, both which , how ff e ever, su ered again and again from fir s in the

as years to come, and were often restored. N ow at this time there were in Rome certain

not people who did believe in the ancient gods, to not but who prayed a God made with hands, whose Son had been born in a manger at Bethle of hem , and whose word Truth had been brought by the Apostles Peter and Paul even to this great w and icked city. These people were called Chris

. So tians and were much hated Nero , to screen his own of evil deed, accused them having set

Rome on fire, and for this they were made to 60

STORIES IN STONE

V s for called it, however, the Temple of espa ian , , although it told of three rulers whose reigns to brought happier and better days Rome, Ves

was one m e pasian the best reme ber d . For he was the first to govern after the terrors of the w ’ year follo ing Nero s death , when the Romans had three bad emperors ; of these two were mur n hi wn dered and o e died by s o hand . From those days until their great Empire came to an end, the Romans were ruled and misruled ’ ff m r by many di erent e perors. Rome s histo y was like a Wheel of Fortune that is running down, and the arrow of time pointed sometimes to

e trouble and sometimes to peace, th n to power and then to weakness, often to ambition and often

to . to cruelty, again splendour and at last to ruin It was in one of these times of peace that an

w as ma other and last temple de in the Forum . This was called the Temple of A nto ninus and

Faustina, and was built near the Regia by the

h is Emperor Antoninus in memory Of wife . It told of the best ruler and of the best days that

for e -tw o e Rome ever had, during the tw nty y ars ’ A ntoninus s n was of reig , the vast Empire at peace both at home and abroad .

62 Slowly and yet more slowly turned the Wheel

was o of Fortune, and once, while the arrow p int

to ing ambition and cruelty, another arch of tri umph was raised in the Forum. It was called the of Arch Severus, and was built near the

Comitium , and over the Sacra Via, and, while the

Arch of Tiberius showed disgrace, this new arch

Showed crime . It told Of triumph , because it was made in honour of victories in distant eastern

e countries ; it told Of crime, because it show d ’ that a brother s ambition had been satisfied at th e ’ price of a brother s blood . At first, the arch was

e to d dicated the Emperor Severus, and to Caracalla

n e and Geta, his so s ; but Caracalla killed G ta in

ow n e se order that his power might not be l s ned , m th e h and then the name of Geta was cut fro arc . SO by the word that w as not there men read to

of day this terrible deed, and, in trying to make the world forget that he had a brother, Caracalla

his forced all men to remember wicked ambition .

of The story the Forum is nearing its close.

No one structure, however, continues it, but all

e the templ s unite to Show what happened next, and then all the buildings join together to tell n its mour ful end . 53 STORIES IN STONE The temples tell that a time came when the r ancient wo ship of the Romans was forbidden, when the gods were dishonoured, and when on their altars were seen the emblems of the New

Faith . For one of the emperors, named Constan tine, had openly become a Christian , and later,

Theodosius, another Christian Emperor, com manded that none Should bow the knee to any save to the One True God . And now from every part of the Forum comes f f the dreary story o its ruin . So much o Roman strength had been needed to protect the far ofi lands, conquered at great cost, that little energy or money was left with which to resist attacks from enemies at home . And the simple and powerful Nation of old was lost in the proud w as and vainglorious Empire . Thus Rome conquered at last by the barbarians over whom sh e a once so proudly held the mastery, and ag in ’ and again they entered the city s gates and laid e their destroying hands upon her vaunt d glories . In a half-hearted fashion the Romans restored some of the monuments and buildings of the

Forum, and once the rough strangers themselves, feeling the power of the great memories that 64 THE FORUM

w filled the place, laboured to rebuild hat they had torn down. But, for the most part, the t beautiful structures were lef in ruins, and their marbles were taken away for other buildings . The great Forum of Rome became a place of deso

i - lat on , used by the people as a dumping ground ; and , as the years went on, its ruined temples, its triumphal arches, its great basilicas, and its other monuments were buried under the neglect O of ages . ver the unsightly spot, kind Nature a laid a covering of green , and the It lian people

m or called the place the Ca po Vaccino, the field for cows. And there, in truth, where once a ’ t Ev nder s herd had fed , the cat le were again pastured , and only a few columns marked the ’ r g ave of Rome s past splendour.

Then came a time , not farther away from our own days than a hundred years , when men began to search for these great monuments, and to cast aside the earth and rubbish covering them . Many broken and scattered ruins have been

of old discovered , but some the things that the writers have told us about have not yet been found . So carefully, however, have shattered columns been repaired and the stones of build 55 STORIES IN STONE

r see - ings eplaced, that one can to day a part, at was least, of what there three centuries ago, and, ’ with imagination s aid , can picture much of the ’ Forum s bygone glories .

is s so Nor mankind yet sati fied, and the search

r goes steadily on . The wonde ful old monu

are e n u dis ments b i g caref lly uncovered, and covery after discovery is being made of the marvels of the Past. The sto ry of the Forum itself is finished ; but so as one long there shall rest stone upon another, its there shall not be silence within boundaries .

For its u , although life is past, the For m still its a speaks, and t les, old, yet ever new, shall be told and retold in all the years to come. THE STORY OF THE TEMPLE OF SATURN

TEE story of the Temple of Saturn is a golden

of story, beginning in a Golden Age, and telling a golden treasure . It begins in times so far wa a y that man cannot discern things clearly, but,

see as through a soft summer haze , he may some what of fertile lands, of great forests , of calm rivers ; he may hear faint echoes of the lowing a of u of c ttle, the call of the hunter, of the la ghter of children ; and thus he may know that the place on which he dreamily gazes is one of both peace and plenty. was That happy land called Saturnia, because ,

sa its en so the old stories y, among gre hills and n valleys a good king, named Satur , ruled lovingly over his contented people . He taught them b how to plant their fields, to uild their homes, and to live aright : and in his days all men stood 67 STORIES IN STONE

equal and wanted nothing. The people were so e so joyous and the earth s emed fair, that it was believed that the god Saturn himself had come to dwell therein ; and those bright days of the years when the world was young are still spoken of as a Golden Age . was And so the legend grew, and it said that ’ Saturn s home w as on the hill called by the n its Romans the Capitoli e, and that at foot an altar was raised to him , after he had disappeared from among mankind . This altar was placed ’ t son there by Hercules, great Jupiter s migh y , who taught those early people, not only to cease the sacrifice of human beings and to make less ff cruel o erings to the god , but to pray to him d an . with their heads bare free For Hercules ,

-off like Saturn himself, had come from the far land of Greece, where the customs were unlike those of Italy ; and thus he honoured the gods hi after the manner of s country. So it came to pass that in the Temple of Saturn , which in ’ aftertimes stood in this altar s place , men wor shipped with their heads unveiled, even as did the Greeks ; the Roman custom, however, was to draw down the veil, that the Sights of the 68

STORIES IN STONE

stela had fallen and were in fragments. Then the soothsayers cried out that the end of the

Republic was at hand , and among those that heard them many lived to see these words come

true. But if it happened that the worshipper had not

time to read the laws, he who truly honoured the gods would still linger a moment before the statue

of Silvanus, which stood in the Area beneath the t shade of a fig tree . For Silvanus was akin o

Saturn , aiding him in his care over the fields and n his own the forests , and havi g as special Charge

r as the boundaries Of the fa m , such those of the

f -fi l o e ds. pastures and the corn The fig tree,

of near the statue Silvanus, grew so large that its it roots spread under the image, so that was in danger of falling. To prevent this disaster,

r the tree was taken up, after p ayers and sacrifices of by the priestesses Vesta, whose duty it was to attend all such solemn rites . l And now, at ast, the worshipper, having paid his devotions before the altars that also stood in the Area, mounted the steps and entered the O its Temple Of Saturn itself. ver entrance were

two carved the figures Of Tritons, creatures half 70 THE TEMPLE OF SATURN

a fish men, h lf , holding aloft large shells, as if to n blow a warning note . Now the Trito s obeyed of the commands Neptune , god of the boundless

his th e sea, and, as over blue domain they rode

sea- s white horse , they wound their big shell trumpets to still the rough, restless waves. Across the waters from Greece they had safely escorted Saturn, and their figures on his temple seemed still to guard him , and as if ready to quiet all disturbance that might come near the

red place .

Within the temple stood the statue of Saturn , ’ immortal protector of the earth s precious increase .

His was image was made hollow, but filled with

oil th e the from the olive , for did he not have green world under his care ? and in his hand was

not a sickle, for did he reward work with rich harvests ? and about his feet were bound ribbons of wool, for did he not also guard the animals of the farm ? So it was Saturn that watched over the wealth of the early Roman people, for in those days their riches lay in their fields and in their flocks . n Then when the Roma s had grown greater, and

s s of their wealth was counted, not in golden tore 71 STORIES IN STONE

grain , but in shining bars of gold itself, what more natural than that Saturn should still guard

it, and that, even as other gods had in their care

other treasures, he should have in his temple the public riches of the whole Roman nation ? Now in the first days Of th e Republic there

was a consul named Valerius, who, because of

the help he rendered the people, became known ” “ ’ ” PO licola . as p , or the People s Friend He it was who ordered that the money belonging to the State should be placed for safe keeping in a strong-room made under the floor of the Temple of Saturn ; for Rome was not only growi ng was larger, but constantly at war, and much money was needed both for the city and for the

army . So each Citizen gave to the nation accord a for Po licola ing to his me ns, and this reason p allowed the people themselves to elect as

tw t r treasurers o young men called qua s o s. These officers were under the direction of the

fErarium r Senate , and thus the , or Treasu y of

Rome , was watched over by both the god and r the gove nment .

s r At fir t, the money placed in the Treasu y

was was only bars of copper, on each of which 72 THE TEMPLE OF SATURN

as stamped some figure , of an ox, a sheep, or a l fow , for in the early times all debts had been paid and all exchanges had been made with such

. d animals Later, rough copper coins were ma e , and some of them bore on one side the head of n on S Ja us, the other the hip that had brought

e Saturn to Italy . Still later Silv r and gold were

For m e used . any years all paym nts were made — by weight as at the time when th e Romans

r Brennus weighed out the ansom demanded by , the Gaul — and scales were kept in the temple for this purpose .

in Besides the money, both in bars and coin, the q ua stors had charge also of certain records

of importance to the nation . Under their care

of were the accounts public expenses, reports from all generals and governors Of provi nces ;

of s also sentences death, names of ambas adors

from strange lands, and the general record of

births and deaths . But the quaestors had in

their care another Charge , one more precious a th n gold , more important than records, for in the lErarium of the Temple of Saturn were — also kept the Roman standards emblems of ’

n e . the ation s courage, honour, and pow r The 73 STORIES IN STONE earliest standard under which the Romans went

Was forth to conquer a Simple bundle of hay,

to of e placed on the p a long pol , for they were farmer-soldiers and fought for their lands as well

as r e for the glory of their count y . But wh n ’ e was m Rom s name ightiest, a golden eagle,

its was holding in claws a thunderbolt, carried

aloft before her victorious hosts . ’ To follow the standards wherever the nation s glory or honour called w as the Chief duty of a

a e was Rom n , and no pleasur , no trouble , great

e O w enough to keep him from ob ying. nce , hen a deadly pestilence had stricken Rome for two long years, and the people were overcome with

rt Sickness and sadness, ce ain Of their enemies dared to carry their attacks close to the dis tressed city. Angered at this advantage taken

Of their weakness, yet alarmed at their peril , the

his Romans appointed a dictator. By orders the Roman standards were brought from the Temple of e e Saturn , and , in the gr y of the morning, w re borne beyond the gates . And there every Roman who had strength enough left to carry arms ral ’ to r ofl ered lied in answer his count y s need, and his life to save the city and to protect the help 74 THE TEMPLE OF SATURN

S less sick and dying. uch men can never be conquered, and the standards were soon brought back to Rome in triumph. u&stors had one After a time, the q yet more tO Charge given them, for they were made also ” the guardians Of the sacred gold of Rome . When the victorious Gauls h ad humbled Roman th e pride , wisest among the magistrates took counsel together and decided that a fund Should

n as be put aside against times of extreme eed, such another war with those dreaded enemies from the north , or in case Of any other pressing necessity ’ was I Erariu m of the State . This fund called the Sanctius e was s , or the Sacred Tr asury, and al o

was eal in the Temple of Saturn , where it most j ou sl was y guarded. It , however, entirely separate n from the general treasure , and the mo ey, which was in bars of gold, amounted to enormous sums as the years went on .

AS their wealth grew greater, the Romans did not forget to honour the god in whose temple

so e their treasure was safely kept, but worshipp d Saturn faithfully and once a year celebrated a great feast in his name . This was the Saturnalia, which took place in December, after the grain 75 STORIES IN STONE was garnered and when man was ready for rest and for enjoyment ; and the people were com manded by the Senate to Observe this festival forever. It began with a sacrifice to Saturn in his temple, and was followed by a public feast, at the end of which the people gave themselves was as over to every kind of pleasure . It though men strove to recall once more the Golden Age, for during the Saturnalia they all stood equal and joyous freedom ruled the hour. Slaves were r waited upon by their maste s , prisoners were set at liberty, even criminals were pardoned , and no battles were fought during that happy time, which lasted for seven days . Next to their faith in the power of the god to ’ was of guard the nation s riches, the confidence the Roman people in the surety of the govern ’ ment to pay all the nation s debts ; and such was

s their pride that, even to them elves, they would not acknowledge that the Treasury of Rome could on fail. When the magistrates proclaimed that, account of the expenses of the army during was the war with the Carthaginians, there no money left with which to make needed repairs t Ple in the ci y, the Citizens, and especially the 76

STORIES IN STONE

on r m ey to the T easury. But the people were weary of paying for an army whose victories , although bringing glory to Rome, ended by leav ing themselves poorer ; so they came into the

Forum in immense multitudes, and complained th e I tax bitterly of njustice of the . Upon this , of another meeting the Senate was held . The

0 magistrates looked helplessly at one another. N

r money in the Treasu y, no money from the people . What then was to be done ? A s they were still considering this matter, there rose from among

e Laevinus ad th m the wise Consul , who thus dressed the assembly : Those of high station and of noble name should set a right example to those of low condi do tion and of humble birth. We should first willingly ourselves what we would ask others to

rf r us f m . o pe o m So let , senators and nobles Ro e,

the r of put into public Treasu y all our gold, silver,

v and coined brass, only reser ing those things

e of our which , b ing signs our station, are due to

us families. And let do this before passing a so decree upon the people, that our zeal for the welfare of the Republic may inspire them by its ” pure ardour.

STORIES IN STONE

m ae But turning the all aside, C sar went into the

fErarium Temple of Saturn and approached the .

Then one of the tribunes, named Metellus, placed himself against the locked doors, and cried out ae was that C sar breaking the laws of Rome, and that only throu gh his ow n dead body should the sacred gold of the people be reached. At this, the great Conqueror grew angry and scornfully replied : is O There , Metellus, a time for law, and there

war. is also a time for When the last is over, I will speak with thee about the first. Rome and her people are now mine , and I shall do with all ” as even I will. ae Having said this, C sar asked for the keys, but these no man was able to find ; so he sent for e smiths, who forced open the strong doors . B fore he passed the threshold, however, Metellus spoke once more in warning and in entreaty, and some in the crowd around encouraged him . But ae so h C sar, raising his voice that all s ould hear, made only a short reply.

If thou disturb me further, I will kill thee, 0 he said calmly ; and this, rash man , is harder for me to say than to do ! 80 THE TEMPLE OF SATURN

r Whereupon Metellus sh ank back in fear, and Caesar possessed himself of the most precious riches of the Roman people . And men said for that, the first time, Rome was poorer than — Caesar for he had many debts . Yet in making for ae the city poorer the moment , C sar enriched ° the nation for all time ; for with his army he u and went forth conquering and to conq er, the boundaries of Rome were widened until they s a reached from e to sea.

s Augustus, the next great Ma ter of Rome , had the Temple of Saturn enlarged and beautified ; but after his day there came a long pause in its h d h . e a e story The emp rors t eir own tr asury, and , as their power grew, that of the State faded. h h a The time of t e people d gone by. In the

Carinus e reign of , a most wick d emperor, a great ’ e was fire injured Saturn s temple , and aft r this it a O restored, but h stily, and without care . ver the th entrance were placed e letters S . P . Q . R to Show that the work had been done under the direction of the Senate and th e People of Rome ;

e r e e for the next emp ro , Diocl tian, b ing a Chris

not h is e tian, would put name on the t mple of a god whom he denied. Soon the worship of all

8 1 STORIES IN STONE

the gods was forbidden , and the temple was no longer used even as a Treasury ; and little by lit tle it fell into ruins . Eight columns of the portico now stand upon

of a part the foundation , and these, with some ‘ h to zErariu m steps that per aps led the , are all ’ that can be seen tod ay of Saturn s ancient shrine . The god of the Golden Age has deserted his temple, the Golden Treasure has been taken away, and the Golden story is ended .

THE STORY OF THE COMITIUM

MAN r r Y, many yea s ago there was a ter ible battle .

In a marshy valley among some wooded hills, fierce men fought with one another, slaying without f . o no mercy But there was no boom cannon , of cloud smoke , no roll of drum, no gleam of for armour ; these warriors, clad only in the skins of h animals, protected themselves behind roug

s shields, while they sought to kill with rude spear , w as and bows, and arrows. And yet the battle

and su n long deadly, and when the Sinking told its that the dreadful day was over, last rays shone upon men in bitter strife . Then the chiefs of the to armies caused the bloody work cease, and met in council, that, if it were possible , a treaty might

A s s be made between them . they pa sed along

-field so the battle , where lay dead many of the strong men of their tribes , their hearts were heavy, 83 STORIES IN STONE and in silence they reached a quiet spot at the upper end of the valley, and there they paused . one This place was at the foot of of the hills, and was fresh and green from the waters of a was spring, and on one side a cave overgrown with ivy. There , under the great trees, the chiefs held

was to parley, and before long word sent their wearied armies that the warfare was ended and

w as e that peace declared. This council, betwe n Romulus of the Romans and Tatius of the Sa

was e bines, the first held on the Comitium, wh re for centuries those that guided Rome’s affairs met to plan and discuss the ways and means of government . And when Romulus and Tatius ruled together over the new nation , they met in this peaceful spot,

- just beyond the busy market place, to make the first laws for their people ; and here they also sat

e . as in judgm nt Perhaps , however, the number of s car the people increased , the noi e of fetching and r in and y g, of calling bargaining from the market,

- became too loud , and disturbed the law makers in

for not be their serious consultations, it was long fore a hut of clay was built for the kings and their councils, on that part of the Comitium where the 84

STORIES IN STONE s trong, courageous , and equal in years. And was therefore it proposed that the three Albans, who were named the Curiatii, should fight the a three Romans , who were c lled the Horatii . The result of this contest was to be taken as a proof was that one nation greater than the other, and the people of the conquered were to be ruled by the king of the victors .

So the Romans gathered vervain, the sacred n n herb from the Capitoli e Hill, and Carefully pulli g its of its it up by roots , that none virtue be lost ,

- they made of it sweet smelling wreaths, which they gave to the heralds as a token of their grave

' oflic l e. Solemn rites were also he d among the Albans and between the two tribes passed heralds with royal orders and messages until terms had

e e e b en arrang d and acc pted by both sides . Then the Roman and the Alban army pitched their camps in a plain just beyond Rome, and the youths on whom so much depended met in

. Eac the centre of the field h man was eager, each seemed to feel in himself alone the spirit ’ r of a whole army defending a count y s honour.

A breathless silence, then a Clash of arms, a glitter of swords, and the deadly contest began . 86 THE COMITIUM

Hard and fast, blow followed blow, until two of the HoratII fell lifeless to the ground . Then the

Romans were dismayed, for the honour of their

‘ n n t natio lay in the stre g h of one of her sons alone , e and before him, although sor ly wounded, stood l his three enemies, stil fierce , still fighting, and cheered on by glad shouts from the Alban

r t anks . Horatius was as yet unhur , but he could not hope to win in such an uneven fight ; so to

his strength he added cunning. ran Feigning flight, he from his foes , judging that their wounds would force them to follow

at unequal distances, and planning to attack so them one by one . And it happened , for it was not long before one of the Curiatii ran beyond

his weaker brothers, and Horatius, seeing this, turned suddenly upon him and felled him to

the ground . Then, grasping still more firmly of his victorious sword, he met the attacks his

foe second , and killed him even as he had done f r the first . Loud shouts o victo y from the

Roman army now filled the air, for they saw

that the end of the contest was near. Weak s out from his wound , worn with running, and ’ - heart sick over his brothers fate , the last of the 87 STORIES IN STONE

Curiatu made no struggle , but fell before the exulting Horatius, who plunged his sword into ’ his r enemy s throat, c ying triumphantly Two of you have died that my brothers might be avenged the third Shall lose his life that Rome may rule Alba ! a Then, led by Horatius, be ring the spoils of the vanquished Curiatii , the Romans returned

to . rejoicing their city Near one of the gates, there stood among the awaiting crowd the sister

th e r of the Horatii . She watched procession d aw near, with anxious eye and beating heart, dread ing, yet longing to know who were the victors, for although truly loving her brothers, she was

Curiatu betrothed to one of the . And when she saw upon the victor’s shoulder the military robe own sh a that with her hands e had m de her lover, she rent her hair and mourned aloud. Hearing r her grievous cries, Ho atius stopped , and, full of rage at this sorrow over the foe he had so hardly his ff conquered, anger blinded his a ection , and, sh e drawing his sword , he killed his sister where stood , at the same time exclaiming So shall perish every daughter of Rome that dares mourn an enemy l 88

STORIES IN STONE

e and the p ople were protected ; here , both public va and pri te wrongs were brought for judgment . was And here, once a year, a sacred rite per formed for the cleansing of the guilt of the whole Re ifu ium h . t e city This was called the g g , or

of - Flight the King, although to day no man for knows why, this ceremony first took place in ancient days when Legend led History through now w winding ways, so overgro n that hardly a single path can be clearly seen . But true it is that here, on the Comitium, before the assembled — people, the priest killed an animal the symbol of all their sin —and then fled from it as from a of r thing ho ror, lest some drop of unclean blood Should fall upon him ; and by this sacrifice it was e was b lieved that Rome purified . Now the priests were very mighty in those

afiairs of days , and often gave counsel in the

e gov rnment, as well as in those of religion, explaining the meaning of the Signs and wonders

SO by which the gods made known their will . Numa had sought a sign from heaven before e w b coming king, and Jupiter, to Sho that Numa as as to men was acceptable to the gods well , had sent birds to fly by on the right hand of the 90 THE COMITIUM

augur, the wise priest that could read such divine ’ of tokens . But the greatest Rome s kings,

Tarquin the Elder, doubted in his heart the of a power the augurs, and , being ngry because forbidden by them to carry out his will in a

certain matter of government, he determined to prove them false before all the people . th Therefore, King Tarquin went down to e w Comitium, at a time when many ere in the

- Attus avius market place, and caused N , the most famous augur of that day, to be called before him.

