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Rome's Mediterranean Empire : Books Forty-One to Forty oxford world’s classics ROME’S MEDITERRANEAN EMPIRE BOOKS FORTY-ONE TO FORTY-FIVE AND THE PERIOCHAE Titus Livius (Livy), the historian, was born in Patavium (modern Padua) in 64 or 59 bce and died in 12 or 17 ce in Patavium, surviv- ing therefore into his late seventies or early eighties. He came to Rome in the 30s bce and began writing his history of Rome not long after. There is no evidence that he was a senator or held other gov- ernmental posts, although he was acquainted with the emperor Augustus and his family, at least by his later years. He appears to have had the means to spend his life largely in writing his huge his- tory of Rome, Ab Urbe Condita or ‘From the Foundation of the City’, which filled 142 books and covered the period from Rome’s founding to the death of the elder Drus us (753–9 bce). Thirty-five books survive: 1–10 (753–293 bce) and 21–45 (218–167 bce). Jane D. Chaplin is Professor of Classics at Middlebury College, Vermont, and author of Livy’s Exemplary History (2000). oxford world’s classics For over 100 years Oxford World’s Classics have brought readers closer to the world’s great literature. Now with over 700 titles—from the 4,000-year-old myths of Mesopotamia to the twentieth century’s greatest novels—the series makes available lesser-known as well as celebrated writing. The pocket-sized hardbacks of the early years contained introductions by Virginia Woolf, T. S. Eliot, Graham Greene, and other literary figures which enriched the experience of reading. Today the series is recognized for its fine scholarship and reliability in texts that span world literature, drama and poetry, religion, philosophy and politics. Each edition includes perceptive commentary and essential background information to meet the changing needs of readers. OXFORD WORLD’S CLASSICS LIVY Rome’s Mediterranean Empire Books Forty-One to Forty-Five and the Periochae Translated with an Introduction and Notes by JANE D. CHAPLIN 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford ox2 6dp Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Jane D. Chaplin 2007 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published as an Oxford World’s Classics paperback 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Livy. [Ab urbe condita. Liber 41–45. English] Rome’s Mediterranean empire: books forty-one to forty-five, and the Periochae / Livy; translated with an introduction and notes by Jane D. Chaplin. (Oxford world’s classics) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Rome—History. 2. Livy.—Translations into English. I. Chaplin, Jane D., 1964– II. Titi Livi periochae. English III. Title. PA6452. A9C48 2007 937´.02—dc22 200701507 ISBN-13. 978–0–19–283340–2 (alk. paper) Typeset by Cepha Imaging Private Ltd., Bangalore, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Clays Ltd, St Ives plc. ISBN 978–0–19–283340–2 13579108642 in memoriam Eve Adler This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Introduction ix Note on the Text and Translation xxv Select Bibliography xxvii A Chronology of Events xxxi Maps xxxiv ROME’S MEDITERRANEAN EMPIRE 1 book forty-one 3 book forty-two 33 book forty-three 95 book forty-four 118 book forty-five 167 THE PERIOCHAE 219 Appendix: List of Variations from the Teubner Text 309 Explanatory Notes 319 Glossary 360 Index 365 This page intentionally left blank INTRODUCTION Livy’s Life and Work As is the case with many ancient authors, no one bothered to write a biography of Livy (59 bce –17 ce).1 Fortunately, his intellectual pro- ductivity made him well known during his lifetime, and from snippets in his contemporaries and subsequent writers it is possible to con- struct a general picture of his life. For example, the later historian Cremutius Cordus is reported to have said that the emperor Augustus (63 bce –14 ce) referred to Livy as a ‘Pompeian’ because of Livy’s praise for Pompey; Pompey was the great rival of Augustus’ adoptive father Julius Caesar, but according to Cremutius Cordus the partiality was not a bar to friendship between Livy and Augustus.2 Familiarity with the emperor can be inferred also from the fact that Livy encour- aged Claudius, a great-nephew of Augustus and a future emperor himself, to write history.3 There is also information about Livy’s personal life. He came from Patavium (modern Padua), and the Patavinitas of his style was criticized by another Roman historian (though the exact purport of the remark is unclear).4 A gravestone has survived at Padua, listing a Titus Livius, two sons, and a wife.5 He had a daughter as well, who married a minor rhetorician.6 These bits and pieces of information have led to the general view that Livy moved to Rome at some point, became known to the imperial family through his writing, and returned to Padua before his death. Livy is unusual among Roman historians for having played no role in public life, either the army or politics. Instead, he seems to have dedicated himself to writing. His philosophical works and an essay on style addressed to one of his sons are now lost,7 but his reputation has always rested on his monumental history of Rome. The elder 1 These dates are based on Jerome, Chronicles, p. 164 H; the alternative dates of 64 bce–12 ce were proposed by R. Syme, ‘Livy and Augustus’, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 64 (1959), 40–2. 2 Tacitus, Annals 4.34.3. 3 Suetonius, Claudius 41.1. 4 Asinius Pollio, quoted in Quintilian 1.5.56. 5 The text of the epitaph can be found in Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, vol. 5, no. 2975. 6 For Livy’s son-in-law, see Seneca the Elder, Controversiae X, proem 2. x Introduction Pliny, a voluminous writer himself, admired Livy’s observation that, even when he had already achieved enough fame, he continued to write because the restlessness of his intellect drove him on.8 Livy’s renown was evidently widespread. There is a charming story about a man from Cadiz who travelled to Rome just to see Livy and, having done so, turned around and went home.9 Livy’s history of Rome is known in Latin as Ab Urbe Condita (‘From the Foundation of the City’) and originally consisted of 142 ‘books’ (the longest is about sixty-five pages in English). He begins with Aeneas’ flight to Italy after the Trojan War. Book 120 ends in 43 bce with the death of Cicero, which may originally have been intended as the conclusion. Livy eventually went at least as far as 9 bce; the death of Augustus’ stepson Drusus in that year was included in Book 142. Of the original work, Books 1–10 and 21–45 survive. The rest were lost before the manuscripts of late antiquity and the Middle Ages were published in modern book form during the Renaissance. Almost the entirety of Ab Urbe Condita, however, is preserved in summaries. Within a century of Livy’s death, there was at least one abbreviated version in circulation.10 Currently, two sets of summaries are known: one, referred to as the Periochae and vary- ing in length from a few pages to a few sentences per book, covers all but Books 136 and 137; the second, the ‘Oxyrhynchus’ epitomes, is incomplete and fragmentary. The present translation contains what remains of Books 41–5 and the Periochae. Ancient Historical Writing To appreciate Livy’s work, it helps if we understand the differences between ancient and modern historical writing. As a genre of literature, ancient historiography had distinct conventions. For example, it was acceptable and even expected that the historian would craft speeches for his historical actors, despite neither having heard them nor having any transcript of their words. Further, there are no footnotes or bibliographies; in fact, ancient historians tend to note their sources 7 Seneca the Younger, Epistles 100.9, is the source for the philosophical dialogues; Quintilian 10.1.39 for Livy’s letter on style to his son. 8 Pliny the Elder, Natural History preface 16. 9 Pliny the Younger, Epistles 2.3.8. 10 Martial 14.190–1. Introduction xi (if at all) only when they disagree with them or when the sources themselves are in conflict.
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