Volume 7 Issue 1 Winter 2014 A Journal of Georgetown University’s Tocqueville Forum on the Roots of American Democracy Editor-in-Chief Hannah Schneider Executive Editor Jordan Rudinsky Managing Editor Christina Eickenroht Section Editors Amanda Wynter (The Forum) ZongXian Eugene Ang (The Chamber) Andrew Schilling (The Archive) Michael Lessman (The Sanctuary) Christina Eickenroht (The Parlor) George Prugh (The Clock Tower) Utraque Unum Georgetown University’s seal is based directly on the Great Seal of the United States of America. Instead of an olive branch and arrows in the Amer- ican eagle’s right and left talons, Georgetown’s eagle is clutching a globe and calipers in its right talon and a cross in its left talon. The American seal’s eagle holds a banner in its beak that states, E Pluribus Unum, or “Out of Many, One”, in reference to the many different people and states creating a union. The Georgetown seal’s eagle holds a banner in its beak that states, Utraque Unum. As the official motto of Georgetown University, Utraque Unum is often translated as “Both One” or “Both and One” and is taken from Paul’s epistle to the Ephesians. This motto is found in a Latin translation of Ephesians 2:14: ipse est enim pax nostra qui fecit utraque unum. The King James Version of the Bible says, “For He [Christ] is our peace, who hath made both one”. Utraque Unum is the Latin phrase to describe Paul’s concept of unity between Jews and Gentiles; that through Jesus Christ both are one. In view of the Georgetown seal, the motto represents pursuing knowledge of the earthly (the world and calipers) and the spiritual (the cross). Faith and reason should not be exclusive. In unity faith and reason enhance the pursuit of knowledge. Acknowledgements The publication of Utraque Unum was made possible by the generous support of Bill Mumma, Georgetown University Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service Class of 1981, as well as the Collegiate Network. The Tocqueville Forum on the Roots of American Democracy additionally wishes to acknowledge the generous support of The Veritas Fund as administered by the Manhattan Insti- tute, the Thomas W. Smith Foundation, and the Intercollegiate Studies Institute. The Tocqueville Forum promotes events and activities devoted to furthering and deepening student understanding of the American constitutional order and its roots in the Western philosophical and religious traditions. The Tocqueville Fo- rum sponsors these activities solely through the contributions of generous sup- porters of its mission. If you would like further information about supporting the Tocqueville Forum, please e-mail [email protected] or visit http://government.georgetown.edu/tocquevilleforum. As always, we welcome your thoughts and comments regarding this journal. If you are or once were a Georgetown University student, professor or staff mem- ber we would welcome the opportunity to review your work for publication in Utraque Unum. In addition to writers, we are looking for section editors, art- ists, graphic designers and web designers. Please e-mail the editors at utraque. [email protected] for these inquiries. Cultivating Knowledge of America and the West TOCQUEVILLE FORUM AT GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY www.TocquevilleForum.org | Ph 202.687.8501 T | Utraque Unum Winter 2014 Volume 7, Issue 1 Table of Contents From the Editor-in-Chief . .1 About The Tocqueville Forum The University, by Professor Joshua Mitchell . 2 The Forum (Feature Articles) Lactantius & Religious Freedom, by Louis Cona . 4 Morality and the Mortal God, by ZongXian Eugene Ang . 10 American Individualism and Its Discontents, by Amanda Wynter . 15 The Chamber (Articles on Law and Politics) The Nexus between Religious Homogeneity and Political Stability, by Su Lyn Lai . .21 Marriage and the Constitution, by Andrew Schilling . .27 The Sanctuary (Articles on Religion and Theology) A System of Love: Understanding “Faith” through Newman and Balthasar, by Christopher Cannataro . .30 Interfaith Dialogue and Ethics of Authenticity, by Aamir Hussain . 33 A Tale of Two Cities: The Dialectic of Law and Grace and the Political Realism of Martin Luther’s Doctrine of the Two Kingdoms, by Caleb Morell . .37 The Archive (Articles on History) The Rise and Fall of Doubt: The Development of the Office of the Promoter of Faith in the Canonization Proceedings of the Roman Catholic Church, by Peter Prindiville . .44 The “Genocide” Controversy: A Historical Re-Reinterpretation of the Ukrainian Famine (1930-33), by Joshua Schoen . 48 Monumental Warning, Guilt, and Invisibility, by Sofia Layanto. 51 The Parlor (Articles on Literature, Film, Music, Theater, and Art) From the Unity of Two, The Diversity of One: Eve, The Tragic Hero in Paradise Lost, by Beatriz Albornoz . 54 Illustrations of Don Quixote: Art and Music Since 1605, by Maria Teresa Roca de Togores . 60 Reflections on Storytelling: Metaliterature in the Decameron, by Irene Kuo . 