Then, in courteous tones, which, however, hardly concealed a great scorn, the king thus spoke O diviner of the will of the gods , I have called thee to advise me in a grave matter. of Canst thou, by thy vision things unseen by ordinary men , tell me if the plan that is in my mind can be fulfilled Attus Navius Bowing low before the king, went to a quiet place apart to consult the heavenly signs, but soon returned saying

What Tarquin wills can of a surety be done . n The the king laughed aloud, and showing W the augur a razor and a hetstone, he bade him

cut the two . one in with the other Whereupon , 9 1 STORIES IN STONE

avius no S N , with ign of hesitation, took the razor in his hand and with one st roke laid the hard stone open . Then the king believed . And from that day great respect was shown

of the augurs, no matter either peace or war being undertaken by the Romans without con

ultin r s g these wise men . A b azen statue of Attus Navius was placed upon the steps of the

W r Curia, and the hetstone and azor were buried on that part of the Comitium where the miracle

r . d had been w ought This Spot was held sacre , and a sort of low stone fence w as made around it, that no unholy foot should trespass upon it. But this was not the end of the wonders done by Attus Navins ; once more he proved his power to the king and to all the people . By the river

Tiber there grew a fig tree, which, untouched by

to man , the augur caused to move the centre Be of the Comitium, where it again took root . neath it was placed a group of a wolf and two baby boys ; and the augur consecrated this spot

r also, for this tree had seen the ve y beginning of ’ Rome s beginnings, and as it flourished , so, men d believe , the nation itself prospered . Long before the city of Rome itself was 92

STORIES I N STONE‘

sa the brothers quarrelled, sad to y, and Romulus e killed Remus . So Romulus alone found d Rome, m the great city that still bears his na e. And this is why the Romans cherished the

on ancient fig tree the Comitium, and why the bronze group of the wolf and the little children was herd placed beneath it. The kind shep , Faus o tulus, was buried on the C mitium, a stone lion , his - marking burial place ; and here, men say,

was S Romulus himself also laid. ome think that his a flat black stone was over grave, and others that two stone lions showed where he lay ; but all that we surely know is that on the Comitium were placed several monuments, erected in mem ory of early Rome and of her founder.

ow u e e N Servius Tullius, who r l d aft r Tarquin the Elder, was a peaceful man that governed Rome well ; and under his direction many wise a laws were passed by the Senate in the Curi .

- was s And yet the end of this law maker lawles . — But the story of the Comitium always one of Justice as well as of Law shows that the wrong was punished .

son e u Although the of a slav , Servius Tulli s, because of the power of his mind and the gentle 94 THE COMITIUM

his ness of ways, had found much favour with

as his e Tarquin the Elder, who, years increas d ,

n in . e left the governme t his hands Hence , aft r

was the death of Tarquin, Servius naturally e Chosen by the s nators as the next ruler, for the Roman kings were elected by a vote of the peo ple confirmed by the Senate ; a son did not suc i ceed s . his father to the throne, as now the custom O ’ n account then of Servius s greater worth, Tar ’ quin s sons were passed by ; but being young and

ad to free, they were gl to leave serious matters h other men . However, it happened t at one of m them , also named Tarquin , arried an evil woman, and from that time a great discontent

se o . a his ized up n him Tulli , for so wife was was of called, the daughter Servius, but she was as w as she as wicked he good, and so excited the ambitious desires of Tarquin that he plotted to

now . take the throne from Servius, grown old in Accordingly one day, Tarquin , attired royal robes , and escorted by armed men, rushed into

and u the Forum, entered the C ria, where he took ’ the king s seat, and commanded that a herald summon the senators to attend him, Tarquin, their king. Full of fear and amazement, the 95 STORIES IN STONE

senators obeyed , and Tarquin was in the midst of a long speech, when Servius came into the

- Senate house . “ r ! How now, Ta quin indignantly asked the “ king, by what insolent daring dost thou assume my place ? ’ son ! By my right as my father s , thou slave as scornfully replied Tarquin . Then , the people were crowding into the Curia, he felt that the to his moment had come in which prove might,

so n Old r and , seizi g the king and car ying him to the porch, he threw him down the steps of

- the Senate house .

e Servius lay stunned for a mom nt, then , dazed

to and bruised , he staggered his feet and looked

him l his u appealingly about , bewai ing misfort ne . But from among the crowd no man came forward to of his help the fallen king, no glance pity met eye ; all were on the Side of the strong man wh o l casting aside the aws both of God and man , and standing commandingly before them, proclaimed himself master of Rome . Then the poor old e his monarch, hurt and bleeding, call d servants to as as him , and such dared followed him he s his tarted toward home . This, however, he 96

STORIES IN STONE

Then, at last, the proud king listened, and paid his the amount desired, although obstinacy had lost Rome that which could never be replaced ; for in these volumes, called the Sibylline Books, were found wonderful things concerning the will

r of the gods, and directions whereby their w ath might be turned from the Roman people . A statue of this sibyl was then placed on the Comi tium , in honour of her visit, and in order that all should know that Rome was guided by the direct of decrees the gods. As year by year Tarquin oppressed the people

for more and more , their dislike him ripened into hate ; and Justice, working slowly but surely, at last overcame him . For the day came when, in that same Curia on whose steps Tarquin the Proud had denied all Law and had made himself king, the Senate assembled and passed a decree

of e enforcing the laws Rome, d claring her people free and exiling the tyrant and all of his house e h is forever. So Tarquin the Proud end d days v is in misery, but the memory of Ser ius honoured even to this generation .

Within the Curia, laws were now made for the e for people by the p ople ; instead of a king, magis 98 THE COMITIUM trates elected from among the citizens ruled the nation , which became known as the Republic of m Ro e . Under this new order arose the Patri e ian and Plebeian classes, and in the Forum each of these parties had its special place of meeting . O e n the Comitium cam together the Patricians, for their ancestors had always aided in the gov ernment ; in the market-place and the middle of the Forum gathered the Plebeians, for they were

r ever the business men and the laboure s. But at times the Plebeians would come in crowds to to n the Comitium i sist upon their rights, and on other occasions the Patricians would enter the market-place in large numbers to beseech the patience of the people. And so their struggle o n for p wer went o .

At the beginning of the Republic, the large open space of the Comitium was sepa rated from the rest of the Forum by a fence ; and within this enclosure stood the Pila Horatia ; the ancient fig tree, beneath whose shade was the bronze group ; the monuments marking the grave of Romulus, and that of Faustulus, the shep herd ; and the new statue just put up in honour of the sibyl ; while at the rear was the 99 STORIES IN STONE

e Hostilia plain ston Curia , upon whose steps stood the statue of the wonder-working A ttus

Navius a e . Here, lso, must have b en some kind

r - of a t ibunal, or judgment seat ; for in this place the offenders against the laws were tried and sentenced, and here, too, criminals were exe

cuted . One of the first two consuls of the Republic was m u na ed Brut s, a stern and just man . Soon after ffi of he had entered upon his o ce, some the young nobles of Rome were discovered in a plot to help the exiled Tarquin . Betrayed by a Slave, these youths were brought to the Comitium for judg m n ent before the tribunal of Brutus, and amo g the traitors the eyes of the unhappy father fell

for upon two of his own sons . Not a moment not did he waver, for a single instant did he lose t sight of his du y as a judge, nor of his honour ff as . a Roman With the other o enders, his sons w ere condemned to death, and, in spite of their entreaties, to which the assembled people added lie theirs, the young men were led away by the tors . Now these lictors were the special servants a S of cert in magistrates, and bore as their ign of office a bundle of rods bound around an axe.

0 0 ’ : o o o o 0 1m

STORIES IN STONE niculum t Hill, opposite the ci y, and on the other a side of the Tiber. Great larm reigned among ’ the Romans ; the city s walls were strengthened in every part, and the gates were protected by many armed men . But there was one weak point in the defence, and there the enemy planned to a To make their att ck . connect the city with the fortress, a bridge had been built across the Tiber. Sublicius It was called the Pons , or the Bridge of Wooden Beams, for in its making no iron had been used ; and by it Porsenna purposed to cross the river and to enter Rome. However, it hap pened that on the day of the taking of the Janie r on ulum , Ho atius Cocles was guard at the bridge, and when he saw the enemy rapidly

- approaching, he called to his fellow soldiers for

r assistance. But many of them we e fleeing in

l and r terror within the wa ls, only by b ave words and still braver actions did Cocles prevail upon them to stand like Romans and to face the com ing danger. Shall a foe enter Rome while a Single man ” yet lives to defend her ? he nobly cried . To the bridge ! Cut down the bridge ! The enemy must never cross ! THE COMITIUM

for of Then , choosing himself the post greatest

of peril, he waited at the farther entrance the

for bridge the arrival of Porsenna. With him

tw o es went other courageous men, and behind th e the rest of the band laboured in all haste to tear e the strong timb rs apart .

r Alone , those three b ave Romans met the

as was attack of the Etruscans ; then, the bridge h almost ready to fall, Cocles sent back the ot ers,

- . A s and, single handed, faced the enemy the leaders hesitated to continue their attack on one ’ man e only, Cocles , with a free man s pride, call d

u them , in scorn , Na ght but the slaves of kings n At this a storm of javeli s fell upon him, but he caught them on his Shield and remained u n f hurt. Just then a shout o joy from the Romans told him that their work had been successful and For that the bridge was about to give way. one instant only did brave Cocles pause . 0 Father Tiber ! he prayed to the god of ’ “ Rome s great river, take thy soldier into thy kind care ! ” r was Whereupon he leaped, all a med as he , into the stream , and , amidst another rain of jave t o . lins, swam safely the shore I o3 STORIES IN STONE

Thus Rome was again saved from her enemies ; and in gratitude the Senate erected a statue of on Horatius Cocles the Comitium , and granted him as much land as he could plough around in a single day. to And, strange say, a few years later, a statue of Porsenna, the enemy so nobly withstood, was

on . also placed the Comitium For, so some of us the old writers tell , the Romans made peace foe with the Etruscans, and in their ancient found a firm friend and faithful ally. This statue of Porsenna was the first to be placed in the Forum of any but a Roman ; some Hermodo years later, however, another stranger, rus of Ephesus, a city of Greece, also received this honour. By his wise counsel he had aided the Romans in the making of their laws, and had thereby so gained their respect and admiration that they added his statue to the Comitium’s monuments . few w A years before these la s were made , three Roman nobles had been sent as ambassadors to w h r Greece, and hile there t ey studied the gove n ment of that country. So when the citizens of i d Rome, t red of the misrule of the consuls, electe 104

STORIES IN STONE r outed, and that the fierce Gauls were approach i n e a r e g Rome , their wont d br ve y desert d them fled and they ran from before the enemy. They

r e from the city, they, thei wiv s , and their chil

h e dren, taking with t em th ir household gods and

u whatever else co ld be carried in their haste. But some of the ablest senators and a few of th e men a strongest went up into the cit del , which they stored with such arms and provisions as they could find ; and here they determined to protect

s t Roman honour to the la t . So in all the ci y

F r . o there remained only the aged men , too old i to fight and too infirm to flee , what r ght had they to eat the bread needed by those whose arms were strong or to detain those whose feet were swift ? But they could die nobly and with

s out fear, like true Roman , and to this end each

his own went into house, there to await the enemy and death .

en r r Th the vene able senators, ar aying them in as we selves white robes , such re worn by those that triumphed, and bearing all that marked their

ffi . honourable o ce , proceeded to the Forum They placed themselves on the Comitium, each in his

r his ivo y chair, each facing doom with calm dig

I o6 THE COMITIUM nit S y, as if to how that no terror was great

to enough Shake the government of Rome .

so Brennus his And , at the head of fierce bar barians , found them ; and at the sight the wild hearts of the Gauls were stilled with a great

was r r amazement that almost fear. For b ave y

no e and needs interpret r, before them the bold invaders beheld a co urage SO great that they were overcome with awe . Clothed in skins, their rude weapons forgotten, these rough, unkempt men stood immovable , gazing with wonder upon the white-bearded old senators as they sat in their

r spotless robes, their ivo y sceptres in their hands. In absolute stillness the venerable nobles looked upon the despised barbarians with scornful eyes saw that seemingly them not. Then a Gaul,

w of bolder than the rest, came slo ly toward one these calm figures, and, leaning forward, plucked his see beard to if he were really man or not. ’ Instantly the barbarian s head was struck with ’ dis the senator s sceptre, and the curious Gaul

e cover d that Roman pride, when touched, made

u was and e e . its lf f lt Th s the spell broken , a great slaughter followed , in which no man was Spared ; after this the Gauls encamped in the 107 STORIES IN STONE m Foru and laid siege to the citadel above . for This siege continued many months, but at length the Romans were forced to make terms

e e . with th ir en my However, before the conclu sion of the treaty Camillus and his troops came ’ to the rescue of the Citadel s little garrison , and the Gauls were forced to return without booty to their northern woods and fastnesses .

u But Rome was left in r ins, and the people, coming back to find their homes destroyed or

o VeII in ashes, determined to g to , a conquered city not far distant, there to found a new capital for their nation. The wise Camillus did all he could to persuade them to be brave and not to desert the homes of their fathers ; and so serious was the matter that the Senate met together in solemn consultation . While they were within reliev the Curia, some soldiers, returning from ing the guards, paused for rest on their way through the Comitium . The voice of their was leader, as he bade his men halt, Clearly heard by the anxious magistrates in the Senate

- h : . ouse Standard bearer, fix thy standard It is us best for to stay here , were the words that ne r reached them . With o accord the senato s

I o8

STORIES IN STONE

In this battle six of the Latin ships had been b driven ashore, where they had been burned y

as the Romans, who, however, had saved trophies ’ of the brazen beaks, or the Sharp ends the vessels

r fi prows, which were ornamented with st ange g ures of men or animals, even as we sometimes se on - e them our Ships to day. These beaks of the vessels taken at A ntium were brought back

to to Rome, where they were nailed the front of t a raised pla form that stood on the Comitium , just m before the Curia. This platfor was used by the orators when making speeches to the people , and from the time that the trophies were added it was known as the Rostra, because rostra was the

Latin name for beaks . The Rostra on the Comitium became the centre of those great struggles for liberty and for power w r that no stirred Rome for hundreds of yea s .

At first the orators, when making their speeches, was faced the Curia, for that the stronghold of be the Patricians ; then , the Plebeians having come powerful, they turned to the middle of the

Forum , the place of the people , as if addressing the ruling party.

Around the Rostra often stood excited crowds,

I I o THE COMITIUM

listening to burning words from this haughty

r e Pat ician or from that defiant Plebeian , whos sentiments were often repeated in such hostile

tones by their friends among the throng, that persons of opposite Opinions were moved with

anger and replied with furious cries and blows . So it happened that among the quick -tempered not n Romans o ly riots , but scenes of bloodshed,

took place here again and again . It was also upon the Rostra that the white robed senators appeared before the people to announce some decision of the Senate or to

explain some new law. Their speeches and those of the orators were thought to be of such impor tance that there was reserved on the Comitium a

special place where , while waiting to be received s by the Senate, strangers and amba sadors from

other countries might listen to Roman eloquence . This place was an enclosed terrace near the r i G aecostas s. Rostra, and was called the A noble stranger standing there might have spent many an hour in watching the busy Forum

n crowds, and in learning much concerning Roma

of ways. All about him on the Comitium told

Law and Justice . Within the Curia, the sena I I I STORIES IN STONE tors were considering the affairs of government ; was n on the Rostra, one of them announci g a dMecree to the multitude ; near the Columna ania, criminal cases , such as those of mur derers or ra s n t itor , were being tried ; and earer Gm costasis ss ser the , le ious matters were being H brought before another tribu nal. e might also have noticed that the Romans paid due honour an to those that faithfully served the State, for m y

r statues and hono ary columns were before him .

r Close to the Rost a were the statues of four men, n to and , in a swer his questions, he would have learned that they were those of ambassadors once Fiden w . sent to , a Roman colony then in revolt He might also have been told that they had met r w their death by foul treache y, and that the sorro ing people, at their own expense, had placed these statues there . At each corner of the Comitium, ’ facing the Forum s centre, this stranger might

e e to also have noticed a statue, and , had he happ n d

t e e e have journeyed from h land of Gre c , he would have recognized the one as the figure of Pyth ago ras of r , a wise philosopher his count y , and the other as that of Alcibiades, a most brave Grecian soldier.

STORIES IN STONE

of were fought on the island Sicily, where the

So was Carthaginians held large possessions. it necessary for the Roman army to be sent to

sea s Sicily by , and for the fir t time the cavalry,

as as -so s or horsemen, well the foot ldier , were

t to carried across the water in ships . They wen

e victory, for the consul Val rius Messala, who

not G a commanded them , defeated only the arth

inians e g , but also th ir ally, Hieron , king of e of Syracuse, an independ nt city Sicily . Much praise was awarded Messala upon his return to

w as to e Rome, and he permitted ornam nt the porch of the Curia with a large painting of the

r battle in which he had been conque or. And so w as this, we are told, the first painting publicly e exhibited in Rome . Later, however, pictur s were often shown the people , and many of them

e e of as w r hung over the shops the Forum , when Manci nus showed and explained h is painting of another victory over these same Carthaginians. Valerius Messala made also another gift to the city, for he brought back as part of his booty something new and strange something that the Romans had never seen before . This was a

- on sun dial, which he placed a low column near I I 4 THE COMITI UM m the Rostra, where it excited uch interest and curiosity among the people . Until now the days of the Romans had been very simply divided as to — sun sun was time the rose , and the set ; it day or it was night. At midday a crier, standing on the steps of the Curia, announced the hour of noon when he w as able to see the sun between the Rostra and the Graecostasis ; and he called out the evening hour when its last rays fell be

Tullianum tween the Columna Ma nia and the . But by the new sun-dial it was possible to tell one m hour from another. To the busy people this ade — little difierence enough for them that the day

—- passed away too soon r but to the many idlers Of

e the Forum it gave nev r ending amusement.

z Through the long, sunny days these la y ones to used to linger about the Comitium , just watch

as the shadow move across the dial , Time , passing them by with empty hands, Silently Slipped away. Thus from one of her e nemies Rome gained the power of telling time ; from another sh e now

a - For le rned the art of building war ships. the a Romans were not a seaf ring people, and a few small vessels only had been needed for the defeat of the Latins at A ntium ; but in this war with 1 1 5 STORIES IN STONE Carthage they were facing a foe of a very differ

. w r ent kind Al ays great merchants and t aders, the Carthaginians owned large vessels and many war mighty ships of , and so were much more n powerful than the Romans. But it happe ed that in a storm one of these Carthaginian ships was cast ashore upon the coast of Italy, and that the Romans, perceiving an opportunity to attack the Carthaginians after their own manner, hast ened to profit by this chance . Using this wreck as a model, they laboured with marvellous rapid ity, and in Six weeks had fashioned one hundred t and thir y great ships like those of their enemy.

And while all this building was going on , no time was lost in other ways, for, within a large field, a rough frame was made in hasty imitation of a ship, and in it strong men were trained as rowers, and were made ready for the severe toil of the to battles that were come . The first attempt of the Roman navy was unfortunate, for seventeen of the new ships were surprised and seized by the enemy ; but the second venture was so successful that the unlucky n was eve t forgotten . Under the command of the

Duilius war consul , the rest of the vessels met I I6

STORIES IN STONE

a bridge was swung out, and allowed to fall upon a the deck of the hostile vessel, where it bec me fastened by means of the iron spikes. This done, the Romans poured over the bridge, and a hand to- h hand fig t took place, even as it would have done upon land. So instead of battering into as was of their foe, their custom, the ships the tw o Carthaginians were either broken in , or were

r held fast by these new bridges, while hund eds of their sailors were Slain by the veteran soldiers of

Rome .

uili Ml D us ae . Thus won the day at y And, in

e w one their gratitude , the Romans vi d ith another to do him honour. He went in triumph through

as the City ; and, a continued honour, he was permitted the escort of a torch- bearer and of a flute- player whenever he returned at night from banquets or grand entertainments. And on the was Comitium, near the Rostra, erected a large n of colum , ornamented with some the beaks of was the Carthaginian vessels . This long pointed out as the Columna Duilia, or the Column of

D uilius of , the victorious commander the Roman

u navy d ring its first battle. The Romans warred with the Carthaginians for

1 18 THE COMITIUM

w com many long years, but in the end they ere letel p y victorious ; and, although the expenses dur i n g that time had been heavy, prosperous days now ff came to Rome, whose co ers were overflowing r with Ca thaginian gold . Wars with other nations, o however, were still carried n ; but an unusual disturbance within Rome its elf suddenly turned the attention of the Senate and of all the magis n afiairs trates from foreig to home . t The mat er was strange, unheard of. Nothing like it had ever happened in Rome before. The ’ city was full of excitement ; the afl air was talked

r of eve ywhere . Rich and poor, high and low, discussed the subject with the greatest interest ; was sides were strongly taken , and, so intense the feeling, that almost each household was divided against itself. v The centre of the excitement , howe er, was the Forum, and on and about the Comitium the

r crowds, for days together, were ve y great. The

Senate sat in anxious consultation, wise magis tr ates advised this way or that, men of influence gave their opinion for or against the matter, and r ? all Rome was in a fe ment. And for what reason For what grave cause did Rome forget that she 1 19 STORIES IN STONE

war was at , and that the fate of nations hung in ? the balance Because the matrons of Rome, wishing to wear ornaments of gold and garments of richness, were demanding the repeal of a law

r which, during the Ca thaginian wars, had for i n h dde them such luxuries . This was called the O ppian Law, because it was brought before the O ius Senate by the Tribune Caius pp , and these were the words thereof : No woman shall possess m a of ore than h lf an ounce gold , or wear a garment

f v or o arious colours, ride in a carriage drawn by or horses, in a city, or in a town , in any place nearer thereto than one mile ; except on occasion t ” of some public religious solemni y.

Now while the Republic had been at war, both public and private money had been needed for its x not com e penses, and the Roman women had plained , but rather had taken pride in giving their share toward the fund in the Treasury. But the ’ cofiers long war was over, and Rome s were full s was it then ju t, they asked , that they should

- continue to wear plain dull coloured robes, and be unadorned with th en accustomed ornaments ? Should the women of their vanquished enemies

be more richly clothed than they, the wives and

120 attire of their wives and daughters eq ual and even x l t of s e ce tha the women of other nation . At w the s of last, his ords, and inces ant pleadings the

t s d h was ma ron , gaine the day. The ated law e r a es of repeal d, and thencefo th the noble l di Rome appeared in the garments and the orna

ts a fitted r men th t be their honou able station .

h r In trut , Rome , st ong in conquest, rich in s s u the d po se sions, and famous thro gh dee s of her a a great men, now took a place mong the le ding nations of the world. The Comitium, and, indeed ,

so w w the entire Forum , became cro ded ith the statues of her heroes that the Senate was forced from time to time to remove many of these images, in order to honour men of more recent b was e fame. A out this time, however, there rais d , near the ancient fig tree , a certain statue that remained on the Comitium for several hundred

of on years . The figure was that a man bearing

- one of his shoulder a full wine skin , and holding e his hands uplifted, as if to besp ak the attention

- was b . of the passer y This statue that of Marsyas ,

iv - of an attendant of Bacchus, the y crowned god its freedom and plenty. With raised hand, the image of Marsyas seemed to bid men stop and

122 THE COMITIUM ponder upon the freedom gained through the just dealings of the law, and upon the plenty of a land so d where the people were wisely governe . There as a m of fore this statue stood sy bol happy liberty, and as such was also placed in the forums of many towns under Roman rule . It became a custom for successful lawyers to crown Marsyas with a

of not Chaplet flowers ; for truly, were the minds of n their Clients freed from a xiety, and had not they themselves gained full purses ? And once when in sport a young man stole one of the garlands of s m snfier Marsya , he was ade to imprisonment, so highly was this statue honoured and cared for. ! But, alas the Romans were not long at peace either at home or abroad . Their riches and suc cesses were already proving a curse . The people cared but for games and amusements ; the govern infl ment but for conquests and triumphs. The u ence of the Senate lessened as that of the army ’ increased, until Rome s real rulers were the most popular and powerful generals of her military

50 forces. the time came when her greatest foes and sh e were those within her own walls, when received blow after blow from those whose duty to it was to uphold and protect her. I 2 3 STORIES IN STONE

r Two of her consuls, great gene als, but envious m and a bitious men, used their honourable trusts

e ow n as the means for th ir success, and fought their way to fame and wealth over downtrodden law and murdered men . The names of Marius and Sulla are even now spoken with horror by all that know of the sufferings of the Romans

For now under their lawless rule . the City saw days of strife that made the struggles of the Patricians and the Plebeians seem as nothing. Wars with other nations were almost forgotten

two during the bitter contest of these men, each of whom, striving to gain the highest authority and holding might as the only form of right, used

h is all and any means to serve ends . Rome was t in the hands first of one par y, then of the other ; riots and murders followed in quick succession ; the Senate bowed down to whomsoever was

master of the hour. An army, led by Sulla, h r came as an enemy against Rome e self, and within her ve ry gates battled with the forces of

Marius. Roman against Roman, and the govern ment in the hands of the stronger ! Was this the great nation whose men had been known as among 124

STORIES IN STONE with a band of armed men that killed on the spot

out. whomsoever he pointed And to serve him, a or to be his friend, insured no measure of s fety, se for he aided none and u d all .

rt Satu rninus During a ce ain turmoil in Rome, , Saufei us s Glaucia, and , ba e magistrates and asso

to ciates of Marius, were obliged escape from the attacks of the furious multitude by taking refuge

s des in the Capitol . At la t, however, the three

n perate men gave themselves up to Marius, the

for consul for the Sixth time, they hoped that he would use his power in their defence . But they trusted him in vain, for, ordering them to be shut — m up in the Curia, as if placing the under the

of —he protection the law, abandoned them to off the mob, which, pulling the tiles the roof of

- the Senate house , stoned them to death. And it was in the time of Marius that the horrible custom began of hanging the heads of of r murdered men on the front the Rost a. The first victim whose head was thus Shown to the O s people, was the consul ctavius, ba ely killed because he refused to desert his office and leave his i O Rome to Marius and followers . Th s cta vius was the second of his name whose life was

126 THE COMITIUM

r taken while in the se vice of his country . And was a near the Rostra, to which ttached his bleed Cneius O ing head, stood the statue of ctavius, his grandfather, treacherously murdered while on an

embassy to the land of Syria. It was also by the order of Marius that the

orator, Marcus Antonius, was tracked to his place

of - s hiding in a farm hou e , and there killed ; for ’ had e he us d his eloquence in Sulla s favour, and was too dangerous an enemy to be allowed to was live . But so great his power that the very men who came to kill him were charmed by his

words, and forgot their hideous errand as they to listened the speech he made them . And thus

spellbound, a tribune found them when he came

to make sure that the deed was done, and that

this enemy of Marius was quieted forever.

Amazed at the sight, and angered at the delay, the tribune with his own hands cut off the head of Antonius, even as the great orator was still w addressing the men . Then , ith a severe rebuke

for their weakness, he bade the assassins take the e to head to Marius, who caus d it be hung among f a the other horrible trophies o the Rostr . The end of Cornelius Sulla was very unlike 127 STORIES IN STONE m that of his ene y, for he died satisfied with all

e f to that he had done, and b lieving himsel have been favoured by the gods above all other men . r af At the height of his success, some yea s ter the a death of Marius, Sulla became dict tor for life, and in a speech to the people he spoke of his u n i vary ng good fortune, and claimed for himself the ” ” title of Felix, or the happy one . Soon after ward the servile Senate placed near the Rostra of m a gilt statue Sulla, ounted upon his charger, and on the base were inscribed these words, l ” Cornelius Su la, a fortunate Commander. Romans of all ranks now acknowledged this man s h as their ma ter, but their homage was t at m of t ad co pelled by terror, not that respec ful ira n For m tio . when Sulla became the chief to magistrate, he determined destroy all persons

to of s belonging the family Mariu , together with all the members of his party, and to this end he drew up a long list of such as were to be put to death. This list was attached to the Rostra in of the sight all the people, and was called a Pro ” ” scri tio or . e p , a writing up B sides the names e of thos that were condemned by Sulla, because “ ” e w r enemies of the State, ther e e mentioned

128

STORIES IN STONE

prising boldness . Discharging his armed attend his ants, and dismissing lictors, he descended from the Rostra, and passed through the crowd like an ordinary Citizen, a few friends only n his accompanyi g him to home . The amazed

e r to p ople, who had eve y reason to hate him , and

o wreak vengeance upon him, let him g unharmed, and even looked upon him with awe, for his was courage indeed magnificent.

Sulla gave the Romans a grand farewell feast, and then left Rome for his estate in the country .

There he remained until his death, one year later,

his spending days in revelry and pleasure, and

r his yet finding time to finish the histo y of life , “ wherein he describes himself as fortunate and ” - all powerful to his last hour. W hile he was dictator, Sulla not only changed

aw his ow n the l s to suit purposes, but he also

- altered the house of the law makers . He both

so improved and enlarged the Curia, and in

old P th a doing, the statues of Alcibiades and y g oras were taken away to make room for the

n more spacious buildi g. And about this time the Curia was adorned with another painting, one m brought by the agistrates, Murena and Varro, 1 3o THE COMITIUM

ae t . from Laced mon , a ci y of Greece Now this was work of art very curious, for the picture , of having formed part the decoration of a wall , the plaster on which it was painted had been f care ully removed, and carried to Rome protected by wooden frames . The Romans looked upon the picture with great interest, admiring it as much for the skill by which it had been brought so far, as for the beauty of the work itself. Yet another work of art was added to the

Comitium by Lucullus, who led the Romans

r against Mithridates, king of Pontus, a count y A S his of Asia Minor. a part of great spoils, he

to a brought back Rome a st tue of Hercules , the h mig ty conqueror, before whom all triumphant

- ff warriors rendered their thank o erings . And on the was Comitium , near the Rostra, this statue placed as a fit symbol of the strength and the success of Roman arms . But although the Romans had formed a taste for art, and their houses were now made far less

of simply than before, the chief building the a government, the Curia, still rem ined severely

of r plain . And the spirit the senato s was in a to ccord with their building, for, in a letter one 13 1 STORIES IN STONE

r of his friends, Cicero, the famous o ator, tells of t their great frugali y. No matter how cold the w so eather, he writes, the senators had no fire in ’ da the Curia, and once, upon a bitter winter s y, when they had met on a matter of special impor tance, the Speaker was forced to dismiss the so members, the chill being great that none could

So bear it. the senators left the Curia, to the of e vast amusement the p ople , among whom even the farmers had fires to heat their homes w during the cold days of the inter. ’ Now this same Cicero, Rome s most able orator, was an honest man , a great patriot, but ,

m as withal, a deter ined enemy ; and he denounced so his opponents without mercy, even was he his deeply hated in return . During entire life

of time Rome was disturbed, divided between sets men whose leaders schemed continually to over

to throw the Senate, and form a government of their own . Riots occurred day after day, and was more than once the Forum red with blood . At one time Cicero was forced to leave Italy because of the evil designs of one of his adver

ti Clodius sa es, the tribune Pulcher, a bad, mali i a c ous man . And while the gre t statesman was 1 3 2

STORIES IN STONE

ran blood that freely in the gutters, and calmly said, the one to the other

r Surely, many gladiato s have fought, and a Show of great magnificence has been held ! No r Plebeian entertainment was this, but a celeb ation r by a magistrate or a Patrician of high ank. Whose think you may it have been ? ” ’ Within a year, however, Cicero s fortune was changed, and he called back to Rome, where was he received with much rejoicing, and where s h is fo he lived to ee the downfall of e. For Clodius , although the favourite of the mob, had

was many enemies, chief among whom a tribune na his v n e med Milo, a man who, for own ad a c ment,

Clodius had taken sides with Cicero . Both and

s Milo, as they went about the city, were con tantly attended by bands of armed rufli ans that attacked o ne wher another in the streets, in the Forum , or

en ever they happened to meet. For the governm t

was s e was crushed, the Senate helple s, and th re

was were none to enforce the law. Rome without a master, and Justice had fled before unchecked m n Clodius was . s o e as Cri e At la t day, returning to

was Rome , and Milo leaving the city, they passed

on each other the Appian Way, a road leading 134 THE COMITIUM

out into the country. A fray followed in which

lo ius was his C d killed ; and body, left in contempt on the spot where it had fallen, was found by a s and senator, who cau ed it to be carried to Rome placed on the Rostra. Indignant at the death of their favourite, the people gathered about in

wildly excited throngs, while those magistrates that were on the Side of Clodius made fiery speeches to the already maddened multitude . se Then the people ro in a fury, and bore the

in corpse into the Curia, that it might lie in state

r of the ve y highest place the government, and

thus the Senate be insulted and defied .

And then, their rage waxing even greater, the most reckless of the mob gathered together the

benches and the desks of the Curia, and made

of them a funeral pyre . Upon this they placed of Clodius set the body , and, amidst frantic cries, the pyre in flames ; whereupon the crowds rushed forth into the Forum with the wildest shouts of

exultation . ’ With the burning of this wretched man s body, Hostilia the old Curia was destroyed, as were f l w . o a several other buildings Thus, in the fire

less tumult, fell the ancient government of Rome ; 135 STORIES IN STONE

a and thus, in the ashes of disgr ce, ended the a wa to a Republic. The St te gave y the st tesman ; the rights of the people became second to the glory

u - r of the r ler ; for when the Senate house was ebuilt, ’ a r it bore the name of Julius C sar, Rome s g eatest master, and within the new Curia Julia, the rv senators met but as the se ants of the emperor. To mark the difierence between the order of the government that had been and that which was to a come, Julius C sar planned many changes in the

Forum . One of the Chief of these was the removal of the Rostra from the Comitium to the middle of the Forum at its upper end. There it was still the t pla form of the orators and the magistrates, but before long it became the throne on which the

emperors appeared before the people. The old statues that had stood near the Rostra on the Comitium were now placed beside it in its

i . e s new posit on To these were add d other , two ae among which were statues of C sar himself, O and one of the young ctavius, who became ’ Rome s first emperor and received the name of

Augustus, the Exalted . The treacherous murder of the great dictator

' afl airs son left his in the hands of his adopted , 136

STORIES IN STONE

Before this statue an altar was made in the

w i was Curia, here for centur es this goddess wor

n shipped by the Roma people . The fire in the time of the Emperor Nero greatly injured the

e - was S nate house, but the Victory saved from was e the flames , and r placed in this building when restored by the Emperor Domitian . Many

a u ffe e years l ter, the C ria again su r d from a fire that occurred during the reign of the Emperor

rin w as e Ca us. But it r built by the Emperor

a s - Diocleti n , and within thi last Senate house the th f ancient statue still guarded e weal o Rome.

th e Now when emperors became Christians,

of some the nobles adopted the new religion, although many remained steadfast in the worship f of the ancient gods o Rome. But little by little and the Christian party grew to be the stronger, slowly the gods began to be forgotten . During th e Valentian reign of Emperor , however, there

old for arose a strong champion of the faith , the offices of pontiff and augur were held by

Symmachus , a noble senator. He came before Valentian to ask for the restoration of the altar of Victory in the Curia ; for Gratian, the

r last emperor, had forbidden the ites, and had 138 THE COMITIUM m had t . of the sta ue removed Sy machus, a man rare eloquence, pleaded for freedom to worship ’ the goddess of Rome s government, and he would have persuaded Valentian to grant his request had e the it not be n for Ambrose , archbishop of Milan , ’ of a Am one Italy s most import nt cities . This was not brose only a Christian , but a great

so e his scholar, and firm a def nder of religion “ that he became known as one of the Fathers of the now wis Church And , with words of deep d Valentian h m dom, he showe t at Sym achus was old n eloquent but unwise, and that thi gs must an pass away d new ones take their places. So he convinced the emperor, and from that time the statue of Victory was no longer worshipped . few of A years later, the doors all the temples wh o were shut by the Emperor Theodosius ,

r h drove through the city in t iumph, w ile at his Chariot-wheels the gods of ancient Rome were dragged through the dust. S th r o e Christian religion won the victo y, and in after years the Curia itself was changed into a

od . Church . And t ay in S Adriano in Rome may be seen some parts of the old Senate-house of Diocletian a fragment of the glories of the 139 STORIES IN STONE

of Empire, and a faint reminder of the strength the Republic. The importance of the Comitium became less from the time that the Rostra was moved away ; e e men trials wer carried on elsewher , famous r were honou ed in the new forums, the Senate met

h . in ot er places, and its renown was gone forever r And even from the days of the Emperor Seve us, men spoke of the ancient centre of the govern f ment as o something belonging only to the past. ’ to For Rome s law, given her conquered lands, left its birthplace to go out into all the civilized a law was no world , and although called Rom n , it w law longer kno n as the of Rome .

STORIES IN STONE Ah ! that it is then that keeps C rius ! ” ex e claimed the first sp aker, coming to the doorway of of a hut built at the edge a deep, dark forest, f o . on the side a gently sloping hill Near her, sat upon a low, flat stone, an aged man, leaning ff a forward upon his sta , and g zing down into the valley before him . Yet I would he came quickly ! sighed the woman . The fagots are laid, the meat hangs r ready, the cakes are fo med, and I am greatly ” h n u gered . Doubtless the king has bethought him of — i m something new, would bu ld yet ore houses, or perchance, would tell us to worship yet another ” od the wh o g , grumbled old man had fought of under Romulus, and to whom the ways King

Numa seemed both weak and unworthy . Thy

Macolnia is too husband, , busy with the foolish plans of Numa to bring thee the fire to cook thy h is evening meal . Thou and I must starve at ” will .

MacolnIa s lips parted in quick reply, then She S Closed them firmly, and a ilence fell between the

ri two. O us She would fain have defended , who was a senator of Rome, had not the words been 142 THE TEMPLE OF VESTA

Abarus spoken by , her father, and a brave warrior of great renown. So they kept speechless watch amid the deep enin U g dusk, until, pon the path that led up from the valley, there suddenly appeared a tiny, dancing light ; and soon the form of a strong man came into sight. He was running, and in one hand waved aloft a blazing brand just taken from the

- public fire of the market place . Macolnia ! Abarus ! Greeting, Hail, cried w “ out the ne comer ; I sorrow that I come late, h h but much business ath delayed me. And wit of C s out further word explanation, rius ha tily h set entered the hut, approached the earth, and

fire to the carefully piled up fagots. Then he e pass d out to the spring near by, and while he

its Macolnia refreshed himself with cooling waters, prepared their Simple meal . And, wise woman was that she , she did not speak again until the ’ men s hunger had been satisfied . ” O rius And thy business, , asked she, gently. Is it aught concerning which we may know ? or was it but affairs of state ?

O rius Nay, gladly will I tell thee, replied , ’ although tis naught that will please the ear of 143 STORIES IN STONE

Abarus ! The good Numa hath opened our eyes us to a new wonder, and hath shown yet again h ow of beloved the gods are the Roman people . ’ Seest thou the flame of yonder fire ? Tis sacred ! ’ S h r Tis the ign of Vesta, the goddess of the ea th ;

- so Numa hath indeed taught us to day. And the

- hut in the market place Shall be henceforth holy, ” and shall be made into a temple . ? A arus Ah ! said I not so cried old b . od ! r ! Another g more priests, less soldie s more ! ” doings of women, less doings of men

Abarus This time thou art right, , laughed “ O rius for , the guardians of the sacred fire are to be maidens, four in number. Numa himself hath chosen them from among our best and fairest ” Ge ania Canuleia g and Verania, and Tarpeia .

Macolnia Well chosen cried , and a noble ut worship . Let us even now pour o a libation our on the hearth, that home may be among the ’ ” first to receive Vesta s blessing .