66 The Clock Tower (Articles on Georgetown) “An Intense Interrogation of Self”—An Interview with John Glavin, by Michael Fischer . .70 Opening the Vault: Unleashing Georgetown’s Hidden History, by Kevin D . Sullivan . 73 On the Disposition of All Things: Reflections for Hoyas from Georgetown Legend Father James V. Schall, S.J. .76 Endnotes. 80  | The Editor’s Desk ear Reader, In an age of waning attention spans, when it seems only Buzzfeed and blockbusters Dsucceed in holding captive audiences, those of us who labor over far less flashy creations— scholarly journals—must ask ourselves the obvious question: why do we even bother? Political philosopher Alexis de Tocqueville predicted that as America marches toward the demo- cratic age, Americans would become more and more fond of “general ideas.” As a result, he argued, it will be increasingly difficult to find a person with an original idea, and once he is found, he will be ostracized. All of us in the democratic age will grow afraid of differing opinions. It seems that even in the university original ideas are almost as unwelcome as they are in political discourse, or among the public in general. What seem to be original ideas are often simply bedizened versions of the same politically correct, sanctioned concepts—Hollywood’s new versions of “believe in yourself” or postmodernism’s battle cry of relativism. A student must only ask a faculty member behind closed doors about the struggle of choosing research topics while seeking tenure to realize that the university is not the threshold for open discourse that it once was. Researchers who seem to be demonstrating unpopular conclusions can easily be excluded from scholarly forums. This is why we bother with journals. We do not expect this collection of unusual ideas to hold the attention or win the approval of every member of the American public because that is precisely not the point. We must, however, begin our revanche into territory that at least permits us to disagree. This journal is for those who still want to engage in the grappling of minds that has produced great thinkers from Plato to Tocqueville himself. This journal is for those who believe that truth is an im- portant enough concept to be argued about. I must commend all of the editors for their conscientious attention to each essay and for never forgetting that it is by tending to the seemingly insignificant details that delicate habits of thinking are formed. I must especially thank my executive editor, Jordan Rudinsky, for the countless ways in which he selflessly served the journal. I am delighted to pass the honor of serving as editor-in- chief into his able hands for the coming semester. Finally, I would be remiss not to thank professor Joshua Mitchell for his practical and ideological support of the journal. I am personally grateful for his mentorship and his encouragement to think rigorously and creatively, both inside and outside of the classroom. Hannah G. Schneider Editor-in-Chief Utraque Unum — Winter 2014 | 1 ABOUT THE FORUM The University Joshua Mitchell he Winter 2014 issue of Utraque Unum here to stay, and that we ought not to fight it now before you, in which thought- tooth-and-nail. He also thought, however, that T ful undergraduates from Georgetown democratic man tended to go too far; and that University have written about a broad array of for the democratic age not to end badly, some ideas, ancient and modern, which ought to con- effort to avoid the perfectionist impulse would cern thoughtful citizens everywhere, prompts be necessary. the question: what is the particular excellence of Let us focus, then, on the university. What a University? is its peculiar excellence? By itself, independent Here at Georgetown, and elsewhere around of the modifications we might wish to bring to the United States, we often hear reference to bear, what is it constituted to do? Today, we “our community,” or occasionally, to “our Uni- increasingly hear that a university should pro- versity community.” Seldom do we hear, sim- vide students with “skills,” and that what they ply, “our University.” Why might this be so? learn ought to be measurable. I do not doubt What is to be gained by referring to a univer- that in some domains of knowledge this aspira- sity as a “community”? To whom, moreover, tion is well-founded. I do not think, however, would this act of renaming appeal, and why? that a university can long remain a “university” I suspect Tocqueville might answer that in the without a more capacious and less measurable democratic age, with its never-ending rush aspiration as well, namely, that its members un- to perfect the world, we are apt to look at all derstand themselves to be actively involved in ancient institutions, with their long-standing the only institution in the known universe com- traditions, protocols, and formalities, as ob- mitted to the civil discussion of ideas of the sort structions that stand in the way of this grand that bear on the question: how are we to live perfectionist project.