Abarus And this they devoutly did , even bend ing before the bright flame, leaping up as if in answer to their prayers. Now Macolnia Abarus O rius , , and were not

ea s e - r l person , b ing only people in a word picture, 144

STORIES IN STONE

to r to the goddess, they were forbidden mar y while in her service ; for this reason they were called the Vestal Virgins . For a term of thirty years the Vestals served

e s th ir gentle goddes , and a new priestess was chosen only upon the death of one of their num

s ber. When it became neces ary to elect a Vestal ,

was e there much inter st throughout the city, for

s the Pontifex Maximus, naming twenty little girl ,

Six of over yet under ten years age, summoned

to was them the Forum, where a choice made by drawing lots. The young candidate had to be perfect in mind and body, fair to look upon, and

e was of sw et in spirit . She Chosen from a family high rank, her father and mother being both alive

of e at the time of the election , and the record th ir a a a days being s honourable s that of their st tion . s n Many persons, doubtles , came i to the Forum for of when a Vestal was to be chosen , the Sight the winsome children must have made a goodly e e picture indeed , d lighting the eye and gladd n

so ing the heart. Sometimes it happened that

his ff his a father, of own accord, o ered daughter

to as a priestess Vesta, and, if the maiden satis fied she was all demands, at once accepted ; but 146 THE TEMPLE OF VESTA the usual custom was the selection of one from among the twenty little girls. The choice made , the Pontifex Maximus took the hand of the tiny

e to maiden , and spok her a few solemn words concerning the grave duties upon which sh e was “ a to enter, and at the end he gently said, I t ke ” m h was . s e thee, Beloved And from that mo ent no n of be lo ger a member her own family, but

to the longed sacred Sisterhood of Vesta, over whom the High Priest watched with a father’ s protecting care. After this simple ceremony the new Vestal was led into the Atrium , and there the Childish curls

off of e e s were cut , and the head the little pri st s was bound with a white fillet, or band of ribbon,

was of which twisted about a lock wool, symbol

f flfi s ow n e o holy o ce. The lock of her hair w re hung upon a sacred lotus tree that stood in the a Grove of Vesta, a g rden belonging to the Atrium , and on the Slope of the Palatine Hill . All this was e the done according to an anci nt custom , for cutting off of the hair was a Sign of submission as when the hair of captives was cut off by their — conquerors and now this young maiden be

to to sh e w longed Vesta, whom was in all ays 147 STORIES IN STONE

was on to submit herself. Her hair hung the lotus tree as a further sign that a change had come into her life, and that she had given her rv self entirely to the se ice of the goddess . The little girl was then clothed in the white robe of a a the Vest l , fter which she took a solemn vow and hf to obey Vesta, to guard fait ully the wel not fare of Rome . Doubtless the child did understand the words that her lips uttered, but there was plenty of time to learn their mean ’ r new a ing, for the fi st ten years of the Vest l s life were spent in gaining the knowledge of her duties and of the form of worship by which the was goddess approached . During the next ten years she practised these duties, and in the last ten she gently taught them to the young priest as sh e f had i n esses , even hersel been carefully h . rt structed At the end of t ose thi y years, the was Vestal free to return to her home, to marry, or to lead whatsoever manner of life seemed to her best ; but so happy and content were the ’ u v days spent in Vesta s p re and simple ser ice, that few of her priestesses took advantage of h their liberty . T ey chose the peace and honours of uncer the sisterhood, rather than the trials and 148

STORIES IN STONE

tt r Temple, however, there was a beautiful li le sh ine

of the in which stood the image Vesta, and here ofiered Virgins sacrifices of cakes of salted meal , f r and poured out libations o oil o wine . The second duty of the priestesses w as the

of use bringing pure, fresh water for within the m Te ple . It was taken from a sacred spring that rose cool and clear, in the depths of green woods ’ just beyond the City s walls. In this shady dell

e once lived a nymph, named Eg ria, whose wis dom was very great ; and her story has been told by one of the ancient poets in this wise The special guardian of the bubbling springs and flowing fountains was Egeria, an attendant of Diana, the fair goddess of the Moon . Now Diana’s most loved earthly homes were in the shades of deep forests , beside sparkling brooks and lakes ; therefore She held Egeria in much afiection r , and when a heavy g ief befell the nymph, the goddess used all her power to bring her comfort. For Egeria had been sought in counsel by Numa, the king, and had taught — him many things how to soften the hearts of to the warlike Romans, how worship the gods, and how to govern the people . Through all his 1 50 THE TEMPLE OF VESTA m long reign the wise ny ph aided Numa, and her heart also went out to him, so that when he died

w . she ept , inconsolable Throwing herself at the

dis base of a little hill in her deep grove , she

v sor sol ed into tears, until, moved by her great the row, pitying Diana formed of her a fountain, from which came ever flowing waters. a And so, according to the f ble, the water used in Vesta’s Temple came from the pure spring of

Wisdom . Be this as it may, the water used by the Vestals was fresh and sweet, and with it the s acred place was daily sprinkled , in token of the cleansing, not only of the Temple, but of the city also . The Vestals used a branch of laurel wherewith to Sprinkle the Temple, which they also kept adorned with the ever green boughs of this tree . The story of the laurel has also been written by r the same poet that has told about Ege ia, and from his words may, perhaps , be learned why this tree was employed in the service of Vesta.

There was once, so the story runs, a fair virgin, was named Daphne, who beloved by the god was Apollo . But as her heart untouched and

r she would mar y no one, she fled from the god , 1 51 STORIES IN STONE

h r w o . , however, followed in hot pu suit In her r swift flight, Daphne eached the bank of a deep ’ uncer river, and as she stood by the water s side, tain which way to turn , hope sank within her, for she saw Apollo fast approaching . Then, in despair, she prayed aloud for help to Peneus, the

was n god of that river, and immediately she tur ed into a graceful tree of laurel . When Apollo reached the spot, the leaves were still trembling, but Daphne was no longer to be seen. Then “ the god said, Since thou canst not be my wife, thou shalt be my tree ! And thus Apollo’s hair is r his crowned with laurel , and his ly e and bow a its are m de of wood . So seems it not meet indeed that the laurel “ ’ ” m the virgin s tree, ade sacred by Apollo, the god of celestial fire - should be used in the

m - Te ple of Vesta, the virgin goddess, whose em blem was the never dying flame ? On the first day of March of every year the

Vestals gathered fresh laurel , and wreathed the n w O Temple with e foliage . n this day also the sacred fire on the altar was extinguished by x the Pontife Maximus, and then relighted by w m him ith solemn cere onies . For the first of 1 52

STORIES IN STONE ures were guarded in a shrine built in the centre of the large court of the Atrium ; and this Holy of Holies of the Roman people was called the

r Penetralia, or innermost sanctua y of Vesta. No a man , save the Pontifex M ximus, was permitted to enter this hallowed place ; and only once a

v r year, at the Vestalia, or festi al of Vesta, we e n any wome , other than the priestesses, allowed to pass the sacred threshold . The holy objects were guarded with such caution that they were kept in an earthen jar, closely sealed and placed by the side of one

s so exactly like the fir t, but empty, that only the Vestals and the High Priest knew which of the ” two . held the sacred things Indeed, such deep and awful mystery surrounded these objects that even the Romans themselves did not know what they were. They believed , however, that the most holy of the treasures was a small statue,

h a its e called the Palladium, and t t by virtu s the City in which it was kept could never be conquered . It w as a statue that had fallen from heaven

so e en h en itself, and this , the old l g d goes , app ed

e few r h in the tim s when men were upon the ea t , 1 54 THE TEMPLE OF VESTA

O and when the gods were mighty upon lympus, their celestial home . In those days of wonders ’ u was born Minerva, Jupiter s wise da ghter, who,

- r full grown and clothed in shining armour, sp ang a into life from the he d of her mighty sire . Her r a bi thplace was near a cert in rushing river, ’ son where lived Neptune s Triton , and where for many years she remained in the care of this

- river god, enjoying the companionship of his Now fair daughter Pallas . both the maidens,

as strong as they were beautiful, delighted to

make trial of their power, and one day as they

wrestled in friendly contest , Jupiter appeared in h r the clouds above t eir heads. Fea ful lest his

favourite child be overcome, he held forth his

glittering shield to attract the attention of Pallas .

So bright it gleamed, the maiden could not choose a but look, and at that instant Minerva de lt a hard blow that caused fair Pallas to fall dead at her

feet. Then the goddess in deep sorrow made

an image of Pallas , which she placed beside the

a . st tue of Jupiter himself Not long after, it

happened that the god was angry, and that he took up this image and hurled it downward to

r Ilus the ea th. It fell at the feet of , one of the 1 55 STORIES IN STONE a as w as S ncient Greeks, just he praying for a ign from heaven to Show where best to begin the

r city that he pu posed building . Reverently accepting this marvel as an answer to h is peti n tio , he enclosed the statue in a shrine, and about that place began to found the city of Troy . From that time men came to believe that the sacred image insured the safety of the City ’ zEn as wherein it was kept. Brought by e into it Italy, was given later into the care of the

as Vestal Virgins , who kept it a pledge of the w gods for the elfare of Rome . The Romans a called the image the P lladium , a word even now used to mean that which is a protection or

sa was security. This figure , men y, of wood, and was that of a woman , whose long draperies

e al reached her feet, whose right hand h ld oft a a spear, and whose left c rried a spindle and a i afi d st . e In time, not content to b lieve this to marvellous statue be only that of Pallas , the

h e daughter of Triton , men would ave it inst ad l i n that of Minerva herse f, who other lands was often called Pallas but whether th e image was h w t at of the fair maiden, or of the ise goddess, th e none may know. For gods have disappeared 1 56

STORIES IN STONE

f s o . June, and la ted seven days The work all of the mills was stopped, and the patient beasts that turned them were allowed to rest ; the donkeys were gayly dressed with wreaths of a flowers, and round their shaggy necks were hung necklaces of pretty cakes and of loaves of

bread . The millers placed garlands on their mills ; the bakers ornamented their shops with flowers ; and offerings of food were taken to the

Temple of Vesta, where the Vestals themselves placed upon the altar some of the sacred cakes n that they had made . But the most solem of all the rites of the Vestalia was the opening of

u e the Penetralia, into which, d ring these sev n s days, the matron of Rome were permitted to

enter freely. There, in this most sacred of a places, they pr yed for that which their hearts

— n of held dearest the happi ess their homes .

h e In deep humility , t eir hair down , their feet bar , ’ e the Roman mothers came to V sta s temple , and ,

e kneeling before her most holy treasures, entreat d her blessing upon that which was most precious

in their lives the welfare of those they loved . a Then , the seven holy days of the festival h ving

passed , the doors of the Penetralia were again 1 58 THE TEMPLE OF VESTA

Closed, and the priestesses with the greatest care a cleansed the sacred place from the le st impurity, and threw the sweepings into the Tiber. Although their time of Special prayer was now over, the Vestals did not cease their daily peti tions for the people and the government . And their prayers were thought to be of great avail , for whenever trouble or danger darkened the ’ was fortunes of Rome, it Vesta s pure Virgins that were called upon to beseech the gods to cease their anger and to accept the atoning sacri

fices ofiered e by the p ople . In truth, so vener ated were these priestesses, that their simple word was believed by all men , and it carried much weight when spoken in behalf of any one in diffi

on culty . Thus, if their way through the city they chanced to meet a criminal being led to

u punishment , they could ca se him to be set at

t . liber y, should righteous pity so prompt them

If their duties were many and very strict, the

Vestals had many honours also, and their estate was of one much dignity. Among other privi leges, they had the right of driving through the streets of Rome, of possessing two kinds of car ria es of a g , and also owning stable for their I S9 STORIES IN STONE

use. w special A lictor al ays went before them, and even the consuls moved aside to let them pass, ordering their own fasces lowered as if to a w a higher po er. Any one who injured a Vest l was punished with death , for their persons were looked upon as sacred ; and one of their greatest honours was that of being buried within the city’s walls, a privilege that they shared only with the emperors. Thus Vesta’s maidens were much honoured — e and were very powerful , but th y were also

! Ev do human en a Roman Vestal could wrong, and when sh e erred her punishment was most m — severe . She had taken two sole n vows one, to faithfully guard the sacred fire within th e temple ; the other, never to be turned aside from h er — holy duties by the love of man and , either

sh e a of these vows broken , atoned her f ult with ff n great su eri g. If, from lack of care, the sacred

e a fire went out, the pri stess that had it in ch rge was n brought before the Po tifex Maximus, who governed the household of the Vestals even as n t the father does the family. He o only judged

- the wrong doer, but he also punished her, and the careless Vestal was beaten with rods until the 160

STORIES IN STONE

had been placed a couch, a lamb, and a little food, for it was thought sinful to starve those whose lives had been set aside for the service of was the gods. The ladder then drawn up, the cell closed, and so covered with earth that the

re ground was level , in order that none might member the burial-place of the Vestal that had so heavily sinned against the goddess and the

it e mis nation. But sometim s happened that a

the take was made, and that Vestal had not done sh e was the wrong of which accused . Then the goddess did not permit the faithful priestess to be unjustly condemned, but with marvellous n power proved her in ocence . Thus it came to pass that when the Vestal fEmilia was in charge of the Temple, the flame on the altar was extinguished through the care

r lessness of a Vestal but just lea ning her duties.

' Nevertheless, the whole city was alarmed, and an fEmilia evil rumour accused of wrong doing.

Then this priestess, whose hands were clean , was whose heart pure, stood forth beside the of on altar of her goddess, in the presence the p tiffs and of the other Virgins. Stretching out h er arms in supplication, She besought Vesta to

162 THE TEMPLE OF VESTA

protect her, and to prove her not unworthy her ” “ O ! She holy trust . Vesta prayed, if in all thy ways I have served thee faithfully, assist thy ! priestess, I beseech thee And having said off these words , she tore a piece of her garment n u l of white line , and threw it pon the a tar. Then from the cold ashes came a flame of dazzling brightness that shone through the linen and con sumed it ; and , untouched by human hand, the fire burned again in token that Vesta herself declared her maiden innocent. A still more wonderful sign of the goddess ’s favour was given to Tuccia, another Vestal whose was fair fame blackened by false accusation . Having called upon Vesta to guide and to pro tect a her, this priestess g ined the consent of the pontiffs to prove her innocence in whatsoever wa sh l w i e . y would Fo lo ed by an anx ous throng, n and she we t to the banks of the Tiber, there , sh e bending over the swiftly flowing river, filled an empty sieve with water. And , marvel of h h ! marvels, no single drop fell t roug Then,

ra holding the mi culous sieve high above her head, Tuccia led the rejoicing people back to the Tem ple of Vesta, where She poured out the water at 163 STORIES IN STONE

ff A nd af sa the feet of the ponti s . ter this, they y, he who had spoken evil against her could never be found, either dead or alive. But the Pontifex Maximus did not always have to mete out severe punishment to the Vestals ; there were times when a stern reproof was suffi a’ cient . For after all , Vest s maidens were much like other women, who, if they are fair, would be made more fair by adornment, and who, if they be not fair at all , would have adornment make them

as seem so. And it w this very feminine ambition

u that bro ght trouble to the Vestal Postumia. Whether She was fair or not the old writers do not of tell us, but they do say that because the

and her gayety of her dress, the lightness of m was f AS anner, she brought before the pontif s .

e nothing more serious could be prov d against her, was she allowed to go unpunished, but, by the ff n advice of all the ponti s, the Po tifex Maximus

the severely reproved her. At end of a long talk, he ordered her to refrain from indiscreet mirth, and in her dress to pay more attention to the holi s ffi f ne s of her o ce than to the fashion o the day. So before they reached the honours of the Ves al talis Maxima, the young Vest s had much to 164

STORIES IN STONE

n thi gs in a certain dolium, or large earthen jar, which was in the cellar of the chapel next to the

u ho se of the Flamen . For in many cellars these big jars were sunk halfway into the ground, and

as r were used a place of sto age . If then such a to jar were be completely buried, any treasure within it would surely be safe from the plundering of hands of the enemy. Accordingly, some the sacred things were buried in this dolium, and

Doliola hence the place round about was called , and became hallowed from that day. When this

r had been accomplished , the Vestals , car ying the

of fire and the most precious the holy objects, made all haste to leave Rome . Reaching the Sublicius Tiber, they crossed the Pons , and began of to mount the Janiculum Hill. Hundreds men

r n and women were hur ying alo g this same road,

n r was and amo g the anxious, f ightened throng

Al i i s his b n u . Lucius , a rich Plebeian He, wife, and young children were being conveyed in a of wagon, and, with the rest the Citizens, were seeking a refuge from the expected onslaught of ’ Albinius saw Rome s fierce enemy. But when the holy Vestals toiling up the hill , the sacred he things held closely in their arms, would not

166 THE TEMPLE OF VESTA

ff su er them to proceed . For he thought it not fit that the guardians of the nation ’s welfare Should h o e . g thus laden, while and his family rode at ease n his and Descendi g, he ordered wife children to

ff e r alight also, and o ered th ir places to the wea y his priestesses, who gladly availed themselves of

kindness . Nor did he leave them until they and their sacred burdens were conducted to a place of

- safety. And for this act of reverent self denial,

Albinius gained the thanks, not only of the

e - V stals, but of all the people ; and in after times, when the story of the coming of the Gauls was

was told to other generations, this Plebeian still f spoken o as among the heroes of that day.

e sad When the Vestals returned to Rom , a

e sight met th ir eyes, for the Temple , the Atrium ,

and the Regia were all destroyed . The sacred

r e things were without a sanctua y, the pri stesses was without a home . However, it not long before

of was each these buildings rebuilt, for the hearts of the Romans were not quieted until Vesta’ s pure ’ fire was again alight upon the nation s hearth.

In all their long history, the Vestals were only

s wa once known to desert their godde s . This s

when a great fire swept over the Forum, and , 167 STORIES IN STONE m m a ong other buildings, laid the Atriu and the

Temple of Vesta in ashes . As the flames

attacked the buildings nearest them , the Vestals,

weeping, rending their. hair, and standing trans in v as fixed ery terror, were those distraught ; h m e then, as the fire reac ed the Atriu its lf, they

out . The rushed wildly , fleeing for their lives was High Priest, Metellus, who with them at the or a time, called upon them to stop, at le st to give a n him the s cred co tents of the Penetralia, which none save their virgin hands were permitted to r touch . But unheeding his entreaties, the ter i fied Vestals made only greater haste. And in

despair Metellus, already surrounded by the

n : flames, rushed into the Pe etralia, crying ! to Forgive me , Vesta for I am about lay ’ to hold on that which is forbidden man s touch.

If this be a crime, then full upon me fall the penalty of my sin ; and though it cost my life, let Rome be redeemed ! Whereupon he seized the jar in which were the Palladium and the other sacred things, and, a staggering through the raging fire, he esc ped from the falling building. When the anxious

not for crowd came near him, he saw them , his

168

STORIES IN STONE

th Although rebuilt, it was not long before e i ff Reg a again su ered from the flames, but this time it escaped complete ruin , for the chapel of Mars and the laurel trees in front of the doors w Th f ere untouched . e round Temple o Vesta was also unharmed ; and about its bronze roof ’ to the row of dragons heads, which, according

r a Roman custom, had been placed the e as a protection from evil , appeared to be still watch ing out for the safety of the goddess and her priestesses . ’ e s The V stals live were spent, for the most

er r r part, in p fo ming daily ites in the Temple and the Atrium , and in attending other solemn

rf ceremonies, yet their wonde ul influence was felt far and near, for their mere presence made even wrong seem right, and whatever they approved n no man dared gainsay. Thus a certai ambitious consul , Claudius Pulcher, Claimed the right to

e ride in triumph through the streets of Rom ,

e and , despite the r fusal of the honour by the Senate on the ground that his victory was u n

e worthy such high r ward, he did not abandon his design . For still persisting, although a trib

r h une tried to drag him f om his c ariot , he per 170

STORIES IN STONE

the Regia while solemn rites, forbidden to men , were being performed in honour of the Bona

wh o Dea, or of Maia, the goddess of Spring, sa t guards all newly grown things . They y tha k once Hercules, much athirst, would have drun from a certain fountain sacred to the Bona Dea, a but that the goddess forb de him to approach . and Upon this a quarrel arose between them,

' from that time women were not allowed to join s to in the festival of Hercule , nor men be pres r f ent at the ites of the Bona Dea. The chie v of and festi al this goddess took place at night, the Vestal Virgins themselves conducted the Cl dius t . o e sacred ceremonies , however, had

for spect neither the gods nor for man, and don ’ e ning a woman s attire , he easily gained entranc

. and to the Regia But his voice betrayed him ,

fiende s he was soon discovered . The o d Vestal and the indignant matrons turned him out with loud cries ; and he was accused before the Senate f o . so having insulted the gods of Rome But, was corrupt were the men of that day, that he to permitted to go unpunished, and he lived commit many other and even greater crimes. Those were indeed times of unhindered wick 172 THE TEMPLE OF VESTA ed ness r when c ime, quickly following wrong ,

e brought on the day on which Julius C sar, the ’ r founder of Rome s empire, was t eacherously m murdered . His envious ene ies, their dread plot r his ar anged , waited only next coming to the

Senate to accomplish their evil work. In the m eantime, both heaven and earth seemed to give warning of the approach of danger ; for lightning d was seen, and thunder heard in uncloude Skies, and the sacrifices offered by the dictator himself unfa ra l were vou b e. a The augurs , who re d signs of fate in the now a actions of birds, announced that the s cred fowls would neither fly nor eat ; men of flames were seen fighting in the heavens ; and in the of e i night before the death C sar, his w fe ,

Calpurnia, had a most troubled dream . Now among his other honours Ce sar was Pontifex a he M ximus, and therefore had his dwelling in t

Regia, to which the Senate, that further dignity

might be given to the house of the dictator, s had ju t added a new pointed roof, and a portico A s like that of a temple . she slept, Calpurnia, saw her in a vision, this roof fall in, while before lay her husband , stricken with many wounds. 173 STORIES IN STONE

sh e Whereupon awoke, and cried aloud in

fright, for the windows and doors of the Regia were opening of their own accord with a great

noise . d Moreover, in the midst of this isturbance was heard another and more dreadful sound a loud clashing of the sacred spears in the chapel of

s Mar , where those holy weapons were reverently

For guarded . in the very early times, when

no of there were images the gods, men had

bowed down instead before their symbols, and

r - these sha p pointed spears, the emblems of the

had so sa god of War, hung in this Chapel, men y,

ever since the days of good King Numa. When

ever they moved, danger threatened, and on that direful night they clashed so loudly that all

within the Regia heard and trembled . All save e on C sar, who, in dreams, thought that he rode Clouds until he reached the highest heavens and touched the hand of great Jupiter himself. So was when the morning come, unheeding these evil m o ens, he prepared to go forth to the Senate , where

was e ! he expect d, alas not by the senators , but by his df . e cowardly assassins Th n Calpurnia, min ul of all the warning wonders of the night, entreated I 74

STORIES IN STONE

o mad als e a gift of the Regia to the Vestals . m Although Pontifex Maxi us, as were all the his emperors, he preferred to live in new palace on the Palatine Hill ; and from his day the Regia ceased to be the abode of the High Priest, the a other emperors lso dwelling elsewhere, in houses f o their own. ’ Nero s fire did much harm to each of these — three buildings, the Temple, the Atrium, and the — Regia, but they were all restored by that of wicked emperor. Then in the reign the Em eror m snfiered p Co modus, these buildings for the m last time fro fire . The priestesses fled for safety to the Palatine Hill, carrying the sacred things with them. In their haste the Palladium

r m became uncovered, and thus, for the fi st ti e since the day when [Eneas brought the heaven w as sent statue to Italy, it seen by other than ’ the chosen guardians of Rome s treasures. The Regia and the Atrium were restored by the a re Emperor Severus , whose wife , Julia Domm , built the Temple.

r r Du ing the Empi e , the honours and privileges of the Vestals became greater, for more money ts was given them, some of the best sea at the 176

STORIES IN STONE

Rome were to be but as the servants of a certain

sun Syrian god of the , Heliogabalus , whose name

w as he bore, and whose devoted worshipper he .

as Moreover, all fire was sacred to this deity , the order went forth that the flame on Vesta’ s altar be extinguished. But as the Vestals refused to ’ e ob y the Emperor s command, he became violently

his angry, and , forcing way into the Penetralia, stole the jar containing, as he believed , the holy

of pledges the nation . The jar, however, was e found to be empty, and in helpl ss rage, he dashed

e it in pieces to the ground . Aft r many attempts the Emperor at last succeeded in carrying off the

Palladium, which he fastened with chains of gold and placed in the temple he had built to the Syr ian god . This caused vast indignation throughout t the ci y, and later the sacred statue was restored to the care of the Vestal Virgins . Notwithstanding the opposition of Heliogaba lus , the faithful priestesses continued their sacred a rites ; but even fter the death of that emperor, they were not left in peace . The strength of e Christianity became ever gr ater and greater, n until they could o longer battle against it. An inscription on one of the pedestals of the statues 178 THE TEMPLE OF VESTA

in the Atrium would seem to Show that the power of this religion was felt within the very Temple Vestalis itself, and that an honoured Maxima left

of to For the service Vesta join the new faith . beneath the statue were placed words of high

r of was p aise, but the name the priestess ham S mered out, as a ign perhaps that although virtue

Should always be remembered, the Vestal was to Sh e Th e be forgotten and as if had never been . doors of the Temple of Vesta were the last closed

by the Emperor Theodosius, who also banished

the Vestals from the Atrium . Before they left i the sacred place , the pr estesses, in deep sorrow, fl ’ watched the holy ame die out upon Vesta s altar,

the hearth of the Roman people, where it had

burned for eleven centuries . And with their own hands they destroyed the Penetralia ; but what was

done with the sacred things no man can tell . In later times much of the marble of the Tem

ple, the Atrium , and the Regia was taken away

~ for buildin of . the g the great Church of St Peter,

and tod ay only their sad ruins are to be seen. Of the Temple there is little besides the founda of r tion , and the Regia there are only a few f ag

ments of its walls , but enough remains of the I 79 STORIES IN STONE Atrium to show at least the plan of the Vestals’ can home . One see that the building was not only large , but elegant, and that the private

as rooms of the priestesses, as well the apart w ments of state, ere lined with marble . There

a - to were lso bath rooms, a cistern hold the water

r brought from the sacred sp ing, rooms for ser vants, a kitchen, and a mill . This mill was large,

one and was turned by a slave, but was not the used by the Vestals for the holy flour, which was always ground in a simple hand-mill by the priest

was esses themselves. As the Atrium built into the side of the Palatine Hill , little sun reached it, and it was very damp ; for this reason it was

- of heated by hot air furnaces, many of the pipes which are still to be seen. But , unlike other Roman houses of the time of the Emperor Seve rus for , from whose reign these ruins date , no pipes

of water are found in the Atrium. For the rites

of Vesta forbade the use any save running water, such as that of rivers or of springs, and to their last days that used by the Vestals was carried to the

as Temple and the Atrium even in the early times . ’ And through all those centuries , Vesta s temple kept the shape of the round but of the market

180

THE TEMPLE OF VESTA place in which the public fire was ever burning ; and her worship was always the same as directed by Numa, who first taught the Romans the sacred of For ness the home . surely the glowing hearth — is the centre of the home without fire , how can ? man cook and without cooking, how can he

e ? u liv Thus the hearth must be alight, the ho se and clean, the stores well kept, the housekeepers

r n of good. The ve y ame the goddess means to “inhabit or to dwell in and the vestibule was the entrance to the place 1 either the Temple ’ r — n o the home where Vesta s fire was burni g. The Penetralia of the Temple was but a symbol

- of the store room of the home, and in all the rites n of this gentle goddess, three great lesso s were continually taught the Roman people —those of of t simplicity , of Cleanliness, and puri y. There were times in Rome ’s history when these

l of essons were little profit, and during the last of not days the Empire, they were heard at all ;

but looking back beyond those dark years , the ’ meaning of Vesta s worship may still be seen .

Brightly and clearly burned her fire, showing the

of sacredness all that makes, in hearts and in life, of the light and the warmth home .

18 1 TEE STORY OF THE TEMPLE OF CASTOR AND

PoLLux

ONE was evening, although the twilight fast darkening into night, the Forum of Rome was full of people. Men were talking together in anxious r groups, magist ates were holding long consulta tions ; for the army had gone out to battle against their exiled king, Tarquin the Proud, and that

Re illus day there had been a hard fight at Lake g , not many leagues from Rome . Many were the heavy hearts weighed down with fear as the night

on woe drew , and still no tidings of either weal or ; many were the watchful eyes strained far into the gathering shadows for the messenger hourly ex pected from the Roman hosts. was Now Close by the Temple of Vesta, there is to n a Spring that belonged, it said, the ymph Juturna ; and so pure and clear were these 182

STORIES IN STONE

camp . Right valiant has been the fight, for the cause of Rome has this day been defended by the f ” favour o the gods.

Having thus spoken, the glistening knights remounted their noble steeds, quieting them by calling their names in gentle tones Ho, Kan ! C llarus l — thus Now then, good y and the voice of these warriors was like the sound of deep, sweet music . Then, with a gesture of fare well , they gave rein to their horses, rounded the

of — ! road by the Temple Vesta, and were gone No trace of the mysterious riders could be found, and a wonderment, almost a fear, seized upon the people in the very midst of their rejoic ings. Some murmured that the warriors had been but a vision of overwearied brains ; but the more devout among them declared that these had been no earthly visitors, and that none less than

Castor and Pollux, sons of Jupiter, had brought this good news to the Roman people . At this, s n till greater gladness reigned , and the Roma s

al to an continued their rejoicings, rec ling one other the many marvellous deeds of these Great

r e Brothers. And wonde ful, indeed, were the tal s h ow w h o on they told Jupiter, when earth took 184 THE TEMPLE OF CASTOR AND POLLUX

many forms, had once become a swan ; how the Twin Brothers had been born from a great egg ;

h ow h ad e and Leda, their fair mother, t nded

. was r so them It because of their st ange birth, they further said, that the helmets of the Broth ers - of b were egg shaped, and because their eav enly origin that stars shone brightly upon their heads . Great in war were Castor and Pollux,

but, above all else, great were they in their love one e the for the other. Togeth r they gave their special favour to manly games of skill and strength ,

and to them all knights made vows, and all sol f diers o fered sacrifices. ’ Re illus Such were Rome s champions at Lake g , for with the next morning’s light there came a e m ssenger in haste from the Roman camp, bear

ing a strange report . This message, opened w as r as of with intense interest, w apped , a sign

a of as u triumph , in le ves laurel, was the c stom of victorious generals when informing the Senate f o an important conquest. And in this letter

Postumius from the dictator , were words proving

that, in very truth , the sons of Jupiter had fought

for For so Postumius Rome , wrote , at a mo ment when the Romans were hard pressed and 185 STORIES IN STONE

ura two r r r their co ge grew faint, war io s on pu e white steeds had suddenly appeared among their ’ foremost ranks. Before them, Tarquin s army had fallen back in great confusion, and soon the s victory was with the knight of Rome . Upon

v of this, the mar ellous defenders the new Repub h ad s a . lic di appe red Then, so ended the letter, all knew that the contest had been gained by the of favour the gods, not by the strength of man ;

t -field and immediately upon the ba tle , a temple had w w been vo ed to the great T in Brothers, in gratitude for their valiant aid .

r So runs the old sto y, and , in fact, a few years later a temple to Castor and Pollux was built in th e the Forum, just on the spot where, men say, heavenly visitors announced the good news to the people ; and the son of Postumius dedicated it before all the citizens of Rome . This temple stood was upon a high foundation , and approached by flights of steps ; and within it was a treasu ry where, as in many other temples, the people

s - might leave for afe keeping any of their gold, f v o . sil er, or other articles value It became the custom to hang in the Temple of Castor and

on Pollux, certain tablets which were engraved

186

STORIES IN STONE and say that this day a great victory hath been ” won in Macedon . w With these ords they passed on, their horses,

w out of fleet as the wind, bearing them s iftly

Sight .

All amazed, but feeling sure that these glorious knights were none other than Rome’ s ancient and Vatinius champions , Castor Pollux, made

to haste seek out the magistrates , and to tell them h what ad befallen him . But the senators doubted s as e him , and ca t him into prison, because , th y w i thought, he ould play a tr ck upon the Roman people at a moment when the whole nation was troubled concerning the fate of so many of their bravest and noblest men . But in due season news reached Rome from

Ai milius r Paullus himself, and his repo t stated that a great conquest had been gained by his army on the very day that the Twin Brothers had

Vatinius appeared upon the highway to . So

was was great this victory, that not only the long a war ended, but King Perseus himself was t ken V i . atin us prisoner Then, by order of the Senate,

his was released from chains , and lands were f r given him in atonement o his unjust sufferings .

188 THE TEMPLE OF CASTOR AND POLLUX

Paullus {Emilius had sent this good news to one the Senate by three noble Romans, of whom ’ of was named Metellus . Many this man s family

was one were warriors of renown, but there among them whose record was unworthy that of h i . was s the rest This nephew, Metellus Dal maticus was , whose last name gained by the war of waged by him against the people Dalmatia, Al a nation on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. ff though the Dalmatians had given no o ence, Metellus went out against them in order that he might be seen in Rome with all the glory of a u victorious general . He triumphed witho t oppo i i n s t o . , but without merit, and without honour Much of his booty was used in the rebuilding of the Temple of Castor and Pollux ; Metellus hoping perhaps by this use of his spoils to right hi himself with the Roman people, who held m n O in o high esteem. ther statues and many

r to paintings we e now added the Temple, which became one of the most beautiful in Rome . About this time there was much trouble in the

n - r city concer ing the money lende s , who , unheed of ful the laws, loaned their money at too high rates, thereby unjustly oppressing those that had 189 STORIES IN STONE

nee to . d borrow These wrongs, the magistrate,

A sellio r as to , dete mined should ce e, and this end he decreed that all disputes between debtors and

- money lenders should be judged in open court .

- r Upon this the money lenders became ang y, and , ’ A sellio s plotting against life, many of them mingled one day with the crowd worshipping

of A sellio in the Temple Castor and Pollux, while ff w was o ering a sacrifice to the great T in Brothers.

The place was still, as with veiled heads the peo ple stood reverently before the altar, where Asellio , clothed in gilded robes, held the libation h is w as bowl within hands . Suddenly, a stone thrown at him with great force, and turning, he

the saw, beyond the bowed heads of worshippers,

his many of enemies, their evil looks threatening n him with death . Trembli g with fear, and drop

n A sellio out to pi g the sacred bowl , ran seek ’ refuge at Vesta s Shrine, but the assassins were ! n there before him The , in desperation , he fled

his r into a tavern near by, and there pursue s followed and slew him .

Strangely enough, this evil deed happened in of the Forum Rome in broad daylight, and while

r this magist ate, surrounded by many persons, was 190

STORIES IN STONE

him sacred place . Just then there came to a l friend , even more cunning than himse f. ? Wouldst fill thy pockets , Verres whispered

he . Cause the columns of this too perfect tem ” - ple to be tried by a plumb line . ” ? r And wherefore queried the magist ate, “ with puzzled interest. What meanest thou by a plumb- line ? ’ Tis a line bearing a heavy weight, by which all 0 ” upright things may be tested , Verres , spake his evil counsellor. Know that few columns stand

- exactly straight . Try these by a plumb line , wise

magistrate, and, I beg thee, forget not thy friend

The grasping Verres, accepting this advice, Rabonius n forced to tear down the colum s, and

to set them up again . And the money used for this unneeded work was that belonging to the

rt helpless youth, a large part of whose fo une thus ’ Verres s n Slipped into ever yawni g pockets . Many were the scenes of riot that took place both within and without the Temple of Castor

and Pollux, for the Senate at times held meetings

there , and the lofty steps of the building often as w served rostra, from hich addresses were made x of to e cited assemblies the people. 192

STORIES IN STONE

Ev an was the hero of the day. en in the feasts d

e th e games which, for their own advancem nt, con suls e was together gav the people, all the praise ’ e Ce sar s. Although Bibulus Shared the expens s

e and equally with C sar, he received no thanks, for this reason he was wont to say that Fate had dealt with him as with Pollux. For although a e temple had b en built in honour of both Brothers, it was gene rally spoken of as the Temple of Castor ” so only. And , said Bibulus, although half the ’ ”

n r e . mo ey spent is mine, the glo y is C sar s alone of During the reign the Emperor Augustus, the Temple of Castor and Pollux w as rebuilt by

e . en Tib rius, the adopted son of the Emperor Wh

was n the work fi ished , and the Temple stood white its and glistening in all marble magnificence, it was w dedicated to the great T in Brothers, in the name of Tiberius and of his own brother Drusus .

For although Drusus, a good man and a brave warrior, had been killed while at war against the

Germans, he still lived in the hearts of the

wh o Roman people, rejoiced in the thought that the love of Castor for Pollux was reflected in the

fi i n f e s f r a ect o o Tib riu o Drusus . A curious change was made in this Temple by 194 THE TEMPLE OF CASTOR AND POLLUX

l the mad Emperor Ca igula, whose lofty pride caused him to feel greater than the very gods

v . n themsel es His mad conceit k ew no bounds, and when he built his palace on the Palatine Hill, he did not hesitate to use the Temple of Castor and Pollux as its vestibule . Now the vestibule ’ was the court before a rich Roman s house , and in it stood servants guarding against thieves, and obeying the wishes of those desiring to visit their ’ master. Caligula s wild fancy caused him to announce that this beautiful Temple should be

his h the vestibule of house, and t at the Great Brothers should serve as the lowly guardians of his as doors. And further, if to force the people to acknowledge his more than human sat greatness, this profane and wicked man often

w of r bet een the statues the heavenly Brothe s, that with them he might be adored by those that

r a wo shipped. However, fter the death of Caligula, the next emperor, Claudius, commanded that the

as Temple be restored a place of worship, and that the holy rites thereof be renewed with all their former solemnity. Three beautiful columns still stand upon the high foundations of the Temple of Castor and I 9S STORIES IN STONE

x Pollu . They are part of the building dedicated and by the imperial brothers, Tiberius Drusus,

l u to the sons of Jupiter, Castor and Po l x ; and these graceful pillars are pointed out to-day as among the most beautiful of Roman ruins. ’ During all Rome s history, until the worship of n the ancient gods was e ded, there took place every year a certain procession, watched by the r on people with never failing delight . It occu red

r of of Re illus on the annive sary the battle Lake g , which day the Roman knights rode forth to do w honour to the great T in Brothers . All the way ’ from the Temple of Mars , just beyond the city s walls, to the Temple of Jupiter, on the Capitoline

Hill, the road was lined with happy throngs , eagerly waiting for the first glimpse of the glittering hosts.

And at last they came, five thousand strong, the ’ best and bravest of Rome s warrior sons. Enter so ing the city by that gate through which, many Postumius years ago, the victorious had come in triumph, they proceeded , mounted upon shining steeds, in the order of their rank. Their robes

r were of pu ple , and they bore all the ornaments gained as rewards of valour upon the field of battle ; but on their heads were only Chaplets of I 96

THE TEMPLE OF CASTOR AND POLLUX

s on olive leave , for this day they celebrated peace,

s not war. Well might the heart of the Romans glow with pride as they gazed upon so many

for n valiant men , sple did indeed were these n as — k ights they passed along armour gleaming,

n colours waving, standards gliste ing, and trum pets blowing . Within the Temple of Castor and Pollux a magnificent sacri fice was ofiered to ’ h Rome s heavenly c ampions, and then the brill ’ iant train moved onward to great Jupiter s temple on the hill above.

Since the first troublous days of the Republic, the citizens of Rome again and again had waited m in the Forum for tidings fro the army, and again and again news had come to them of vic t tory, but never had greater anxie y been replaced by greater gladness than when Castor and Pollux

r R illus brought the wo d of triumph from Lake eg . For to the ears of the oppressed people to whom it t came, it sounded both as the knell of the yranny of as kings, and the joyous peal announcing the freedom of Rome.

197 THE STORY OF THE TEMPLE OF CONCORD

ALONE the aged Camillus stood upon the steps of the Curia, and faced an excited multitude . Below him gathered indignant Patricians ; just

r beyond crowded angry Plebeians . For an ofli ce of the people had attempted to arrest him th e s triumphant general, the wi e statesman even

was m - as he sitting on his judg ent seat, and the nobles had quickly come together to protect the venerable dictator. Rome was in a state of peril, and for the fifth time the supreme power had

e been given to Camillus, conqu ror of the Gauls,

h is r and again and again defender of count y.

e Now danger threatened from within Rome its lf, and the very foundations of the State were

Shaken . The Plebeians, claiming a fairer Share

of in the government, had demanded that one the two consuls be chosen from among their

e e numb r ; the Patricians, fearing a loss of pow r, 198

STORIES IN STONE

T s s the old ic a hu pake d t tor, and thus a new deity was added to the number of the gods

r Concordia, goddess of Tranquillity, who bea s in her hands the olive branch of peace and the horn of plenty. In silence Camillus then led the senators to t e h Curia, where, after grave discussion, the question that had occasioned so much turmoil wa s peacefully decided in favour of the Plebeians . When from the Rostra Camillus announced this result, cheer after cheer rent the air, blessings a r m and pr ises we e heaped upon his na e, and amid these wild rejoicings the people escorted his the aged magistrate to home. And soon, ’ t was s close o Saturn s temple, rai ed the Temple of Concord that it might testify that the long and bitter strife between Patrician and Plebeian w s a ended. r af During many yea s ter, this long war in foreign lands occupied the people, who gained e thereby much wealth, if not gr ater wisdom ; and a mbition becoming the watchword of Roman life, he again t rights of the poor were cast aside, and ri s t ot and disorders disturbed the ci y. Yet the n people did not lack friends, and more than o e

200 THE TEMPLE OF CONCORD brave man lost his life in defence of the poor ’ m . an s cause Thus the tribune , Tiberius Grac chus, upon proposing that certain lands be was divided among the people, killed by blows r from the enraged senato s ; and thus his brother,

Gaius, upon altering the laws in order that the m poor might receive greater justice, was overco e

by the nobles, and ended his life rather than fall O into their hands . n the day that Gaius Grac

chus died, three thousand persons were slain in the fierce fight that took place between the fol lowers of the opposing Senate and the friends of

the downtrodden people. Success was with the of f Senate, and , in memory the disgrace ul victory, O imius was to the consul, Lucius p , commanded f rebuild the Temple o Concord. But the people were greatly angered at the thought that atemple built to Concord should remind men of the down inscri fall of their champion, and so one night the p n as tion o the Temple w changed . Those that n n entered the Forum the next mor i g saw, over s the entrance of the sacred building, these word , e ss d which were a reproof, inde d , from an oppre e people to an unjust government

i ord r i i m l n r D sc ases th s te p e to Co co d . 20I STORIES IN STONE

In these evil times Wickedness raced madly for ofiered the glittering prizes by Power. What

to and Money failed get, Fraud sought to grasp, ’ even among Rome s noblest citizens were found

ne was traitors to their country . Such a o Lucius and Catiline, born of an old honoured family, but

one . of little wealth Base, yet having a certain

e bravery ; cru l , yet having a certain charm, Cati

n on line pleased many of the people, and , counti g

AS their support, he hoped to be made consul . a

as s r his was man and a magi t ate, record black,

ffi so yet he dared stand for this high o ce, little did honesty and worth count in those last days of his the Republic. And ambition might have been satisfied had his opponent been other than

e the great orator Cicero, whose spe ches against

Catiline will be forever famous. So eloquently did Cicero denounce Catiline that the people and

h is e the Senate feared him, and in place elect d

r th e the o ator himself. Thus failing to obtain honour he desired , Catiline, gathering about him d some poor and desperate nobles, hea ed a bold

s con piracy against the State , and not only plotted

s to murder the consul , but to fire and plunder the e city. Cicero discover d these evil schemes, and,

202

STORIES IN STONE

be r r all a should decided, the t aito s were pl ced r t r r in cha ge of cer ain senato s, who were o dered to keep them strictly guarded, but not to put a s them in ch in . By this the day was far spent , c yet when Ci ero passed out from the Temple , he found in the Forum an immense crowd waiting

r to hear the esult of the meeting. So, from the ’ e r T mple s steps, the g eat orator spoke to the t people , telling them of the danger tha had threatened Rome, and explaining to them the actions taken by the Senate . As he left the f Forum, he passed through grate ul crowds that left him only when he had reached the house of er a c tain friend . For that night Cicero did not

e of sl ep in his own home , where the rites the — Bona Dea were being held holy ceremonies at which no man was permitted to be present . Now Cicero was of two minds concerning the punishment of the conspirators ; he did not wish

e to have them die, yet he feared to let them liv . ’ So, as he sat in his friend s house, he consulted with a few tried counsellors regarding the pris ’ o as oners do m . And, even they talked, a marvel lous thing happened at the sacred ceremonies of

a Dea as the Bon . Just the Vestal Virgins were 204 THE TEMPLE OF CONCORD

th r ending the worship, and the fire on e alta u seemed extinguished, there suddenly shot p from b r the dying em e s a flame of exceeding brightness .

ses All were amazed and terrified, save the priestes wh o of Vesta, , turning to Terentia, the wife of c Ci ero, bade her go at once and seek her an husb d . “ “ has Tell him, said they, that the goddess an S i h i gr ted him a ign . Bid him be bold n s wisdom , and both safety and glory shall attend ” him . This message from the Vestals decided Cicero ; and in the meeting of the Senate, held the next day in the Temple of Concord, he used all the powers of his mighty eloquence to pe rsuade the senators to Show no mercy to the traitors. Julius e o C sar, then a young man, was bold enough to p

and r pose him, but Cato , other magist ates , Siding r of s with the o ator, sentence death was pa sed upon the conspirators . Then the triumphant

Cicero, at the head of the Senate, went to the was e house where Lentulus guarded , and , scorted by many of the principal citizens of Rome, brought a him b ck to the Forum . The frightened people stood in silence while this avenging procession of 205 STORI ES IN STONE the nobles passed through the middle of the to Forum, and reached the steps that led the prison . Still in silence , the people watched Cicero as he mounted the fateful stairs and delivered f Lentulus into the hands o the executioner. In

of Tullianum the lower dungeon the loathsome ,

- was to this high born man strangled death, and

one r there , by one, each conspi ator met the same

w as dreadful punishment . When all over, Cicero stood forth upon the Scale Gemonie and looked down into the Forum. Among the waiting, m tre bling people, he saw many that were in to sympathy with Catiline, and it was them, a rather th n to the multitude, that he announced

no that the traitors were more . All scorn and all pride seemed united in Cicero ’s voice as he ” uttered the single word Vixerunt ! they have lived . As his Cicero went to home that night, the re people again accompanied him, but not in s ectful p quiet, as on the day before . Their glad shouts now rang loudly through the air ; they

ran . , they leaped for joy The streets were made a ac bright as day by many l mps and torches, pl ed in the doorways of the houses, in honour of this

206

STORIES IN STONE

e k pt there, and soon the Temple became famous, not for only its beauty, but also for the wealth it A contained. mong its wonders were four ele hants p in obsidian, a stone nothing else than a a b s thick, bl ckish glass made y Nature her elf n from sa d melted in great volcanoes. This stone r s was much liked by the Empe or Augustu , and some of his statues were made of it. Another marvel among the highly prized treas m ures of this Te ple was an emerald, which, it is

r c said, once belonged to the G e ian king, Poly s was w crate . Now this monarch blessed ith good fortune far beyond his fellows ; all that he under t took prospered ; all that he wished came o pass . It so happened that Polycrates had a friend in

Amasis of the wise , king Egypt, who , hearing of s e of to his unfailing succes , sent a lett r warning

too . w O the favoured Grecian Be are, Poly

Am is B as . e crates, of ever smiling skies, wrote

O a of of ware , roy l friend , the jealous anger the ! gods Darkness and light, joy and sorrow, bring man the surest happiness. Consider, I pray thee, e and , before it be too late, deprive thyself of som thing dear to thy heart. Cast it from thee in ’ such a manner that never more shall man s eyes

208 THE TEMPLE OF CONCORD

n rest upo it. Thus shalt thou prove that thy ambitions are but human ; thus Shall the weight of e and sorrow ke p thee safely near the earth , prevent thee from rising to those dangerous w heights whereon dwell the gods, and unto hich no man may attain and live .

Now when Polycrates read this letter, he per ceived that the words of Amasis were full of wis

to do his dom , and he determined even as friend SO had counselled . he considered within himself his h e which of all treasures held most precious, and at length he decided that his dearest possession

- and was a Signet ring, an emerald curiously carved t set in gold finely wrought. Then Polycrates wen

was r forth in a great ship, and when he ve y far

u from land , he stood pon the prow, took the ring

' Ofi r from his finger, and , with a p ayer to the gods,

flung it from him into the deep. This done, the

king returned to his magnificent home , and there

gave himself up to sorrow . e r A few days later a fish rman , d awing in his

fish net, found an exceeding large , and , thinking

to please the king, brought it as a gift to Poly th e s crates . For, said fi herman , surely such of e a fish is worthy only the greatness Polycrat s, 209 STORI ES IN STONE

e which speech flatt red the king, who forthwith invited the fisherman to sup with him .

fish Now as the cooks were preparing this , they

- discovered within it the Signet ring of the king, f and going before him in all haste , they joy ully restored it to their royal master.

of Ama Then Polycrates, replying to the letter sis, told him what had happened, and that all had

W Amasis e been in vain . hereupon grieved gr atly

his n saw over frie d, for he that Polycrates could

not not escape his fate . And, in truth, many ’ years passed before the Grecian king s fortu ne

r fell, for he died a mise able death at the hands of his enemies . Over the entrance of this Temple were placed its as statues of Victory, and in marble threshold, was an emblem of concord, graven the wand of ’ son Mercury. Now Mercury, Jupiter s clever , one played day a trick upon Apollo, and stole his

for fine oxen . To atone this, the repentant

r h is e ff Mercu y gave Apollo lyr , and in a ectionate ’ exchange received the Sun-god s wand a wand s of peace , by who e virtues the bitterest of enemies

O his were reconciled . n way through a wooded

u two glen, Mercury came by chance pon serpents,

2 10

’ THE STORY OF JULI US CE SAR S BASILICA AND OF

HIS TEMPLE

' Th Story qf the B asilica j u lza

MANY labourers were making a great noise on d of the south si e the Forum, and many idlers, eagerly gathering about in groups to view the s work, were delighting, as idlers will, in the ight ’ th of others toil . The old Basilica Sempronia, e of r house the great gene al , Scipio Africanus, and row O e the of booths known as the ld Shops, wer all being torn down to make room for a vast to e wh o Basilica, be built by Julius C sar, planned as r m to make it worthy of his name. And f o day to day the idlers chatted with one another and w rw atched the building grow, they looked fo ard with lazy pleasure to th e happy hours they hoped

to spend beneath its porticos.

2 12 JULIUS CE SAR’S BASILICA

was Although the Basilica unfinished , it was not dedicated by the great dictator, long before his death . While the work was being completed by Augustus, a fire destroyed the building, where upon this emperor determined to rebuild it upon a h e yet grander scale . This e did , not only b cause he always enlarged and beautified whatever he re e e built, but also b caus he thought thus further to ’ e honour C sar s memory ; his plans, however, were was greater than the length of his days, and he died leaving the Basilica still unfinished. Butwhen l the building was at last comp eted, the Romans w for ere not disappointed, this splendid court of law was acknowledged to be the most magnificent gift to the people that Rome had ever received . Notwithstanding the fact that the greater part of e the Basilica built by C sar had been destroyed , had and that another than he ended the work , that the building h ad been dedicated by Augus m r tus to his own grandsons, the emo y of the great dictator proved stronger than aught else, and the building was always called th e Basilica

Julia. This vast edifice soon became the favourite s at all s haunt of the Roman , and hour of the day 2 1 3 STORIES IN STONE

r its marble co ridors were full of people, eagerly k seeking for business, and still more eagerly see

fl r- for . owe ing pleasure Lawyers , girls, money

r w lende s, fine ladies, there came elbow to elbo , and when a sudden shower swept over the Forum ’ the Basilica s broad porticos gave Shelter to large

numbers of the crowd. r m The gay young Roman, freshly pe fumed fro the baths, there found amusement for his after noons ; for besides the chats he might have with

r e or his many f iends, he might play in the out r p f o . ticos at games chance There, gold changed d han s with great rapidity, and from these games

to men departed with smiles or frowns, according the manner in which fickle Fortune had bestowed m her favours . For the warning of reckless ga blers, wise sayings were graven in the marble of the pavement, where the play went on . And such words as these are seen there to-day : Let him ” n that wins , triumph ; let him that loses, lame t, ” and Be Silent and depart. Cut in the floor

- s are the markings of a sort of checker board , u ed in a game played with dice, in the throwing of which the Romans were so skilful that Like ” - s m the dice player of the Forum, became a ter of 2 14

STORIES IN STONE

a Em t ken away, for under the rule of the next eror e p , Claudius, somewhat more order reign d throughout Rome. But the Basilica Julia was not merely a place of amusement for the people ; it was also the chief law court of Rome . Within it were four t s ribunal , at all of which trials could be carried on at the same time without disturbing one an r other. This was the more wonde ful because the

a l was our B si ica not divided into rooms, as are

- r court houses ; the great Space in its cent e, where

was low judgment was given, enclosed only by marble screens, to which were sometimes added

of th heavy curtains, hung between the pillars e portico. During any famous trial the upper galleries of the Basilica held hundreds of specta who tors, came to view the scene even when they was o could not hear what sp ken . And the sight for was well worth their pains, when an impor

to sat tant case was be decided, all four courts together in judgment . a Here Pliny, the f mous advocate and scholar, once pleaded the cause of a certain lady of high rank, whose aged father, by a foolish second mar i off r a e . as g , had cut her inheritance The orator,

2 16 JULIUS CE SAR’S BASILICA

s for he ro e to speak, paused a moment and looked about him . And as he gazed upon the brilliant his scene , eye gleamed with satisfaction, for even the most ambitious could ask for nothing more . was First, the building itself one fit for the utter ance of the noblest eloquence ; from its walls and

its r pillars to wonde ful floor of inlaid marble , all was r g andly beautiful . Second, the assembled people were among the best citizens of Rome ; from the crowds in the galleries and corridors to the one hundred and eighty judges upon their ’ e b nches, all were waiting anxiously for Pliny s ‘ words. Realizing the importance of the moment of a and the fitness the place, this great advoc te now made one of the most noted speeches of his life, and only stopped when the man standing by the clepsydra told him that his allotted time was a gone . Now the clepsydr was a hollow globe of

a of r met l or b ass, filled with water that slowly dropped away through small holes in the bottom f o . the vessel By thus measuring time, the ’ length of each lawyer s speech was determined the number of clepsydras allowed him being greater or less according to the importance of the r cause he was to plead . When documents we e 2 17 STORIES IN STONE

o of read, or other interruptions ccurred, the flow the water was stopped in order that every pre cious drop should be saved ; and this perhaps it was that led the Romans to express by the words wasting water all that we mean by killing ” time . For a second and yet a third time the Basilica r h ow Julia was injured by fire. It was , . estored ever, first by the Emperor Severus, then by the

r rw Emperor Diocletian . And many yea s afte ard the magistrate Vettius Probianus again restored the building, and ornamented it with many stat

ues . , the bases of which are still to be seen The ruins of this law court are the largest in ' s the Forum, and although there remain only part of pillars and arches, and fragments of walls and ’ as flooring, one s fancy easily pictures the place ma nifi it was in days of yore, when in marble g cence, it stood a stately edifice indeed . But this Basilica tells only a small portion of ’

ae r . Julius C sar s sto y There are , however, in the

of Forum the ruins another building from which ,

e is m although smaller, th re learned uch more concerning the great dictator. Yet, strange to

ae say, C sar himself did not plan this building,

2 18

JULIUS CE SAR’S TEMPLE neither had he any knowledge of it ! Neverthe ff less, the Roman world there o ered him the deep

- est homage, and the world to day there pays h i honour to s memory. The last and the strong est proof of his fame and power is told in

' Tlxe Story of Me Temple of j u lzus Cz sar

A low groan was heard throughout the Forum. Upon the Rostra the consul Antony knelt before a ff C sar, o ering him a crown and hailing him as king ; around the tribunal crowded the people, watching every motion and showing their old ’

. ae hatred of a monarch s rule C sar, hearing with out seeming to listen, seeing without seeming to h is a look, understood it all, and hesit ting gesture

ff of u l sti ened into an attitude ref sal , whi e in a “ I firm, proud voice he said, I am no king, am aes C ar whereupon the crowd cheered loudly. Again and agai n did Antony ofier him the crown ; again and again did the great dictator a push it from him, while at each refus l the ’ people s cheers grew louder and yet more long. ’ Thus Caesar and the Romans tested each other s hearts. This happened during the celebration of the 2 19 STORIES IN STONE

t ancient fes ival of the Lupercalia, when all Rome and was in holiday dress for several days together, in when sacrifices were made the Lupercal, the cave wherein Romulus and Remus had been

r tended by their strange nu se, the wolf. As ’ r Rome s great master, clothed in purple obes, sat in his golden chair upon the Rostra to watch these joyous festivities, his friend, the consul Antony,

e e ofiered in the pr s nce of the multitude, him the ’ aes honours of a king. But C ar, hearing the people s

r so g oan, felt that the time was not yet ripe ; , knowing full well that h is power already equalled that of many kings, he let the empty honour go ; ’ his and thus by wisdom gaining the people s love, his e making rule mightier than b fore . But there was a power even stronger than that a of C esar. For evil Ambition plotted against him, and cruel Jealousy killed him . Hardly a single month had passed by before the envious daggers ’ a is o of his ass ssins had let out h life s blo d. ’ Then came the proof of that people s love for

Cmsar. There, upon that same Rostra whereon had he refused to be their king, his martyred wh o body lay, and there , that same Antony had offered him the crown spoke the words of his

220

STORIES IN STONE

e s above the bier a waxen image of C sar him elf, bearing all the horrible marks of the twenty-three e f wounds giv n him by his assassins . By means o some machinery this image was tu rned about so see that all could , and at the grewsome sight the

multitude, mad with grief and rage, ran from the

Forum to search out the murderers . But finding that the conspirators had secretly ffl left the city, the ba ed people , still more angry

r and excited, returned to the Fo um . Reverently ’ ’ e his lifting C sar s bier, they bore body to Jupiter s on great temple the Capitoline Hill, where they would have had him placed at once among the

gods ; but the priests forbade them entrance . r to Then, car ying their mournful burden back

e his the Forum, they determin d that the love of people should give Ce sar that which Religion So his had refused . they placed body before the ’ his Regia, the king s house, and there they built

r fune al pyre. For this they used whatever wooden — objects could be found at hand, benches, chairs, — as tribunals, and the flames rose high, each cast aside the signs of his own honours to offer them ff e . to C sar, as sacrifices are o ered to a god Robes of triumph were rent in twain and thrown upon

22 2 JULIUS CZESAR’S TEMPLE

’ the pyre ; the armour of Ce sar s well- tried sol diers was placed at his feet ; women gave their jewels and the ornaments that hung about their ’ ffi children s necks ; mantles of o ce, crowns, and other articles of value were given with unstaying e hand to C sar, never greater than at that moment, ’ never dearer to his people s hearts.

Nor did the Romans alone sorrow for Ce sar. Many strangers within the city came to the place

a h is where he lay, and , each fter the manner of r count y, mourned the noble dead . And among those that sorrowed most were large numbers of e e Jews, a p ople whose kind friend C sar had ever been. All through that fateful night an armed mul titude watched at the Forum and guarded the w sacred ashes, which were after ard taken to the ’

e . tomb of C sar s family Then, upon the spot

r his was r whe e body had been burned, aised a was tall column of rich marble . It placed there m by the people, led by an ambitious man na ed

Amatius : , and it bore the words To the Father was of his Country. Beside it erected an altar, where the devoted Romans ofiered sacrifices and

to e a . bowed the knee C sar, whom they c lled divine 223 STORIES IN STONE

r This greatly alarmed the Senate , fea ful for the t authori y of the State, and Cicero publicly warned the magistrates of the danger of such a wrongful worship . Whereupon the consul Antony caused Amatius to be be put to death , the column to w thrown do n, and the altar to be removed. A violent riot followed, and before this could be quieted many were made prisoners, and others were condemned to die . But the citizens were not content, nor was Rome at peace, until the Senate had declared that a temple in honour of Ce sar should be built on the place Where had his burned funeral pyre . The altar was then replaced , and from that time all Romans ranked a Julius Ce sar among the gods. And they s y that w as in proof of this, there shown to the people F r h e . o t a sign in the heavens during games, given by the Emperor Augustus in honour of

e n r C sar, his adopted father, a wo de ful comet blazed in th e skies for several days together.

Men , awed and amazed, believed it to be the of e of soul C sar, and as a sign his immortal

r was U o his power, a sta placed p n the brow of

u stat e. The e e r in the Templ of Julius C sa , built 224

JULIUS CE SAR’S TEMPLE

of was lowest part the Forum, placed upon a very

ov rflow high foundation, that the waters of the e

ing Tiber might not harm it. The Emperor Augustus adorned the sacred building with

of spoils from Egypt, and with paintings great worth ; and he dedicated the Temple with much pomp and magnificence . The wide space in of was as front this Temple used rostra, and was r a called the Rost a Julia . This, Augustus lso

ornamented , placing thereon beaks of ships taken

in the great battle of Actium. It was from the Rostra Julia that this Emperor spoke the funeral oration of his beloved sister Octavia ; and it was his from this same platform that Tiberius , adopted ’ son . , addressed the people after Augustus s death Besides the ruins of the foundation of Julius ’ e d C sar s temple , there are to be seen to ay the remains of the altar where he was first wor s shipped . This, perhaps, more than aught el e

of f l that reminds men the amous Conqueror, tel s

r f For the sto y o his greatness . it was raised to a h is s man so honoured by the bitterest of enemie , so s loved by the most envious of his friend , that at the end they united to bestow upon h im the of most exalted meed worship. 225 ’ THE STORY or THE FORUMS STREETS

N of r A BA D weary, wounded men were d agging themselves slowly along the highroad toward

Rome. In the distance the city could be faintly n so a see , but worn were these w yfarers that they showed no joy at the nearness of their journey’ s end . Their leader alone was hopeful, and spoke

his words of cheer to downhearted men . “ ” r ! Cou age, brothers cried he . See, Rome f lies just beyond . Bethink ye o the kindness of to Porsenna these people in their time of famine .

Surely, Etruscans will be well received within these walls ! “ ” Nay, replied a voice in the rear, bethink th e ! too of Cocles on the bridge Bethink thee , , of Mucius who would have killed our king ! e Though the Romans be brave as lions, th y have hearts of stone 226

STORIES IN STONE

For was m homes. this purpose land given the , and the place where they dwelt was thereafter

Tuscus s known as the Vicus , or the Etru can

s e Street. This ancient roadway pa ses betwe n the Basilica Julia and the Temple of Castor and

Pollux, and although shorter and less important ” Tuscus than a road called Via, the Vicus was among the most famous streets of Rome .

Tuscus In the Vicus , near the Basilica Julia,

of there stood a bronze statue of Vertumnus, god

s who Gardens, of Fruit , and of Flowers , bears a

- pruning knife within his hand , and to whom were ff of o ered garlands buds, and the early ripenings t of the orchard . Now Ver umnus, also the god of Change , took upon him many shapes, and

wh o because he loved Pomona, a fair goddess s shared with him the care of fruit and flowers,

h O in to he appeared in various forms, p g catch her

- . da was fickle fancy To y he the hardy reaper, his returning from the field, arms laden with ripe ears of corn ; to-morrow he might be a gay

rt r soldier, sta ing for the war, his a mour brightly shining ; and the next day might see him as a e fisherman, sitting b side a stream, his rod in hand, his basket full of fish. Even as an aged 228 THE FORUM’S STREETS crone did Vertumnus appear before Pomona ; but was it as a youth, a noble, blooming youth, that w n of he o the heart the goddess . In the busy Vicus Tuscus this statue of the changeful god stood for many years, seeming to say to the ever

be varying multitudes, passing and repassing neath him — Move on ! Change on ! I watch I I guard !

of The time of buds, the time of fruit, the time

Go ! harvest, all are mine . Come Work

od the g of Change is here, and over your welfare ever watches guards ! And it was a motley throng indeed over which the god Vertumnus watched , for the Vicus Tus cus was a crowded, business street, and one of no r fair fame . Perfume s, spice dealers, silk mer a ch nts, there had shops, and thus those that came to buy were among the idler and gayer of ’ Rome s citizens. O n the upper side of the Basilica Julia, another street enters the Forum and joins the Sacra Via .

u ari us This is the Vicus J g , at whose beginning once stood the altar of Juno Juga. Now by ” “ — jugum, the Romans meant a yoke, some — s thing that bound two things together, and thu 229 STORIES IN STONE

Juno, the wife of Jupiter and the queen of heaven , — was often worshipped as Juno Juga the goddess

ha a r It ppened at one time that, as a gre t sto m was over the city of Rome, the lightning struck of the Temple Juno on the Aventine Hill. This ’ was considered as a Sign of the goddess s displeas

two ure , and accordingly sacrifices were ordered O in her honour. ne of these solemn processions , which were parts of the holy rites, passed along i u ar us wa . the Vicus J g , on its y to the Temple

two r At the head were led white heife s, about whose horns were twisted ribbons and garlands of flowers ; for only white animals were sacrificed

as e e to the heavenly deities, and such w re chos n

l e e for this honour were not on y gayly bed ck d , but w l a were led ith a oose rope, that they should p ff w pear to go as willing o erings . Follo ing the heifers were reverently carried two images of Juno ; then came twenty-seven fair maidens in e long, white robes, their clear, sweet voic s rising and falling in a hymn to the queen of heaven . d Behind these mai ens walked ten magistrates, crowned with leaves of laurel and wearing pu rple u m . e robes In the For the procession paus d , and 2 30

STORIES IN STONE

But the street full of the greatest memories Me r st eet, not only of the Forum, but of Rome

was . the Sacra Via From the very beginning, when this road was but a pathway between the and r Romans the Sabines, the Sac a Via was trodden by those whose deeds and misdeeds made ’ r O wa h Rome s histo y. ver its winding y throug the Forum passed the solemn processions of the gods ; along it moved the mournful followers of the dead ; through it rode the triumphal trains of a w victors ; and l ays busy feet wore out its stones, as the people of Rome went hither and thither about the business and pleasure of their daily life . It was in the month of September in every e the a a s y ar that f mous Ludi Romani , or g me of e Rome, wer celebrated in honour of great Jupiter, god of the gods, who, from his temple on the Cap

itoline l a . Hill, ever guarded the we f re of the State ma nifi There, from the Capitol, a solemn and g cent procession started ou its way to the Circus

Maximus, the great arena formed by King Tar quin the Elder on part of that land which he had firm u r r made by his wonderf l d ains. And he e, e s r when f stival were held , aces and contests of 232 THE FCRUM’S STREETS various sorts took place ; and the rumble of

- chariot wheels, the cries of wild beasts, the clang ing of armour, mingled with the excited and n delighted laughter of thousa ds of spectators . ’ After sacrifices in Jupiter s temple, the long train of the Ludi Romani wound down the hill into

the Forum , and there, having turned into the r Sac a Via, and gone along that road until it

Tuscus reached the Vicus , it passed out and went

on to the Circus . The h earts of all old soldiers beat fast with

pride as they saw, coming at the head of this the bright company, the young sons of knights

and other veterans of the army, each youth riding a fine steed or walking on foot according to his ’ on father s rank. And strangers, also looking , marked well the rich promise of Rome ’s future

heroes, and departing, wonderingly told their countrymen of this vision of Roman valour that

they had seen . Next to the noble youths came a e ch rioteers, guiding some four, som two, fiery and s horses, all panting for the race ; wild huzza broke from the crowd as combatants and dancers rs who closely followed on . Among these dance , e o ie advanc d in groups, and who were acc mpan d 2 33 STORIES IN STONE by players of the flute and by those that made m r usic from ivory lyres , there came , fi st men , h then youths, then boys. All t ese dancers wore vests of scarlet ; from their brazen belts hung

swords, while in their right hands they held short

spears . The men wore also helmets of brass, gayly adorned with waving plumes ; and each swayed with happy grace as he slowly moved n alo g.

of s Then came dancers another ort, men that wore hairy vests of goatskins or bright coats of f r lowe s , and that bore, standing upright on their a ff a he ds, the manes of di erent anim ls . For these

as — r dancers appeared fauns, followe s of Faunus, s god of the Woodland, who e wild frolics in the moonlight make the forests echo and re 'echo with their unbounded glee . Quietly following these capering fauns there walked many musicians, to the measure of whose strains the incense carriers coming after, softly swung their fragrant censers . e And in this light haze of perfumed smok , there shone holy objects of silver or of gold that had been given as offerings to the gods by the citi

now zens and the State, and that were carried in

o For d a h nour of the deities. just behin , there p 234

STORIES IN STONE the richer and the mightier the man the more S plendid his procession, the more eloquent his

oration. Thus the funeral of the Emperor Augustus m was one long reme bered in Rome . The peo

ple, having been summoned by the heralds, came of to the Forum by the first light day, and station ing themselves on the Sacra Via and along the ’ of rest the procession s path, they waited for the was coming of the solemn train. It yet early morning when the body of Augustus w as borne

r forth on its way to the Rost a, whereon Tiberius ,

son was ra . his adopted , to speak the funeral o tion The corpse of the Emperor was placed upon a

bier of ivory and gold, and covered with cloths

of purple, woven and interwoven with golden threads ; but only the images of Augustus were w O shown to the sorro ing multitudes . f these images there were three : one brought from

the palace on the Palatine Hill, where he had

lived as Emperor ; another borne from the Curia, where he had governed as supreme ruler ; and

yet another driven in a chariot, wherein he had

ridden as victor. With the procession walked ear its torch b ers and incense carriers, and at head 236 THE FORUM’S STREETS

v instru ad anced trumpeters and buglers, whose ments gave forth grave, dismal sounds. Behind these musicians slowly came certain senators of

Rome, bearing upon their shoulders the bier of

Augustus, lovingly called by his people the ” Father of his Country. In Sign of their deep ffi mourning, these senators wore no marks of o ce, a but appe red in plain togas without stripes, and with no rings upon their fingers . Then, each in a chariot, there followed many men that appeared as the distinguished ancestors of the Emperor.

For when a Roman noble died, a waxen image a h is was t ken of face, and this was reverently his hung in the atrium of home, among those of

r the other membe s of his house . At the burial an of y of his name, these masks were taken down, and men were hired to appear as the living m ’ i ages of his family s famous ancestors. Bear U ing these masks pon their faces, wearing the exact clothes and marks of office due the rank s of those they repre ented, these men were wont to ride in the funeral procession accompanied by the number of lictors allowed their assumed tw stations. And all the lictors, including the elve e b longing to the Emperor, were dressed in black, 237 STORIES IN STONE

m n and arched in single file, their fasces held dow ward. Thus the older the family, the greater the train of ancestors ; and those seen at the funeral

v r of Augustus were e y many indeed . However, was the greatest of them all not represented, for e Julius C sar had been made a god , and so had

r no longer a place among mo tals. Next in this great procession were borne fig ures of Romans whose strength, whose valour, s and whose wi dom, had been of value to the nation. From Romulus to the statesmen of ’ — Augustus s own day all were there . And then were carri ed the images of those peoples whose if lands this Emperor had conquered ; as to say, t The whole world mourns for thee, most migh y ” ruler.

In robes of sombre hue, the relatives and friends of Augustus now followed, their actions and their looks showing signs of greatest grief. And end ing the procession came the noblest and most ’ famous of Rome s citizens, proud indeed of the honour thus permitted them. Before the Rostra the magnificent bier was set down, and about it were placed chairs for those

r that epresented the ancestors of the Emperor. 2 38

STORIES IN STONE

end i the end to , part cularly in the Forum , where e th e galleries of the basilicas, the Columna M nia, scafiolds steps of the buildings, and many special all were thronged to the very utmost . Of the many days of splendour witnessed in

Rome, one of the most magnificent was that on which the Emperor Vespasian and his son Titus triumphed together after their victories in Pales tine. Here they had long besieged and finally so captured the Holy City of Jerusalem, and great had been their successes that the Senate had voted them separate tri umphs ; but these Ves r s pasian had efu ed . So now there was to be a w double triumph ; and a motion like a long, slo wave, passed over the people as, at the sound of e c to trumpets, a h man moved forward the better S see the coming how. t s rst Amidst cries of respec ful alutation , fi passed the senators and the higher magistrates m of Ro e, all in their richest robes and orna ments ; and behind them the trumpeters sent t for h gayest strains of martial music, to which from time to time the delighted people joined f their voices. Then exclamations and cries o w re ear as and wonder e h d on all sides , the spoils 240 THE FORUM’S STREETS

treasures taken by Vespasian and Titus were dis was played to the admiring people. It as if a

river of gold, of silver, of ivory, and of precious fl stu s . , was rolling by For carriers, clothed in

garments of purple and gold , wearing fine orna m ents, and bearing laurel leaves upon their now heads, passed in great numbers, each man a laden with articles of rarest v lue . There were

all kinds of fine embroideries, cunningly fash ioned r objects of silver, wonde ful carvings of

ivory, glittering gems in crowns of gold, and d costly images of the go s .

After all this splendour there came, with slow,

deliberate tread, the white oxen without spot or blemish that were destined to be sacrificed to

- Jupiter, and beside them walked white robed

priests, accompanied by young boys, bearing

sacred vessels and instruments. And following these appeared the human sacrifices ; for at every Roman triumph wretched captives were put to

r death, that the vainglo y of the victor might be

complete . Among these prisoners , all in finest

garments, came the chief enemy of Titus, Simon ,

Gioras of a . son of , and general the Jewish rmy t man In chains, like the rest of the cap ives, this 24 : STORIES IN STONE

as had also a rope around his neck, and he trem blin l g y passed along, his proud spirit was crushed r tor by the snee s of the pitiless crowds, and the

ments of his cruel guards. Close to the captives

marched the imperial lictors, holding, against a scarlet tunics, fasces without xes, but wreathed

with triumphant laurel . And then came men bearing such marvellous n burdens that the people were astonished, not o ly saw at the wonderful things they , but at the sight of such heavy weights carried for so great a dis F r t . o ance there, upon large platforms, many of of which were covered with carpets gold, were seen representations of the lands conquered by the Emperor and h is son ; and not a few of these

models were three or four stories high . Great ships were also borne before the amazed multitude ;

but of all the spoils Shown in this famous triumph, the most noticed and applauded were the treas ures taken from the wonderful Temple of Jerusa

lem . Stalwart men staggered under the weight

of of a large table solid gold, upon which the priests had been wont to lay the sacred loaves of bread ; others carried the beautiful golden candle

stick of seven branches, whose lamps had light 242

STORIES IN STONE

men and that they stood equal with the gods.

Behind each of the royal conquerors, whose pur r was ple robes glistened with embroide ies of gold, placed a figure of Victory that held a crown of h s laurel above his head . Beneath both c ariot off tinkled tiny bells that warned evil spirits, and Fascinus od there, also, hung images of , g of

Protection, who charms away all harm from those he guards . Thus arrayed and thus protected, the t two victors passed through the ci y, and with them, mounted on a horse of surpassing beauty, ’ son rode Domitian, Vespasian s other . Cheers rent the air as the three grandly proceeded on their way ; nor did the joyous cries grow less a when, coming directly fter, were seen hundreds of Roman citizens that had been rescued from the or enemy, freed from slavery. Ending this superb spectacle of wealth and of power, marched the entire force of the foot-soldiers of the Roman army, singing loud, gay songs, and shouting “ ! ! again and again, Io triumphe Triumph Triumph !

e Gemonie At the foot of the Scal , close by the m Temple of Saturn, the Emperor paused, and, fro m of the r a n son the idst t iumphal tr in, Simo , of 244 THE FORUM’S STREETS

Gioras was . , dragged forth Up those stairs of terror he was led, and while the glittering, joyous was throng lingered in the Forum, he strangled

Tullianum to death in the depths of the loathsome .

Whereupon, with still louder rejoicings, the mag nificent procession continued its way onward and ’ upward to Jupiter s temple, where the conquerors laid their laurel wreaths in the lap of the Ruler of

ofl erin of the gods, thus g him the homage their v alour and of their glory. These are some of the many stories that the stones of the ancient Sacra Via tell ; such were some of the countless processions that went over No this famous road. wonder, then, that its name is known to all that have heard of Rome, for her greatest and her humblest have passed that way. O n the Sacra Via, near the remains of the r d of Rost a, there can be seen to ay the base a column that the Romans called the Umbilicus, and that they proudly believed marked the centre

of the world . Standing on this spot, the whole history of Rome might have been read as from an

open scroll, for there were seen the signs of her u str ggles, of her losses, and of her successes ; of 245 STORIES IN STONE

r nm of her eligion, of her gover ent, and her art .

a - The Forum, the gre t Record book of the Nation,

r all re its il lay widesp ead for to ad, and , by bu d its ings and monuments , its columns and statues, t of roads and gateways, told the wonderful s ory the ancient Romans and of the mighty city

wherein they dwelt.

246

INDEX

ders wear n of to a 2 asilica ulia 2 12 r fuses i g g , 5 ; B J , ; e r tect e le cr n 2 1 statues of 1 6 P o P op . 53 ow , 9 ; , 3 ,

vent ne ll 2 0. 22 warni n s c nc n n A i Hi , 3 4 ; g o er i g eat of 1 4 ll of d h . 73 74 ; wi . 1 75. Cali ula r e of 2 1 - 2 16 con g , b idg , 5 ; asil cas escr t n - verts Te le of a t r and B i , d ip io of, 4, 43 44 ; mp C s o

law us ness in . ll nt t l b i , 44 Po ux i o ves ibu e of alace 1 e an s wor p , 95; d m d s e le 1 hip of p op , 95. ul a 228 22 as law c urt cu nrnia 1 J i , , 9 o , p . 73. m. 2 16 as lace a use ent p of m m , 2 1 be un b Gas3 1' 8 amillus 12 1 8 ann unces eace 4 i g y s 4 ; C , 5, 9 ; o p fl r 2 1 ru ns 2 18 etw een atr c ans and Ple oo of, 4 ; i of, ; b P i i size st r 2 12 - 2 1 he ans 200 uil s Te le of, 49 ; o y of, 9. i , ; b d mp O i nc r 200 ctat r a . pim , 44 of Co o d, ; di o , Paulli 6 rel eves arr s n 108 , 44. 3 ; i g i o , ;

rc a uilt Cat . sec n f un er e Po i , 44 ; b by o, 43 o d o d of Rom ,

Se r n a 2 12 . 8 eech 0 ow of 1 . mp o i , 44, 371 P 637fl . 99

ibulus arcus co ares i self Ca acc n 6 . B , M , mp h m mpo V i o, 5 to llux 1 ses A ra a t l ne ll 10 16 20 8 Po , 94 ; oppo g C pi o i Hi , , , , 3 , 47, 1 2 1 222 2 2 altar rian law, 193 . 86, 96, 5, , 3 ;

na Dea 1 2 20 to Saturn at f t 68. Bo , 7 , 4. oo of,

Brennus enters e 10 Caracalla 6 . , 73 ; Rom , 7; , 3

st r of 6 Car nas 81 1 8. o y , 3 . i , , 3 rutus Luc us un s 12 dis art a e 6 1 16 ars t e B , i J iu , 5; C h g , 4 , ; w wi h Rom ,

c vers l t a ai nst State 100 1 1 . o p o g , . 3

n 6 1 1 1 16 1 1 . Carthaginia s, 7 , 4, , 7 Ca uceus st r 2 10- 2 1 1 ast r and llux 1 1 2 1 d , o y of, . C o Po , 94, 97, 5; Ce dici us arcus st r le en 18 - 18 roces , M , o y of, 35. g d of, 3 5; p Ca ! ul us 1 1 6 s n in n ur 1 6- 1 ; . J i . 49. 5 , 53. 59. 3 . io ho o of, 9 97 1 20 2 1 2 18 2 8 statues st r sec 37, 5, 3, , 3 ; of, o y of A rar an law r se ond a earance 18 - 188 ; g i p opo d by, pp , 7

1 as l ca ul a e un te le to 2 186. 93 ; B i i J i b g by, mp , 7, 8 c lu n and altar to 22 at l ne Luc us 20 206 20 con 4 ; o m , 3, C i i , i , 3, , 7;

22 eat 1 1 dei s irac 202 . 4 ; d h of, 73, 75; p y of, fication 22 —22 f rces at 12 1 20 20 ; uil s as l ca of, 3 4 ; o C o, , 5, 7 b d B i i

an entrance nt E rarium rc a . i o , Po i , 43 - - 80 81 funeral 220 22 Chalcidium u lt Au ustus 1 . ; of, 3 , b i by g , 37

l ve of e le for 220 Chr st ans 60 61. o p op , ; i i , , T us 1 1 1 2 20 ves stra 1 6 lans i cer . ull mo Ro , 3 ; p C o, M i , 3 , 3 , 3, 248 INDEX

20 2 2 ann unces eath nstant ne ec es aC rist an 6 . 4, 4 ; o d Co i , b om h i , 4 at line c ns irat rs 206 rassus u l us L cinius funeral of C i o p o , ; C , P b i i , - n urs iven e le to cere n es 6. ho o g by p op , mo i of, 45 4 - 206 20 recall 1 . ur a cletian uilt Diocle 7; of, 34 C i , Dio , b by

C cer u ntus st r 1 . tian 1 8 c nverte int i o, Q i , o y of, 33 , 3 ; o d o

Ci nc nnatus 12 a e ctat r , c urc 1 i , 5; m d di o , 34 h h, 39.

rcus ax us 2 2. CW Hostilia 3 2 2 1 9 Ci M im , 3 , : 71 3 1 391 4 1 43. - Clau a st r 2 . 2 8 100 108 10 1 1 di , o y of, 4 43 9 , 9 , , , 9, 5, - Clau i a the estal st r 1 0 1 1. 1 16 1 8 2 6 a but of d , V , o y of, 7 7 33, 9, 9 , 3 ; Clau us A us 1 u ent-seat cla 21 8 escr ti n of di , ppi , 3 ; j dgm y, , 4 ; d ip o , 2 8 estructi n 1 cu of, 3 . 5; d o of, 35; Claud us th e E er r 2 16 re lar ed ulla 1 0 un i , mp o , ; g by S , 3 ; fo d st res Te le of Cast r and in 2 1 rtance of o mp o g of, ; impo , llux 1 8 a strates st ne in Po , 95. 5; m gi o d , C r r n 2 1 fi i 1 2 a nt le s a esc t . 126 no re n p yd , d ip io of, 7 ; , 3 ; p i Cl aca ax a 2 2 in on 1 1 eace et een o M im , 4, 5. g , 4 ; p b w Gl na ulc er 1 2 urn n atr c ans and le e ans odi , P h , 3 ; b i g of P i i P b i o 1 eat a e in 200 scene in be b dy of, 35; d h of, m d , ; , 1 fra t l 1 t een Servius and Tar u n 35; y wi h Mi o, 34 w q i 1 st r ntrus n nt th e r u 6 str n l of 35; o y of i io i o P o d, 9 ; o gho d e ia 1 1- 1 2 ns 1 R g , 7 7 . Patricia , 10. cles rat us 226 statue uria ul a 1 6 fin s e b An Co , Ho i , ; of, C , J i , 3 ; i h d y 10 st r 101- 102 ustus 1 n ure fire 4 ; o y of, . g , 37 i j d by of

lu ns 6 . Carinus 1 8 n ure b fire Co m , 5 , 3 ; i j d y c lu na u l a rna ente Ner 1 8 a nt n s in o m D i i , o m d of o, 3 ; p i i g ,

it ea s 1 18. 1 re u lt b clet an w h b k , 37; b i y Dio i , colu na Mania 10 1 12 1 1 1 8 rest re t an m , 9, , 5, 3 ; o d by Domi i , 138 ; th e Chalcidium added

n rar 8 1 12 . to 1 th e ct r in 1 . ho o y, 5, , 43, , 37; Vi o y , 37 r 22 22 C escr t n attle to aesa . uriatii 86 C , 3, 4 , ; d ip io —of b to Duilius see lu na uilia. it th e rat 86 88. , Co m D w h Ho ii,

Co it u 16 1 22 2 2 0 urt us la e see Lacus urt us. m i m. . 7. . 3. 9. 39. 4 . C i , k of, C i - 6 as seat of vern ent urt us arcus st r 8 . 3 ; go m , C i , M , o y of, 3 39 i M s 1 - 16 8 cave on 8 end m Curt us ettius t r . 4 , 4 ; of i , , o y of, 5 rtance 1 0 fi tree on po of, 4 ; g , 2 first c unc l on 16 8 al at cus etellus re u l s Tem 9 ; o i , , 4 ; D m i , M , b i d atr c an eet n - lace le of ast r and llux 18 p i i m i g p , 99 p C o Po , 9

s r n on 8 st r of 8 so calle 18 . p i g , 4 ; o y , 3 why d, 9 - 1 0 a hne st r 1 1 1 2 . 4 . D p , o y of, 5 5 C us 1 6 ece v rs the th e twelve la s of ommod , 7 . D m i , , w ,

nc r ia th e ess 1 200. 10 . Co o d , godd , 99, 5 249 INDEX

ia 1 en in i 1 D na, 15 . Flam Quir al a, 65. ictat r 1 1 1 F rt e th e W eel of 62 6 0 28 0 6 un . D o , 49, 5 , 74, , 3 , 3 , o , h , , 3 1 18 1 8 200 21 2 18 F ru ab ss forme in - 8 as 73, 5, 9 , , 3, , o m, y d , 37 3 ; o 2 19 ; m ins f. 33. iocletian 81 1 8 1 2 18 h ot- lace 2 as arsh 10 D , , 3 , 39, . p , ; m , ; - Doliola 166. as eet n lace 2 1 10 , m i g p , , ol 166 1 11 as lace entertain D ium, . ; p of o itian 1 8 2 finishes Tem ent 2 attle in 1 8 D m , 3 , 44 ; m , ; b —, 5, 3 ; le of es asian 61. bl o in 1 1 calle p V p , o d , 33 34 ; d a ulia 1 6. Cam o acci n 6 cattle Domm , J , 7 p V o, 5; rains 26 1 2 2 co ar s n asture in 1 1 c arac D , , 33, 3 ; mp i o p d , 3, 4 ; h - - 2 m of 2 escri ti n of 2 . ter of 1 2 1 co , 4 ; d p o , 4 , , 9, 5 5 ;

rusus 1 1 6 20 . aris n 2 c vere D , 94, 9 , 7 p o of, , 7; o d by Duili us c lu n erecte to 1 18 “ n n crow in 1 , o m d , ; i e. 53 ; d . 4 . es lati n 6 exca 239 ; d o o of, 5; 1 18 h n ur n 1 18 vation 6 fire in 61: ; o o i g of, ; a 5; . 59 1 invents ra lin - r n 1 1 uil on in t e of Re g pp g i o , 7 b ding , im

1 18. ublic 2 fre uenters p , 7 ; q of, — - o 26 2 41 42 ; growth f. 7; E eria s r n of 1 0-1 1 st f h ow esteeme e le 1 g , p i g , 5 5 ; ory o d by p op , 5

n 1 0. 2 h st rical visi n ymph, 5 5 ; i o di o of, 9 ; ' Elu ire the 0 61 6 at eace hist r s first ent n of 1 p , , 5 , , 4 ; p , o y m io , 5; 62 e inn n first i rtance of 8 ean n ; b g i g of, 49 ; mpo , ; m i g nu ent of of 1 antin s ex te in mo m , 49. , p i g hibi d ,

Evan er 12 1 1 6 . 6 ol t cal attles in 28 d , , 3, 4, 5 4 ; p i i b , , 1 8 1 201 re u l n in 9 , 99, b i di g , Fascinus the od 2 6 rest rati ns in 6 -66 , g , 44. 4 ; o o , 5 ;

Fauna, 234. in o 6 Cl odius. 133 ; m f. 4 ; n T r uin to Faust na 62. sha e ive a i , p g by q , - — 8 r Faustulu burial lace of . 2 26 s ze , ; st .93 ; P . 94. 99 5, ; i of, 7 9 o y ’ easts 2 1 2 1 ° of 1-66 Sullas resi nation in F . . 4 . 4 . $3, 75. 3 , ; g , - - Fesfivals 12 1 0 w n st rmin . . 53 9 3 ; i d o , 45

Fi dene statues of ambassa rs to Funerals 6 . , do , , , 45 - 1 12. ustus 2 6 2 . of Aug , 3 39 - Fi trees of area of Te le of of ul us Caesar 220 22 . g , mp J i , 3 Saturn , 70.

of mitiu 2 122 st r Gu n“ 3 1 ' Co m, 9 , 99, ; o y , 0 4 9 53

r 2- funeral 6 22 . ecalled by, 9 94. , , 4 - 6 of Lseus Curtius . la iat rial . , 54 g d o , 5

Fillets 1 of chance 21 . , 47, 149 . , 4, 4

INDEX

Lucullus 1 1 la Salsa re are estal , 3 Mo , p p d by V s,

Lu i an rocession of 2 2 1 . d Rom i, p , 3 57 - 2 . ne an ers 35 Mo y ch g , 4. - ne len ers 18 1 0. Mo y d , 9, 9

Lu erc li 220 urena 1 0. a a . p , M , 3 lar 1 1 118 battle won b My , 7, ; y - - e l us S urius st r of . Duili us at 1 16 1 1 M i , p , o y , 33 34 , 7. e n 1 M ins, 09.

aa see na Dea. Navius Attus statue of 2 100 M i , Bo , , , 9 , ; Mancinus electe c nsul 6 ex st r of 1- 2 , d o , 4 ; o y , 9 9 .

bi ita aint n s 6 1 1 . Ne tune 1 b p i g , 4 , 4 p , 55. Marius a u 126 12 12 1 er 60 61 s 8 2 N 1 6. , C i , , 7, , 9, o, 59, , , 7 1 1 stru les t Sulla Numa 2 2 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 7 gg wi h , , , 9 , 4 , 44, 5 , 74, - 12 eat 12 . 181 u l n s 20 2 1 4 ; d h of, 5 ; b i di g of, , ar et- lace 18 2 8 1 1 1 1 ntr uces rs of M k p , , 7, 4, 4 , 44, 45; i od wo hip 1 altar in 1 1 earl 2 esta 1 stor 1 - 20 45; , y, , V , 45 y of, 9 . 10 1 1 i 1 , ; fire u, 1 , 143 ; hut of cla 1 1 1 0- 181 Octavi t 22 8 a funeral ra n . y, 44, 45, ; , o io of, 5 eet n - lace of le eians Octav us Cneius statue 12 m i g p P b , i , , of, 7.

. Octav us the nsul ea on Ros 99 i , Co , h d ars 16 c a el 1 1 0 tra 126 M , 5 h p of, 53, 7 , , .

1 s ears of 1 Ol . . us unt 1 74 ; p , 74 ymp , Mo , 55

ars as statue 122. O imi us Luc us re uil s Te le of M y , of, p , i , b d mp Martins An na 22 2 nc r 201 e 6. . , , , 4, 5 Co o d,

ercur 1 2 10 2 1 1. M y, 37, , essala aler us efeats Cartha O ius a us an Law br u ht M , V i , d pp , C i , Oppi o g

i nians 1 1 efeats er n ef re Senate 120. g , 4 ; d Hi o , b o by,

11 rna ents ur a t O s Consiva 1 . 4 ; o m C i wi h p , 53 a nt n 1 1 laces - Or t rs 8 1 10 1 1 1 1 i i g, 4 sun ial a , , , , 6 ; siti n p —p d o 3 po o on stra 1 1 1 1 . on stra 1 10 s eeches Ro , 4 5 Ro of, ; p etellus h r est n Of ° M , Hig P i , ho ours , 4 a ar e to 16 st r Ovi w d d , 9 ; o y of d, 54. rescue of sacre th n s d i g by, - 168 16 . aint n s Curia a rne t 9 P i g , 53 ; do d wi h, etellus th e Tr b e 0 x un 8 81. 1 1 1 0 first e t n in M , i , , 4, 3 ; hibi io

lan 1 . F rum 1 1 of . Mi , 39 o , 4

ll ar u Aureu erect n of . alat ne ll 1 16 1 1 6 180 Mi i i m m, io , 49 P i Hi , 4, , 47, 7 , ,

l Clodius ille b 1 fra 1 2 1 2 6. Mi o, k d y, 35; y 95, 5, 3 w t Clodius 1 - 1 alla u 168 escri ti n of 1 6 i h , 34 35. P di m, ; d p o , 5 nerva 1 1 6 ex sure of 1 6 st r of 1 Mi , 55, 5 . po , 7 ; o y , 54

t r ates 1 1 1 6 the carr n 06 1 8. Mi h id , 3 . 5 yi g of, 7 INDEX

1 6 n i x Maxi us 1 6 1 Pallas au hter of Trit n 1 . t fe , 1 2 , d g o , 55, 5 Po m , 4 47, 5 , 1 1 160 161 16 168 1 1 Pallas (Minerva! , 56. 54, , , 4, , 7 ,

12 1 1 1 1 6 uties of 1 . Pallas, son of Evander, , 3, 4. 73. 7 ; d , 45

Patr c nus at eace it Plebe ans ntus 1 1. i i , p w h i , Po , 3 200 ria th e str n l rsenna 102 226 22 e be ; Cu , o gho d Po , , , 7; Rom 1 10 ean n of 28 sie e 101 statue of of, ; m i g , , 99 g d by, ; , fuse Plebeians a c nsul 10 re o , 4

stu a the estal st r of 16 . Po mi , V , o y , 4

Postumius, 186, 196.

cleanin of 1 Pre textatus Vettius A rius 1 . Penetralia. 178 ; g , 59 ; , go , 77

- ntents 1 1 1 r s n see Tullianum. co of, 53 54, 57 ; P i o ,

tere b etellus 168 Probianus Vetti us 2 18. en d y M , ; , ,

ean n 1 181 en r cess ns 2 0. m i g of, 54, ; op P o io , 3 - in estalia 1 1 8. funeral 2 2 6. dur g V , 54, 5 , 35 3 - f Lu an 2 2 . o di Rom i, 33 35 Pe le c aracter com ul triu hal 2 - 2 0 of a s op , h of, 55 p mp . 39 4 ; —V r r 26 c nfi ence n and T tus 2 0 2 s a . sory wo k of, ; o d i i , 4 45 ’ T 6 earl 10 t n Sulla 12 - 12 in reasur roscr s 8 . y of, 7 ; y, , P ip io , , 9 1 1 selfo d enials of for re ulcher Clau us stor of trium h ; , P , di , y p n Treasur 6 f 1 0- 1 1 l is e t o . p en hm of y, 7 , 7 7

t reat of u risin tha ras statue of 112. 79 ; h . 37; p g Py go , , 2 of, 3 .

erseus 18 188. ua-at m ut of 2 P , 7, Q o . 73. 79 ; d y . 7 :

Peter St. 60 c urc 1 in sacre l in char e of , , ; h h of, 79 ; d go d g , 75°

ace n . ntus Cicer see G oct uin P il u tus. h ip of M do , 77 Q i , o, o Q

Pila ratia 8 . Ho , 9, 99 - s statues of st r of 6 . Rabonius 1 1 1 2 . Pi o, , 57; o y , 5 57 , 9 , 9

Ple e ans a c nsul e an e ec r s in Ta ulariu . b i , o d m d d by, R o d , b m, 47 1 8 a r e t r 2 at Re ia 2 0 62 1 223 9 ; poo d b o , 9 ; g . 7. 47. $ . . 73. ; eace w t atr cians a rne th laurel 1 p i h P i , do d wi , 53 ; eanin eetin uil in of 20 1 urn m g of, m g b d g , , 45 ; b lace 1 10 s ecial a s in Of 16 16 l p of, ; p m gi g : 71 92 755 ' trates ven to 10 ° r n s c a els in 1 Clodi us s gi , 5 w o g h p , 53 ; intrus n nt 1 1- 1 2 io i o, 7 7 ; lin st r of case trie b 216 ven to estals 1 6 P y, o y d y, gi V , 7 ;

2 1 . eet n s in 1 rec r s 7 m i g , 53 ; o d - l crates st r of rin of 208 2 10. e t in 1 rebuildin s Po y , o y g , k p , 53 ; g

na l ve ertu nus 228. 1 0 1 ruins 1 Pomo , o d by V m , of, 7 , 75; of, 79 ;

ns Sublicius 166 escri ti n use a e ar le 1 . Po , ; d p o of, m d of m b of, 79

102 Re ifu ium escri ti n of 0. . g g , d p o , 9 INDEX

3 2 mm La e 18 18 1 6 1 110 fre uent riots near 1 . k . 3. 5. 9 . 97 39, ; q ,

battle 2 182. 1 1 1 h eads attach ed to 126 of, 7, ; , ; e us 220 st r 2— m ve e sar 1 6 enc e R m , ; o y of, 9 94. o d by C , 3 ; p e u l c 2 2 8 0 0 ’ 8 R p b i . 71 4 2 4 2 $ 2 7 2 7 s 7 2 101 1 1 120 end of heians eclare fr 200 99, , 3, ; . d d om, ; 1 6 men earl 100 re val statues near 1 6 49, 3 ; of y, , mo of , 3 ;

10 1. statue of ercules near 1 1 H , 3 ’ mans rin l to Gauls 6 ullas statue near 128 tro Ro , b g go d , 3 ; S , ;

c an e in character of 12 es on 1 10. h g , 4 phi ,

12 character st cs 1 8 ostra ulia 22 . 5 i i of, , ; R J , 5 c n uer Sa nites 1 de o q m , 4 feate Gaels - 6 108 Sabines 1 8 2 2 Romans fi ht d by , 35 3 , , 9, 4, 3 ; g

esert e 106 enr c e ith 1 wo en 16. d Rom , ; i h d w , 5; m of,

ars t Cartha e 11 Sabinus . by w wi h g , 9 ; , 59 h uses 1 2 rec ne SacraVia 1 6 10 ” o of, 3 ; how ko d , 471 5 2 541 3s 9! 91 ti e 1 1 learn to build war 2 2 2 e innin s of 1 m , 5; 3 . 45; b g g . 9 1 shi s 116 re are to eet funeral r cessi ns in 2 p , ; p p m p o o , 35 Gauls 106- 10 refuse to 2 6 r cessi n of Lu , 7 ; 3 ; p o o di li sten to the s - man in 2 -2 tri god , 34 35. Ro i , 33 35 3 Ro e c n uere b ar ar ans 6 um hal rocemions in 2 m , o q d y b b i , 4 ; p p , 39 ’ be nn n nfall 2 0 es as an and T tus s gi i g of dow of, 54 ; 4 ; V p i i character un er e re 1 triu al r cessi n t r u d mpi , 5 mph p o o h o gh, Christians accused of setting 3 43- 245 fire to 60 besie e Por Sacre T n s the 1 16 - 166 , ; g d by d hi g , , 57. 5 , senna 101 c aris n 1 6 1 ee in of 1 , ; omp o of 7 , 79 ; k p g . 54 ; - ist r of 62 estr e b st r rescue 168 16 . h o y , ; d oy d y o y of of, 9 (32 1112 108 f un n Sa nites 0 ans c n uered , 37, ; o di g of, m , 4 ; Rom o q

1 Ner sets fire to b 1 s iel s of 1. 4 ; o , 59 ; y, 4 h d , 4 r ress 10 122 re Saturn 0 ‘ M I N p og of, 5, ; , 7 9 7 s 73 3 uil of se iti n in uar ed b 2 altar to 12 b ding , 37; d o , g d y, 7 ; , , - 1 1 6. 18 68 feast in n ur 35 3 , ; ho o of, mulus x 16 18 2 1 1 8 h e of 68 rei n Ro . 4. . . . 39. 5 . 4 . 75 ; om , ; g of, 1 1 2 16 0 o 6 14 , 4 , 5, 22 , 238 ; altar 67 sacrifices t , 12, 7 ;

to ulcan erecte b 1 statue of 1 te le to 26. V d y, 7; , 7 mp , rave of le en ar eat Saturnal a escr tion of - 6 g , 99 ; g d y d h i , d ip , 75 7 .

of 16 statue 1 st r Saturn a 6 . , 5; of, 7; o y i , 7 f - n o . 92 94 Satur inus, 126. 1 1 ei Rostra, 8, 12, 115, 18, 127, 129, Sauf us, 126. 0 1 l M s 2 1 2 1 220 2 2 6 Sce v a uciu 26. 3 , 33, 9, , 35, 3 , o , , 2 8 c n in c ol t Pontifex Mximus 3 , 245; ha ge harac Sm a, he a ,

ter 1 6 descr t n of st r of 1 1. of, 3 ; ip io , o y , 7 2 54

INDEX

Tabies of Law the t elve 10 . , w , 5

Ta lets, 186 of wo , 2 2 ; of 01 re uilt O imi us b od, 3 2 ; b by p ,

r nze, 4 ~ 201 re u lt b T eri us b o 7 ; b i y ib , Tabulariu , 8 ; erecti n of, ; 20 ru ns 2 1 1 statu es m o 47 7; i of, ; of Vi ct r on 2 10 statues o y , ; ,

Tar uins the 8. - , , aint n s etc. in 20 208 q 3 p i g , , , 7 ; the El er 2 1 1 2 2 - , 4, , , , st r 1 2 1 1 . d 5 9 94 3 ; o y of, 98 a rns and r ves F ru do imp o o m, 2 5. of ul us Ce sar 0 ruins of J i , 5 ; , the r u 2 6 8 182 186 - P , 7, 9, 9 , , 2 2 st r 2 1 22 . o d 5; o y of, 9 5 uil s Te le Saturn 26 un 2 0 2 1. b d mp of , of J o, 3 , 3 co els r on rans 26 k i , of u ter 1 6. mp wo d J pi , 9 r ven fr t r ne 26 ea a 6 d i om h o , ; of M rs, 19 . le 8 se zes t r ne i d, 9 ; i h o , 95 of Saturn. 48. 49. 73. 79. v s t 96 i i ed b Si l, ; 200 2 Ai rsrium 2 y by 97 why , 44 ; of, 7 ; so calle , 9 . [Erarium Sancfius d 7 of, 75; 1 Tatius, , 16, 18, 84. uilt Tar u n the r u 5 b by q i P o d, e 2 - Te l s, 7, 37, 64, 6 ; close 26 escr t n 0 1 mp 5 d by ; d ip io of, 7 7

T e d s us 1 d u fi . nla e Au ustus 81 h o o i , 39 ; c p e rg d by g , ; ti n 6- f undat ns of n ure fire 81 anner o of, 7; o io , i j d by , ; m 6 anner of rs in rs i n 68 l est 9 ; m wo hip , 7. of wo hip , ; o d of Ant ninus and Faustina uilt te le F ru 6 res o , b mp of o m, 9 ;

b Ant ninus 62 . . toration . . . R y o , of, by S P Q , of Cast r and llux 2 8 81 ruins 82 ste s o Po , 7, 4 ; ; of, ; p of, - a rne t statues etc. 6 st r 6 82. do d wi h , , 9 ; o y of, 7 18 a resses fr ste s of es asian e un T tus 9 ; dd om p of, V p , b g by i ,

1 Asellio sacr fices in 61 finis e tian 61 . 93 ; i , ; h d by Domi , 1 0 c nverte nt vest ule Of V3 3 0 l 82 18 9 ; o d i o ib “ 9 359 379 9 4 3 alace 1 e cat n a rne t laurel 1 1 ofp , 95 d di io of, do d wi h , 5 1 escr t n 186 1 2 a a e fl 1 94 ; d ip io of, ; 5 ; d m g d by ood, 75; ’ eet n - lace of enate 1 2 dra ns ea s ar un 1 0 m i g p S , 9 ; go h d o d, 7 ; re u lt etellus 18 re fires in 16 168 1 1 6 b i by M , 9 ; , 7, , 75, 7 ; are r er erres rebuildin s 1 1 6 p i d by o d of V , g of, 75, 7 ; 1 1- 1 2 rest re lau ru ns 1 180 save 9 9 ; o d by C i of, 79, ; d by dius 1 ri ts in 1 2 slaves 16 s a e 180 , 95; o , 9 ; , 9 ; h p of, ; ruins 1 - 1 6 sacr fice s r n lin 1 1 st r of, 95 9 ; i p i k g of, 5 o y of, in 1 stan ar e ts in 1 1- 181 use a e mar , 97 ; d d w igh , 4 ; m d of - 18 st r of 182 1 . ble 1 . 7; o y , 97 of, 79

of nc r u lt a il Terentia 20 . Co o d, 44 ; b i by C m , 5 lus 200 at line c ns ra The osi us ancient rs for , ; C i o pi od , wo hip

tors r u t nt 20 eo hidden 6 1 . b o gh i o, 3 p by, 4, 39 2 56 INDEX

i et 10 12 2 10 I l 6 T n rothers the see Cast r and T b : : 9 49 93s 3, 59, 3 , wi B , , o

166 1 2 2 . ll x. , 75, 5 Po u T 6 8 1 1 20 22 iberius, 5 . 5 . 94 . 96, 7, 5. 2 6 c aracter 6 U ilicus 2 3 ; h of, 54, 5 ; mb , 45. funeral oration of Augustus b 2 re u l s Te le alent as 1 8 1 y, 39 b i d mp of V i , 3 , 39. d ux 1 t e ast r an ll ; aler us th e c nsul 2. C o Po , 94 V i , o , 7 u l s Te le of nc r aler us th e tr une 12 1 b i d mp Co o d, V i , ib , . alle even H lls 10 1 16 8 V y of S i , , 4, , 3, T tus 2 0 2 1 2 Te le 8 c an es in 2 2 i , 4 , 4 , 43 ; mp of 4 ; h g , 4. 5; es as an e un 61 tri draine Tar u n 2 V p i b g by, d by q i , 4. um hal r cessi n 2 0 arr 1 0 p p o o of, 4 V o, 3 . 2 Vati ni s 1 1 45 u , 87, 88.

T a escr t n 2 . e 108. og , d ip io of, 5 53 V ii, erres Gaus st r of 1 1- 1 2 V , i , o y , 9 9 . Tr unal 100 escr t n ertu nus statue 228 stor of ib , ; d ip io of, 44 V m , of, ; y , 22 - 22 45 8 9 .

of A us 2. ervain use b an eral s ppi , 3 V , d y Rom h d ,

rutus 100. 86. of B , nc nnatus es asian 61 tr u hal r cca of Ci i , 34. V p , ; i mp p o - Tri unes 80 s ec al a is si n 2 0 2 . b , 79, ; p i m g o of, 4 45 trates le e ans 10 esta Atr u 20 ext ncti n of of P b i , 5. V , i m of, ; i o T n th e 1 1 fire 1 2 fir r t 6. e 1 1 8 i o , god, 55, 5 of, 5 ; of, 49, 7 Tr t ns th e 0 1 r ve 1 rel t n of i o , , 7 , 7 . g o of, 47 ; igh i g Tr u al A rc s 6 fire 1 2 1 e 8 . sacr fices to i mph h , , 5 of, 5 , 53 i , Au ust s 1 1 0 s r n 0 of u . e 1 1 0 g , 5 5 ; h i of, 5 , 9 Fa us cause of erect n s n ficat n of rs of bi , io of, ig i io wo hip of, 181 statue 1 0 1 1 47 ; of, 5 , 7 ; everus 6 e cat n of 6 te le to 20 rs of S , 3 d di io , 3 . mp , ; wo hip of, of T er us 6 6 m ib i , 54, 55, 5 , 3. . Tr 1 r n 6. estal a 1 esc ti 1 oy, 5 V i , 54 ; d ip o of, 57 Tucc a th e estal st r of 1 16 16 8. i , V , o y , 3, 4. 5 Tull a r ves int F ru estalia Maxims 1 16 st r i , 95; d i o o m, 97. V , 49, 4 ; o y of Tullianum 8 2 2 6 8 10 c nvers n 1 , . 3. 7. 5 . 5 . 9, o io of, 79 . 1 1 206 2 c aris n estals ec rat n te le b 5, , 45; omp o V , d o io of mp y, 2 escr t n 2 1 1 1 2 vi si n ser of, 3 d ip io of, 3 5 , 5 ; di o of

f un in 22 St. eter in v ce of 1 8 ut es of 0 o d g of, P , i , 4 ; d i , 7 ,

61. 1 1 I 1 0 49! 57, 590 7 ; Tullius Servi us 26 1 eat elect n 1 6- 1 esca e , , 45 ; d h of, io of, 4 47; p 6- ma e n S n e - e at . fr fire 16 168 first 9 97; d ki g by om of, 7 ; ,

. 1 flee to Palatine ill 95 45; H , INDEX

176 ; inauguration of. 147 - 1 8 ncrease in nu er 22 2 0. 4 ; i mb of, 9 3 ‘ ‘ 1 ects in c ar e icus l uscus 2 sh s in 22 45; obj h g of, V , 33 ; op , 9 1 - 1 t er h l ects statue in 228 st r of 22 53 54 ; o h o y obj , ; o y , 7 - in care of 1 reservat n 228 so called 22 22 8. , 57; p io ; why , 7 of sacre ects 16 Vir l 1 d obj by, 5 gi . 3. 5+ - - 166 r v le es of 1 160 r n a st r of 1 2. ; p i i g , 59 , Vi gi i , o y , 3 3 - 1 6 1 un s ent of r i n as 1 2. 7 77; p i hm , Vi g i , 3 , 3 - 160 162 su rt of 1 lsc ans 0. ; ppo , 45; Vo i , 3 wills i n care 1 Vulcan altar to 1 18 bronze of, 75. , , 7, ; - E ml a 162 16 chari t to 1 . i i , 3 . o , 7 ’ C - lau a 1 0 1 1. Vulcanel 1 ulus s statue on di , 7 7 , 7; Rom ,

stu a 16 1 trees on 1 . Po mi . 4. 7; , 7 T c - uc ia, 163 164. Via Sacra se S r W rshi man ancient f rbid en e ac aVia. , o p, Ro , , o d , Victor alt e 6 81—82 character of y, ar of, 138 ; controv rsy 4, ; , 7, concern n 1 8 4 wor 68 2 u an sacrifices in i g, 3 39 ; , 35; h m , or 22 manner shi of for i en 1 8. 68 laws f p , b dd , 3 ; , ; of, in 2 1 in Te le of Saturn 68 . 3 3 mp , .

2 58